 = Papal conclave , 1769 = 
 
 A papal conclave which lasted from 15 February to 19 May 1769 was <unk> after the death of Pope Clement XIII . It elected as his successor Cardinal Lorenzo Ganganelli , who took the name Clement XIV . 
 
 = = Death of Clement XIII = = 
 
 Clement XIII died suddenly on 2 February 1769 , a day before the date of the <unk> that he had <unk> to examine the demands for the general suppression of the Society of Jesus . The various courts under the House of Bourbon and the Kingdom of Portugal ( under the House of <unk> ) had exerted strong pressure on the Holy See to suppress this order through almost the whole of his <unk> . In 1759 Jesuits were expelled from Portugal , in <unk> from the Kingdom of France , in 1767 from Spain and in 1768 from the Kingdom of Naples , the Kingdom of Sicily and the Duchy of <unk> and <unk> . Clement XIII strongly defended the Society ( e.g. in the bull <unk> <unk> in 1765 ) , but without success . In January 1769 France and Naples seized the papal territories around Avignon , <unk> and <unk> to force the pope to issue a decree for the suppression of the order . The sudden death of 75 @-@ year @-@ old Clement XIII left this difficult decision to his successor . 
 
 = = List of participants = = 
 
 Forty six out of fifty seven cardinals participated in the conclave : 
 Carlo Alberto <unk> <unk> ( created cardinal on September 9 , 1743 ) – Cardinal @-@ Bishop of <unk> e <unk> ; Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals ; pro @-@ <unk> of His <unk> ; prefect of the S.C. of <unk> ; prefect of the S.C. of Bishops and <unk> 
 Federico <unk> <unk> ( September 9 , 1743 ) – Cardinal @-@ Bishop of Porto e Santa <unk> ; Sub @-@ dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals ; prefect of the S.C. of the Good Government ; governor of <unk> 
 Gian Francesco Albani ( April 10 , 1747 ) – Cardinal @-@ Bishop of <unk> ; Cardinal @-@ protector of Poland 
 Henry Benedict Stuart ( July 3 , 1747 ) – Cardinal @-@ Bishop of <unk> ; <unk> of S. Lorenzo in <unk> ; Vice @-@ Chancellor of the Holy Roman Church ; archpriest of the patriarchal Vatican Basilica 
 <unk> <unk> ( November 26 , 1753 ) – Cardinal @-@ Bishop of <unk> 
 Giovanni Francesco Stoppani ( November 26 , 1753 ) – Cardinal @-@ Bishop of <unk> 
 Giuseppe Pozzobonelli ( September 9 , 1743 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest of S. Maria <unk> Minerva ; archbishop of Milan 
 Carlo <unk> Amedeo <unk> <unk> ( April 10 , 1747 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest of S. <unk> ; titular archbishop of <unk> 
 <unk> <unk> ( November 26 , 1753 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest of SS . <unk> e Pietro ; archbishop of Bologna 
 Antonio <unk> ( April 22 , 1754 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest of S. <unk> ; archbishop of Naples 
 Francisco de <unk> <unk> de <unk> ( April 5 , 1756 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest of [ no title assigned ] ; archbishop of Seville ; Cardinal @-@ protector of Spain 
 Paul d <unk> de <unk> ( April 5 , 1756 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest of S. <unk> in <unk> ; archbishop of <unk> 
 Carlo Rezzonico ( September 11 , 1758 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest of S. <unk> ; <unk> of the Holy Roman Church 
 Antonio Maria <unk> ( October 2 , 1758 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest of S. Marco ; bishop of Padua 
 Fernando Maria de Rossi ( September 24 , 1759 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest of S. Cecilia ; prefect of the S.C. of the <unk> Council ; Latin Patriarch of Constantinople 
 <unk> <unk> ( September 24 , 1759 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest of S. <unk> ; legate in <unk> 
 Giuseppe Maria <unk> ( September 24 , 1759 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest of S. <unk> ; prefect of the S.C. for the <unk> of Faith 
 Gaetano Fantuzzi ( September 24 , 1759 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest of S. Pietro in <unk> ; prefect of the S.C. of the <unk> <unk> 
 Pietro <unk> <unk> ( September 24 , 1759 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest of SS . <unk> al Monte <unk> ; <unk> of the Sacred College of Cardinals 
