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## Why do socialists deserve to not be poor?

For discussions of culture, politics, economics, sociology, law, business and any other topic that falls under the social science remit.

### Re: Why do socialists deserve to not be poor?

Gloominary wrote:I'll take you up on that, but in the meantime, consider that climate change and minimum wage aren't hot button issues for most progressives, at least not anymore, but try telling them abortion is murder, about black and female privilege, that same sex marriage is unconstitutional, there're only two genders, the holocaust is a hoax, the Jews perpetrated 9/11, and watch them flee to their safe spaces, insult you (misogynist, racist, homophobe, anti-Semite, asshole, dumbass, etcetera), even threaten your life.

Well, try telling them abortion is murder and see what happens, but there is no way to settle that argument. With climate change, they appeal to peer-reviewed research which supposedly settles it. When I cite the peer-reviewed research that says peer-reviewed research is wrong, then they get their panties in a knot, but still don't call me stupid. Conservatives begin each sentence with how stupid I am for not seeing how stupid a min wage is.

One group has an argument (1000s of scientists say so).
The other group has no argument, so insult is their only recourse.

Perhaps when liberals have no argument (abortion is murder), maybe they also insult. Idk, I don't argue abortion because there is no obvious solution. I like problems that have solutions.

And I'm not sure why you have it out for old people, young people are just as likely to fly off the handle, they haven't learned how to control their anger, and they're also far more prone to violence than old people.

Maybe hotheaded young people don't get online and maybe levelheaded old people don't get online, idk, but I can tell someone's generation by their propensity to insult. Compare yourself to Jakob and see my point.
Serendipper
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### Re: Why do socialists deserve to not be poor?

promethean75 wrote:@ big jake

socialists and the people the socialists defend and stand for should not be characterized as the same regarding their intent. we tend to identify the lowly and downtrodden as the symbol of socialist theory... so that when we hear them cry 'i'm a victim', we associate the theory of socialism with that indignation; we say 'ah, this theory must be based in ressentiment, for look at all the miserable complainers who envy the wealthy.' but there is a subtle non sequitur hidden behind such reasoning, one which the socialist theorist (if he knows his shit) does not come under the jurisdiction of. and it goes like this: the working class cannot envy the bourgeois unless there is something about the bourgeois that the working class is not responsible for creating. perhaps a personality trait, or a talent, for example. but the bourgeois did not create his wealth... he merely appropriated it, took it into his possession under the permission of a specific kind of civil contract which put laws in place to protect such appropriation and property. very technically speaking, the socialist can't envy the bourgeois on that account because the object of envy already belongs to the socialist. what you call 'envy' is really an intent to repossess what has always belonged to the workers in the first place.

on the other hand, if what he envies is the capitalist's ability to own without producing, he wouldn't be a real socialist, but a farce - which accounts for much of the rabble; the fair weather socialists who would not hesitate to exploit themselves if given the opportunity. such people are not socialists and know nothing of the logic of socialist reasoning. the purpose is not to quench a thirst for revenge, but to modify that specific kind of socio-economic contract that protects the capitalist's right to appropriate without producing anything. it's an incredibly simple premise which conservatives endlessly conflate and obfuscate to over-complicate the matter and introduce multifarious elements into socialism's modus operandi. one such maneuver would be to say socialism is based in envy. of course, there is the anarchist and socialist rabble who declare themselves 'victims' with what N called that righteous indignation, but this conclusion is assuming them all to be moralists. there are some not ignoble or impressed enough to be able to experience envy. immoralists and healthy narcissists, free from all those petty, plebian sentiments that are so human all too human. think spock, che guevara and loki rolled into one.

and i am one such anarchist, sometimes known as bodacious in various anarchist and socialist circles. a renegade philosopher anarchist who prefers the dialectic of a 12 gauge to a well crafted argument, any day. as the good chairman once said but didn't quite say; power doesn't come out of the barrel of a philosophy book.

but nevermind that. just remember this subtle detail; one can't be envied when what they have is not theirs or of their own creation in the first place.

no. socialism cannot be reduced to such trivial mincing and squabbling.

Boom! This guy gets it
Serendipper
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### Re: Why do socialists deserve to not be poor?

Serendipper wrote:Well, try telling them abortion is murder and see what happens, but there is no way to settle that argument.

Will do.

With climate change, they appeal to peer-reviewed research which supposedly settles it. When I cite the peer-reviewed research that says peer-reviewed research is wrong, then they get their panties in a knot, but still don't call me stupid.

Really?
That's a conundrum.

One group has an argument (1000s of scientists say so).
The other group has no argument, so insult is their only recourse.

I don't know how good they are, but they do have them.
For example I've heard them say in the 1970s, climatologists believed global temperature was getting cooler.
They go on to say they were wrong then, so why should we believe them now?

Myself I'm skeptical of climate change, but I haven't looked into it deeply enough to form much of an opinion, however like you I think it's a good idea to have clean air and water anyway.
In any case we produce way too much crap, mostly so the rich can hoard all the wealth, so if the transition to greener energy slows the economy down, good riddance, but I'm digressing.

Perhaps when liberals have no argument (abortion is murder), maybe they also insult. Idk, I don't argue abortion because there is no obvious solution. I like problems that have solutions.

Perhaps.
I just find that if you tell most progressives we shouldn't implement a carbon tax or increase minimum wage, they will disagree with you, but they will tolerate you, however if you tell them we should abolish affirmative action, temporarily ban Muslims, deport illegals/no amnesty, shut down sanctuary cities, or perhaps to a lesser extent the gender pay gap is all women's fault, they will insult you, throw a fit, and if they outgun or outnumber you, they may even try to lynch you, by the looks of it.

Progressives have become highly racialized, particularly in the last couple of decades, and I suppose that's in part because there're more non-whites in the west, and for now at least, most of them vote progressive, so naturally progressives are catering to them.

Class and economics I think are more impersonal, so if someone argues against policy designed specifically to help your race, or sex, they see it as more of an attack upon who they are, rather than on their circumstances.

I also think the media are taking advantage of this, using it to drive a wedge between the races, and sexes, keep them squabbling over scraps, instead of fully emancipating everyone irrespective of race, and sex.

Maybe hotheaded young people don't get online and maybe levelheaded old people don't get online, idk, but I can tell someone's generation by their propensity to insult. Compare yourself to Jakob and see my point.

Hmmm, that may be.

Gloominary
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### Re: Why do socialists deserve to not be poor?

Define poverty. Are we not social? For the most part, preferring to live in society?

How could anyone who shares in everyone's strengths and weaknesses be defined as poor?

High opinion of humanity in general?

What percentage of us actually produces something and how many "vendors" can be supported?

Think we need more suppliers and less vendors. A vendor should never make more then a producer.
Mowk
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### Re: Why do socialists deserve to not be poor?

Gloominary wrote:
Serendipper wrote:With climate change, they appeal to peer-reviewed research which supposedly settles it. When I cite the peer-reviewed research that says peer-reviewed research is wrong, then they get their panties in a knot, but still don't call me stupid.

Really?
That's a conundrum.

You shouldn't be unaware of these things https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/ ... ed.0020124

One group has an argument (1000s of scientists say so).
The other group has no argument, so insult is their only recourse.

I don't know how good they are, but they do have them.
For example I've heard them say in the 1970s, climatologists believed global temperature was getting cooler.
They go on to say they were wrong then, so why should we believe them now?

That's what I asked KT: were smart people wrong then or wrong now?

Myself I'm skeptical of climate change, but I haven't looked into it deeply enough to form much of an opinion, however like you I think it's a good idea to have clean air and water anyway.
In any case we produce way too much crap, mostly so the rich can hoard all the wealth, so if the transition to greener energy slows the economy down, good riddance, but I'm digressing.

global-warming-cartoon.jpg (68.26 KiB) Viewed 10912 times

Perhaps when liberals have no argument (abortion is murder), maybe they also insult. Idk, I don't argue abortion because there is no obvious solution. I like problems that have solutions.

Perhaps.
I just find that if you tell most progressives we shouldn't implement a carbon tax or increase minimum wage, they will disagree with you, but they will tolerate you, however if you tell them we should abolish affirmative action, temporarily ban Muslims, deport illegals/no amnesty, shut down sanctuary cities, or perhaps to a lesser extent the gender pay gap is all women's fault, they will insult you, throw a fit, and if they outgun or outnumber you, they may even try to lynch you, by the looks of it.

Well there you go, you just illustrated my point that when no argument exists (or no demonstrable solution), people fallback on emotional responses. It's no longer about cognitive processes, but fight/flight.

Watch this:

Progressives have become highly racialized, particularly in the last couple of decades, and I suppose that's in part because there're more non-whites in the west, and for now at least, most of them vote progressive, so naturally progressives are catering to them.

You are remarkably levelheaded (artifact of age probably), but you're hungup on a couple dogmas (artifact of socioeconomic status, probably). Not too shabby, but one dogma you hold is the one dogma I hate the most (punishing the poor). The other stuff we disagree on, ah, no biggie; you'll figure it out. I think we agree on more than we disagree.

Class and economics I think are more impersonal, so if someone argues against policy designed specifically to help your race, or sex, they see it as more of an attack upon who they are, rather than on their circumstances.

You could be onto something.

I also think the media are taking advantage of this, using it to drive a wedge between the races, and sexes, keep them squabbling over scraps, instead of fully emancipating everyone irrespective of race, and sex.

I'm not sure what the media is anymore. It used to be 3 or 4 tv channels and a few newspapers, but now I don't know which way to go first for news. There was a news article on google news that I wanted to find on foxnews so I could read the comments, so I scrolled and scrolled and scrolled and I'm like, wtf, 10,000 news sites and I still haven't gotten to foxnews.

Maybe hotheaded young people don't get online and maybe levelheaded old people don't get online, idk, but I can tell someone's generation by their propensity to insult. Compare yourself to Jakob and see my point.

Hmmm, that may be.

