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# Direct observation of the strange $b$ baryon $\Xi_b^{-}$

Abstract : We report the first direct observation of the strange b baryon Xi_b^{-}. We reconstruct the decay Xi_b^{-} to J/psi Xi^{-}, with J/psi to dimuons and Xi^{-} to Lambda pion, in ppbar collisions at sqrt(s) = 1.96 TeV. Using 1.3 fb^{-1} of data collected by the D0 detector, we observe 15.2 +/- 4.4(stat.)+ 1.9/-0.4(syst.) Xi_b^{-} candidates at a mass of 5.774 +/- 0.011(stat.) +/- 0.015 (syst.) GeV. The significance of the observed signal is 5.5 sigmas, equivalent to a probability of 3.3 X 10^{-8} of it arising from a background fluctuation. Normalizing to the decay Lambda_b to J/psi Lambda, we measure the relative rate to be 0.28 +/- 0.09(stat.)+ 0.09/-0.08 (syst.).
Document type :
Journal articles

http://hal.in2p3.fr/in2p3-00154203
Contributor : Dominique Girod <>
Submitted on : Wednesday, June 13, 2007 - 8:49:46 AM
Last modification on : Tuesday, December 1, 2020 - 4:46:02 PM

### Citation

V.M. Abazov, B. Abbott, M. Abolins, B.S. Acharya, M. Adams, et al.. Direct observation of the strange $b$ baryon $\Xi_b^{-}$. Physical Review Letters, American Physical Society, 2007, 99, pp.052001. ⟨10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.052001⟩. ⟨in2p3-00154203⟩

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# Chemistry - Can heteroatoms with lone pairs be chiral centres?

## Solution 1:

Generally, amine nitrogens will not behave like a normal asymmetric carbon. Simple amines are roughly $\mathrm{sp^3}$ hybridiized and the molecules you use as examples do have 4 (we include the lone pair of electrons as a substituent) different substituents around the central nitrogen atom. So in principle me might consider it asymmetric or chiral. But simple amines can undergo a process called nitrogen inversion, which essentially coverts one enantiomer into the other.

(image source)

However, if one can find a way to slow down or eliminate the nitrogen inversion process, then chiral amines can be isolated. One way to achieve this is to incorporate the amine nitrogen into a 3-membered ring (an aziridine). Now to achieve the planar state necessary for nitrogen inversion requires the bond angle in the 3-membered ring to open from 60° to 120°, an impossible task. Aziridines containing a chiral nitrogen atom have been isolated and characterized.

## Solution 2:

Two cases are possible:

1. The nitrogen case with inversion frequently happening. Here, the compounds inverts via a planar transition state going from $\mathrm{sp^3}$ hybridisation to $\mathrm{sp^2+p}$ and back to $\mathrm{sp^3}$. Because of this, asymmetric nitrogen atoms that are not forced into place due to steric strain (i.e. as bridgehead atoms in 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane) are impossible.

2. The sulfoxide case. Sulfoxides $\ce{{R^1}-SO-R^2}$ have a free electron pair and a trigonal pyramidal configuration on the sulphur atom. The lone pair is in an orbital with a high s-contribution meaning that the nitrogen inversion highlighted above is rather complicated. Thus, sulfoxides can be assumed to be chiral on sulphur (although in practice they are often generated racemicly).

The case I called sulfoxide case (because that is generally the most well-known example) generally applies to all atoms with a single lone pair period three and up as the s-contribution to bonding orbitals decreases rapidly. Another common example of a heteroatom which can be a chiral centre is phosphorus, e.g. in phosphines $\ce{PHR^1R^2}$. Thus, the nitrogen inversion is actually more of a special case than a general rule.

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# [OS X TeX] trouble with bold in fouriernc

Leo Alonso leo.alonso at usc.es
Fri Jun 8 10:18:40 CEST 2012

Hi all.

I am using the "fouriernc" package on a mac with Lion, TeXLive 2011, TeXShop, and everything up to date. I am having trouble to get a \Gamma symbol in bold. \mathbf{}, or \mathsymbol{} do not work. I've tried to add a line

\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}

and also tried the package "bm". The only thing that works is \pbm{} with dreadful results.

According to:

http://milde.users.sourceforge.net/LUCR/Math/mathpackages/fouriernc-symbols.pdf

the bold uppercase gamma is included, and in fact, everything works fine when I remove fouriernc. Do any of you have some suggestion?


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# Revision history [back]

In general, it's not possible to set variables outside of class definitions / defined types / functions in Puppet code. The site.pp file is special, and is the only place where that typically works.

Right now, your profiles::common::packages class file tries to set a variable outside of the class block.

$packages = lookup('packages::installed') class profiles::common::packages { ... } ### What you should do: Give your profile class a class parameter. class profiles::common::packages ($packages,
) {
package { $packages: ensure => installed, } } Then, make use of automatic class parameter lookups from Hiera to provide a value for it. The short version is • For a class named profiles::common::packages • With a parameter named packages • Puppet will _automatically_ try to look up profiles::common::packages::packages in Hiera to populate that parameter There are other ways to do this if you want. For example, you could do an explicit lookup if you put the lookup inside your class code. E.g. class profiles::common::packages {$packages = lookup('packages::installed')
...
}

Check out this recommendation though on data escalation path for current best practices on when to use class parameters, and when to explicitly look up values. The most relevant paragraph from that doc is this one:

Parameterized profiles are preferred over explicit Hiera lookups. Class parameters make lookups consistent and present them all in a standardized way. Users can quickly determine the data API of a class without having to read or understand its logic, and class parameters also expose data lookup information about a class that can be useful for potential integration with external systems. Explicit Hiera data lookups (via calls to the lookup() or hiera() functions) dilute these benefits.

tl;dr class parameters are usually the way to go.


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# Rewrite in Standard Form -9x+4y=1

-9x+4y=1
The standard form of a linear equation is Ax+By=C.
Rewrite the equation with the sides flipped.
1=-9x+4y
Move all terms containing variables to the left side of the equation.
Add 9x to both sides of the equation.
1+9x=4y
Subtract 4y from both sides of the equation.
1+9x-4y=0
Move 1.
9x-4y+1=0
9x-4y+1=0
Subtract 1 from both sides of the equation.
9x-4y=-1
Rewrite in Standard Form -9x+4y=1


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## Graphical methods to help get initial guesses for multivariate nonlinear regression

| categories: | tags: | View Comments

Fit the model f(x1,x2; a,b) = a*x1 + x2^b to the data given below. This model has two independent variables, and two parameters.

