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The potentially unlimited source of cell and tissues may have direct application for tissue engineering, cell replacement and transplantation following acute injuries and reconstructive surgery. These applications are limited to the cell types that can be differentiated efficiently and safely from human PSCs with the p... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
An oxyacid molecule contains the structure X−O−H, where other atoms or atom groups can be connected to the central atom X. In a solution, such a molecule can be dissociated into ions in two distinct ways:
* X−O−H ⇄ (X−O) + H
* X−O−H ⇄ X + OH
If the central atom X is strongly electronegative, then it strongly attracts t... | 4 | Acids + Bases |
We take a very simple situation in which each atom can be approximated as a two state system. The thermal energy is so low that the atom is in the ground state. In this ground state, the atom is assumed to have no net orbital angular momentum but only one unpaired electron to give it a spin of the half. In the presence... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
If the underlying infertility is related to abnormalities in spermatogenesis, it is plausible, but too early to examine that male offspring are at higher risk for sperm abnormalities.
IVF does not seem to confer any risks regarding cognitive development, school performance, social functioning, and behaviour. Also, IVF ... | 1 | Cryobiology |
Flow rate of the liquid phase and mole fraction of the desired compound in it are and .
Flow rate of the vapour phase and mole fraction of the desired compound in it are and . | 5 | Separation Processes |
UV attack by sunlight can be ameliorated or prevented by adding anti-UV polymer stabilizers, usually prior to shaping the product by injection moulding. UV stabilizers in plastics usually act by absorbing the UV radiation preferentially, and dissipating the energy as low-level heat. The chemicals used are similar to th... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
Electroluminescence can be exploited in light sources. Such sources typically emit from a large area, which makes them suitable for backlights of LCD displays. The excitation of the phosphor is usually achieved by application of high-intensity electric field, usually with suitable frequency. Current electroluminescent ... | 0 | Luminescence |
Glucocerebroside (also called glucosylceramide) is any of the cerebrosides in which the monosaccharide head group is glucose. | 6 | Carbohydrates |
As ozone in the atmosphere prevents most energetic ultraviolet radiation reaching the surface of the Earth, astronomical data in these wavelengths have to be gathered from satellites orbiting above the atmosphere and ozone layer. Most of the light from young hot stars is in the ultraviolet and so study of these wavelen... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
To illustrate the difficulty of building a beam-target fusion system, we will consider one promising fusion fuel, the proton-boron cycle, or p-B11.
Boron can be formed into highly purified solid blocks, and protons easily produced by ionizing hydrogen gas. The protons can be accelerated and fired into the boron block, ... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
In the United States, sperm banks maintain lists or catalogs of donors which provide basic information about the donor such as racial origin, skin color, height, weight, color of eyes, and blood group. Some of these catalogs are available for browsing on the Internet, while others are made available to patients only wh... | 1 | Cryobiology |
Collagen is the primary component of the extracellular matrix. Collagen scaffolds efficiently support fibroblast growth, which in turn allows keratinocytes to grow nicely into multilayers. Collagen (mainly collagen type I) is often used as a scaffold because it is biocompatible, non-immunogenic and available. However, ... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
In the case of the original Grätzel and O'Regan design, the cell has 3 primary parts. On top is a transparent anode made of fluoride-doped tin dioxide (SnO:F) deposited on the back of a (typically glass) plate. On the back of this conductive plate is a thin layer of titanium dioxide (TiO), which forms into a highly por... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
react with or , forming thiosulfuric acid , as the analogous reaction with forms disulfonomonosulfonic acid ; similarly polysulfanes HS (n = 2–6) give HSSOH. Reactions from both ends of the polysulfane chain lead to the formation of polysulfonodisulfonic acid HOSSSOH.
Many methods exist for the synthesis of these aci... | 4 | Acids + Bases |
Mechanoluminescence is light emission resulting from any mechanical action on a solid. It can be produced through ultrasound, or through other means.