 Pietro <unk> de <unk> ( September 24 , 1759 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest of S. <unk> al Monte <unk> 
 Lorenzo Ganganelli , <unk> ( September 24 , 1759 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest of SS . XII <unk> 
 Marcantonio Colonna ( September 24 , 1759 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest of S. Maria della Pace ; <unk> General of Rome ; prefect of the S.C. of the Residence of the Bishops ; archpriest of the patriarchal <unk> Basilica 
 <unk> de <unk> <unk> de la <unk> ( November 23 , 1761 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest [ no title assigned ] ; patriarch of the West Indies ; vicar general of the Spanish army and fleet 
 Giovanni <unk> ( November 23 , 1761 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest [ no title assigned ] ; bishop of <unk> 
 Simone <unk> ( July 18 , 1763 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest of S. Giovanni a <unk> <unk> 
 Giovanni <unk> <unk> ( July 21 , 1766 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest of S. Maria <unk> <unk> ; archbishop of Ancona 
 Giovanni Carlo <unk> ( July 21 , 1766 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest of SS . Giovanni e <unk> ; Grand <unk> ; prefect of the Congregation for the correction of the books of the Oriental Church 
 <unk> <unk> ( September 26 , 1766 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest of S. <unk> ; prefect of the S.C. of the <unk> and Sacred Relics 
 Antonio Colonna <unk> ( September 26 , 1766 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest of S. Maria in Via 
 <unk> <unk> <unk> ( September 26 , 1766 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest of SS . <unk> ed <unk> ; legate in Bologna 
 <unk> <unk> ( September 26 , 1766 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest of S. Maria in <unk> ; legate in <unk> 
 Pietro <unk> ( September 26 , 1766 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest of S. Maria in <unk> 
 <unk> <unk> <unk> ( September 26 , 1766 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest of S. Callisto ; archbishop of <unk> 
 Filippo Maria Pirelli ( September 26 , 1766 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest of S. <unk> 
 Alessandro Albani ( July 16 , 1721 ) – Cardinal @-@ Deacon of S. Maria in Via <unk> ; <unk> of S. Maria in <unk> ; <unk> of the Sacred College of Cardinals ; <unk> of the Holy Roman Church ; Cardinal @-@ protector of Austria and the Kingdom of Sardinia 
 <unk> Maria Corsini ( August 14 , 1730 ) – Cardinal @-@ Deacon of S. <unk> ; archpriest of the patriarchal Lateran Basilica ; secretary of the Supreme S.C. of the Roman and Universal Inquisition ; prefect of the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signature of Justice ; Cardinal @-@ protector of Portugal 
 <unk> Orsini d <unk> ( September 9 , 1743 ) – Cardinal @-@ Deacon of S. Maria ad <unk> ; Cardinal @-@ protector of the Kingdom of Naples 
 <unk> II Chigi ( November 26 , 1753 ) – Cardinal @-@ Deacon of S. Maria in <unk> ; prefect of the S.C. of <unk> 
 Luigi Maria <unk> ( November 26 , 1753 ) – Cardinal @-@ Deacon of S. <unk> in <unk> ; Cardinal Secretary of State 
 François @-@ Joachim de Pierre de Bernis ( October 2 , 1758 ) – Cardinal @-@ Deacon [ no <unk> assigned ] ; Cardinal @-@ protector of the Kingdom of France ; archbishop of <unk> 
 Giovanni <unk> <unk> ( September 24 , 1759 ) – Cardinal @-@ Deacon of S. <unk> in <unk> ; prefect of the Tribunal of the Apostolic Signature of Grace 
 Nicola <unk> ( September 24 , 1759 ) – Cardinal @-@ Deacon of S. <unk> in <unk> 
 Andrea Corsini ( September 24 , 1759 ) – Cardinal @-@ Deacon of S. Angelo in <unk> 
 Andrea <unk> ( July 18 , 1763 ) – Cardinal @-@ Deacon of SS . <unk> e <unk> ; secretary of the Apostolic <unk> 
 <unk> <unk> ( September 26 , 1766 ) – Cardinal @-@ Deacon of S. Maria della <unk> ; <unk> abbot of <unk> 
 <unk> <unk> ( September 26 , 1766 ) – Cardinal @-@ Deacon of SS . <unk> e <unk> ; prefect of the S.C. of Index 
 Twenty nine electors were created by Clement XIII , while fifteen by Pope Benedict XIV . Alessandro Albani received the red hat from Innocent XIII , and <unk> Maria Corsini from Clement XII . 
 