I tried to find twitter statistics on bans, but searching for age results in young people pretending to be older. It's a difficult topic to research and my motivation to do so is low since I'm 99% confident already.
Serendipper
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### Re: Why do socialists deserve to not be poor?

Mowk wrote:Define poverty.

I'd define poverty as less than $20k for a healthy adult because that about the minimum amount one needs to have shelter, car, phone, food, utilities, etc. Income less than that figure constitutes 1/3 of workers or about 50 million people in addition to the 180 million who didn't report to the IRS. So we have 230 million people, or 70% of US residents, with little or no means of supporting themselves without government or family assistance. Hey, but the important thing is 3 guys have 50% of the wealth. https://www.theguardian.com/business/20 ... half-of-us Two of whom have been crusading to raise their own taxes for years, but poor hillbillies won't allow it. Serendipper Philosopher Posts: 2178 Joined: Sun Aug 13, 2017 7:30 pm ### Re: Why do socialists deserve to not be poor? People with subaverage intelligence, health, talents, gifts in general tend to believe that more gifted persons are "doing something wrong" by being gifted or more driven to accomplish and succeed. Socialism in a nutshell. Thus, it speaks to reason that Socialists are generally dumb people. But given that Socialists are generally dumb people, it speaks to reason that they aren't capable of understanding that, let alone why, this is so. Therefore their "discourse" is, as demonstrated to well by the resident specimens of this reified depravity, predicated on a complete refusal to take in context or to heed empirical and logical forms. For behold, all acts of love and pleasure are my rituals Jakob ILP Legend Posts: 7140 Joined: Sun Sep 03, 2006 9:23 pm Location: look at my suit ### Re: Why do socialists deserve to not be poor? This relative dumbness, which given it is relative to smartness is actually absolute dumbness, that goes a long way in predicting socialism, is akin to the dumbness that causes an attraction to crime. Though they are different types, they invariably seek each other out. Socialist regimes are indistinguishable from the networks of organised crime that hold sway in their lands - one might say crime is the socialist form of police. This all because both types aren't capable of creation. For behold, all acts of love and pleasure are my rituals Jakob ILP Legend Posts: 7140 Joined: Sun Sep 03, 2006 9:23 pm Location: look at my suit ### Re: Why do socialists deserve to not be poor? Jakob wrote:People with subaverage intelligence, health, talents, gifts in general tend to believe that more gifted persons are "doing something wrong" by being gifted or more driven to accomplish and succeed. If I ask again "says who?" are you again going to non-specifically generalise "Socialists?" like last time? Again, you are telling other people how and why they think the way they do. Why don't you actually ask them? - again there were no questions in your posts since my last one, which you ignored completely. I am assuming you don't accept the answers of anyone you actually have asked, and don't trust their ability to be honest to themselves - never mind honest to you, am I correct? You trust your own judgment, so you come up with your own reasons, but if so, all you're doing is coming up with the only reasons you could justify to yourself for believing what they do. This is not good enough. It's the equivalent of a Socialist trying to imagine why a Capitalist thinks they way they do by concluding that they could only be a Capitalist themselves e.g. if they didn't care about the inequality inherent in the profit system of paying people less than what they earn you (the definition of making a profit is revenues exceeding expenses) and thus all Capitalists are immoral sociopaths. As a Capitalist yourself, you have a different rationale that means you're not an immoral sociopath, right? What if a Socialist were to disregard that and just go with their own judgment that they trust much more? You'd be forever locked into talking past one another. Is this constant mutual misunderstanding between people going to forever render this subject impenetrable? I can tell you for a fact that Socialists aren't all dumb people who think gifted people are doing something wrong by being gifted or more driven to accomplish and succeed. Thus the rest of your embellishment falls apart at the first hurdle, but the question is whether or not you have the capacity to understand this and find a way to look into the whole thing more objectively. Otherwise you're just an ideologue preaching to the converted, achieving nothing. Silhouette Philosopher Posts: 3987 Joined: Tue May 20, 2003 1:27 am Location: Existence ### Re: Why do socialists deserve to not be poor? You are a socialist in the sense that you cant or wont (big difference) escape its narrative. You need me to choose some option which falls entirely in the realm of Marxist thought. You forget everything in the equation except the laborer and the money. Labor, product, users, culture, all that isnt an issue. Let me put it in a dramatized form. Capitalist: Lets build this and this and this and connect to that and through that to everything and make a million dollars! Capitalist 2: Alright lets get started on the blueprints Capitalist 3: I hear you guys are up to something cool. Need any of my assistance perchance? For a cut of the pie Ill lend you my newly acquired machinery. Socialist: We takest the m-money Lebowski. For behold, all acts of love and pleasure are my rituals Jakob ILP Legend Posts: 7140 Joined: Sun Sep 03, 2006 9:23 pm Location: look at my suit ### Re: Why do socialists deserve to not be poor? [quote="Jakob"] J: One thing I found out along the way is that the leaderships of Causes and Social Parties are invariably corrupt. Oxfam spends 90 percent of its contributions on Overhead, which was revealed to go buying Africans for sex. K: after some research, I found this to be simple not true.... there was a deal where in one country, Haiti, had an issue and several people were fired but for the most part, Oxfam has a pretty good reputation.. of course it has been attacked by the right wing because, well the right wing believes in the negative and not the positive..... and I am guessing you are getting your information from a right wing site... as for your blanket statement about the leadership of causes and social parties "invariably corrupt". I would love some facts to show us this is in fact true.... but the right loves their biases and faith and they don't believe in facts, so there is that... so please give us some unbiased facts either about Oxfam or the leadership of causes and social parties being "invariably corrupt" Kropotkin "Those who sacrifice liberty for security wind up with neither." "Ben Franklin" Peter Kropotkin ILP Legend Posts: 7457 Joined: Thu Apr 07, 2005 1:47 am Location: blue state ### Re: Why do socialists deserve to not be poor? Jakob wrote:You are a socialist in the sense that you cant or wont (big difference) escape its narrative. Yes, it is a big difference, and what makes you assume I can't or won't escape its narrative? Because I don't disagree with it as much as you do? I merely offer you the opportunity to think beyond yourself, just as I appreciate Capitalism as much as I begin with a Socialist heart - I do not end where I begin. What about you? I fully acknowledge the reality of the dramatic representation that you offer. There are certain mindsets that yearn to innovate, create, realise and compensate - they must be encouraged. The problem is that in your play, the implication is that they could only be Capitalists. Your narrative will make this difficult for you to accept, unless you escape it: Socialists want to "build this and this and connect to that and through that to everything" too. You just never connected to the human beneath the label. They study engineering, and systems, they are passionate about realising dreams. Crazy huh? Socialists?!! Yes, Socialists. And Capitalists. The stake is driven deep in between the two, and yet the differences are so few. What does a Socialist society look like? Do they want to physically provide water, farm food, distribute goods and services any less than a Capitalist? Don't be ridiculous. Whatever you call a society, and however any extrinsic reward structures operate, the wants and needs of the people are to be provided. The difference is in how it is motivated. That's it. Think on that. Perhaps you already have. Perhaps you assume Socialists are simply an afterthought of a Capitalist society like you suggest - existing only to disrupt from the surface like a parasite. Be just another one of the other indoctrinated swine if you must. Silhouette Philosopher Posts: 3987 Joined: Tue May 20, 2003 1:27 am Location: Existence ### Re: Why do socialists deserve to not be poor? Jakob, can you show me one group of intelligent people who identify as conservative? Enlisted men are more conservative than officers. Army and Marines are more conservative than Air Force and Navy. Astrophysicists are more liberal than geologists. Democratic senators are twice as likely to be in the top 1% of cognitive ability than republican senators. The most educated states are the most liberal. The most educated counties are most liberal. Academia, silicon valley, hollywood talent, NASA engineers, medical professionals are liberal. The vast majority of notable economists are liberal. I've looked everywhere and cannot find a relatively intelligent group of conservatives. I assert that they do not exist and that conservatism is conditional upon cognitive handicap. IOW, if not for dummies, conservatism wouldn't exist. A brain scan could predict with 82% accuracy whether you are republican or democrat. journal.pone.0052970.g001.jpg (71.54 KiB) Viewed 9479 times https://journals.plos.org/plosone/artic ... ne.0052970 Serendipper Philosopher Posts: 2178 Joined: Sun Aug 13, 2017 7:30 pm ### Re: Why do socialists deserve to not be poor? It never ceases to amaze how sternly Socialists believe that money grows on trees and Capitalists just happen by these trees unfairly to pluck the cash before Socialists happen by. Like how ILPers believe that if Einstein hadnt existed there would have been a thousand other people to formulate his theory. Socialism is at heart and most succinctly described as anti-meritocracy; a form of idealism that reaches for every possible way to negate the phenomenon of merit. What any socialist regime does first and foremost is to outlaw talent, and in general any forms of intelligence that cant be easily categorized in terms of designated slave labor, which is all the labor socialism is capable of employing. For behold, all acts of love and pleasure are my rituals Jakob ILP Legend Posts: 7140 Joined: Sun Sep 03, 2006 9:23 pm Location: look at my suit ### Re: Why do socialists deserve to not be poor? As parasites and nothing besides, socialists thus also always come streaming and pouring into Capitalist countries to suck them dry, and using the resources given to them by capitalists to shit on everything theyve been given and especially on the people that made it happen for them. Man, I am glad I will never know what it feels like to be a Socialist. Thank you gods. For behold, all acts of love and pleasure are my rituals Jakob ILP Legend Posts: 7140 Joined: Sun Sep 03, 2006 9:23 pm Location: look at my suit ### Re: Why do socialists deserve to not be poor? Brave Sir Robin wrote:It never ceases to amaze how sternly Socialists believe that money grows on trees Money doesn't grow on trees; that's too slow. Money comes from thin air. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qIxhsF6JLEA https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p3_Q1SiRN-A Socialism is at heart and most succinctly described as anti-meritocracy; That's capitalism which values luck and sucking up over talent. What any socialist regime does first and foremost is to outlaw talent, and in general any forms of intelligence that cant be easily categorized in terms of designated slave labor, which is all the labor socialism is capable of employing. Capitalism is the conscription into servitude and the theft of worker productivity. As parasites and nothing besides, socialists thus also always come streaming and pouring into Capitalist countries to suck them dry, Brave Sir Robin has trouble reading. People are flocking to socialist countries: viewtopic.php?f=3&t=194766 Man, I am glad I will never know what it feels like to be a Socialist. What does it feel like to be missing an insula? Constant hate and fear? Oh, yeah, that must suck. Serendipper Philosopher Posts: 2178 Joined: Sun Aug 13, 2017 7:30 pm ### Re: Why do socialists deserve to not be poor? Jakob wrote:As parasites and nothing besides, socialists thus also always come streaming and pouring into Capitalist countries to suck them dry, and using the resources given to them by capitalists to shit on everything theyve been given and especially on the people that made it happen for them. Man, I am glad I will never know what it feels like to be a Socialist. My point is that you know exactly how it feels like to be a Socialist when you are a Capitalist trying to figure out how it feels to be Socialist. And that's all you're doing. As a lover of wisdom, aren't you interested in the slightest in the possibility of wisdom in the enemy? Sure, many people are parasites - Socialists and Capitalists alike. Streaming and pouring to suck people dry? How about the justification for profit as revenue > expenses. The purpose of this is to be a legitimatised incentive for the talented to get an unfair advantage - perfect! Now how many other people need to be incentivised and by how many degrees of magnitude do they need to outnumber the talented? Are you telling me that the talented could provide entire societies with the required goods and services that they helped build... by themselves? What do you do with the countless relatively disincentivised others to enable them to do the legwork to actualise the creations of the talented minority? So far the solution is to dangle poverty in front of them and use fear to force them to sell their labour to the talented, and it works. This is Capitalism. Can it be improved? You're a philosopher, right? Tell me it can't be improved and why. When considering the whole picture, all elements of the economy simultaneously - why is incentivising the minority the best for everyone. Is it worse or better that among the disincentivised majority you may have talented prospectives drowning when they could otherwise be improving things for everyone? Silhouette Philosopher Posts: 3987 Joined: Tue May 20, 2003 1:27 am Location: Existence ### Re: Why do socialists deserve to not be poor? Ha. A capitalist has no illusions, He know life is hard, it is do or die. A socialist thinks of the production process as ganging up and "getting paid". He pays no concern to the three hundred engineers that went to school, probably half of them deep in debt for it, to design such magnificent machinery, or the brilliance of the architects studying at those expensive institutions, the universities, or the tradition of metallurgy and the countless casualties that went in the process, or any of the magnificent merits that went before his power to work in the factory and do his part, and get paid a quantity of actual buying power which he can freely spend, after taxes. What I mean is what I said. The socialist isnt a complete literate, he isnt a student of history or an appreciator of human nature. Not a knower of magnificence. He doesnt know his place in the great order of human effort, which is sustained by molecular effort carrying the massive binding forces of the shifting quarks, all of which is unfathomable except through the means of concentrated capital. I wish we could debate on that level, of the stages of the industrialization of capital. Marx thought it is about the worker, but it is not, it is about the power to create. Mankind unlocks the secrets to his own existence through the vessel of what the Socialist sees as greed, but which is simply gratitude. When man recognizes the investment of power that he is, he ceases to demand, and he begins to forge. By the means of the gifts he forges for his fellow man he forges his own destiny. 'Man made the trains to carry the heavy load' That song is really at the core of things. Socialism is "what women want", all movie references intended. It is not what they need. For behold, all acts of love and pleasure are my rituals Jakob ILP Legend Posts: 7140 Joined: Sun Sep 03, 2006 9:23 pm Location: look at my suit ### Re: Why do socialists deserve to not be poor? Jakob wrote:A socialist thinks of the production process as ganging up and "getting paid". He pays no concern to the three hundred engineers that went to school The engineers who built the facility were also workers who were exploited. Hello! We're talking a looooooong chain of exploitation just to get to the point of exploiting the regular factory worker. Hell, I told the story on ILP before of the software engineer who saved the company$1 million, but was laughed at when he asked if he could have some of the savings. Probably the reason it saved the company so much is it found a novel way to further fuck the workers.