* Electrochemiluminescence is the emission induced by an electrochemical stimulus.
* Fractoluminescence is caused by stress that results in the formation of fractures, t... | 0 | Luminescence |
In solid-state physics, the Landau–Lifshitz equation (LLE), named for Lev Landau and Evgeny Lifshitz, is a partial differential equation describing time evolution of magnetism in solids, depending on 1 time variable and 1, 2, or 3 space variables. | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
Dye sensitised solar cells operate as a photoanode (n-DSC), where photocurrent result from electron injection by the sensitized dye. Photocathodes (p-DSCs) operate in an inverse mode compared to the conventional n-DSC, where dye-excitation is followed by rapid electron transfer from a p-type semiconductor to the dye (d... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
Chloroauric acid is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula . It forms hydrates . Both the trihydrate and tetrahydrate are known. Both are orange-yellow solids consisting of the planar anion. Often chloroauric acid is handled as a solution, such as those obtained by dissolution of gold in aqua regia. These sol... | 4 | Acids + Bases |
The 2013 ILCOR and 2010 American Heart Association guidelines support the use of cooling following resuscitation from cardiac arrest. These recommendations were largely based on two trials from 2002 which showed improved survival and brain function when cooled to after cardiac arrest.
However, more recent research sug... | 1 | Cryobiology |
Many reef aquarium keepers use RO systems to make fish-friendly seawater. Ordinary tap water can contain excessive chlorine, chloramines, copper, nitrates, nitrites, phosphates, silicates, or other chemicals detrimental to marine organisms. Contaminants such as nitrogen and phosphates can lead to unwanted algae growth.... | 5 | Separation Processes |
The effectiveness of germicidal UV depends on the duration a microorganism is exposed to UV, the intensity and wavelength of the UV radiation, the presence of particles that can protect the microorganisms from UV, and a microorganism's ability to withstand UV during its exposure.
In many systems, redundancy in exposing... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
Glow sticks emit light when two chemicals are mixed. The reaction between the two chemicals is catalyzed by a base, usually sodium salicylate. The sticks consist of a tiny, brittle container within a flexible outer container. Each container holds a different solution. When the outer container is flexed, the inner conta... | 0 | Luminescence |
Lactulose is not absorbed in the small intestine nor broken down by human enzymes, thus stays in the digestive bolus through most of its course, causing retention of water through osmosis leading to softer, easier-to-pass stool. It has a secondary laxative effect in the colon, where it is fermented by the gut flora, pr... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
In 2020, a team of NASA researchers seeking a new energy source for deep-space exploration missions published the first paper describing a method for triggering nuclear fusion in the space between the atoms of a metal solid, an example of screened fusion. The experiments did not produce self-sustaining reactions, and t... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
Strontium aluminate is an aluminate compound with the chemical formula (sometimes written as ). It is a pale yellow, monoclinic crystalline powder that is odourless and non-flammable. When activated with a suitable dopant (e.g. europium, written as ), it acts as a photoluminescent phosphor with long persistence of pho... | 0 | Luminescence |
A typical sublimation apparatus separates a mix of appropriate solid materials in a vessel in which it applies heat under a controllable atmosphere (air, vacuum or inert gas). If the material is not at first solid, then it may freeze under reduced pressure. Conditions are so chosen that the solid volatilizes and conden... | 5 | Separation Processes |
UV light (specifically, UV‑B) causes the body to produce vitamin D, which is essential for life. Humans need some UV radiation to maintain adequate vitamin D levels. According to the World Health Organization:
Vitamin D can also be obtained from food and supplementation. Excess sun exposure produces harmful effects, ho... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
The Downdraft skimmer is both a proprietary skimmer design and a style of protein skimmer that injects water under high pressure into tubes that have a foam or bubble generating mechanism and carry the air/water mixture down into the skimmer and into a separate chamber. The proprietary design is protected in the United... | 5 | Separation Processes |
Numerous acids and salts of this group have a venerable history, and chemistry systems, where they exist, dates back to the studies John Dalton devoted to the behavior of hydrogen sulfide in aqueous solutions of sulfur dioxide (1808). This solution now has the name of Heinrich Wilhelm Ferdinand Wackenroder, who conduct... | 4 | Acids + Bases |
It was determined that each Chapter would have its own Council, the overall activities being determined by the Governing Board, on which each Council was represented, and an executive committee. | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Sucrose is a disaccharide, a molecule composed of the two monosaccharides glucose, and fructose. Invertase is the enzyme cleaves the glycosidic linkage between the glucose and fructose molecules.
