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# A Gun control solution - perhaps

Discussion in 'Politics' started by Quantum Quack, Mar 7, 2018.

1. ### Quantum QuackLife's a tease...Valued Senior Member

Messages:
20,302
a true funny story to example my point:

Scene:

a bistro style tavern, bar in central Australia. Uluru national park ( Yulara resort -Ayers Rock)
( I worked there for 9 months as a purchaser)

Situation:

Jimbo was affectionately referred to as a "bushy"or "bush pig", a guy who was born and raised in the tough desert regions of Australia, of Anglo Saxon origins.

He enters the tavern with his massive and very friendly yet intimidating German Shepherd dog and proceeds to solicit donations from the various tourists and resort workers enjoying a night out with the ambition that when he gets to a certain amount he would get up on a small stage and sing 5 songs.

Some of the locals know and aided him by spruiking his many talents as a vocalist to the many enthusiastic tourists present.
After collecting about $1oo in a tin bucket he gets up on the small stage and grabs the mike. Could he sing? Nope! Not a note! In fact by the end of the first 20 seconds or so most every one knew they had been had. But he continued to sing, if one could call it that, utterly tone deaf, and akin to a sober drunk singing his way home. 4 songs yet to go...! As per routine, one of his mates started handing the tin bucket around again, but this time it was with the ambition that when they had enough money given to them he would stop singing. In the end he had made over$200 by the time he left the tavern with his take away "slab of beer" under his arm and dog in tow, complaining how he only got to sing one song. A successful night. Bigly funny !
=====
The point being is that under normal circumstances people can correct for their gullibility by removing the conman from office/ board/executive etc.
The constitution of the USA does not have any provision to stand down an elected government and force an early election.
The USA constitution needs to empower people to do the same, under specific criteria as a failsafe for unscrupulous actors.

The fear of tyranny is real, especially in the USA mainly because the system that forms the democracy is incomplete. IMO

The people, not congress, need the ability to vote for another election...

Last edited: Apr 22, 2018

3. ### BellsStaff Member

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22,983
He's been arguing like this when it comes to guns and gun control, loooong before Trump or anyone else really.

And he's not alone. A lot of Americans feel that this is absolutely necessary and required. And then they become offended when they hear the word "paranoid".

Because that is what you sound like...

While ignoring how individuals such as yourself muddy the water, straddling the fence, demanding that gun control is necessary, while poo pooing anyone who dares to even utter the words "gun control".

Science is ignored, studies are ignored. As soon as studies are presented, you dismiss them. And you aren't the only one. For example, you argued earlier that there were statistics and/or studies for self defense with the use of guns, remember? The numbers vary wildly, from millions to hundreds of thousands to tens of thousands per year. One such study is the Kleck-Gertz survey, which predicted a ridiculous amount. So scientists put it to the test. They looked at Arizona, over a 3.5 month period:

The first scientific attempt was a study in Arizona, which examined newspaper, police reports and court records for defensive gun uses in the Phoenix area over a 100 day period. At the time Arizona had the 6th highest gun death rate, an above average number of households with firearms and a permissive “shall issue” concealed carry law meaning that defensive gun use should be higher than the national average.

Extrapolating Kleck-Gertz survey results to the Phoenix area would predict 98 defensive killings or injuries and 236 defensive firings during the study period. Instead, the study found a total of 3 defensive gun uses where the gun was fired, including one instance in which a feud between two families exploded into a brawl and several of the participants began firing. These results were much more in line with (but still substantially less than) extrapolated NCVS data, which predicted 8 defensive killings or injuries and 19 firings over the same time frame.

Brand new data compiled by the Gun Violence Archive, a non-partisan organization devoted to collecting gun violence data, further confirms Hemenway’s suspicion that Kleck and Getz’s findings are absurd. The archive found that for all of 2014 there were fewer than 1,600 verified defensive guns uses, meaning a police report was filed. This total includes all outcomes and types of defensive uses with a police report—a far cry from the millions that Kleck and Getz estimated.