I wish we could debate on that level

I wish we could debate at all, but you're a propaganda dispensing robot that doesn't seem to have appropriate relevant reactions that would cause one to believe you've understood anything said.

You're a spilled can of alphabet soup with the curious eccentricity of always managing to spell-out "socialism is bad, mkay" amidst the otherwise random rubble and pompous poppycock you continually regurgitate.

Have you no shame whatsoever? Have you eaten too much aluminum? Have you began any strange new medications? What the hell is wrong with you? A couple months ago you were talking to me like a regular human, the sopranos n shit, now it's as if you're aspiring to be the biggest jerk possible.

Well fine, because I can't imagine any fair-minded individual reflecting on those such as you and Pedro as representatives of your side to be painting anything other than an ugly picture and being a troll with intent to disrupt rather than discuss. IOW, keep up the good work!

The Defamation of Socialism
Serendipper
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### Re: Why do socialists deserve to not be poor?

Great song.

Pedro I Rengel
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### Re: Why do socialists deserve to not be poor?

Serendipper you haven't addressed any of my or Rengels arguments in the past months. You're almost as shameless as Iambiguous in this respect. But all that is par for the socialist course.

Maybe there are socialists who are nodding their heads at your posts. None of them will ever accomplish anything noteworthy. And yet they may feel some recognition. I'm trying to see a bright side to your performance.

I don't have any hope that you will address any of the basic ideas Rengel and I have been explicating. It is clear, you consider creation to be oppression. Okay man. Have a good life with that.

For behold, all acts of love and pleasure are my rituals

Jakob
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### Re: Why do socialists deserve to not be poor?

Brave Sir Robin, you are a strong contender, but Pedro has the MVP title for now. You'll have to dig deeper and see how low you can go!

DltLIPtU4AAq2Zv.jpg (104.78 KiB) Viewed 7745 times
Serendipper
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### Re: Why do socialists deserve to not be poor?

Jakob wrote:A capitalist has no illusions, He know life is hard, it is do or die.

A socialist thinks of the production process as ganging up and "getting paid".

An actual Capitalist is intending to make their life easier by making their money (i.e. others/workers) do the work for them, but yes what you say is often true of advocates of Capitalism who aren't actually capitalists but work for capitalists - often you do see them powering through the workload making their Capitalist employer(s) very rich and remaining relatively poor themselves like good obedient slaves. The former doesn't have to be an engineer to start an engineering company or to start a company that requires engineering - this is when you simply hire in the latter to be paid less than they earn you. Entrepreneurialism is a different skill to Management is a different skill to Operations: the first is knowing how things work inter-business, the second is knowing how things work intra-business, the third is knowing the work. The first is something of a creative skill, which even Conservative anti-Socialists like Jordan Peterson admit are the liberals - that is to say, like Bill Gates and Elon Musk, their personal sympathies are socialist even if their professional practices are capitalist - they have a clear love of what they do for its own sake and would have created regardless the economic model. Even people who got rich by moving money around and not actually creating anything themselves, like Warren Buffet, can have personal socialist sympathies. Most of the richest names aren't actually creators at all, just money-movers who only make their life hard by competing so hard to to win the gambling game. There's even a type of personality that supports Capitalism despite not being a capitalist, because they envy them and dream of the spoils that they enjoy but without a creative impulse in their body and often without work ethic. They neither want life to be hard, or to do or die - they want most of all for others to be less rich than they are even if they are not "yet" rich: the capitalist in their personal sympathies, but you might say socialist in professional practice - though I would disagree with that latter part.

In short, this forced dichotomy of yours breaks down as soon as you apply it to real people. It seems very much to me as though you are trying to force practice to fit your theory rather than fitting your theory around the practice. The former is the kind of thing religious apologists do, which fits your non-question-asking preaching, where the latter is the kind of thing scientists do, which is what I as a Socialist sympathiser am recommending to you. So ironically, the realm of those who you are praising as bastions of Capitalism: the engineers and scientists who create new technologies are not dogmatic like your argument here. Basically you're telling a Socialist to be more like they are, but with the label of what they are not. And you advocate using the means of the kind of person you are against - it's all backwards and doubly ironic that you support having no illusions. I am trying to help you here, but I think you would rather reinforce your understanding to yourself than discuss reality.

Jakob wrote:He pays no concern to the three hundred engineers that went to school, probably half of them deep in debt for it, to design such magnificent machinery, or the brilliance of the architects studying at those expensive institutions, the universities, or the tradition of metallurgy and the countless casualties that went in the process, or any of the magnificent merits that went before his power to work in the factory and do his part, and get paid a quantity of actual buying power which he can freely spend, after taxes.

Unfortunately for your argument, I went to university to study mechanical engineering. I can tell you that there was not a hint of politics or economics amongst my contemporaries, we were all just kids - some of them simply with a love for machines. I had no idea what I was doing, I was just following my strong mathematical and scientific prior trajectory - and you might think it supports your argument that I actually switched courses, but I switched to business studies i.e. the study of how the whole system works under Capitalism - that was much more full of people wanting to get rich than engineering was. There were economics modules in there and even optional ones that I spent on philosophy - the whole thing was just me figuring myself out, because like I said - everyone was just a kid back then: nobody was some kind of capitalist hero like you're trying to make out, least of all the engineers.

Jakob wrote:What I mean is what I said. The socialist isnt a complete literate, he isnt a student of history or an appreciator of human nature. Not a knower of magnificence. He doesnt know his place in the great order of human effort, which is sustained by molecular effort carrying the massive binding forces of the shifting quarks, all of which is unfathomable except through the means of concentrated capital.