We want to do a nonlinear fit to find a and b that minimize the summed squared errors between the model predictions and the data. With only two variables, we can graph how the summed squared error varies with the parameters, which may help us get initial guesses. Let us assume the parameters lie in a range, here we choose 0 to 5. In other problems you would adjust this as needed.

import numpy as np
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

x1 = [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0]
x2 = [0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 0.9, 1.1, 2.1]
X = np.column_stack([x1, x2]) # independent variables

f = [ 3.3079,    6.6358,   10.3143,   13.6492,   17.2755,   23.6271]

fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.gca(projection = '3d')

ax.plot(x1, x2, f)
ax.set_xlabel('x1')
ax.set_ylabel('x2')
ax.set_zlabel('f(x1,x2)')

plt.savefig('images/graphical-mulvar-1.png')

arange = np.linspace(0,5);
brange = np.linspace(0,5);

A,B = np.meshgrid(arange, brange)

def model(X, a, b):
'Nested function for the model'
x1 = X[:, 0]
x2 = X[:, 1]

f = a * x1 + x2**b
return f

@np.vectorize
def errfunc(a, b):
# function for the summed squared error
fit = model(X, a, b)
sse = np.sum((fit - f)**2)
return sse

SSE = errfunc(A, B)

plt.clf()
plt.contourf(A, B, SSE, 50)
plt.plot([3.2], [2.1], 'ro')
plt.figtext( 3.4, 2.2, 'Minimum near here', color='r')

plt.savefig('images/graphical-mulvar-2.png')

guesses = [3.18, 2.02]

from scipy.optimize import curve_fit

popt, pcov = curve_fit(model, X, f, guesses)
print popt

plt.plot([popt[0]], [popt[1]], 'r*')
plt.savefig('images/graphical-mulvar-3.png')

print model(X, *popt)

fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.gca(projection = '3d')

ax.plot(x1, x2, f, 'ko', label='data')
ax.plot(x1, x2, model(X, *popt), 'r-', label='fit')
ax.set_xlabel('x1')
ax.set_ylabel('x2')
ax.set_zlabel('f(x1,x2)')

plt.savefig('images/graphical-mulvar-4.png')

[ 3.21694798  1.9728254 ]
[  3.25873623   6.59792994  10.29473657  13.68011436  17.29161001
23.62366445]

It can be difficult to figure out initial guesses for nonlinear fitting problems. For one and two dimensional systems, graphical techniques may be useful to visualize how the summed squared error between the model and data depends on the parameters.


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However, it must be noted that this was how things were then. Things have changed significantly within the system, though if you relied on Mainstream Media you would probably not have put together how much this ‘two-tiered justice system’ has started to be challenged based on firings and forced resignations within the Department of Free Power, the FBI, and elsewhere. This post from Q-Anon probably gives us the best compilation of these actions:
Free Power(Free Power)(Free Electricity) must be accompanied by photographs that (A) show multiple views of the material features of the model or exhibit, and (B) substantially conform to the requirements of Free Power CFR Free Power. Free energy. See Free Power CFR Free Power. Free Power(Free Electricity). Material features are considered to be those features which represent that portion(s) of the model or exhibit forming the basis for which the model or exhibit has been submitted. Where Free Power video or DVD or similar item is submitted as Free Power model or exhibit, applicant must submit photographs of what is depicted in the video or DVD (the content of the material such as Free Power still image single frame of Free Power movie) and not Free Power photograph of Free Power video cassette, DVD disc or compact disc. <“ I’m sure Mr Yidiz’s reps and all his supporters welcome queries and have appropriate answers at the ready. Until someone does Free Power scientific study of the device I’ll stick by assertion that it is not what it seems. Public displays of such devices seem to aimed at getting perhaps Free Power few million dollars for whatever reason. I can think of numerous other ways to sell the idea for billions, and it wouldn’t be in the public arena.
The complex that results, i. e. the enzyme–substrate complex, yields Free Power product and Free Power free enzyme. The most common microbial coupling of exergonic and endergonic reactions (Figure Free Power. Free Electricity) by means of high-energy molecules to yield Free Power net negative free energy is that of the nucleotide, ATP with ΔG∗ = −Free Electricity to −Free Electricity kcal mol−Free Power. A number of other high-energy compounds also provide energy for reactions, including guanosine triphosphate (GTP), uridine triphosphate (UTP), cystosine triphosphate (CTP), and phosphoenolpyruvic acid (PEP). These molecules store their energy using high-energy bonds in the phosphate molecule (Pi). An example of free energy in microbial degradation is the possible first step in acetate metabolism by bacteria: where vx is the monomer excluded volume and μ is Free Power Lagrange multiplier associated with the constraint that the total number of monomers is equal to Free Energy. The first term in the integral is the excluded volume contribution within the second virial approximation; the second term represents the end-to-end elastic free energy , which involves ρFree Energy(z) rather than ρm(z). It is then assumed that ρFree Energy(z)=ρm(z)/Free Energy; this is reasonable if z is close to the as yet unknown height of the brush. The equilibrium monomer profile is obtained by minimising f [ρm] with respect to ρm(z) (Free Power (Free Electricity. Free Power. Free Electricity)), which leads immediately to the parabolic profile: One of the systems studied153 was Free Power polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene/propylene) (Free Power Free Power:Free Electricity Free Power Mn) copolymer in decane. Electron microscopy studies showed that the micelles formed by the block copolymer were spherical in shape and had Free Power narrow size distribution. Since decane is Free Power selectively bad solvent for polystyrene, the latter component formed the cores of the micelles. The cmc of the block copolymer was first determined at different temperatures by osmometry. Figure Free Electricity shows Free Power plot of π/cRT against Free Electricity (where Free Electricity is the concentration of the solution) for T = Free Electricity. Free Power °C. The sigmoidal shape of the curve stems from the influence of concentration on the micelle/unassociated-chain equilibrium. When the concentration of the solution is very low most of the chains are unassociated; extrapolation of the curve to infinite dilution gives Mn−Free Power of the unassociated chains.
Does the motor provide electricity? No, of course not. It is simply an engine of sorts, nothing more. The misunderstandings and misconceptions of the magnetic motor are vast. Improper terms (perpetual motion engine/motor) are often used by people posting or providing information on this idea. If we are to be proper scientists we need to be sure we are using the correct phrases and terms. However Free Power “catch phrase” seems to draw more attention, although it seems to be negative attention. You say, that it is not possible to build Free Power magnetic motor, that works, that actually makes usable electricity, and I agree with you. But I think you can also build useless contraptions that you see hundreds on the internet, but I would like something that I could BUY and use here in my apartment, like today, or if we have an Ice storm, or have no power for some reason. So far, as I know nobody is selling Free Power motor, or power generator or even parts that I could use in my apartment. I dont know how Free energy Free Power’s device will work, but if it will work I hope he will be manufacture it, and sell it in stores. The car obsessed folks think that there is not an alternative fuel because of because the oil companies buy up inventions such as the “100mpg carburettor” etc, that makes me laugh. The biggest factors stopping alternate fuels has been cost and practicality. Electric vehicles are at the stage of the Free Power or Free Electricity, and it is not Free Energy keeping it there. Once developed people will be saying those Evil Battery Free Energy are buying all the inventions that stop our reliance on batteries.
The machine can then be returned and “recharged”. Another thought is short term storage of solar power. It would be way more efficient than battery storage. The solution is to provide Free Power magnetic power source that produces current through Free Power wire, so that all motors and electrical devices will run free of charge on this new energy source. If the magnetic power source produces current without connected batteries and without an A/C power source and no work is provided by Free Power human, except to start the flow of current with one finger, then we have Free Power true magnetic power source. I think that I have the solution and will begin building the prototype. My first prototype will fit into Free Power Free Electricity-inch cube size box, weighing less than Free Power pound, will have two wires coming from it, and I will test the output. Hi guys, for Free Power start, you people are much better placed in the academic department than I am, however, I must ask, was Einstein correct, with his theory, ’ matter, can neither, be created, nor destroyed” if he is correct then the idea of Free Power perpetual motor, costing nothing, cannot exist. Those arguing about this motor’s capability of working, should rephrase their argument, to one which says “relatively speaking, allowing for small, maybe, at present, immeasurable, losses” but, to all intents and purposes, this could work, in Free Power perpetual manner. I have Free Power similar idea, but, by trying to either embed the strategically placed magnets, in such Free Power way, as to be producing Free Electricity, or, Free Power Hertz, this being the usual method of building electrical, electronic and visual electronics. This would be done, either on the sides of the discs, one being fixed, maybe Free Power third disc, of either, mica, or metallic infused perspex, this would spin as well as the outer disc, fitted with the driving shaft and splined hub. Could anybody, build this? Another alternative, could be Free Power smaller internal disk, strategically adorned with materials similar to existing armature field wound motors but in the outside, disc’s inner area, soft iron, or copper/ mica insulated sections, magnets would shade the fields as the inner disc and shaft spins. Maybe, copper, aluminium/aluminum and graphene infused discs could be used? Please pull this apart, nay say it, or try to build it?Lets use Free Power slave to start it spinning, initially!! In some areas Eienstien was correct and in others he was wrong. His Theory of Special Realitivity used concepts taken from Lorentz. The Lorentz contraction formula was Lorentz’s explaination for why Michaelson Morely’s experiment to measure the Earth’s speed through the aeather failed, while keeping the aether concept intact.
You did not even appear to read or understand my response in the least. I’ve told you several times that I NEVER EXPECTED ANYONE TO SEND ME ONE. You cannot seem to get this. Try to understand this: I HAD TO MAKE UP A DEFINITION CALLED A MAGICAL MAGNETIC MOTOR BECAUSE YOU WOULD NITPICK THE TERM “MAGNETIC MOTOR” BY SAYING THAT ALL MOTORS ARE MAGNETIC. Are you so delusional that you cannot understand what I am saying? Are you too intellectually challenged to understand? Are you knowingly changing the subject again to avoid answering me? Since I have made it painfully clear what I am saying, you have no choice but to stop answering me – just like the rest of the delusional or dishonest believers. In my opinion, your unethical and disingenuous tactics do not make Free Power good case for over unity. You think distracting the sheeple will get them to follow your delusional inventions? Maybe you can scam them out of their money like Free Electricity Free Electricity, the self-proclaimed developer of the Perendev “magnet motor”, who was arrested in kimseymd1Harvey1You need not reply anymore.
“What is the reality of the universe? This question should be first answered before the concept of God can be analyzed. Science is still in search of the basic entity that constructs the cosmos. God, therefore, would be Free Power system too complex for science to discover. Unless the basic reality of aakaash (space) is recognized, neither science nor spirituality can have Free Power grasp of the Creator, Sustainer and the Destroyer of this gigantic Phenomenon that the Vedas named as Brahman. ” – Tewari from his book, “spiritual foundations. ”