In most wines, there will be very little sucrose, since it is not a natural constituent of grapes and sucrose added for the... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
Another approach is low-pressure high-recovery multistage RO (LPHR). It produces concentrated brine and freshwater by cycling the output repeatedly through a relatively porous membrane at relatively low pressure. Each cycle removes additional impurities. Once the output is relatively pure, it is sent through a conventi... | 5 | Separation Processes |
A cold fusion experiment usually includes:
* a metal, such as palladium or nickel, in bulk, thin films or powder; and
* deuterium, hydrogen, or both, in the form of water, gas or plasma.
Electrolysis cells can be either open cell or closed cell. In open cell systems, the electrolysis products, which are gaseous, are al... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
Copurification in a chemical or biochemical context is the physical separation by chromatography or other purification technique of two or more substances of interest from other contaminating substances. For substances to co-purify usually implies that these substances attract each other to form a non-covalent complex ... | 5 | Separation Processes |
* DMSO
* Ethylene glycol
* Glycerol
* 2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol (MPD)
* Propylene glycol
* Sucrose
* Trehalose
*Heavy water [7] | 1 | Cryobiology |
Electroluminescent displays have been a very niche format and are very rarely used nowadays. Some uses have included to indicate speed and altitude at the front of the Concorde, and as floor indicators on Otis Elevators from around 1989 to 2007, mostly only available to high-rise buildings and modernizations. | 0 | Luminescence |
* Cryobiology, the branch of biology that studies the effects of low temperatures on living things
* Cryonics, the low-temperature preservation of people who cannot be sustained by contemporary medicine
* Cryoprecipitate, a blood-derived protein product used to treat some bleeding disorders
* Cryotherapy, medical treat... | 1 | Cryobiology |
A frozen zoo is a storage facility in which genetic materials taken from animals (e.g. DNA, sperm, eggs, embryos and live tissue) are stored at very low temperatures (−196 °C) in tanks of liquid nitrogen. Material preserved in this way can be stored indefinitely and used for artificial insemination, in vitro fertilizat... | 1 | Cryobiology |
The following are some examples of how DPN is being applied to potential products.
# Biosensor Functionalization – Directly place multiple capture domains on a single biosensor device
# Nanoscale Sensor Fabrication – Small, high-value sensors that can detect multiple targets
# Nanoscale Protein Chips – High-density pr... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
The third approach of bioprinting is a combination of both the biomimicry and self-assembly approaches, called mini tissues. Organs and tissues are built from very small functional components. The mini-tissue approach takes these small pieces and arrange them into larger framework. | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Some alternatives to IVF are:
*Artificial insemination, including intracervical insemination and intrauterine insemination of semen. It requires that a woman ovulates, but is a relatively simple procedure, and can be used in the home for self-insemination without medical practitioner assistance. The beneficiaries of ar... | 1 | Cryobiology |
Bili light. A type of phototherapy that uses blue light with a range of 420–470 nm, used to treat neonatal jaundice. | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
The mathematical definition is simple (and analogous to the so-called Wilson loop in quantum chromodynamics): One considers for example expressions ("total energies" or "Hamiltonians") of the form
where G is the graph considered, whereas the quantities are the so-called "exchange energies" between nearest-neighbours, ... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
Once a single bubble is stabilized in the pressure antinode of the standing wave, it can be made to emit pulses of light by driving the bubble into highly nonlinear oscillations. This is done by the increasing pressure of the acoustic wave to disrupt the steady, linear growth of the bubble which cause the bubble to col... | 0 | Luminescence |
Hysteresis can be observed in the stage-flow relationship of a river during rapidly changing conditions such as passing of a flood wave. It is most pronounced in low gradient streams with steep leading edge hydrographs. https://pubs.usgs.gov/ja/70193968/70193968.pdf | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
The Migma device is perhaps the first significant attempt to solve the recirculation problem. It uses a storage system that was, in effect, an infinite number of storage rings arranged at different locations and angles. This is not done by added components or hardware configurations, but via careful arrangement of the ... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