The history department at my uni were lefties - isn't this what capitalists are supposed to be complaining about: that education has been too dominated by the left (an argument for equality of outcome if I ever heard one!)? And here you are saying socialists aren't students of history or appreciators of human nature... the truth is basically the exact opposite. Pretty much everything you're saying is backwards when compared to a concrete look at what is actually going on...

So what will debating on this level do? It will allow you to repeat your indoctrinated ideology over and over, and enable me to correct it in light of reality - the tennis game will continue until we get frustrated and angry, and we will get nowhere...

This is why I offered to leave you to it if you were just here to preach your religion.

Silhouette
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### Re: Why do socialists deserve to not be poor?

I'd just like to add that I don't have any problem with people getting rich, but just the exploitation of people to do it.

If you make products all by yourself, or employ machines to do so, then I applaud your getting rich as possible, but one can't get very rich that way. No, it takes armies of employees contributing their productivity to one man for him to amass truly uncountable wealth. Of course, corporate welfare helps too. Also, share-buybacks, accounting gimmickry, fraud rewarded by small fines and wrist-slaps, and a central bank committed to supporting share prices.

Bezos became a billionaire running a company that never made a dime of profit in 16 years.

Musk became a billionaire running a company that not only never made a dime, but burns millions per month.

How do I start a company that burns millions and become a billionaire and then convince all the retards to cheer me for the service while on their way to cash their social security checks?
Serendipper
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### Re: Why do socialists deserve to not be poor?

Serendipper wrote:I'd just like to add that I don't have any problem with people getting rich, but just the exploitation of people to do it.

But that doesn't fit with Jakob's narrative, is that allowed?

I think you need him to re-iterate his position a few more times to help you realise that what you believe is something else to what it actually is.

Silhouette
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# Action of $L$ on $End(V)$.

I'm reading Introduction ot Lie Algebras and Representation Theory from James Humphreys and I do not understand the statement made at the top of page 27.

Given a vectorspace $V$ (finite dimensional) over a field $F$ (char 0), there is a standard isomorphism of vector spaces $V^* \otimes V \rightarrow End(V)$ degined by $(f \otimes v)(w) = f(w)v$. Now if $V$ is an $L$-module ($L$ a lie algebra) then $End(V)$ can be viewed as an $L$-module by $(x.f)(v) = x.f(v) - f(x.v)$.

I want to verify this using the isomorphism of $V^* \otimes V$ and $End(V)$. However, I got stuck in the calculations. This is what I did:

Let $f(v) = \sum \lambda_{ij} e_i^*(v) e_j$ be an endomorphism of $V$ and $x \in L$. Then $(x, f)$ in $L \times End(V)$ can be identified with $$(x, \sum \lambda_{ij} e_i^* \otimes e_j)$$ in $L \times (V^* \otimes V)$. "Differentiating" this element gives $$\sum \lambda_{ij} \left( (x.e_i^*) \otimes e_j + e_i^* \otimes (x.e_j) \right)$$ in $V^* \otimes V$. Then this isomorphism discribed above evaluated in a vector $v \in V$ gives \begin{align} \sum \lambda_{ij} (x.e_i^*(v)e_j + e_i^*(v)(x.e_j)) &= - \sum \lambda_{ij} e_i^*(x.v)e_j + \sum \lambda_{ij} e_i^*(v)(x.e_j) \\ &= \sum \lambda_{ij} e_i^*(v)(x.e_j) - f(x.v). \end{align}

I cannot manage to simplify this anymore. So I probably made a mistake somewhere. Could someone show me the correct calculations?

Edit: I think I found the answer already! Since $e_i^*(v) \in F$ it can be put trough the action $x$, hence $$\sum \lambda_{ij} e_i^*(v)(x.e_j) - f(x.v) = x.(\sum \lambda_{ij} e_i^*(v)e_j) - f(x.v) = x.f(v) - f(x.v).$$ I think this is correct?

-

Consider the map $\psi:V\otimes V^* \to \mathrm{End}(V)$ defined by (for all $w \in V$) $\psi\left(\sum\limits_i v_i \otimes f_i\right)(w) = \sum\limits_i f_i(w)v_i$.

• You already know $\psi$ is a linear isomorphism

• Suppose $x\in L$ and let $w \in V$, then $\psi\left(x \cdot (v \otimes f) \right)(w)$ $= \psi\left((x \cdot v) \otimes f + v \otimes (x \cdot f) \right)(w)$ $= f(w)(x \cdot v)+(x \cdot f)(w)v$ $= f(w)(x \cdot v)-f(x\cdot w)v$.

On the other hand, $(x \cdot \psi(v \otimes f))(w) = (x \cdot (f(\cdot)v))(w) = x \cdot (f(w)v) - f(x \cdot w)v = f(w)(x \cdot v) - f(x \cdot w)v$.

Since these match for arbitrary $w \in V$, we have $\psi\left(x \cdot (v \otimes f) \right) = x \cdot \psi(v \otimes f)$. This holds on pure (or simple) tensor elements, and (since everything is linear) holds on arbitrary tensors.

Therefore, $\psi$ is an $L$-module isomorphism. Thus $V\otimes V^* \cong \mathrm{End}(V)$ as $L$-modules.

-
Thank you for your answer, but I think I was asking something different. I'm trying to derive the action $(x.f)(v) = x.f(v) - f(x.v)$ from the map $L \times End(V) \rightarrow L \times (V^* \otimes V) \rightarrow (V^* \otimes V) \rightarrow End(V)$. However, I think that I already found out how to do this. – Noud Jan 12 '12 at 16:03

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# system sand production line consists of a series of workstations

## performance evaluation of the croissant production line with reparable machines | springerlink

In this study, the analytical probability models for an automated serial production system, bufferless that consists of n-machines in series with common transfer mechanism and control system was developed. Both time to failure and time to repair a failure are assumed to follow exponential distribution. Applying those models, the effect of system parameters on system performance in actual croissant production line was studied. The production line consists of six workstations with different numbers of reparable machines in series. Mathematical models of the croissant production line have been developed using Markov process. The strength of this study is in the classification of the whole system in states, representing failures of different machines. Failure and repair data from the actual production environment have been used to estimate reliability and maintainability for each machine, workstation, and the entire line is based on analytical models. The analysis provides a useful insight into the systems behaviour, helps to find design inherent faults and suggests optimal modifications to upgrade the system and improve its performance.

An automated production system is a set of machines, transportation elements, buffers, automations and a control system used simultaneously to produce a desired product. The main target of the production system is to operate appropriately with the maximal production rate or capacity and acceptable quality of the products. The major problem that impedes the performance of production systems is the lack of reliability of the machines. There are many studies on performance evaluation of production systems subjected to failures (Buzacott and Shanthikumar 1993; Dallery and Gershwin 1992; Xie 1993; Govil and Fu 1999). An unscheduled failure of a machine may affect the performance of the rest of the machines, both upstream and downstream, thereby blocking the former and starving the latter (Chiang et al. 1998). The importance in promoting, sustaining industries, manufacturing systems and economy through reliability measurement has become an area of interest (Yusuf 2014).

The contributions of this paper are twofold. The first is to develop analytical probability models for an automated, bufferless serial production system that consists of n-machines in series with common transfer mechanism and control system. The steady-state probability models of operation and failure for any individual machine, workstation and for the entire production system, using the Markov approach, were evaluated. The second is to perform a numerical investigation of the effect of the system parameters on system performance in the actual croissant production line. Moreover, the analysis can help to increase the efficiency and the quality of the production system.

The rest of this manuscript is organized as follows: (a) in the Literature review is presented; (b) in Methods, Reliability, availability and maintainability equations, and Mathematical formulation of the system are described. (c) In the Results and discussion are presented with a numerical example, and finally, (d) in the Conclusions are drawn.

The literature survey on production systems is quite vast; Karim et al. (2008) presented the results of a study conducted to identify some of the effective manufacturing practices that have a significant impact on manufacturing performance. Patti and Watson (2010) reported that combinations of different downtime such as mean time between failures (frequency) and mean time to repair (duration) affect serial production lines differently even when the total downtime remains equal. Freiheit et al. (2004) developed models to predict the productivity of pure serial and parallel-serial bufferless production lines with reserve capacity that is the provision of flexible stand by machines capable of performing any operation carried out in the main production line. Faghihinia and Mollaverdi (2012) presented a multi-criterion decision-aided maintenance model with three criteria that have more influence on decision making: reliability, maintenance cost and maintenance downtime. Adamyan and He (2002) presented a methodology to identify the sequences of failures and probability of their occurrence in an automated manufacturing system. Glassey and Hong (1993) developed an efficient method to analyse the behaviour of an unreliable n-stage transfer line with (n 1) finite inter-stage storage buffers. The method is based on the thorough examination of the steady-state behaviour of the n-stage line and the decomposed lines and the relationship between the failure and repair rates of the individual stages and the aggregate stages. This method was improved later on by Burman et al. (1998).

There are several studies related to reliability, availability and maintainability of manufacturing systems. Cockerill (1990) has presented a Reliability, Availability and MaintainabilityRAM analysis of a turbine-generator system. Tsarouhas (2012) reviewed the reliability, availability and maintainability (RAM) analysis in the food industries and aims to identify the critical points of the production systems that should be improved by the operational performance and the maintenance effectiveness. Collas (1994) has given a simple methodology for assessing the complex system availability and reliability. Koulamas (1992) and Savsar (2000) developed Markov models to study the effects of tool failures on system performance measures for a flexible manufacturing cell with a single machine served by a robot for part loading/unloading and a pallet for part transfers to estimate the reliability and maintenance. Hassett et al. (1995) have combined time varying failure rates and Markov chain analysis to obtain hybrid reliability and availability analysis. Rezg et al. (2004) proposed an integrated method for preventive maintenance and inventory control of a production line, composed of n machines subject to failures without intermediate buffers. Marseguerra et al. (2004) calculated optimal reliability and availability of uncertain systems via multi-objective genetic algorithms. Born and Criscimagna (1995) developed a methodology to evaluate the need of reliability, maintainability and diagnostics for translation processes. Sharma et al. (2008) proposed a methodological and structured framework that makes use of both qualitative and quantitative techniques aiming at risk and reliability analysis of the system. Tsarouhas (2013) studied the reliability and maintainability analysis, which are the fundamental issues for the operation management of a dialysis system. Markeset and Kumar (2001) have discussed the application of reliability, maintainability and risk analysis methods to minimize life cycle cost of the system. Tatry et al. (1997) have presented an advance study on reliability, availability, maintainability and safety-RAMS for a reusable launch vehicle. Lin (2009) studied system reliability evaluation for a multistate supply chain network with failure nodes using minimal paths.