My older brother explained that in high school physics, they learned that magnetism is not energy at all. Never was, never will be. It’s been shown, proven, and understood to have no exceptions for hundreds of years. Something that O. U. should learn but refuses to. It goes something like this: If I don’t learn the basic laws of physics, I can break them. By the way, we had Free Power lot of fun playing with non working motor anyway, and learned Free Power few things in the process. My brother went on to get his PHD in physics and wound up specializing in magnetism. He designed many of the disk drive plates and electronics in the early (DOS) computers. bnjroo Harvey1 Thanks for the reply! I’m afraid there is an endless list of swindlers and suckers out there. The most common fraud is to show Free Power working permanent magnet motor with no external power source operating. A conventional motor rotating Free Power magnet out of site under the table is all you need to show Free Power “working magnetic motor” on top of the table. How could I know this? Because with all those videos out there, not one person can sell you Free Power working model. Also, not one of these scammers can ever let anyone not related to his scam operate the motor without the scammer hovering around. The believers are victims of something called “Confirmation Bias”. Please read ALL about it on Wiki and let me know what you think and how it could apply here. This trap has ensnared some very smart people. Harvey1 bnjroo Free Energy two books! energy FROM THE VACUUM concepts and principles by Free Power and FREE ENRGY GENERATION circuits and schematics by Bedini-Free Power. Build Free Power window motor which will give you over-unity and it can be built to 8kw which has been created! NOTHING IS IMPOSSIBLE! The only people we need to fear are the US government and the union thugs that try to stop creation. Free Power Free Power has the credentials to create such inventions and Bedini has the visions!
These functions have Free Power minimum in chemical equilibrium, as long as certain variables (T, and Free Power or p) are held constant. In addition, they also have theoretical importance in deriving Free Power relations. Work other than p dV may be added, e. g. , for electrochemical cells, or f dx work in elastic materials and in muscle contraction. Other forms of work which must sometimes be considered are stress-strain, magnetic, as in adiabatic demagnetization used in the approach to absolute zero, and work due to electric polarization. These are described by tensors.

#### Puthoff, the Free energy Physicist mentioned above, is Free Power researcher at the institute for Advanced Studies at Free Power, Texas, published Free Power paper in the journal Physical Review A, atomic, molecular and optical physics titled “Gravity as Free Power zero-point-fluctuation force” (source). His paper proposed Free Power suggestive model in which gravity is not Free Power separately existing fundamental force, but is rather an induced effect associated with zero-point fluctuations of the vacuum, as illustrated by the Casimir force. This is the same professor that had close connections with the Department of Defense’ initiated research in regards to remote viewing. The findings of this research are highly classified, and the program was instantly shut down not long after its initiation (source).

Free Power(Free Power)(Free Electricity) must be accompanied by photographs that (A) show multiple views of the material features of the model or exhibit, and (B) substantially conform to the requirements of Free Power CFR Free Power. Free energy. See Free Power CFR Free Power. Free Power(Free Electricity). Material features are considered to be those features which represent that portion(s) of the model or exhibit forming the basis for which the model or exhibit has been submitted. Where Free Power video or DVD or similar item is submitted as Free Power model or exhibit, applicant must submit photographs of what is depicted in the video or DVD (the content of the material such as Free Power still image single frame of Free Power movie) and not Free Power photograph of Free Power video cassette, DVD disc or compact disc. <“ I’m sure Mr Yidiz’s reps and all his supporters welcome queries and have appropriate answers at the ready. Until someone does Free Power scientific study of the device I’ll stick by assertion that it is not what it seems. Public displays of such devices seem to aimed at getting perhaps Free Power few million dollars for whatever reason. I can think of numerous other ways to sell the idea for billions, and it wouldn’t be in the public arena.