Tetrabromoauric acid is an inorganic compound with the formula . It is the bromide analog of chloroauric acid. It is generated analogously, by reacting a mixture of hydrobromic and nitric acids with elemental gold. The oxidation state of gold in and anion is +3. The salts of (tetrabromoauric(III) acid) are tetrabrom... | 4 | Acids + Bases |
Spinning cone columns are used in a form of low temperature vacuum steam distillation to gently extract volatile chemicals from liquid foodstuffs while minimising the effect on the taste of the product. For instance, the columns can be used to remove some of the alcohol from wine, off smells from cream, and to capture ... | 5 | Separation Processes |
Full details of the sequence of reactions that converts individual amino acids into the corresponding glucosinolate have been studied in the cress Arabidopsis thaliana.
A sequence of seven enzyme-catalysed steps is used. The sulfur atom is incorporated from glutathione (GSH) and the sugar component is added to the resu... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
In 1996 John Slonczewski expanded the model to account for the spin-transfer torque, i.e. the torque induced upon the magnetization by spin-polarized current flowing through the ferromagnet. This is commonly written in terms of the unit moment defined by :
where is the dimensionless damping parameter, and are drivi... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
Lentztrehaloses A, B, and C are trehalose analogues found in an actinomycete Lentzea sp. ML457-mF8. Lentztrehaloses A and B can be synthesized chemically. The non-reducing disaccharide trehalose is commonly used in foods and various products as stabilizer and humectant, respectively. Trehalose has been shown to have cu... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
The structural changes that occur during 72-hour hypothermic storage of previously uninjured kidneys have been described by Mackay who showed how there was progressive vacuolation of the cytoplasm of the cells which particularly affected the proximal tubules. On electron microscopy the mitochondria were seen to become ... | 1 | Cryobiology |
The time of the NP decaying magnetic field for bound particles in SPMR measurements is on the order of seconds. Unbound particles of similar size decay on the order of milliseconds, contributing very little to the results.
The decay curve for bound NP is fit by an equation of the form
or
The constants are fit to the ex... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
Light sources emitting in the UV spectral region are widely used in techniques involving photo-chemical processes, e.g., curing of inks, adhesives, varnishes and coatings, photolithography, UV induced growth of dielectrics, UV induced surface modification, and cleaning or material deposition. Incoherent sources of UV r... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
According to researchers and activists, countries typically associated with acid assault include Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Cambodia, Vietnam, Laos, United Kingdom, Kenya, South Africa, Uganda, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. Acid attacks have been reported however in countries around the world, including:
* Afghanistan
* Au... | 4 | Acids + Bases |
The history of the discovery regarding carbohydrates dates back around 10,000 years ago in Papua New Guinea during the cultivation of Sugarcane during the Neolithic agricultural revolution . The term "carbohydrate" was first proposed by German chemist Carl Schmidt (chemist) in 1844. In 1856, glycogen, a form of carbohy... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
Plant mannans have β(1-4) linkages, occasionally with α(1-6) galactose branches, forming galactomannans. They are insoluble and a form of storage polysaccharide. Ivory nut is a source of mannans. An additional type is galactoglucomannan found in soft wood with a mixed mannose/glucose β(1-4) backbone. Many mannans are ... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
Shortwave UV lamps are made using a fluorescent lamp tube with no phosphor coating, composed of fused quartz or vycor, since ordinary glass absorbs UV‑C. These lamps emit ultraviolet light with two peaks in the UV‑C band at 253.7 nm and 185 nm due to the mercury within the lamp, as well as some visible light. From 85% ... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
DPN evolved directly from AFM so it is not a surprise that people often assume that any commercial AFM can perform DPN experiments. In fact, DPN does not require an AFM, and an AFM does not necessarily have real DPN capabilities. There is an excellent analogy with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron beam ... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Acid attacks in India, like Bangladesh, have a gendered aspect to them: analyses of news reports revealed at least 72% of reported attacks included at least one female victim. However, unlike Bangladesh, India's incidence rate of chemical assault has been increasing in the past decade, with a high 27 reported cases in... | 4 | Acids + Bases |