 = = = <unk> = = = 
 
 Giacomo <unk> ( September 9 , 1743 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest of S. Lorenzo in <unk> ; <unk> of the Sacred College of Cardinals ; archbishop of <unk> e <unk> 
 Carlo Francesco <unk> ( November 26 , 1753 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest of SS . IV <unk> ; archbishop of <unk> 
 Luis Fernández de <unk> ( December 18 , 1754 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest [ no title assigned ] ; archbishop of Toledo 
 <unk> @-@ René <unk> de <unk> ( April 5 , 1756 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest of S. <unk> <unk> le <unk> ; bishop of <unk> 
 Franz Konrad Casimir von <unk> ( April 5 , 1756 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest of S. Maria del <unk> ; bishop of Constance 
 Francisco de <unk> da Gama ( April 5 , 1756 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest [ no title assigned ] ; patriarch of Lisbon 
 Christoph Anton von <unk> von <unk> und <unk> ( November 23 , 1761 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest [ no title assigned ] ; archbishop of Vienna ; administrator of the see of <unk> 
 Antoine <unk> de <unk> de <unk> ( November 23 , 1761 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest [ no title assigned ] ; archbishop of <unk> 
 Jean @-@ François @-@ Joseph de <unk> ( November 23 , 1761 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest of S. <unk> ; bishop of <unk> 
 Franz Christoph Freiherr von <unk> <unk> <unk> ( November 23 , 1761 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest [ no title assigned ] ; bishop of <unk> 
 Louis @-@ César @-@ Constantine de <unk> @-@ <unk> ( November 23 , 1761 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest [ no title assigned ] ; bishop of <unk> 
 
 = = Divisions in the College of Cardinals and the candidates to the papacy = = 
 
 The papal conclave in 1769 was almost completely dominated by the problem of the Society of Jesus . The Sacred College of Cardinals was divided into two <unk> : pro @-@ Jesuits and anti @-@ Jesuits , but several cardinals were neutral . The pro @-@ Jesuit faction , called Zelanti , grouped Italian <unk> cardinals who opposed the secular influences on the Church . Their leaders were Gian Francesco and Alessandro Albani and cardinal @-@ nephew of the deceased pope Carlo Rezzonico . The anti @-@ Jesuit bloc ( called also " court faction " ) grouped crown @-@ cardinals of the Catholic Powers : France , Spain and Naples . <unk> ruled at the time by Louis XV of France , Charles III of Spain and Ferdinand III of Sicily / Ferdinand IV of Naples . In spite of the national divisions they worked together for the main goal – suppression of the Society of Jesus . The Bourbon courts had decided to put the official leadership of this bloc in the hands of the French Cardinal de Bernis . He and his colleagues were instructed to block every pro @-@ Jesuit candidature , even with the official exclusion if necessary . Several cardinals , among them Lorenzo Ganganelli , did not belong to either faction . 
 The Spanish and Neapolitan governments had classified forty three Italian cardinals into five categories : " good " ( eleven cardinals ) , " indifferent " ( eight ) , " doubtful " ( three ) , " bad " ( fifteen ) and " very bad " ( six ) : 
 Cardinal Orsini , the official representative of the Neapolitan court , and all the foreigners , were not classified because it was certain that none of them would be ever elected pope . 
 The French government was more <unk> than Spanish and Neapolitan . Only three cardinals were considered good candidates : <unk> , <unk> and Ganganelli 
 Out of these 43 cardinals only 27 or 28 were actually considered <unk> , while the remaining 15 were excluded due to their age or health . 
 