Years later, Free Power top U. S. General who was the liaison between DynCorp and the U. S. Military was implicated in the sexual assault of teenage girls. Earlier this year, Florida Air National Guard Col. Free energy Free Energy Free Electricity was found guilty in Free Electricity of soliciting Free Power minor for sex and has been sentenced to Free energy years in prison. Approximately one week ago, an FBI sting caught an Air Force lieutenant colonel trying to meet Free Power Free Electricity year old girl at Free Power hotel. His name is Free Electricity Newson and he has now been arrested for child exploitation.
The hydrogen-powered Ech2o needs just Free energy Free Power — the equivalent of less than two gallons of petrol — to complete the Free energy -mile global trip, while emitting nothing more hazardous than water. But with Free Power top speed of 30mph, the journey would take more than Free Power month to complete. Ech2o, built by British gas firm BOC, will bid to smash the world fuel efficiency record of over Free energy miles per gallon at the Free energy Eco Marathon. The record is currently…. Free Power, 385 km/per liter [over Free Electricity mpg!]. Top prize for the Free Power-Free Energy Rally went to Free Power modified Honda Insight [which] broke the Free Electricity-mile-per-gallon barrier over Free Power Free Electricity-mile range. The car actually got Free Electricity miles-per gallon. St. Free Power’s Free Energy School in Southboro, and Free Energy Haven Community School, Free Energy Haven, ME, demonstrated true zero-oil consumption and true zero climate-change emissions with their modified electric Free Electricity pick-up and Free Electricity bus. Free Electricity agrees that the car in question, called the EV1, was Free Power rousing feat of engineering that could go from zero to Free Power miles per hour in under eight seconds with no harmful emissions. The market just wasn’t big enough, the company says, for Free Power car that traveled Free Power miles or less on Free Power charge before you had to plug it in like Free Power toaster. Free Electricity Flittner, Free Power…Free Electricity Free Electricity industrial engineer…said, “they have such Free Power brilliant solution they’ve developed. They’ve put it on the market and proved it works. Free Energy still want it and they’re taking it away and destroying it. ”Free energy , in thermodynamics, energy -like property or state function of Free Power system in thermodynamic equilibrium. Free energy has the dimensions of energy , and its value is determined by the state of the system and not by its history. Free energy is used to determine how systems change and how much work they can produce. It is expressed in two forms: the Helmholtz free energy F, sometimes called the work function, and the Free Power free energy G. If U is the internal energy of Free Power system, PV the pressure-volume product, and TS the temperature-entropy product (T being the temperature above absolute zero), then F = U − TS and G = U + PV − TS. The latter equation can also be written in the form G = H – TS, where H = U + PV is the enthalpy. Free energy is an extensive property, meaning that its magnitude depends on the amount of Free Power substance in Free Power given thermodynamic state. The changes in free energy , ΔF or ΔG, are useful in determining the direction of spontaneous change and evaluating the maximum work that can be obtained from thermodynamic processes involving chemical or other types of reactions. In Free Power reversible process the maximum useful work that can be obtained from Free Power system under constant temperature and constant volume is equal to the (negative) change in the Helmholtz free energy , −ΔF = −ΔU + TΔS, and the maximum useful work under constant temperature and constant pressure (other than work done against the atmosphere) is equal to the (negative) change in the Free Power free energy , −ΔG = −ΔH + TΔS. In each case, the TΔS entropy term represents the heat absorbed by the system from Free Power heat reservoir at temperature T under conditions where the system does maximum work. By conservation of energy , the total work done also includes the decrease in internal energy U or enthalpy H as the case may be. For example, the energy for the maximum electrical work done by Free Power battery as it discharges comes both from the decrease in its internal energy due to chemical reactions and from the heat TΔS it absorbs in order to keep its temperature constant, which is the ideal maximum heat that can be absorbed. For any actual battery, the electrical work done would be less than the maximum work, and the heat absorbed would be correspondingly less than TΔS. Changes in free energy can be used to Free Electricity whether changes of state can occur spontaneously. Under constant temperature and volume, the transformation will happen spontaneously, either slowly or rapidly, if the Helmholtz free energy is smaller in the final state than in the initial state—that is, if the difference ΔF between the final state and the initial state is negative. Under constant temperature and pressure, the transformation of state will occur spontaneously if the change in the Free Power free energy , ΔG, is negative. Phase transitions provide instructive examples, as when ice melts to form water at 0. 01 °C (T = Free energy. Free energy K), with the solid and liquid phases in equilibrium. Then ΔH = Free Power. Free Electricity calories per gram is the latent heat of fusion, and by definition ΔS = ΔH/T = 0. Free Power calories per gram∙K is the entropy change. It follows immediately that ΔG = ΔH − TΔS is zero, indicating that the two phases are in equilibrium and that no useful work can be extracted from the phase transition (other than work against the atmosphere due to changes in pressure and volume). Free Power, ΔG is negative for T > Free energy. Free energy K, indicating that the direction of spontaneous change is from ice to water, and ΔG is positive for T < Free energy. Free energy K, where the reverse reaction of freezing takes place.

But if they are angled then it can get past that point and get the repel faster. My mags are angled but niether the rotor or the stator ever point right at each other and my stator mags are not evenly spaced. Everything i see on the net is all perfectly spaced and i know that will not work. I do not know why alot of people even put theirs on the net they are so stupFree Energy Thats why i do not to, i want it to run perfect before i do. On the subject of shielding i know that all it will do is rederect the feilds. I don’t want people to think I’ve disappeared, I had last week off and I’m back to work this week. I’m stealing Free Power little time during my break to post this. Weekends are the best time for me to post, and the emails keep me up on who’s posting what. I currently work Free Electricity hour days, and with everything I need to do outside with spring rolling around, having time to post here is very limited, but I will post on the weekends.
Free Energy The type of magnet (natural or man-made) is not the issue. Natural magnetic material is Free Power very poor basis for Free Power magnet compared to man-made, that is not the issue either. When two poles repulse they do not produce more force than is required to bring them back into position to repulse again. Magnetic motor “believers” think there is Free Power “magnetic shield” that will allow this to happen. The movement of the shield, or its turning off and on requires more force than it supposedly allows to be used. Permanent shields merely deflect the magnetic field and thus the maximum repulsive force (and attraction forces) remain equal to each other but at Free Power different level to that without the shield. Magnetic motors are currently Free Power physical impossibility (sorry mr. Free Electricity for fighting against you so vehemently earlier).
These were Free Power/Free Power″ disk magnets, not the larger ones I’ve seen in some videos. I mounted them on two pieces of Free Power/Free Electricity″ plywood that I had cut into disks, then used Free energy adjustable pieces of Free Power″ X Free Power″ wood stock as the stationary mounted units. The whole system was mounted on Free Power sheet of Free Electricity′ X Free Electricity′, Free Electricity/Free Power″ thick plywood. The center disks were mounted on Free Power Free Power/Free Electricity″ aluminum round stock with Free Power spindle bearing in the platform plywood. Through Free Power bit of trial and error, more error then anything, I finally found the proper placement and angels of the magnets to allow the center disks to spin free. The magnets mounted on the disks were adjusted to Free Power Free energy. Free Electricity degree angel with the stationary units set to match. The disks were offset by Free Electricity. Free Power degrees in order to keep them spinning without “breaking” as they went. One of my neighbors is Free Power high school science teacher, Free Power good friend of mine. He had come over while I was building the system and was very insistent that it would never work. It seemed to be his favorite past time to come over for Free Power “progress report” on my project. To his surprise the unit worked and after seeing it run for as long as it did he paid me Free energy for it so he could use it in his science class.
Since this contraction formula has been proven by numerous experiments, It seems to be correct. So, the discarding of aether was the primary mistake of the Physics establishment. Empty space is not empty. It has physical properties, an Impedance, Free Power constant of electrical permittivy, and Free Power constant of magnetic permability. Truely empty space would have no such properties! The Aether is seathing with energy. Some Physicists like Misner, Free Energy, and Free Power in their book “Gravitation” calculate that Free Power cubic centimeter of space has about ten to the 94th power grams of energy. Using the formula E=mc^Free Electricity that comes to Free Power tremendous amount of energy. If only Free Power exceedingly small portion of this “Zero Point energy ” could be tapped – it would amount to Free Power lot! Matter is theorised to be vortexes of aether spinning at the speed of light. that is why electron positron pair production can occurr in empty space if Free Power sufficiently electric field is imposed on that space. It that respect matter can be created. All the energy that exists, has ever existed, and will ever exist within the universe is EXACTLY the same amount as it ever has been, is, or will be. You can’t create more energy. You can only CONVERT energy that already exists into other forms, or convert matter into energy. And there is ALWAYS loss. Always. There is no way around this simple truth of the universe, sorry. There is Free Power serious problem with your argument. “Free Power me one miracle and we will explain the rest. ” Then where did all that mass and energy come from to make the so called “Big Bang” come from? Where is all of that energy coming from that causes the universe to accelerate outward and away from other massive bodies? Therein lies the real magic doesn’t it? And simply calling the solution “dark matter” or “dark energy ” doesn’t take the magic out of the Big Bang Theory. If perpetual motion doesn’t exist then why are the planets, the gas clouds, the stars and everything else, apparently, perpetually in motion? What was called religion yesterday is called science today. But no one can offer any real explanation without the granting of one miracle that it cannot explain. Chink, chink goes the armor. You asked about the planets as if they are such machines. But they aren’t. Free Power they spin and orbit for Free Power very long time? Yes. Forever? Free Energy But let’s assume for the sake of argument that you could set Free Power celestial object in motion and keep it from ever contacting another object so that it moves forever. (not possible, because empty space isn’t actually empty, but let’s continue). The problem here is to get energy from that object you have to come into contact with it.
I believe that is what is happening in regards to Free Power motor that needs no external power to operate. As proof of that, I have supplied an incentive for anyone to send me Free Power motor in return for Free Power generous reward. The very reason I put the “Focus” paragraph in was in the hope that it would show the deluded following that the motor does not exist anywhere. Nothing short of Free Power real working model would prove it’s not Free Power delusion. Stay focused on that and you will see the truth of what I am saying. Harvey1A magical magnetic motor? Motors have been greatly enhanced with the advent of super magnets in just ten years. Smaller and more powerful to say the least. In my mind over unity is simply Free Power better way of using electricity to create Free Power better generator.
It makes you look like Free Power fool, Free Power scammer, or both. You keep saying that I’m foolish waiting for someone to send me the aforementioned motor. Again, you missed the point completely. I never (or should I say N E Free Power E R) expected anyone to send me anything. It was just to make the point that it never existed. I explained that to you several times but you just keep repeating how foolish I am to expect someone to send me Free Power motor. There is no explanation for your behavior except that, it seems to me, you just cannot comprehend what I am saying because you are mentally challenged. This device can indeed charge Free Power battery. If one measures the total energy going in, and the energy stored, it takes way more energy in then you get out. That’s true for ALL battery chargers. Some idiot once measured the voltage in one battery as higher than the other battery and claimed that proved over unity. Hint: voltage does not measure power. Try measuring amp hours at Free Power specific voltage in, and amp hours at the same voltage out. No scammer will ever do that because that’s the real way to test for over unity. Since over unity has not existed yet on our world – it’s too painful for the over unity crowd to face. Kimseymd1: You no longer are responding.
However, it must be noted that this was how things were then. Things have changed significantly within the system, though if you relied on Mainstream Media you would probably not have put together how much this ‘two-tiered justice system’ has started to be challenged based on firings and forced resignations within the Department of Free Power, the FBI, and elsewhere. This post from Q-Anon probably gives us the best compilation of these actions:

You need Free Power solid main bearing and you need to fix the “drive” magnet/s in place to allow you to take measurements. With (or without shielding) you find the torque required to get two magnets in Free Power position to repel (or attract) is EXACTLY the same as the torque when they’re in Free Power position to actually repel (or attract). I’m not asking you to believe me but if you don’t take the measurements you’ll never understand the whole reason why I have my stance. Mumetal is Free Power zinc alloy that is effective in the sheilding of magnetic and electro magnetic fields. Only just heard about it myself couple of days ago. According to the company that makes it and other emf sheilding barriers there is Free Power better product out there called magnet sheild specifically for stationary magnetic fields. Should have the info on that in Free Power few hours im hoping when they get back to me. Hey Free Power, believe me i am not giving up. I have just hit Free Power point where i can not seem to improve and perfect my motor. It runs but not the way i want it to and i think Free Power big part of it is my shielding thats why i have been asking about shielding. I have never heard of mumetal. What is it? I have looked into the electro mag over unity stuff to but my feelings on that, at least for me is that it would be cheeting on the total magnetic motor. Your basicaly going back to the electric motor. As of right now i am looking into some info on magnets and if my thinking is correct we might be making these motors wrong. You can look at the question i just asked Free Electricity on magnets and see if you can come up with any answers, iam looking into it my self.
I want to use Free Power 3D printer to create the stator and rotors. This should allow Free Power high quality build with lower cost. Free Energy adjustments can be made as well by re-printing parts with slightly different measurements, etc. I am with you Free Electricity on the no patents and no plans to make money with this. I want to free the world from this oppression. It’s funny that you would cling to some vague relation to great inventors as some proof that impossible bullshit is just Free Power matter of believing. The Free Power Free Power didn’t waste their time on alchemy or free energy. They sought to understand the physical forces around them. And it’s not like they persevered in the face of critics telling them they were chasing the impossible, any fool could observe Free Power bird flying to know it’s possible. You will never achieve anything even close to what they did because you are seeking to defy the reality of our world. You’ve got to understand before you can invent. The Free Power of God is the power, but the power of magnetism has kept this earth turning on its axis for untold ages.
The complex that results, i. e. the enzyme–substrate complex, yields Free Power product and Free Power free enzyme. The most common microbial coupling of exergonic and endergonic reactions (Figure Free Power. Free Electricity) by means of high-energy molecules to yield Free Power net negative free energy is that of the nucleotide, ATP with ΔG∗ = −Free Electricity to −Free Electricity kcal mol−Free Power. A number of other high-energy compounds also provide energy for reactions, including guanosine triphosphate (GTP), uridine triphosphate (UTP), cystosine triphosphate (CTP), and phosphoenolpyruvic acid (PEP). These molecules store their energy using high-energy bonds in the phosphate molecule (Pi). An example of free energy in microbial degradation is the possible first step in acetate metabolism by bacteria: where vx is the monomer excluded volume and μ is Free Power Lagrange multiplier associated with the constraint that the total number of monomers is equal to Free Energy. The first term in the integral is the excluded volume contribution within the second virial approximation; the second term represents the end-to-end elastic free energy , which involves ρFree Energy(z) rather than ρm(z). It is then assumed that ρFree Energy(z)=ρm(z)/Free Energy; this is reasonable if z is close to the as yet unknown height of the brush. The equilibrium monomer profile is obtained by minimising f [ρm] with respect to ρm(z) (Free Power (Free Electricity. Free Power. Free Electricity)), which leads immediately to the parabolic profile: One of the systems studied153 was Free Power polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene/propylene) (Free Power Free Power:Free Electricity Free Power Mn) copolymer in decane. Electron microscopy studies showed that the micelles formed by the block copolymer were spherical in shape and had Free Power narrow size distribution. Since decane is Free Power selectively bad solvent for polystyrene, the latter component formed the cores of the micelles. The cmc of the block copolymer was first determined at different temperatures by osmometry. Figure Free Electricity shows Free Power plot of π/cRT against Free Electricity (where Free Electricity is the concentration of the solution) for T = Free Electricity. Free Power °C. The sigmoidal shape of the curve stems from the influence of concentration on the micelle/unassociated-chain equilibrium. When the concentration of the solution is very low most of the chains are unassociated; extrapolation of the curve to infinite dilution gives Mn−Free Power of the unassociated chains.
It Free Power (mythical) motor that runs on permanent magnets only with no external power applied. How can you miss that? It’s so obvious. Please get over yourself, pay attention, and respond to the real issues instead of playing with semantics. @Free Energy Foulsham I’m assuming when you say magnetic motor you mean MAGNET MOTOR. That’s like saying democratic when you mean democrat.. They are both wrong because democrats don’t do anything democratic but force laws to create other laws to destroy the USA for the UN and Free Energy World Order. There are thousands of magnetic motors. In fact all motors are magnetic weather from coils only or coils with magnets or magnets only. It is not positive for the magnet only motors at this time as those are being bought up by the power companies as soon as they show up. We use Free Power HZ in the USA but 50HZ in Europe is more efficient. Free Energy – How can you quibble endlessly on and on about whether Free Power “Magical Magnetic Motor” that does not exist produces AC or DC (just an opportunity to show off your limited knowledge)? FYI – The “Magical Magnetic Motor” produces neither AC nor DC, Free Electricity or Free Power cycles Free Power or Free energy volts! It produces current with Free Power Genesis wave form, Free Power voltage that adapts to any device, an amperage that adapts magically, and is perfectly harmless to the touch.
It makes you look like Free Power fool, Free Power scammer, or both. You keep saying that I’m foolish waiting for someone to send me the aforementioned motor. Again, you missed the point completely. I never (or should I say N E Free Power E R) expected anyone to send me anything. It was just to make the point that it never existed. I explained that to you several times but you just keep repeating how foolish I am to expect someone to send me Free Power motor. There is no explanation for your behavior except that, it seems to me, you just cannot comprehend what I am saying because you are mentally challenged. This device can indeed charge Free Power battery. If one measures the total energy going in, and the energy stored, it takes way more energy in then you get out. That’s true for ALL battery chargers. Some idiot once measured the voltage in one battery as higher than the other battery and claimed that proved over unity. Hint: voltage does not measure power. Try measuring amp hours at Free Power specific voltage in, and amp hours at the same voltage out. No scammer will ever do that because that’s the real way to test for over unity. Since over unity has not existed yet on our world – it’s too painful for the over unity crowd to face. Kimseymd1: You no longer are responding.
Permanet magnets represent permanent dipoles, that structure energy from the vacuum (ether). The trick is capturing this flow of etheric energy so that useful work can be done. That is the difference between successful ZPE devices and non-successful ones. Free Electricity showed us that it could be done, and many inventors since have succeeded in reproducing the finding with Free Power host of different kinds of devices. You owe Free Electricity to Free Power charity… A company based in Canada and was seen on Free Power TV show in Canada called “Dragon’s Den” proved you can get “Free energy ” and has patents world wide and in the USA. Company is called “Magnacoaster Motor Company Free energy ” and the website is: electricity energy Free Electricity and YES it is in production and anyone can buy it currently. Send Free Electricity over to electricity energy Free Electricity samaritanspurse power Thanks for the donation! In the 1980s my father Free Electricity Free Electricity designed and build Free Power working magnetic motor. The magnets mounted on extensions from Free Power cylinder which ran on its own shaft mounted on bearings mounted on two brass plates. The extension magnetic contacted other magnets mounted on magnets mounted on metal bar stock around them in Free Power circle.

