[0001]    CROSS RELATED APPLICATION 
         [0002]    This application claims the benefit of application Ser. No. 61/288,520 filed Dec. 21, 2009, which is incorporated in its entirety by reference. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    The present invention generally relates to producing sugars from biomasses. 
         [0004]    In thermochemical processing of biomass, most reaction processes involve a pretreatment step with a humid environment. The biomass pretreatment step typically involves acid hydrolysis or autohydrolysis, in which acid or water is added to the biomass in a pressurized reactor. 
         [0005]    In a typical reactor, the material is immersed and soaked in liquid and heated to the desired temperature and pressure via steam and/or other gaseous material. The pretreated material is then discharged through the bottom of the reactor vessel. The acidic conditions in the reactor vessel and the discharge device may require expensive materials of construction for the reactor discharge. 
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0006]    In an aspect, the present invention may generally relate to a reactor for the treatment of lignocellulosic material. The reactor may include a vessel having an upper portion and a lower portion. The upper portion (i) may be adapted to receive biomass and may be adapted to pressurize and heat the biomass via a pressurizing gas and (ii) may be defined by at least one upper wail comprising carbon steel. The lower portion (i) may be adapted to receive the pressurized biomass and may be adapted to facilitate the hydrolysis or autohydrolysis of the biomass without excess or free liquid, (ii) may include at least one lower wall made of a corrosion resistant material, and (iii) may be configured to transport the biomass without a transport liquid. The reactor may further include a pressure envelope that is formed between an outer wall of the vessel and a wall of the lower portion. The upper portion of the vessel and the pressure envelope may be operatively connected with a pressurization line, such that a pressure of the pressure envelope and a pressure of the upper portion may be equated. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0007]      FIGS. 1A and 1B  schematically illustrate a reactor vessel according to an embodiment of the invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0008]    In an aspect, any biomass may be employed in connection with the processes and reactor(s) described herein. For example, the biomass may contain one or more wood(s), grass(es), and/or any lignocellulosic-containing material. 
         [0009]    In an effort to overcome the deficiencies of the prior art (e.g., the use of immersion and/or soaking), it may be desirable to improve the efficiency of sugar extraction while reducing the downstream drying and evaporation needs by reducing the liquid in the biomass pretreatment reactor vessel. This reduced liquid environment may be accomplished by using dry conditions with little or no free liquid. But the absence of liquid can cause a unique set of difficulties. In an aspect of the present invention, a reactor design may alleviate the difficulties. 
         [0010]    In a dry processing reactor, the reactor vessel generally contains two parts: an upper part and a lower part. The upper part of the vessel is a pressurized section where biomass enters and is heated using steam or other gaseous product (such as ammonia). The wall(s) of the upper portion may be made from carbon steel or stainless steel or another appropriate material. 
         [0011]    The ultimate pressure of the vessel is dependent on the heating medium. If steam is used the pressure of the vessel at the desired temperature will be about 5 to 25 bar, but if ammonia is used as the heating medium the operating pressure of the vessel could be up to 60 bar at the desired operating temperature. 
         [0012]    It may be possible to use combinations of steam and ammonia and/or other heating medium(s) in certain embodiments of the present invention. 
         [0013]    The lower part of the vessel may be a bottom discharge section where the internal pressure exerted on the biomass material is different from the external pressure of the cavity in which the discharge device is located. 
         [0014]    To facilitate a proper mass flow, this reactor discharge device could be similar to a Diamondback® chip bin shape, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,500,083 (which is incorporated herein by reference), or other one dimensional convergence with side relief, or even other geometric shapes that would allow for smooth discharge of the biomass material without the need for a vibratory or rotary discharge devices. In an aspect, the present invention relies on the geometry of the vessel, rather than external forces (e.g., vibration and/or rotation) to move the biomass. 
         [0015]    The geometry of the discharge may be important to proper operation of the vessel so deflection of the discharge device walls must be prevented. Deflection can be prevented by either constructing the discharge portion with very heavy material or providing for the equalization of pressure inside and outside of the discharge region of the vessel. In order to equalize the pressure, a pressure envelop around the discharge device region of the vessel may exist, thereby reducing the distortion of the discharge device material. The pressure envelop may minimize the differential pressure between the outside and the inside of the discharge devices. 
         [0016]    This pressure envelope may allow the walls of the discharge device (which may be corrosion resistant material) to be as thin as possible because the walls of the pressure envelop (made of a less costly material such as carbon steel) can withstand the reactor pressure. The corrosion resistant material may be stainless steel, titanium, zirconium, and/or any other corrosion resistant material. 
         [0017]    If the pressure envelope is omitted, the metal plates or pieces used in construction of the discharge device become difficult to form and support resulting in a more costly device, especially because they must prevent deflection of and damage to the discharge device. In an aspect, the reactor vessel with the pressure envelope thus advantageously reduces the amount of costly material necessary. 