It can be inferred from these results that the difference in surface tension between these different compounds is the source of different spectra emitted and the time scales in which emission occur. | 0 | Luminescence |
Carbon dioxide is also available as a spray and is used to treat a variety of benign spots. Less frequently, doctors use carbon dioxide "snow" formed into a cylinder or mixed with acetone to form a slush that is applied directly to the treated tissue. | 1 | Cryobiology |
The simplest way of understanding spin waves is to consider the Hamiltonian for the Heisenberg ferromagnet:
where is the exchange energy, the operators represent the spins at Bravais lattice points, is the Landé -factor, is the Bohr magneton and is the internal field which includes the external field plus any "mo... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
Treatment of macrophages with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a major component of the Gram-negative bacteria outer membrane, results in elevated O-GlcNAc in cellular and mouse models. During infection, cytosolic OGT was de-S-nitrosylated and activated. Suppressing O-GlcNAc with DON inhibited the O-GlcNAcylation and nuclear ... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
In many materials, the Curie–Weiss law fails to describe the susceptibility in the immediate vicinity of the Curie point, since it is based on a mean-field approximation. Instead, there is a critical behavior of the form
with the critical exponent . However, at temperatures the expression of the Curie–Weiss law still ... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
Phosphor thermometry is a temperature measurement approach that uses the temperature dependence of certain phosphors. For this, a phosphor coating is applied to a surface of interest and, usually, the decay time is the emission parameter that indicates temperature. Because the illumination and detection optics can be s... | 0 | Luminescence |
In a classical picture, nuclei can be understood as hard spheres that repel each other through the Coulomb force but fuse once the two spheres come close enough for contact. Estimating the radius of an atomic nuclei as about one femtometer, the energy needed for fusion of two hydrogen is:
This would imply that for the ... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
A black light may also be formed by simply using a UV filter coating such as Wood's glass on the envelope of a common incandescent bulb. This was the method that was used to create the very first black light sources. Although incandescent black light bulbs are a cheaper alternative to fluorescent tubes, they are except... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
The current consensus on the rate of pycnonuclear reactions is not coherent. There are currently a lot of uncertainties to consider when modelling the rate of pycnonuclear reactions, especially in spaces with high numbers of free particles. The primary focus of current research is on the effects of crystal lattice defo... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
UVGI can be used to disinfect air with prolonged exposure. In the 1930s and 40s, an experiment in public schools in Philadelphia showed that upper-room ultraviolet fixtures could significantly reduce the transmission of measles among students. In 2020, UVGI is again being researched as a possible countermeasure against... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
The sperm and the egg are incubated together at a ratio of about 75,000:1 in a culture media in order for the actual fertilisation to take place. A review in 2013 came to the result that a duration of this co-incubation of about 1 to 4 hours results in significantly higher pregnancy rates than 16 to 24 hours. In most c... | 1 | Cryobiology |
The concept dates to the 1950s, and was strongly advocated by Hans Bethe during the 1970s. At that time the first powerful fusion experiments were being built, but it would still be many years before they could be economically competitive. Hybrids were proposed as a way of greatly accelerating their market introduction... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
Sensor-based sorting can be applied to separate the coarse fraction of the run-of-mine material according to its characteristics. Possible separation criteria are grade, mineralogy, grade and grindability amongst others. Treating different ore types separately results either in an optimised cash flow in the sense, that... | 5 | Separation Processes |
Although direct bandgap semiconductors such as GaAs or GaN are most easily examined by these techniques, indirect semiconductors such as silicon also emit weak cathodoluminescence, and can be examined as well. In particular, the luminescence of dislocated silicon is different from intrinsic silicon, and can be used to ... | 0 | Luminescence |
In the case of a single stress acting upon a single magnetic domain, the magnetic strain energy density can be expressed as:
where is the magnetostrictive expansion at saturation, and is the angle between the saturation magnetization and the stress's direction.