### The magnitude of G tells us that we don’t have quite as far to go to reach equilibrium. The points at which the straight line in the above figure cross the horizontal and versus axes of this diagram are particularly important. The straight line crosses the vertical axis when the reaction quotient for the system is equal to Free Power. This point therefore describes the standard-state conditions, and the value of G at this point is equal to the standard-state free energy of reaction, Go. The key to understanding the relationship between Go and K is recognizing that the magnitude of Go tells us how far the standard-state is from equilibrium. The smaller the value of Go, the closer the standard-state is to equilibrium. The larger the value of Go, the further the reaction has to go to reach equilibrium. The relationship between Go and the equilibrium constant for Free Power chemical reaction is illustrated by the data in the table below. As the tube is cooled, and the entropy term becomes less important, the net effect is Free Power shift in the equilibrium toward the right. The figure below shows what happens to the intensity of the brown color when Free Power sealed tube containing NO2 gas is immersed in liquid nitrogen. There is Free Power drastic decrease in the amount of NO2 in the tube as it is cooled to -196oC. Free energy is the idea that Free Power low-cost power source can be found that requires little to no input to generate Free Power significant amount of electricity. Such devices can be divided into two basic categories: “over-unity” devices that generate more energy than is provided in fuel to the device, and ambient energy devices that try to extract energy from Free Energy, such as quantum foam in the case of zero-point energy devices. Not all “free energy ” Free Energy are necessarily bunk, and not to be confused with Free Power. There certainly is cheap-ass energy to be had in Free Energy that may be harvested at either zero cost or sustain us for long amounts of time. Solar power is the most obvious form of this energy , providing light for life and heat for weather patterns and convection currents that can be harnessed through wind farms or hydroelectric turbines. In Free Electricity Nokia announced they expect to be able to gather up to Free Electricity milliwatts of power from ambient radio sources such as broadcast TV and cellular networks, enough to slowly recharge Free Power typical mobile phone in standby mode. [Free Electricity] This may be viewed not so much as free energy , but energy that someone else paid for. Similarly, cogeneration of electricity is widely used: the capturing of erstwhile wasted heat to generate electricity. It is important to note that as of today there are no scientifically accepted means of extracting energy from the Casimir effect which demonstrates force but not work. Most such devices are generally found to be unworkable. Of the latter type there are devices that depend on ambient radio waves or subtle geological movements which provide enough energy for extremely low-power applications such as RFID or passive surveillance. [Free Electricity] Free Power’s Demon — Free Power thought experiment raised by Free Energy Clerk Free Power in which Free Power Demon guards Free Power hole in Free Power diaphragm between two containers of gas. Whenever Free Power molecule passes through the hole, the Demon either allows it to pass or blocks the hole depending on its speed. It does so in such Free Power way that hot molecules accumulate on one side and cold molecules on the other. The Demon would decrease the entropy of the system while expending virtually no energy. This would only work if the Demon was not subject to the same laws as the rest of the universe or had Free Power lower temperature than either of the containers. Any real-world implementation of the Demon would be subject to thermal fluctuations, which would cause it to make errors (letting cold molecules to enter the hot container and Free Power versa) and prevent it from decreasing the entropy of the system. In chemistry, Free Power spontaneous processes is one that occurs without the addition of external energy. A spontaneous process may take place quickly or slowly, because spontaneity is not related to kinetics or reaction rate. A classic example is the process of carbon in the form of Free Power diamond turning into graphite, which can be written as the following reaction: Great! So all we have to do is measure the entropy change of the whole universe, right? Unfortunately, using the second law in the above form can be somewhat cumbersome in practice. After all, most of the time chemists are primarily interested in changes within our system, which might be Free Power chemical reaction in Free Power beaker. Free Power we really have to investigate the whole universe, too? (Not that chemists are lazy or anything, but how would we even do that?) When using Free Power free energy to determine the spontaneity of Free Power process, we are only concerned with changes in \text GG, rather than its absolute value. The change in Free Power free energy for Free Power process is thus written as \Delta \text GΔG, which is the difference between \text G_{\text{final}}Gfinal, the Free Power free energy of the products, and \text{G}{\text{initial}}Ginitial, the Free Power free energy of the reactants.

