Summarize the following:

Basic microscope optical system characteristics 
have remained fundamentally unchanged for many 
decades due to engineering restrictions on objective 
design, the static properties of most specimens, and 
the fact that resolution is governed by the wavelength 
of light (1-10). However, fluorescent probes that are 
employed to add contrast to biological specimens 
and, and other technologies associated with optical 
microscopy techniques, have improved significantly. 
The explosive growth and development of the confocal approach is a direct result of a renaissance in optical 
microscopy that has been largely fueled by advances in 
modern optical and electronics technology. Among these 
are stable multi-wavelength laser systems that provide 
better coverage of the ultraviolet, visible, and near-
infrared spectral regions, improved interference filters 
(including dichromatic mirrors, barrier, and excitation 
filters), sensitive low-noise wide band detectors, and far 
more powerful computers. The latter are now available 
with relatively low-cost memory arrays, image analysis 
software packages, high-resolution video displays, 
and high quality digital image printers. The flow of 
information through a modern confocal microscope is 
presented diagrammatically in Figure 5 (2).
Although many of these technologies have been 
developed independently for a variety of specifically-
targeted applications, they have been gradually been 
incorporated into mainstream commercial confocal 
microscopy systems. In current microscope systems, 
classification of designs is based on the technology 
utilized to scan specimens (7). Scanning can be 
accomplished either by translating the stage in the x, 
y, and z directions while the laser illumination spot is 
held in a fixed position, or the beam itself can be raster-
scanned across the specimen. Because three-dimensional 
translation of the stage is cumbersome and prone to 
vibration, most modern instruments employ some type 
of beam-scanning mechanism. Provide exactly two different responses that are separated with 6 asterisk symbols: ******.
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