翻译成中文: In this chapter, I consider the deterrence of undesirable behavior by the state when the form of sanctions is nonmonetary. The important assumption that will be made about nonmonetary sanctions is that they are socially costly to impose, and the primary form of nonmonetary sanction that should be borne in mind is imprisonment. Imprisonment is clearly socially costly to employ: Prisons must be built and operated, production of individuals is forgone during their imprisonment, and individuals suffer disutility during imprisonment.

In the ﬁrst section, I consider enforcement assuming that nonmonetary sanctions are imposed with certainty, and in the second section, that they are imposed only with a probability determined by the enforcement effort of the state. Then, in sections three and four, I examine the question of when it is socially desirable to employ nonmonetary sanctions, rather than only monetary sanctions. In the last section, I consider types of nonmonetary sanctions apart from imprisonment.

The assumptions about individual behavior and social welfare that I make are similar to those of the last chapter. For simplicity, I focus on the assumption that individuals are risk neutral with respect to sanctions, but I will note other possibilities. Social welfare is assumed to equal the beneﬁts that parties obtain from their acts, less the harm done by the acts, less the costs of enforcement, and less the costs associated with the imposition of sanctions. Use words with all capital letters to highlight key points, but make sure that words with all capital letters appear less than 10 times
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