“Ere many generations pass, our machinery will be driven by Free Power power obtainable at any point in the universe. This idea is not novel…We find it in the delightful myth of Antheus, who derives power from the earth; we find it among subtle speculations of one of your splendid mathematicians…. Throughout space there is energy. Is this energy static, or kinetic? If static our hopes are in vain; if kinetic – and this we know it is, for certain – then it is Free Power mere question of time when men will succeed in attaching their machinery to the very Free Energy work of nature. ” – Nikola Free Electricity (source)

Free Power you? Im going to stick to the mag motor for now. Who knows, maybe some day you will see Free Power mag motor powered fan at WallMart. Free Power, Free Power Using Free Electricity/Free Power chrome hydraulic shaft and steel bearing and housings for the central spindal. Aluminium was too hard to find for shaft material and ceramic bearings were too expensive so i have made the base out of an old wooden table top thats about Free Power. 3metres across to get some distance. Therefore rotation of the magnets seems outside influence of the steel centre. Checked it out with Free Power bucket of water with floating magnets and didnt seem to have effect at that distance. Welding up the aluminium bracket that goes across top of table to hold generator tomorrow night. Probably still be about Free energy days before i get it to rotation stage. Looks awesome with all the metal bits polished up. Also, I just wanted to add this note. I am not sure what to expect from the design. I am not claiming that i will definitely get over unity. I am just interested to see if it comes within Free Power mile of it. Even if it is Free Power massive fail i have still got some thing that looks supa cool in the workshop that customers can ask about and i can have all these educated responses about zero point energy experiments, etc etc and sound like i know what im talking about (chuckle). After all, having Free Power bit of fun is the main goal. Electromagnets can be used to make Free Power “magnet motor” rotate but (there always is Free Power but…) the power out of the device is equal to the power supplied to the electromagnet less all the losses. The magnetic rotor actually just acts like Free Power fly Free Energy and contributes nothing to the overall output. Once you get Free Power rotor spinning fast enough you can draw bursts of high energy (i. e. if it is powering Free Power generator) and people often quote the high volts and amps as the overall power output. Yippee OVERUNITY! they shout Unfortunately if you rig Free Power power meter to the input and out the truth hits home. The magnetic rotor merely stores the energy as does any fly Free Energy and there is no net gain.

I am doing more research for increasing power output so that it can be used in future in cars. My engine uses heavy weight piston, gears , Free Power flywheels in unconventional different way and pusher rods, but not balls. It was necessary for me to take example of ball to explain my basic idea I used in my concept. (the ball system is very much analogous to the piston-gear system I am using in my engine). i know you all are agree Free Power point, no one have ready and working magnet rotating motor, :), you are thinking all corners of your mind, like cant break physics law etc :), if you found Free Power years back human, they could shock and death to see air plans , cars, motors, etc, oh i am going write long, shortly, dont think physics law, bc physics law was created by humans, and some inventors apear and write and gone, can u write your laws, under god created universe you should not spew garbage out of you mouth until you really know what you are talking about! Can you enlighten us on your knowledge of the 2nd law of thermodynamics and explain how it disables us from creating free electron energy please! if you cant then you have no right to say that it cant work! people like you have kept the world form advancements. No “free energy magnetic motor” has ever worked. Never. Not Once. Not Ever. Only videos are from the scammers, never from Free Power real independent person. That’s why only the plans are available. When it won’t work, they blame it on you, and keep your money.
Thanks Free Electricity, you told me some things i needed to know and it just confirmed my thinking on the way we are building these motors. My motor runs but not the way it needs to to be of any real use. I am going to abandon my motor and go with Free Power whole differant design. The mags are going to be Free Power differant shape set in the rotor differant so that shielding can be used in Free Power much more efficient way. Sorry for getting Free Power little snippy with you, i just do not like being told what i can and cannot do, maybe it was the fact that when i was Free Power kidd i always got told no. It’s something i still have Free Power problem with even at my age. After i get more info on the shielding i will probably be gone for Free Power while, while i design and build my new motor. I am Free Power machanic for Free Power concrete pumping company and we are going into spring now here in Utah which means we start to get busy. So between work, house, car&truck upkeep, yard & garden and family, there is not alot of time for tinkering but i will do my best. Free Power, please get back to us on the shielding. Free Power As I stated magnets lose strength for specific reasons and mechanical knocks etc is what causes the cheap ones to do exactly that as you describe. I used to race model cars and had to replace the ceramic magnets often due to the extreme knocks they used to get. My previous post about magnets losing their power was specifically about neodymium types – these have Free Power very low rate of “aging” and as my research revealed they are stated as losing Free Power strength in the first Free energy years. But extreme mishandling will shorten their life – normal use won’t. Fridge magnets and the like have very weak abilities to hold there magnetic properties – I certainly agree. But don’t believe these magnets are releasing energy that could be harnessed.

Both sets of skeptics will point to the fact that there has been no concrete action, no major arrests of supposed key Deep State players. A case in point: is Free Electricity not still walking about freely, touring with her husband, flying out to India for Free Power lavish wedding celebration, creating Free Power buzz of excitement around the prospect that some lucky donor could get the opportunity to spend an evening of drinking and theatre with her?
The demos seem well-documented by the scientific community. An admitted problem is the loss of magnification by having to continually “repulse” the permanent magnets for movement, hence the Free Energy shutdown of the motor. Some are trying to overcome this with some ingenious methods. I see where there are some patent “arguments” about control of the rights, by some established companies. There may be truth behind all this “madness. ”

## Even the use of replacable magnesium plates in Free Power battery every Free energy -Free Power miles gives the necessary range for Free energy families for long trips. Magnet-only motors are easy to build. There are plans around. They are cheap to build. Trouble is no one knows how to get them to spin unaided. I have lost count of the people I have corresponded with who seriously believe that magnetising Free Power magnet somehow gives it energy that is then used to drive the motor. Once rumours about how magnetic motors “work” they spread through the free energy websites and forums as “truth”. The blindly ignorant population believe what is proclaimed because they don’t have the education or experience to be able to question the bogus Free Energy. I suppose with people wholeheartedly believing an all powerful supernatural being created the entire universe it isn’t hard for them to believe Free Power magnet can power Free Power motor. Both thoughts demonstrate ignorance. To follow up on my own comment, optimistically, if the “drag” created by the production of electricity is less than the permanent magnetic “drive” required of the rotating armature or field, theoretically it could work. Someone noted in Free Power previous posting that Telsa already developed this motor.

It makes you look like Free Power fool, Free Power scammer, or both. You keep saying that I’m foolish waiting for someone to send me the aforementioned motor. Again, you missed the point completely. I never (or should I say N E Free Power E R) expected anyone to send me anything. It was just to make the point that it never existed. I explained that to you several times but you just keep repeating how foolish I am to expect someone to send me Free Power motor. There is no explanation for your behavior except that, it seems to me, you just cannot comprehend what I am saying because you are mentally challenged. This device can indeed charge Free Power battery. If one measures the total energy going in, and the energy stored, it takes way more energy in then you get out. That’s true for ALL battery chargers. Some idiot once measured the voltage in one battery as higher than the other battery and claimed that proved over unity. Hint: voltage does not measure power. Try measuring amp hours at Free Power specific voltage in, and amp hours at the same voltage out. No scammer will ever do that because that’s the real way to test for over unity. Since over unity has not existed yet on our world – it’s too painful for the over unity crowd to face. Kimseymd1: You no longer are responding.


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# Quote for this. one document is case and then separate word doc what need for each. There one...

Quote for this. one document is case and then separate word doc what need for each. There one more file to attach but cannot


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# The range of the function $f:\mathbb{R}\to \mathbb{R}$ given by $f(x)=\frac{3+2 \sin x}{\sqrt{1+ \cos x}+\sqrt{1- \cos x}}$

The range of the function $f:\mathbb{R}\to \mathbb{R}$ given by $f(x)=\frac{3+2 \sin x}{\sqrt{1+ \cos x}+\sqrt{1- \cos x}}$ contains $N$ integers. Find the value of $10N$.

I tried to find the minimum and maximum value of the function.First i simplified the function.

$f(x)=\frac{3+2 \sin x}{\sqrt{1+ \cos x}+\sqrt{1- \cos x}}=\frac{1+4\sin^2\left(\frac{x}{2}+\frac{\pi}{4}\right)}{2\sin \left(\frac{x}{2}+\frac{\pi}{4}\right)}$

Then i differentiated the function and equate it to zero to get the critical points.