Furthermore, stochastic models are displayed under a stochastic environment with tool failure and replacement consideration. Simeu-Abazi et al. (1997) applied decomposition and iterative analysis of Markov chains to obtain numerical solutions for the reliability and dependability of manufacturing systems. Lai et al. (2002) have developed Markov model and equations for distributed software/hardware systems to obtain the steady-state availability. Kim and Geshwin (2005) proposed a new model for machines with both quality and operational failures and developed a Markov process-based method for performance analysis of production systems consisting of such machine. Taghizadeh and Hafezi (2012) used supply chain operational reference for investigating the reliability evaluation of available relationships in supply chain. Tan (1999) proposed a method to calculate both average and variance of transient throughput by further assuming that the series system at steady-state is in an irreducible Markov chain. Golrizgashti (2014) proposed a developed balanced scorecard approach to measure supply chain performance with the aim of creating more value in manufacturing and business operations. Hou and Okogbaa (2002) proposed a simplified availability modelling worksheet (SAMOW), a computational tool that incorporates Markov analysis and reliability block diagram methodologies to model and analyse the availability of a typical end-to-end solution consisting of multiple complex component systems, where the failure of each component system is attributed to software failures and hardware failures. Srinivasa Rao and Naikan (2014) proposed a hybrid approach called as Markov system dynamics (MSD) approach which combines the Markov approach with system dynamics simulation approach for reliability analysis and to study the dynamic behaviour of systems.

In many high-speed lines, especially in the process industries, it may not be possible to store in-process material, because buffers may hurt the quality of the material by allowing it to deteriorate over time (Liberopoulos et al. 2007). For these reasons, high-speed lines generally do not have buffers between workstations. Dogan and Altiok (1998) mentioned that in a pharmaceutical transfer line with several workstations in series connected with conveyor segments and buffers between workstations, when a workstation fails, the part in it is scrapped. Chen and Yuan (2004) presented a method to calculate and estimate the performance indices such as the mean and variance of the transient throughput and the probability that the total outputs will meet the demand on time for a series of unreliable machines with the same production rate and without intermediate buffers. Raissi and Gatmiry (2012) addressed a systematic method for measuring multi-stage service reliability function using failure rate analysis beside a systematic Six Sigma approach to improve total system reliability. Jin et al. (2011) proposed a Six Sigma based framework to deploy high product reliability commitment in distributed subcontractor manufacturing processes. Dhouib et al. (2008) studied the steady-state availability and throughput of production lines without buffers composed of several serial machines subject to random operation-dependent failures.

Reliability of a system is the probability that the item will perform its intended function throughout a specified time period when operated in a normal environment (Brischke and Murthy 2003; Dhillon 2006; Pecht 2009). The reliability of a system at operational time t can be expressed as

where the continuous random variable T is the time to failure and is the constant failure rate of the system. The parameters of reliability are mean time to failure/repair, failure/repair rate and maximum number of failures in a specific time interval:

To describe the failure and repair process of the production systems we consider a failure distribution that has a constant failure and repair rate representing the exponential probability distribution. Some of the reasons for failure occurrence may be undetectable defects, abuse, low-safety factor, etc.

The maintainability quantifies the repair time for the failed system and is defined as the probability that the failed system will be restored to its satisfactory operational state when maintenance is performed. Maintainability is related to the duration of outages. The most important measure of maintainability is the mean time to repair (MTTR) that focuses on downtime. In the case where the repair time is exponentially distributed,

Availability is the probability that a system is available for use when required. The availability depends on both reliability and maintainability because first of all failure and repair distribution must be defined. The average availability over the interval [0, T] is defined as follows (Ebeling 1997):

High availability means high reliability with suitable maintainability which characterises the efficiency of the entire system. Therefore, system availability can never be less than system reliability.

It is considered that a production line where the probability of a transition will undergo from one state to another state depends only on the current state of the line (Markov process assumption). Therefore, the exponential distribution satisfies the times of failure and repair of the machines. The line which is considered as a system consists of n-machines in series with no buffers between them, see Fig.1. It was also assumed the process is stationary, meaning that the transition probabilities do not change with time. In this study we model a machine as a discrete state, continuous time Markov process. The state transitions of the machine denote the operational state of the machine with up and the under repair state of the machine with down.

In addition, the following are considered: state 0: all machines are up; state 1: only the machine 1 is down, whereas the rest of the machines are up; state 2: only the machine 2 is down, whereas the rest of the machines are up, etc. In the case of a single machine, when a machine is in state 0, it can fail (i.e. mechanical, electrical, pneumatic causes or human error) and goes to state 1 with probability or failure rate , which is the reciprocal of the Mean Time to Failure (MTTF). After that the maintenance staff fixes it, and the machine goes back to operational state 0 with probability or repair rate r, which is the reciprocal of the Mean Time to Repair (MTTR).

The production system in study consists of n-machines in series, a failure of M 1 or M 2 or M n obliges the system (or workstation) to stop. The system is operated when all the machines are up, state 0; otherwise, a failure in any machine (i.e. M i ) can make the system down, state i where i=1, 2, 3,n (see Fig.2).

which states that the probability of the system being in state 0 at time t+t equals to the probability of it being in state 0 at time t minus the probability of it is being in state 0 at time t and the probability of transitioning ( i t) to whichever state 1, 2, or n in time t, plus the probability of its being in state 1, 2, or n at time t and making a transition (r i t) to state 0 in time t. Similarly, for state 1,

Equation(25) has been also proposed, in homogeneous cases by researchers (Buzacott 1968; Buzacott and Shanthikumar 1993; Gershwin 1994; and Papadopoulos and Heavey 1996), whereas Eq.(26) is the unavailability that is the sum of the failure probabilities for each machine of the system.

The advantage of the proposed method is to estimate the production system parameters (i.e. reliability availability and maintainability) on system performance in the actual croissant production line. The analysis provides a useful insight into the systems behaviour and helps to find design inherent faults and to suggest optimal modifications to upgrade the system and improve its performance. Then, it re-estimates the system parameters of the production line to measure its efficiency and productivity within the frame of total quality management (TQM) principles.

The croissant line consists of six independent workstations in series integrated into one system with a common transfer mechanism and control system. Each workstation consists of one-three machines connected in series. The movement of material between stations is performed automatically with mechanical means. There are six distinct stages in croissant production: kneading, forming, proofing, baking, cooling-filling and wrapping. The process flow of the line is as follows (see Fig.3).

In workstation 1 (kneading), flour from silo and water are automatically fed into the removable bowl of the spiral kneading machine. After the dough is kneaded, the bowl is unloaded from the spiral machine and loaded onto the elevator-tipping device that lifts it and tips it to moisten the dough into the dough extruder of the lamination machine in the next workstation.

In workstation 2 (forming), the dough fed into the lamination machine is laminated, folded, reduced in thickness by a multiroller and refolded a few times by a retracting unit to form a multilayered sheet. The multilayered dough is fed into the croissant-making machine, which cuts it into pieces of triangular shape. Finally, the triangles are rolled up and formed into crescents. At the exit of the croissant-making machine, the croissants are laid onto metal baking pans, and the pans are inserted into carts.

In workstation 3 (proofing), the carts are automatically pushed into the proofing cell, where they remain under strict uniform temperature and humidity conditions for 240min so that croissants can rise to their final size.

In workstation 4 (baking), the carts are automatically pushed from the proofing cell to the oven. The baking pans are unloaded from the carts and are placed onto a metal conveyor that passes through the oven. The baking pans remain in the oven for 18min until the croissants are fully baked.

In workstation 5 (cooling-filling), the baking pans with the baked croissant remain on the conveyor and follow a trajectory (cooling system) for 50min to cool the croissants down and avoid any condensation phenomena (drops) after packaging. The croissants may then be filled with an injecting machine.

In workstation 6 (wrapping), the croissants are automatically lifted from the trays and are flow-packed and sealed with an electronic wrapping machine. The final products are picked up and placed in cartons. The filled cartons are placed on a different conveyor that takes them to a worker who stacks them onto palettes and transfers them to the finished-goods warehouse. The empty baking pans are automatically returned to the croissant-making machine.

The croissant production line operates for 8-h shifts during each workday and usually pauses during the weekends. From the technical department we collected data that covered a period of 16months. The data are records of failures that the maintenance staff kept during each shift. During this period the croissant production line operated for 24h per day in three 8-h shifts during each day, for a total of 320 working days. The records included the failures that had occurred during each shift, the action taken to repair the failure, the down time and the exact time of failure. Table1 shows the failure rate i,j and repair rate r i,j , for machine i at workstation j.

The WS1 consists of 3 machines in series; a failure of M 1.1 or M 2.1 or M 3.1 constrains the workstation to stop. Using the Eq.(19) for state 0, and the Eq.(24) for state 1, 2 and 3 as $$t \to \infty$$, the following equations can be derived:

P 0,WS1=0.946298058, P 1,WS1=0.001810741, P 2,WS1=0.051795624, P 3,WS1=9.55761E05. Therefore, from Eqs.(25) and (26), the availability and the unavailability of the WS1 are A WS1=94.63% and UAWS1=5.37%, respectively.