When and are both positive (like in iron under tens... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
Overexposure to UV‑B radiation not only can cause sunburn but also some forms of skin cancer. However, the degree of redness and eye irritation (which are largely not caused by UV‑A) do not predict the long-term effects of UV, although they do mirror the direct damage of DNA by ultraviolet.
All bands of UV radiation da... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
Though comprehensive statistics on acid attacks in South America are sparse, a recent study investigating acid assault in Bogota, Colombia, provides some insight for this region. According to the article, the first identified survivor of acid violence in Bogota was attacked in 1998. Since then reported cases have been ... | 4 | Acids + Bases |
In dilute aqueous solution, the predominant acid species is the hydrated hydrogen ion HO (or more accurately [H(OH)]). In this case H and H are equivalent to pH values determined by the buffer equation or Henderson-Hasselbalch equation.<br>
However, an H value of −21 (a 25% solution of SbF in HSOF) does not imply... | 4 | Acids + Bases |
Twenty irregular tetrahedra pack with a common vertex in such a way that the twelve outer vertices form a regular icosahedron. Indeed, the icosahedron edge length l is slightly longer than the circumsphere radius r (l ≈ 1.05r). There is a solution with regular tetrahedra if the space is not Euclidean, but spherical. It... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
The tautomer, known as cyanic acid, HOCN, in which the oxygen atom is protonated exists in equilibrium with isocyanic acid to the extent of about 3%. The vibrational spectrum is indicative of the presence of a triple bond between the nitrogen and carbon atoms. | 4 | Acids + Bases |
Not all cells undergo a complete EMT, i.e. losing their cell-cell adhesion and gaining solitary migration characteristics. Instead, most cells undergo partial EMT, a state in which they retain some epithelial traits such as cell-cell adhesion or apico-basal polarity, and gain migratory traits, thus cells in this hybrid... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Laser-based bioprinting can be split into two major classes: those based on cell transfer technologies or photo-polymerization. In cell transfer laser printing, a laser stimulates the connection between energy-absorbing material (e.g. gold, titanium, etc.) and the bioink. This donor layer vaporizes under the laser's ir... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
The mechanism underlying this phenomenon is not fully understood. However, the phenomenon of persistent luminescence must not be mistaken for fluorescence and phosphorescence (see for definitions and ). Indeed, in fluorescence, the lifetime of the excited state is in the order of a few nanoseconds and in phosphorescen... | 0 | Luminescence |
For projection televisions, where the beam power density can be two orders of magnitude higher than in conventional CRTs, some different phosphors have to be used.
For blue color, is employed. However, it saturates. can be used as an alternative that is more linear at high energy densities.
For green, a terbium-activ... | 0 | Luminescence |
Much research has been done on glycogen degradation through studying the structure and function of glycogen phosphorylase, the key regulatory enzyme of glycogen degradation. On the other hand, much less is known about the structure of glycogen synthase, the key regulatory enzyme of glycogen synthesis. The crystal struc... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
In 1832, H.A.L. Wiggers discovered trehalose in an ergot of rye, and in 1859 Marcellin Berthelot isolated it from Trehala manna, a substance made by weevils and named it trehalose.