 = = <unk> = = 
 
 The conclave began on February 15 , 1769 . Initially only 27 cardinals participated . Zelanti , taking advantage of the small number of the electors and the absence of the French and Spanish cardinals , tried to achieve a quick election of Cardinal <unk> Chigi . In one ballot he was only two votes short of being elected . The efforts of Zelanti met with strong protests from the ambassadors of France and Spain , but , <unk> for them , Cardinal Orsini , protector of the Kingdom of Naples and the only crown @-@ cardinal present in the early ballots , was able to join some neutral cardinals to block Chigi ’ s candidature . 
 An unprecedented event was the visit of Joseph II , Holy Roman Emperor , who arrived <unk> in Rome on March 6 and was allowed to enter the conclave . He stayed there two weeks , freely debating with the electors . Fortunately , he did not press them but only expressed the wish for the election of a pope who would be able to carry out his duties with the proper respect for the secular rulers . 
 Cardinal de Bernis entered the conclave at the end of March and took the leadership of the anti @-@ Jesuit faction from the hands of Cardinal Orsini , who could have blocked Zelanti ’ s actions only with the great difficulties . Bernis immediately established a regular correspondence with French ambassador Marquis d <unk> , which was in violation of the fundamental law of the conclave . <unk> of France and Spain urged Bernis to insist that the election of the future pope be made to depend on his written engagement to suppress the Jesuits . Bernis refused , answering that demanding from the future pope a written or oral promise to destroy the Society of Jesus would be in violation of the canon law . In spite of this refusal , during the next few weeks Bernis consecutively rejected all candidates proposed by Zelanti as too devoted to the Jesuits . In this way twenty @-@ three out of twenty @-@ eight <unk> were eliminated , among them strongly pro @-@ Jesuit Cardinal Fantuzzi , who at some point was very close to achieving election to the papal throne , as well as <unk> , Colonna , Stoppani , Pozzobonelli , <unk> , and several others . 
 The arrival of Spanish cardinals Solis and de la <unk> on April 27 strengthened the anti @-@ Jesuit party . They also violated the law of the conclave by establishing regular correspondence with Spanish ambassador <unk> . The Spaniards had fewer <unk> than Bernis and , supported by Cardinal <unk> , took the matter into their own hands . They paid attention to the only friar in the Sacred College , Cardinal Lorenzo Ganganelli , <unk> The attitude of Ganganelli towards the Jesuits was a great mystery – he had been educated by the Jesuits and it was said that he received the red hat at the instance of Father Lorenzo <unk> , general of the Society of Jesus , but during the <unk> of Clement XIII he did not engage himself in the defence of the Order . Cardinal Solis began by sounding him out as to his willingness to give the promise required by the Bourbon princes as an indispensable condition for election . Ganganelli answered that " he recognized in the sovereign <unk> the right to extinguish , with good conscience , the Society of Jesus , provided he observed the canon law ; and that it was desirable that the pope should do everything in his power to satisfy the wishes of the Crowns " . It is not certain whether it was a written or only an oral promise , but this declaration fully satisfied the ambassadors . 
 In the same time Zelanti , also began to incline to give their support to Ganganelli , looking upon him as indifferent or even favourable to the Jesuits . It seems that the attitude of Zelanti was decided by the secret negotiations between their leaders Alessandro and Gian Francesco Albani and the Spanish cardinals . Cardinal de Bernis , the nominal leader of the court faction , probably did not play any role in the appointment of Ganganelli and only followed the instructions of Marquis d <unk> when all had been already known . 
 