The reliability and the maintainability of the WS1 are $$R_{{{\text{WS}}_{1} }} (t) = \exp \left[ { - 0.05t} \right]$$ and $$M_{{{\text{WS}}_{1} }} (t) = 1 - \exp \left[ { - 0.881t} \right],$$ respectively.

WS2 consists of 2 machines in series; a failure of M 1.2 or M 2.2 constrains the workstation to stop. Using the Eqs.(19) and (24) for state 0, 1 and 2 as $$t \to \infty$$, the following equations can be derived:

From Table1, substituting the values of i,2 and r i,2 we found: P 0,WS2=0.95953369, P 1,WS2=0.03159553, P 2,WS2=0.00887078. Therefore, from Eqs.(25) and (26), the availability and the unavailability of the WS2 are A WS2=95.95% and UAWS2=4.05%, respectively.

The reliability and the maintainability of the WS2 are: $$R_{{{\text{WS}}_{2} }} (t) = \exp \left[ { - 0.105t} \right]$$ and $$M_{{{\text{WS}}_{2} }} (t) = 1 - \exp \left[ { - 2.49t} \right],$$ respectively, where $${\text{MTTF}}_{{{\text{WS}}_{2} }}\, =\, \frac{1}{{\sum_{i = 1}^{2} {\lambda_{i,2} } }}\, =\, \frac{1}{0.105} = 9.49h$$ and MTTRWS2=0.40h and r WS2=2.49.

WS3 consists of 1 machine; a failure of M 1.3 constrains the workstation to stop. Using Eqs.(19) and (24) for state 0 and 1, respectively, as $$t \to \infty$$, the following equations can be derived:

The reliability and the maintainability of the WS3 are: $$R_{{{\text{WS}}_{3} }} (t) \,=\, \exp \left[ { - 0.00946t} \right]$$ and $$M_{{{\text{WS}}_{3} }} (t) \,=\, 1 - \exp \left[ { - 1.17t} \right],$$ respectively, where $${\text{MTTF}}_{{{\text{WS}}_{3} }} = \frac{1}{\lambda } = \frac{1}{0.00946} = 105.70h$$ and MTTRWS3=0.852h and r WS3=1.17.

The reliability and the maintainability of the WS4 are: $$R_{{{\text{WS}}_{4} }} (t) = \exp \left[ { - 0.00299t} \right]$$ and $$M_{{{\text{WS}}_{4} }} (t) = 1 - \exp \left[ { - 0.302t} \right],$$ respectively,

WS5 consists of 2 machines in series as WS2; a failure of M 1.5 or M 2.5 constrains the workstation to stop. From Table1, substituting the values of i,5 and r i,5 in Eqs.(19) and (24) we found that

The reliability and the maintainability of the WS4 are: $$R_{{{\text{WS}}_{5} }} (t) \,=\, \exp \left[ { - 0.02963t} \right]$$ and $$M_{{{\text{WS}}_{5} }} (t) = 1 - \exp \left[ { - 0.879t} \right],$$ respectively, where $${\text{MTTF}}_{{{\text{WS}}_{5} }} \,=\, \frac{1}{{\sum_{i = 1}^{2} {\lambda_{i,5} } }} = \frac{1}{0.02963} = 33.74h$$ and MTTRWS5=1.13h and r WS5=0.879.

The WS6 consists of 3 machines in series as WS1; a failure of M 1.6 or M 2.6 or M 3.6 constrains the workstation to stop. From Table1, substituting the values of i,6 and r i,6 in Eqs.(19) and (24) we found that

The reliability and the maintainability of the WS6 are: $$R_{{{\text{WS}}_{6} }} (t) \,=\, \exp \left[ { - 0.0258t} \right]$$ and $$M_{{{\text{WS}}_{5} }} (t) \,=\, 1 - \exp \left[ { - 1.537t} \right],$$ respectively, where $${\text{MTTF}}_{{{\text{WS}}_{6} }} = \frac{1}{{\sum_{i = 1}^{3} {\lambda_{i,6} } }} = \frac{1}{0.0258} = 38.76h,$$ then MTTRWS6=0.65h and r WS6=1.537.

In Fig.4, the diagrams of reliability and maintainability for all workstations and the entire production system were plotted, and the following observations were made: (a) the reliability of the line in an hour of operation is 80.00%, in 8-h (a shift) of operation is 16.76% and in 24-h (a working day) of operation drops down to 0.47%; (b) a failure at all workstations and for the entire line will be repaired within 100min, except for WS4 (baking) where the repair time is more than 500min. This is obvious because the maintenance staff, apart from the time it takes them to repair a failure, spends time waiting for the oven to cool down and following repair also spends time to reheat the oven; (c) the highest reliabilities are reported for WS4 (baking) and WS3 (proofing), whereas the lowest reliabilities for WS2 (forming) and WS1 (kneading); (d) the best maintainability occurs at WS6 (wrapping), whereas the worst maintainability occurs at WS4 (baking). The maintainability at WS1 (kneading), WS2 (forming) and WS5 (cooling-filling) must be revised as well; and (e) the WS1 (kneading), WS2 (forming) and WS5 (cooling-filling) WS6 (wrapping) appear to display the major unavailability of the line with 5.37, 4.05, 3.26 and 1.65%, respectively.

Analytical probability models for an automated system that consists of n-machines in series with common transfer mechanism and control system are developed. The models assume both failure and repair rates to be exponentially distributed. The mathematical model of operation and the probability model of failure for the individual machine, workstation and entire system are presented. These models were applied to investigate the effect of system parameters on system performance in the actual croissant production line. It was pointed out that

The maintenance department may adopt the appropriate maintenance policy for the croissant production line, focusing primarily on WS1 (kneading) and WS2 (forming) that display the lowest reliability and maintainability and

Moreover, the steady-state probability models described in Eqs.(24), (25), and (26) can be applied in each machine consisting of individual components which fail more or less frequently, leading to failures in the equipment. Thus, it can estimate the demand for machine support/spare parts and determine the inventory management.

Born F, Criscimagna NH (1995) Translating user diagostics, reliability and maintainability needs into specification. In: Proceedings of annual reliability and maintainability symposium, IEEE, New York, NY, pp 106111

Collas B (1994) Reliability and availability estimation for complex system: a simple concept and tool. In: Proceedings of annual reliability and maintainability symposium, IEEE, New York, NY, pp 110113

Hou W, Okogbaa OG (2002) A simplified availability modeling tool for networks with 1:1 redundant software-hardware systems. In: Proceedings of reliability and maintainability symposium, IEEE, New York, NY, pp 556562

Markeset T, Kumar U (2001) R&M and risk-analysis tools in product design, to reduce life cycle cost and improve product attractiveness. In: Proceedings of annual reliability and maintainability symposium, IEEE, New York, NY, pp 116121

## the design of multiple production lines under deadline constraint - sciencedirect

This study submits a mathematical model, production design and schedule (PDS) model, to design a manufacturing system consisting of multiple production lines in parallel under the considerations of available machines, order quantity, and production deadline for profit maximization. This paper not only discusses the production rate, the machine cost, and the number of machines in parallel for each workstation of the production line in such a manufacturing system, but also proposes a solution procedure called progressive approach (PA) to solve this combinatorial problem. In addition, a computerized program written by Visual Basic 6.0 is completely developed to suggest the structure and the production time interval of every production line in the manufacturing system, as well as to perform the sensitivity analyses and a case study. This study shows a computerized tool to production design engineers in modern manufacturing with profound insight.

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text:
Abstract simplicial complexes happen to be posets, and to every abstract simplicial complex, one may associate a topological space, its geometric realization. This is as functor $\mathrm{Pos} \rightarrow \mathrm{Top}$. (asc's are defined by the property that if $A \in \Delta$ and $B\subseteq A$, then $B \in \Delta$)
Also, you might want to take a look into the theory of Bruhat--Tits buildings. Basically, one associates to a simple algebraic group a certain simplicial complex $\Delta(G)$. However, I have one tried to figure out if that association is a functor without any success since given up.


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# Integrals Involving Powers of Sine and Cosine

Integrals involving powers, such as $\int\mathrm{\sin^m{(x)}\cos^n{(x)}}\, \mathrm{d}x$

For example, if you want to evaluate $\int\mathrm{\sin^5{(x)}\cos{(x)}}\, \mathrm{d}x$, you let $u = \sin{(x)}$, so the integral becomes $\int\mathrm{u^5}\, \mathrm{d}u = \frac{u^6}{6} + C = \frac{\sin^6{(x)}}{6} + C$

# OIGOIG

OIGOIG means "Odd is good. Odd is great." So, when one of your powers is odd and the other is even, that's really easy to do.

### Odd Sine Power

For example, $$\int\mathrm{\sin^{2k + 1}{(x)}\cos^n{(x)}}\,\mathrm{d}x$$ $$\int\mathrm{(sin^2{(x)})^k\cos^n{(x)}sin{(x)}}\, \mathrm{d}x$$ $$\int\mathrm{(1-\cos^2{(x)})^k\cos^n{(x)}\sin{(x)}}\, \mathrm{d}x$$ Note that $\sin{(x)}dx$ is the du, so $u = \cos{(x)}$ when $\sin$ is the odd power. $u = \cos{(x)}$, $du = -\sin{(x)}dx$ So, it becomes $$-\int\mathrm{(1- u^2)^ku^n}\,\mathrm{d}u%$$

### Odd Cosine Power

$$\int\mathrm{\cos^{2k + 1}{(x)}\sin^n{(x)}}\, \mathrm{d}x = \int\mathrm{(\cos^2{(x)})^k\sin^n{(x)}\cos{(x)}}\, \mathrm{d}x$$ So $\cos{(x)}dx = du$, so $u = \sin{(x)}$ $$\int\mathrm{(1 - u^2)^ku^n}\, \mathrm{d}u$$

So, for both of those cases, if one of the powers is odd, you take out one of the functions and put it at the end, so in odd cosine, you'd put the cosine at the end. In odd sine, you'd put the sine at the end.