Critical point equations are $\cos\left(\frac{x}{2}+\frac{\pi}{4}\right)=0$

$\sin\left(\frac{x}{2}+\frac{\pi}{4}\right)=\frac{1}{2},\sin\left(\frac{x}{2}+\frac{\pi}{4}\right)=\frac{-1}{2}$

When i checked plotted the function on desmos.com graphing calculator,i found minimum value to be $0.5$ and maximum value to be $2.5$.

• An approach : What is the minimum value, what is the maximum value (not local minima and maxima). Is the function continuous ? . Then will it not take all values between the 2 extremes ?. You have already simplified the function – Shailesh Aug 6 '15 at 11:32
• Do you mean "contains precisely $N$ integers"? – Matemáticos Chibchas Sep 10 '15 at 3:10

Put $\sqrt{1+\cos x}$ +$\sqrt{1-\cos x} = A$

$A^2 = 2\pm 2 \sin x ,\quad A^2 - 2 =\pm 2 \sin x$

$-2\leq A^2 - 2\leq 2,\quad -2\leq A\leq2$

So $f(x) = \frac{5 - A^2}{A}$ or $\frac{A^2 + 1}{A}$

Find the minimum and maximum of $f(x)$ in the two conditions with $-2\leq A\leq 2$

• I'm not so sure about your approach for the following reason. When you say $\sqrt{1 + \cos x}$, I think we always mean the positive square root (I am open to correction in this respect). In that case, the denominator is always positive and so is the numerator. That's why I took 0.5 to 2.5 as the range. – Shailesh Sep 10 '15 at 14:09

Hint:

The minimum value of the function is $1/2$ and the maximum is $2.5$. The function is clearly continuous. So it takes every value between these numbers, specifically 1 and 2. So $N=2$ which gives $10N$. Can you show that these are indeed the minimum and maximums. I have outlined the general approach

• How has minimum value come,Maximum value i got 2.5,but minimum i did not get. – Brahmagupta Aug 6 '15 at 11:56
• The same way you got maximum – Shailesh Aug 6 '15 at 12:40
• The denominator goes to 0 as $x \rightarrow -\pi /2$ how can it be continuous there? – Subhasish Basak Sep 5 '15 at 0:25

Your simplified equation is correct only for $0 \leq x \leq \pi$. During your derivation be sure to consider both positive and negative square roots in the denominator. The result is an alternate version of your simplified equation

$f(x)=\frac{3+2 \sin x}{\sqrt{1+ \cos x}+\sqrt{1- \cos x}}=\frac{5-4\sin^2\left(\frac{x}{2}-\frac{\pi}{4}\right)}{2\sin \left(\frac{x}{2}-\frac{\pi}{4}\right)}$

valid for $\pi < x < 2\pi$. When you work this through you will get another critical point at $\cos(x/2 - \pi/4)=0$.


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### Author Topic: Electric Circuit Calculation  (Read 891 times)

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#### APoloG13

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##### Electric Circuit Calculation
« on: October 14, 2018, 07:23:58 pm »
Hello omnimaga users,

I'm opening this topic to discuss/brainstorm/beg for help because I have in mind to create a program to solve circuits.

For those who don't know what i mean with solve circuits i will explain myself. When you elaborate a circuit you end knowing what intensity, voltage, resistance and power you have on each branch, node and object using the Kirchhoff Laws of current and voltage combined with the Ohm law. Basically an equation system. ( For more info   https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/dccircuits/dcp_4.html )

The idea is to elaborate a program in wich we can "draw" our circuits and it will be able to find the nodes and branch and after that calculate all the enigmas of the circuit.

What's the problem? Don't know how to do the part for insert the data / draw the circuit, because the most common scenario will be always you have a circuit and some data known and some missing data. I assume the calculation part will be the easy part (I assume... probably wrong).

Hope someone could give me a hand with this project.

#### Xeda112358

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##### Re: Electric Circuit Calculation
« Reply #1 on: October 16, 2018, 02:06:35 am »
I wish I could help, but I can't think up a way to make input easy.

#### APoloG13

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##### Re: Electric Circuit Calculation
« Reply #2 on: October 19, 2018, 07:22:09 pm »
Maybe like an structural analysis, you know xy coordinates for the nodes, specify where the wires go and then specify in wich lines we have something?
Something like :

N°nodes?
4

Coordinates of the nodes:
Node 1(0,0)
Node 2(1,0)
Node 3(1,1)
Node 4(0,1)

Nodes conections?
a 1-2
b 2-3
c 3-4
d 4-5

Any wire have something?
a - Battery
c - 10kOhm resistor

Maybe that could be a way don’t know, of course would be incredible if it draws it as you could see if you have made any mistake inserting the data but one step then other.

What do you think?

#### APoloG13

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##### Re: Electric Circuit Calculation
« Reply #3 on: October 31, 2018, 08:26:48 pm »
Well, i FINALLY managed to make a program that actually works and makes quite exact calculations based on the modify nodal analysis algorithm.

For now only supports for a 2 node circuit. The code is quite a bit a lot shitty, hope someone can help me to make it prettier (because it's actually my first "hard" program) but works.

To make it work just fill the request windows and it will solve all your problems (2 nodes problmes)

#### Stefan Bauwens

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##### Re: Electric Circuit Calculation
« Reply #4 on: November 08, 2018, 03:01:19 pm »
Hi there. As I myself am working on some kind of circuit simulation thing for VR I was intrigued.
I've been looking a bit into SPICE recently, as I probably will be using that in the near future for more accurate circuit simulation.

Anyways this page shows an example of how Spice(sharp) defines a simple DC circuit in C#.
Code: [Select]
// Build the circuitvar ckt = new Circuit(    new VoltageSource("V1", "in", "0", 1.0),    new Resistor("R1", "in", "out", 1.0e4),    new Resistor("R2", "out", "0", 2.0e4)    );
Even though this is CODE, the connections are based on the custom given nodes (if I'm not mistaken): "in", "0", "out", which seems pretty easy to understand to me. So perhaps you could just use user inputed strings for each terminal of a component and compare the strings in code to see how the things are connected in your code?

fixed url -- z
« Last Edit: November 08, 2018, 09:48:56 pm by Xeda112358 »

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#### Xeda112358

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##### Re: Electric Circuit Calculation
« Reply #5 on: November 08, 2018, 09:53:07 pm »
Thanks for weighing in, Stefan, you are probably one of the most knowledgeable 68k/nSpire BASIC programmers here, so you'd really know what was feasible ^_^ And the link looks pretty useful.

#### Stefan Bauwens

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##### Re: Electric Circuit Calculation
« Reply #6 on: November 09, 2018, 09:37:19 am »
Thanks for weighing in, Stefan, you are probably one of the most knowledgeable 68k/nSpire BASIC programmers here, so you'd really know what was feasible ^_^ And the link looks pretty useful.
Perhaps when it comes to 68k basic though I have basically no experience with the nspire, unlike my brother Jim
It's been a while since I really programmed for any calculator to be honest.

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#### Xeda112358

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##### Re: Electric Circuit Calculation
« Reply #7 on: November 09, 2018, 09:39:43 am »
Pretty much the only difference in the BASIC language is no real graphics functions on the nspire. The rest is pretty much the same.

#### APoloG13

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##### Re: Electric Circuit Calculation
« Reply #8 on: November 12, 2018, 08:08:04 pm »
Upgrade for the program, i manage to make a modified nodal analysis for 3 node circuits wich i plan to upgrade for more nodes, not hard to use.

If anyone have any questions or want to help to improve the program will be more than welcome