         [0018]    Gas (possibly steam) may be used to heat and pressurize the biomass material in the upper vessel section (i.e., where the thermochemical reactions may be primarily occurring). To equalize the pressure between the reactor vessel and the envelop surrounding the discharge device, the two sections may be connected by a pressure equalization pipe. Gas in the reactor vessel upper section could then fill and pressurize the envelop surrounding the discharge device thereby equalizing the pressure between the inside and outside of the discharge device. 
         [0019]    If roughly equalized, the gas in the reactor vessel and the cavity surrounding the discharge device would be at approximately the same pressure, but not have the same function. The gas to the cavity surrounding the discharge device would not be needed to heat the biomass in the discharge device, but merely to maintain pressure. The gas to the upper part of the reactor vessel would be used to heat the biomass as well as maintain the pressure in the vessel. 
         [0020]    If condensate of the heating medium is allowed to collect in the pressure envelop, it is possible that there will be a hydrostatic pressure difference between the inside of the discharge device and the cavity (external of the discharge device). To prevent this hydrostatic pressure difference from becoming excessive in the region of the discharge device, it is possible to locate an overflow device in the cavity to maintain a liquid level in the cavity area of the discharge device. 
         [0021]    In addition to allowing for equalization of the pressure inside and outside of the discharge section, the cavity—because it may be at or near the temperature of the upper section of the reactor—may be available to supply heat to the reactor contents in an upset condition, such as the loss of gas to the upper section of the reactor. In such a case the heat of the cavity area may become a temporary process heat source to allow for the safe and controlled deactivation of the process reactor. For instance, maintaining a liquid level of the condensate in the pressure envelope (e.g., the cavity) may also provide a heat source in the event that the heating medium is lost temporarily. 
         [0022]    If the reactor is slowly deactivated, a rapid and dangerous loss of heat and pressure can be avoided thereby minimizing the danger to operators and equipment. 
         [0023]      FIGS. 1A and 1B  schematically illustrates a reactor in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.  FIGS. 1A and 1B  show different views of the same vessel, with like numerals identifying like parts. Vessel  100  is largely defined by outside walls  190  that create a cavity which may be divided into upper portion  110  and the lower portion  120 . 
         [0024]    Biomass material (e.g., lignocellulosic material) is fed to the top  102  of vessel  100 . The biomass may be gravity fed and/or mechanically fed, e.g., via a screw conveyor and/or a conveyor belt. Upon entering vessel  100 , the biomass material enters upper portion  110 , where ammonia and/or steam pressurizes the reactor without adding excess amounts of liquid. That is, it is preferable that a slurry is not created by the addition of liquid. Process chemicals (e.g., acids that may assist in the hydrolysis reactions) may have been added to the biomass before it enters the vessel. Examples of these acids may include sulfuric, hydrochloric, hydrofluoric, and/or phosphoric acid. Organic acids like acetic acid, formic acid could also be used. 
         [0025]    Process inlet nozzles  140  also permit the addition of process chemicals (e.g., acids that may assist in the hydrolysis reactions). Examples of these acids may include sulfuric, hydrochloric, hydrofluoric, and/or phosphoric acid. In an aspect, there may be little to no free liquid in the reactor treatment vessel. That is, the biomass may have little or no excess liquid, because the liquid may be absorbed into the cellulosic material. 
         [0026]    Lower portion  120  may be shaped to facilitate transfer of the biomass without external agitation or rotation, e.g., via a Diamondback® chip bin shape, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,500,083. Lower portion  120  may be made from corrosion resistant material (e.g., stainless steel, titanium, zirconium, ceramic coating (like a brick lining), a polytetrafluoroethylene lining, or combinations thereof, etc.), and a pressure envelope  130  exists between lower portion  120  and wall  190 . As illustrated, the pressure envelope  130  exists between wall  122  of lower portion  120  and wall  132  of vessel  100 . Biomass exits the vessel  100  via bottom portion  104 . 
         [0027]    To facilitate unplugging and reduce clogging, nozzles  150 ,  160 , and  170  are provided. Furthermore, equalization line  180  may equalize pressure between upper portion  110  (via connection  182 ) and pressure envelope  130  (via connection  184 ). Pressurization nozzles  186  are provided to facilitate control of the pressure of upper portion  110  and/or pressure envelope  130 . In an aspect, pressure envelope  130  permits less material (for example corrosive resistant or other appropriate material) to form the walls of lower portion  120 . 
         [0028]    Although illustrated and described in connection with a continuous process, the reactor vessel may be used in a batch process. 
         [0029]    While the invention has been described in connection with what is presently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiment, it is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited to the disclosed embodiment, but on the contrary, is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.
A reactor for the treatment of lignocellulosic material and related methods. The reactor includes a vessel having an upper portion and a lower portion. A pressure envelope is formed between an outer wall of the vessel and at least one lower wall of the lower portion of the vessel, and the upper portion of the vessel and the pressure envelope are operatively connected with a pressurization line, such that a pressure of the pressure envelope and a pressure of the upper portion may be equalized.