## Both Even

That sucks. You have to power reduce, meaning you turn $\sin^2{x}$ into $\frac{1 - \cos{(2x)}}{2}$ and $\cos^2{(x)}$ into $\frac{1 + \cos{2x}}{2}$.

## Example 1

$$\int\mathrm{\sin^3{x}\cos^4{x}}\, \mathrm{d}x = \int\mathrm{\sin^2{x}\cos^4{x}\sin{x}}\, \mathrm{d}x$$ $$u = \cos{(x)}, du = -\sin{(x)}$$ $$=-\int\mathrm{(1 - u^2)u^4}\, \mathrm{d}u$$ $$=-\int\mathrm{u^4 - u^6}\, \mathrm{d}u$$ $$= -\frac{u^5}{5} + \frac{u^7}{7} + C$$ $$=-\frac{\cos^5{(x)}}{5} + \frac{\cos^7{(x)}}{7} + C$$

## Example 2

$$\int\mathrm{\sin^4{(x)}\cos^3{(x)}}\, \mathrm{d}x$$ $$\int\mathrm{\sin^4{(x)}\cos^2{(x)}\cos{(x)}}\, \mathrm{d}x$$ $$du = \cos{(x)}dx, u = \sin{(x)}$$ $$\int\mathrm{u^4(1-u^2)}\, \mathrm{d}u$$ $$\int\mathrm{u^4 - u^6}\, \mathrm{d}u$$ $$\frac{u^5}{5} - \frac{u^7}{7} + C$$ $$\frac{\sin^5{x}}{5} - \frac{\sin^7{x}}{7} + C$$

# EFUSOT

This stands for "Except for u subs of tangents"

## Even Secant

$$\int\mathrm{\sec^{2k}{(x)}\tan^n{(x)}}\, \mathrm{d}x$$ $$\int\mathrm{\sec^{2k-2}{(x)}\tan^n{(x)}\sec^2{(x)}}\, \mathrm{d}x$$ $$du = \sec^2{(x)}dx, u = \tan{(x)}$$ $$\int\mathrm{(\sec^2{(x)})^{k-1}u^n}\, \mathrm{d}u$$ $$\int\mathrm{(1 + u^2)^{k-1}u^n}\, \mathrm{d}u$$

## Odd Tangent

$$\int\mathrm{\sec^m{(x)}\tan^{2k + 1}{(x)}}\, \mathrm{d}x$$ $$\int\mathrm{\sec^{m-1}{(x)}\tan^{2k}{(x)}\sec{(x)}\tan{(x)}}\, \mathrm{d}x$$ $$du = \sec{(x)}\tan{(x)}dx, u = \sec{(x)}$$ $$\int\mathrm{u^{m-1}(u^2 - 1)^k}\, \mathrm{d}x$$

## Only Tangent

This is kinda recursive.

$$\int\mathrm{\tan^n{(x)}}\, \mathrm{d}x = \int\mathrm{\tan^{n-2}{(x)}(sec^2{(x)} - 1)}\, \mathrm{d}x$$ $$\int\mathrm{\tan^{n-2}{(x)}\sec^2{(x)}}\,\mathrm{d}x - \int\mathrm{\tan^{n-2}{(x)}}\, \mathrm{d}x$$ $$=\frac{tan^{n-1}{(x)}}{n-1} - \int\mathrm{\tan^{n-2}{(x)}}\, \mathrm{d}x$$

(note that the first part was done using a u-sub)
The recursive part of the solution is you have to keep doing that until you reduce the power of the tan to ∫tan2(x)dx (just convert to sec) or ∫tan(x)dx (u-sub).

David Witten


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# 841 search results for "LaTeX"

## Typos…

October 5, 2010
By

Edward Kao just sent another typo found both in  Monte Carlo Statistical Methods (Problem 3.21) and in Introducing Monte Carlo Methods with R (Exercise 3.17), namely that should be I also got another email from Jerry Sin mentioning that matrix summation in the matrix commands of Figure 1.2 of Introducing Monte Carlo Methods with R

## The ARIMAX model muddle

October 4, 2010
By

There is often confusion about how to include covariates in ARIMA models, and the presentation of the subject in various textbooks and in R help files has not helped the confusion. So I thought I’d give my take on the issue. To keep it simple, I will only describe non-seasonal ARIMA models although the ideas

## Typo in Example 5.18

October 2, 2010
By

Edward Kao pointed out several typos in Example 5.18 of Monte Carlo Statistical Methods. First, the customers in area i should be double-indexed, i.e. which implies in turn that . Then the summary T should be defined as and as given that the first m customers have the fifth plan missing. Filed under: Books, R,

## UCLA Statistics: Analyzing Thesis/Dissertation Lengths

September 29, 2010
By

As I am working on my dissertation and piecing together a mess of notes, code and output, I am wondering to myself “how long is this thing supposed to be?” I am definitely not into this to win the prize for longest dissertation. I just want to say my piece, make my point and move on. I’ve heard that...

## Forecasting with long seasonal periods

September 28, 2010
By

I am often asked how to fit an ARIMA or ETS model with data having a long seasonal period such as 365 for daily data or 48 for half-hourly data. Generally, seasonal versions of ARIMA and ETS models are designed for shorter periods such as 12 for monthly data or 4 for quarterly data. The

## Galton & simulation

September 27, 2010
By

Stephen Stigler has written a paper in the Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A on Francis Galton’s analysis of (his cousin) Charles Darwin’ Origin of Species, leading to nothing less than Bayesian analysis and accept-reject algorithms! “On September 10th, 1885, Francis Galton ushered in a new era of Statistical Enlightenment with an address

## Riemann, Langevin & Hamilton [reply]

September 27, 2010
By

Here is a (prompt!) reply from Mark Girolami corresponding to the earlier post: In preparation for the Read Paper session next month at the RSS, our research group at CREST has collectively read the Girolami and Calderhead paper on Riemann manifold Langevin and Hamiltonian Monte Carlo methods and I hope we will again produce a

## Effective sample size

September 23, 2010
By

In the previous days I have received several emails asking for clarification of the effective sample size derivation in “Introducing Monte Carlo Methods with R” (Section 4.4, pp. 98-100). Formula (4.3) gives the Monte Carlo estimate of the variance of a self-normalised importance sampling estimator (note the change from the original version in Introducing Monte

## A (fast!) null model of bipartite networks

September 12, 2010
By
$A (fast!) null model of bipartite networks$

One of the challenges for ecologists working with trophic/interaction networks is to understand their organization. One of the possible approaches is to compare them across a random model, with more or less constraints, in order to estimate the departure from randomness. To this effect, null models have been developed. The basic idea behind a null


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# Existence of non-split vector bundles on smooth projective varieties

Question. Is it known/easy to see that every smooth projective variety $X$ (over an algebraically closed field), except for the point and $\mathbb{P}^1$, has a vector bundle which is not a direct sum of line bundles?

I have a result which trivially shows the above fact in positive characteristic, but I don't know whether I should state it as a corollary as it might be well-known or obvious for reasons I don't see.

-
Of arbitrary rank $>1$? For $\mathbb{P}^n$ itself, $n>1$, the tangent bundle is indecomposable. –  Mahdi Majidi-Zolbanin Mar 24 at 3:31
@Mahdi: yes. One idea of construction would be to embed $X$ into $\mathbb{P}^N$ and restrict $\Omega^1_{\mathbb{P}^N}$ to $X$ (or pull it back along a finite flat map $f:X\to \mathbb{P}^n$), but I don't know if it can work... –  Piotr Achinger Mar 24 at 3:57
Restriction fails for curves in $\mathbb P^2$. Of course curves of positive genus have a two-dimensional vector bundle which is a nontrivial extension of the trivial line bundle with itself. –  Will Sawin Mar 24 at 4:02
Even if it is well-known, isn't it still fairly standard to include these types of things as corollaries? It shows that your work has applications to things that people care about and gives alternate proofs of known results. Both these things seem worth it. –  Matt Mar 25 at 2:21
Yes, it is true that (over an algebraically closed field) the only positive-dimensional smooth projective variety on which every algebraic vector bundle splits as a sum of line bundles is $\mathbb P^1$.
More generally Ballico has proved that if every algebraic vector bundle splits as a sum of line bundles on a reduced but maybe reducible positive-dimensional projective variety , then that variety is a chain of $\mathbb P^1$'s.


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# Program Listing for File README.md¶

Return to documentation for file (necsim/README.md)

# necsim #

Version: 1.0
This project is released under MIT licence

## CONTENTS ##
* **INTRODUCTION**
* **INSTRUCTIONS**
* **REQUIREMENTS**
* **DEGUGGING**
* **CLASS DESCRIPTIONS**
* **KNOWN BUGS**
* **FAQS**
* **CONTACTS**

## INTRODUCTION ##

necsim is a generic spatial coalescence simulator for neutral systems. It applies the model to temporally and spatially varying density maps for a specific set of supplied current_metacommunity_parameters, and outputs information for each individual to a SQL database.

necsim includes functionality for applying varying speciation rates after simulations are complete. This enables the main simulation to be run with the *minimum* speciation rate required and afterwards analysis can be completed using different speciation rates.

The recommended method of usage is through the pycoalescence package, using a Python interface for installation, simulation setup and running. See [here](http://pycoalescence.readthedocs.io/) for more details.

You are free to modify and distribute the code as per the license specified in **LICENCE.txt** to suit any additional neutral simulation requirements (or any other purpose).

## INSTRUCTIONS ##
###Compiling the program###
See the Requirements section for a full lineage_indices of the necessary prerequisites. Once these are installed, compiling the program should be relatively easy. necsim requires a linker to the boost libraries, as well as the sqlite3 library. It is recommended to run with the maximum optimisation possible.