 = = = Results of the ballots = = = 
 
 The results of the ballots between April 27 and May 18 were following ( only the leading candidates are included ) : 
 April 27 – Fantuzzi – 10 ; Colonna – 9 ; Pozzobonelli – 6 ; Stoppani – 5 ; Ganganelli – 5 
 April 28 – Fantuzzi – 9 ; Colonna – 9 ; Pozzobonelli – 7 ; Stoppani – 6 ; Ganganelli – 4 
 April 29 – Colonna – 11 ; Fantuzzi – 8 ; Stoppani – 5 ; Pozzobonelli – 4 ; Ganganelli – 4 
 April 30 – Colonna – 11 ; Fantuzzi – 8 ; Stoppani – 5 ; Pozzobonelli – 4 ; Ganganelli – 4 
 May 1 – Colonna – 11 ; Fantuzzi – 9 ; Stoppani – 4 ; Pozzobonelli – 4 ; Ganganelli – 4 
 May 2 – Colonna – 11 ; Fantuzzi – 9 ; Stoppani – 4 ; Pozzobonelli – 4 ; Ganganelli – 4 
 May 3 – Colonna – 9 ; Fantuzzi – 9 ; Stoppani – 5 ; Pozzobonelli – 4 ; Ganganelli – 4 
 May 4 – Colonna – 10 ; Fantuzzi – 9 ; Stoppani – 4 ; Ganganelli – 4 ; Pozzobonelli – 2 
 May 5 – Fantuzzi – 10 ; Colonna – 9 ; Stoppani – 4 ; Ganganelli – 4 ; Pozzobonelli – 3 
 May 6 – Fantuzzi – 11 ; Stoppani – 7 ; Colonna – 6 ; Ganganelli – 4 ; Pozzobonelli – 4 
 May 7 – Colonna – 8 ; Fantuzzi – 7 ; Stoppani – 6 ; Ganganelli – 4 ; Pozzobonelli – 4 
 May 8 – Colonna – 9 ; Stoppani – 6 ; Fantuzzi – 5 ; Ganganelli – 4 ; Pozzobonelli – 3 
 May 9 – Colonna – 11 ; Stoppani – 6 ; Fantuzzi – 5 ; Pozzobonelli – 4 ; Ganganelli – 3 
 May 10 – Colonna – 11 ; Stoppani – 7 ; Pozzobonelli – 5 ; Fantuzzi – 4 ; Ganganelli – 4 
 May 11 – Colonna – 11 ; Pozzobonelli – 6 ; Stoppani – 5 ; Ganganelli – 5 ; Fantuzzi – 3 
 May 12 – Colonna – 11 ; Pozzobonelli – 6 ; Stoppani – 6 ; Ganganelli – 6 ; Fantuzzi – 5 
 May 13 – Colonna – 13 ; Stoppani – 7 ; Pozzobonelli – 6 ; Ganganelli – 5 ; Fantuzzi – 5 
 May 14 – Colonna – 11 ; Ganganelli – 10 ; Pozzobonelli – 9 ; Stoppani – 8 ; Fantuzzi – 4 
 May 15 – Colonna – 11 ; Stoppani – 11 ; Ganganelli – 10 ; Pozzobonelli – 9 ; Fantuzzi – 5 
 May 16 – Colonna – 11 ; Ganganelli – 10 ; Pozzobonelli – 8 ; Stoppani – 8 ; Fantuzzi – 4 
 May 17 – Colonna – 12 ; Pozzobonelli – 12 ; Ganganelli – 10 ; Stoppani – 5 ; Fantuzzi – 1 
 May 18 – Ganganelli – 19 ; Colonna – 13 ; Pozzobonelli – 11 ; Stoppani – 6 ; Fantuzzi – 1 
 
 = = Election of Clement XIV = = 
 
 In the final ballot on May 19 , 1769 Cardinal Lorenzo Ganganelli was elected to the papacy receiving all votes except of his own , which he gave to Carlo Rezzonico , nephew of Clement XIII and one of the leaders of Zelanti . He took the name of Clement XIV , in honour of Clement XIII , who had elevated him to the <unk> . 
 On May 28 the new pope was consecrated to the episcopate by Cardinal Federico <unk> <unk> , bishop of Porto e Santa <unk> and sub @-@ dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals , assisted by Cardinals Gian Francesco Albani , bishop of <unk> and Henry Benedict Stuart , bishop of <unk> . On June 4 he was solemnly crowned by Cardinal Alessandro Albani , <unk> of S. Maria in Via <unk> 
 
 