Trehalose has long been known as an autophagy inducer that acts independently of mTOR. In 2017, research was published showing that trehal... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
Dr. Kenneth B. Storey is among the top 2% of highly cited scientists in the world.
*[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=storey+kb&sort=date&size=100 PubMed]
* [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=mzhKxEoAAAAJ&hl=en Google Scholar] | 1 | Cryobiology |
It is believed to be the first compound to have formed in the universe, and is of fundamental importance in understanding the chemistry of the early universe. This is because hydrogen and helium were almost the only types of atoms formed in Big Bang nucleosynthesis. Stars formed from the primordial material should cont... | 4 | Acids + Bases |
The Catskill-Delaware Water Ultraviolet Disinfection Facility is a ultraviolet (UV) water disinfection plant built in Westchester County, New York to disinfect water for the New York City water supply system. The compound is the largest ultraviolet germicidal irradiation plant in the world.
The UV facility treats wate... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
One of the challenges of 3D printing organs is to recreate the vasculature required to keep the organs alive. Designing a correct vasculature is necessary for the transport of nutrients, oxygen, and waste. Blood vessels, especially capillaries, are difficult due to the small diameter. Progress has been made in this are... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
A thermodynamic system is ergodic when, given any (equilibrium) instance of the system, it eventually visits every other possible (equilibrium) state (of the same energy). One characteristic of spin glass systems is that, below the freezing temperature , instances are trapped in a "non-ergodic" set of states: the syste... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
An anode ray ion source typically is an anode coated with the halide salt of an alkali or alkaline earth metal. Application of a sufficiently high electrical potential creates alkali or alkaline earth ions and their emission is most brightly visible at the anode. | 0 | Luminescence |
The oldest known magnetic material, magnetite, is a ferrimagnetic substance. The tetrahedral and octahedral sites of its crystal structure exhibit opposite spin. Other known ferrimagnetic materials include yttrium iron garnet (YIG); cubic ferrites composed of iron oxides with other elements such as aluminum, cobalt, ni... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
Osazones are highly coloured and crystalline compounds. Osazones are readily distinguished.
*Maltosazone (from maltose) forms petal-shaped crystals.
*Lactosazone (from lactose) forms powder puff-shaped crystals.
*Galactosazone (from galactose) forms rhombic-plate shaped crystals.
*Glucosazone (from glucose, fructose or... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
The purpose of static micromagnetics is to solve for the spatial distribution of the magnetization M at equilibrium. In most cases, as the temperature is much lower than the Curie temperature of the material considered, the modulus |M| of the magnetization is assumed to be everywhere equal to the saturation magnetizati... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
A handful of studies utilized tissue engineering of heart valves in vivo in animal models and humans. In 2000, Matheny conducted a study in which he used a pig's small intestinal submucosa to replace one pulmonary valve leaflet. Limited studies have also been conducted in a clinical setting. For instance in 2001, Elkin... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
A spin ice is a magnetic substance that does not have a single minimal-energy state. It has magnetic moments (i.e. "spin") as elementary degrees of freedom which are subject to frustrated interactions. By their nature, these interactions prevent the moments from exhibiting a periodic pattern in their orientation down t... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
In the early 2000s, research was undertaken by Sandia National Laboratories, Los Alamos National Laboratory, The University of Florida, Texas A&M University and General Atomics to use direct conversion to extract energy from fission reactions, essentially, attempting to extract energy from the linear motion of charged ... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
The Sylvania Lighting Division in Salem and Danvers, Massachusetts, produced and marketed an EL night light, under the trade name Panelescent at roughly the same time that the Chrysler instrument panels entered production. These lamps have proven extremely reliable, with some samples known to be still functional after ... | 0 | Luminescence |
Some children conceived by IVF using anonymous donors report being troubled over not knowing about their donor parent as well any genetic relatives they may have and their family history.
Alana Stewart, who was conceived using donor sperm, began an online forum for donor children called AnonymousUS in 2010. The forum w... | 1 | Cryobiology |
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