Many gun advocates will protest at this point that not all defensive gun uses are reported to the police, which is true. However, Kleck’s surveys and the NCVS reports indicate that more than 50 percent of such incidents are reported to the police. This would indicate 3,200 defensive uses on an annual basis, still well short of what surveys suggest. Further, if there actually are 50,000 defensive gun uses as NCVS’ data suggests, or more than 1 million as Kleck and Getz’s surveys claim, that would mean only 3.2 percent or 0.16 percent respectively of defensive gun uses are reported to the police. Believing that such a small fraction of incidents are reported is indulging in fantasy.

Kleck and Gertz often defend their paper by claiming that their results are consistent with the findings of other private surveys. They explain that the reliability of a survey should be judged by the degree to which it coheres with the estimates of other surveys. However, using a tool we know to be flawed, over and over again, does not increase the quality of estimates deriving from the tool—it merely produces convergence to an arbitrary number. Surveys, for example, regularly show that men have sex with women more often than women have sex with men. Survey results don’t mean anything if they don’t pass muster with reality
.

Kleck's study becomes even more absurd when one considers a point he had to eventually concede:

Kleck himself admitted in 1997, in response to criticism of his survey, that 36 to 64 percent of the defensive gun uses reported in the survey were likely illegal—meaning the firearm was used to intimidate or harm another person rather than for legitimate self-defense. His conjecture was confirmed by a Harvard study showing that 51 percent of defensive gun uses in a large survey were illegal according to a panel of 5 judges. This was even after the judges were told to take the respondents at their word, deliberately ignoring the tendency of respondents to portray themselves in a positive light.
Which brings me to the next point. No one is arguing an outright ban on firearms in the US. You (and others) keep attributing a gun ban to my stance. I have never argued for that for the US. For a few reasons. To the one, there are simply too many guns in American society to institute an outright gun ban. To the other, guns are such a part of the American psyche, that it would be impossible to implement.

Understand now?

What others have advised, such as a national gun registry, stricter and more comprehensive background checks for private and licensed sales, mandatory firearms safety lessons for gun owners, a requirement that guns be locked away, preferably separate to bullets, for example, punishing irresponsible gun owners who have their firearms stolen or used in other crimes, a restriction on capacity, allowing Government organisations such as the CDC to study gun violence and the rate of gun violence and to study what forms of gun controls could work in the US, would be a huge step in reducing the thousands of deaths from the use of firearms in the US. Such steps would not prohibit Americans from owning firearms to defend themselves against the State and their fellow Americans, and it would help reduce the sheer number of deaths and injuries resulting from firearms.

On the subject of background checks, as one example:

A survey of 1,613 gun-owners published in 2017 found that 42% had acquired their most recent weapon without a background check. The internet has made sales even harder to police. A probe by private investigators hired by New York city in 2011 found that 62% of online private sellers agreed to sell guns to people who stated they “probably could not pass a background check”.

Nineteen states and Washington, DC, now require background checks for at least some private gun sales. Most people seem to comply. In states that regulate private sales, 26% of gun-owners who bought their guns privately said they did so without a background check, compared with 57% in states without such regulations.

I would imagine that these are not acceptable figures for anyone. At least, I would hope that this is not acceptable. The article also looks at issues like stricter background checks, red flag laws where people who may present a danger to themselves or others (such as Cruz, the shooter in Florida recently), can have their firearms removed from their care temporarily.. Gun storage laws are also covered, where they found that a law requiring safe storage has saved lives in States where this is in place.

No one here is pushing for an outright gun ban in the US. So it would pay for you to not attack my "kind", when the reality is that I am attempting to discuss reasonable gun control laws in the US that have been shown to save lives and it would be best to address the issue without pushing false narratives, such as the self defense narrative, that has been proven to be false repeatedly.

5. ### iceauraValued Senior Member

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29,151
Your two sentences are presented as if the second one follows. It doesn't.
I said nothing about "banning", even high RPM weapons like the Ruger there, and plenty against it - including explicitly inviting you to participate in getting the law right.
And you forgot about the magazines.

My point was that the 2nd Amendment is not going to protect high RPM weapons and large magazines, which most people want severely restricted, unless you corrupt the Court even beyond its current borderline state. And if you do that, your goals of freedom and such are living on borrowed time.