Additionally, if support is required for tif files (an alternative to importing csv files), the [gdal library](http://www.gdal.org/) is required. See the online documentation for help compiling gdal for your operating system. When compiling using gdal, use the -D with_gdal compilation flag.

For compilation on High Performance Computing (HPC) systems, they will likely use intel compilers. The header files for the sqlite and boost packages may need to be copied in to the working directory to avoid problems with linking to libraries. Check the service providers' documentation for whether these libraries are already installed on the HPC.
for the application of different speciation rates.

###Running simulations###
Note that the recommended method of running and analysing simulations is through the [**pycoalescence**](https://pycoalescence.readthedocs.io) Python package.
The routine relies on supplying command line arguments (see below) for all the major simulation variables. Alternatively, supplying a config .txt file and using the command line arguments ./necsim -c /path/to/config.txt can be used for parsing command line arguments from the text file.

####Command Line Arguments ####
The following command line arguments are required. This lineage_indices can be accessed by running “./necsim -h” or ./necsim -help

The command line options to be specified are:

1. the seed for the simulation.
2. the simulation job_type (for file reference).
3. the map config file.
4. the output directory.
5. the minimum speciation rate.
6. the dispersal sigma value.
7. the dispersal tau value.
8. the deme size.
9. the deme sample size.
10. the maximum simulation time (in seconds).
11. the lambda value for moving through non-habitat.
12. the temporal sampling file containing tab-separated generation values for sampling points in time (null for only sampling the present)
13. the minimum number of species known to exist. (Currently has no effect).
14. (and onwards) speciation rates to apply after simulation.

In this set up, the map config file contains a file on each line, with tab separation between the different variables. The "ref" flag contains the object type, followed by all other current_metacommunity_parameters. An example is given below.

ref=fine_map    path=/path/to/file  x=100   y=200   x_off=10    y_off=20
ref=historical_fine path=/path/to/file  number=n    rate=r  time=g

Alternatively, by specifying the -f flag, (full mode) as the first argument, the program can read in extended command line arguments, which are as followed.

1. the number used for setting the seed.
2. the sample grid x dimension
3. the sample grid y dimension
4. the fine map file relative path.
5. the fine map x dimension
6. the fine map y dimension
7. the fine map x offset
8. the fine map y offset
9. the coarse map file relative path.
10. the coarse map x dimension
11. the coarse map y dimension
12. the coarse map x offset
13. the coarse map y offset
14. the scale of the coarse map compared to the fine (10 means resolution of coarse map = 10 x resolution of fine map)
15. the output directory
16. the speciation rate.
17. the dispersal sigma value.
18. the deme size
19. the deme sample size (as a proportion of deme size)
20. the time to run the simulation (in seconds).
21. lambda - the relative cost of moving through non-forest
22. job_type - for referencing the specific job_type later on.
23. the minimum number of species the system is known to contain.
24. the historical fine map file to use
25. the historical coarse map file to use
26. the rate of forest change from historical
27. the time (in generations) since the historical forest was seen.
28. the dispersal tau value (the width of the kernel.
29. the sample mask, with binary 1:0 values for areas that we want to sample from. If this is not provided then this will default to mapping the whole area.
30.  the link to the file containing every generation that the lineage_indices should be expanded. This should be in the format of a lineage_indices.
31. (and onwards) - speciation rates to apply after the simulation is complete.

####Config Files ####
The program also accepts a config file, specified by running ./necsim -c /path/to/config.txt. The format of the config file is

rand_seed = i
sample_x_dim = i
sample_y_dim = i
fine_source = /path/to/fine.csv
fine_x_dim = i
fine_y_dim = i
fine_x_offset = i
fine_y_offset = i
coarse_source = /path/to/coarse.csv
coarse_x_dim = i
coarse_y_dim = i
coarse_x_offset = i
coarse_y_offset = i
coarse_scale = i
output_dir = /path/to/outdir
spec_rate = d
zfat = f
deme_size = i
deme_sample = d
wall_time = i
lambda = 1
job_num = i
est_spec = i
historical_fine_source = /path/to/historical/fine.csv
historical_coarse_source = /path/to/historical/coarse.csv
forest_change = d
time_since = f
dispersal = f
time_config_file = /path/to/time/file.txt
speciationrate1 = d
speciationrate2 = d
...

where i represents a positive integer, d is a decimal value between 0 and 1, and f is any positive number (float). Whilst this does help with readability of the code, the order of the arguments is essential at this stage (i.e. don't switch the order of the lines). Future versions may alter the system of reading such that the current_metacommunity_parameters are set according to their key. Any number of speciation rates (or 0) can be at the end of the file.

####Outputs####
Upon successful completion of a simulation, necsim will produce an SQLite database file in the output directory in an SQL\_data folder. This database contains several tables, which can be accessed using a program like [DB Browser for SQLite](http://sqlitebrowser.org/) or Microsoft Access. Alternatively, most programming languages have an SQLite interface ([RSQlite](https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/RSQLite/index.html), [Python sqlite3](https://docs.python.org/2/library/sqlite3.html))

* The main table within the database is the SPECIES\_LIST table, which is the location and inheritence of every lineage recorded. Several other important data structures (such as whether it is a "tip" of the phylogenetic tree of not) which are used  when re-constructing the species identity.
* A secondary output from necsims is a SIMULATION\_PARAMETERS table for identifying the exact current_metacommunity_parameters with which the model is run.
* SpeciationCounter also produces a SPECIES_ABUNDANCES table containing species abundances across the whole sample map, plus (optionally) a table of SPECIES\_LOCATIONS (containing the x,y location of every individual) and FRAGMENT\_ABUNDANCES (species abundances for each habitat fragment separately).

## REQUIREMENTS ##
* The Boost library available [here](http://www.boost.org).
* The fast-cpp-csv-parser by Ben Strasser, available [here](https://github.com/ben-strasser/fast-cpp-csv-parser).
* C++ compiler (such as GNU g++) with C++11 support.

## CLASS DESCRIPTIONS ##

A brief description of the important classes is given below. Some classes also contain customised exceptions for better tracing of error handling.

* The Tree class.
- The most important class!
- Contains the main setup, run and data output routines.
- Setup imports the data files from csv (if necessary) and creates the in-memory objects for the storing of the coalescence tree and the spatial grid of active lineages. Setup time mostly depends on the size of the csv file being imported.
- Run continually loops over sucessive coalesence, move or speciation events until all individuals have speciated or coalesced. This is where the majority of the simulation time will be, and is mostly dependent on the number of individuals, speciation rate and size of the spatial grid.
- At the end of the simulation, the sqlCreate() routine will generate the in-memory SQLite database for storing the coalescent tree. It can run multiple times if multiple speciation rates are required. createAndOutputData() will then be called to create a small csv file containing important information, and output the SQLite database to file if required.
* The TreeNode class
- Contains a single record of a node on the phylogenetic tree, to be used in reassembling the tree structure at the end of the simulation.
- Operations are mostly basic getters and setters, with functionality called from higher-level functions.
- An array of treenodes makes up the data object in Tree.
* The DataPoint class
- Contains a single record of the location of a lineage.
- An array of datapoints makes up the active object in Tree.
- endactive refers to the number of lineages currently being simulated. After each coalescence or speciation event this will decrease.
* The RNGController class
- Contains the random number generator, as written by James Rosindell (j.rosindell@imperial.ac.uk).
* The Landscape class
- Contains the routines for importing and calling values from the map objects.
- The getVal() and runDispersal() functions can be modified to produce altered dispersal behaviour, or alterations to the structure of the map.
* The Matrix and Row classes
- Based on code written by James Rosindell (j.rosindell@imperial.ac.uk).
- Handles indexing of the 2D object plus importing values from a csv file.
* The SpeciesList class
- Contains the lineage_indices of individuals, for application in a matrix, to essentially create a 3D array.
- Handles the positioning of individuals in space within a grid cell.
* The ConfigParser class
- Contains basic functions for importing command line arguments from a config file, providing an alternative way of setting up simulations.
* The Community class
- Provides the routines for applying different speciation rates to a phylogenetic tree, to be used either immediately after simulation within necsim, or at a later time using SpeciationCounter.cpp

## KNOWN BUGS ##
* Simulations run until completion, rather than aiming for a desired number of species. This is an intentional change. Functions related to this functionality remain but are deprecated.
* Only continuous rectangular fragments are properly calculated. Other shapes must be calculated by post-processing.
* 3 fragments instead of 2 will be calculated for certain adjacent rectangular patches.

## FAQS (WIP) ##
* **How do I get started?**
- It is recommended to use the [pycoalescence](http://pycoalescence.readthedocs.io/) package which simplifies installation of necsim, setting up and running simulations. This provides a much easier way to get started with necsim.

* **Why can’t I compile the program?**
- This could be due to a number of reasons, most likely that you haven’t compiled with access to the lsqlite3 or boost packages. Installation and compilation differs across different systems; for most UNIX systems, compiling with the linker arguments -lsqlite3 -lboost_filesystem and -lboost_system will solve problems with the compiler not finding the sqlite or boost header file.
- Another option could be the potential lack of access to the fast-cpp-csv-parser by Ben Strasser, available [here](https://github.com/ben-strasser/fast-cpp-csv-parser). If use\_csv has been defined at the head of the file, try without use_csv or download the csv parser and locate the folder within your working directory at compilation.

* **Every time the program runs I get error code XXX.**
- Check the ERROR_REF.txt file for descriptions of the files. Try running in debug mode by compiling with -DDEBUG to gain more information on the problem. Check the log output in /logs. It is most likely a problem with the set up of the map data (error checking is not yet properly implemented here).

## CONTACTS##
Author: **Samuel Thompson**

Contact: samuelthompson14@imperial.ac.uk - thompsonsed@gmail.com

Institution: Imperial College London and National University of Singapore

Based heavily on code by **James Rosindell**

Contact: j.rosindell@imperial.ac.uk

Institution: Imperial College London