Btw: note the slippery rhetoric in the descriptions of the two rifles in #408. For example: "Semi automatic but for some reason is commonly called an assault rifle". "For some reason"? As you must know, because you are calling other people ignorant, the reason that thing is called an "assault rifle" is that it was marketed as such, labeled an "assault rifle" by the sales and advertising departments of its manufacturers - that was before the too common nature of the kinds of assaults too many of its buyers had in mind became part of the ugly common knowledge of our day.
- - - -
I rest my case: that's what's been blocking sane gun control in the US. That, right there, wrapped around gun control advocacy like somebody made a shit sandwich with the bread on the inside.

It's a genuine "bothsides" spewcraze, and a pox on both your houses leaves the status quo untouched.
That's a lie.
Nobody here - much less your addled self - has spent half the time linking, analyzing, dealing with, focused on the research studies posted here (linked by me, linked by you, all of them) as I have. I actually read them, and follow their arguments - afaik I'm the only gun control advocate here who has presented evidence of doing that.

If anyone is ignoring the science, it's the people who post sciencey crap that five minutes of actual attention and enough memory to blow their nose suffices to dismantle. Here's the latest:
Uh, no, I've been arguing right along that we really don't have much in the way of rigorous studies on that topic - no good ones, anyway. We can extrapolate from proxy stats, census data, etc, but there are huge gaps in the research, especially in the area of passive effects and effects in already violent situations - the missing event problem, the chicken and egg problem, the too threatening law enforcement problem, the innocent victim problem, etc.

And this displays them all, though it's better than most:
Look, of course the entire goal was to debunk a bad study by some pro-gun junkers. Mission accomplished. But nothing in there comes close to being an accurate assessment of the role of guns in self defense - as so many times before in studies posted here, and as you've see at least three times directly addressed, they are counting people getting shot and (at least this is a marginal improvement) shooting, as reported to the police. Hello? Have we not been there many times?

Not that you're likely to remember - look at this, addressed to me:
Half of those are my recommendations, already posted on this forum. The others are bad ideas - that imho won't work, either. So I added the courtesy, in brackets, and bolded the specific ones you could have linked to me many times over the years.
First: Lots of people are arguing for gun bans in the US, here and in the outer world.
Second: Gun confiscations and some bans are inherent and unavoidable and obvious in a good many of your recommendations and arguments, as are various steps of no value except to set up such events. I have quoted the relevant posting when pointing this out to you, which I do as evidence for my own argument (the bothsides jamb). It doesn't matter whether you intend this, see, in my argument: what matters is that other people, reasonable people, do not overlook such matters. The less aware you are, in fact, the more threatening - and by "you" I mean the US political faction you represent here.
And I have explained this to you many times, in detail. Your response has been lies, slanders, and misrepresentations.
Yeah, I do. You can't post honestly and in good faith.

7. ### Truck Captain StumpyRegistered Senior Member

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I understand they think it makes a difference, but it does not.

It takes 1-5 seconds (depending on training) to change a magazine. Are they going to limit how many magazines you carry? CA (etc) has limits and what, exactly, has it done? Is there an effect on crime?

erm... you just supported my point.

the State, comprised of the people, may well be able to mitigate the "known instabilities and irrationalities of individuals (kings, despots, aristocrats, landlords, pirates)" but it is still comprised of the people, and therefore has the same limitations of the people, they're only slower to act.

Disarming the people under an "individuals (kings, despots, aristocrats, landlords, pirates)" requires the use of force and legal challenge backed by force (the state). as such, this still means you require "people" armed and utilising delegated authority, so you're arming the people, but selectively based (most likely) on their choice to follow the "individuals (kings, despots, aristocrats, landlords, pirates)".

Putting your faith in the state is still logically inconsistent when it's obvious that the state cannot be everywhere at once and relies upon the people to actually enforce it's will. It also means removing individual responsibility, which means anyone displaying natural instinct for survival is acting against the state and it's authority.

I am challenging the first part of that:
The powerful only answer to reason and the publicly debated free will of the people when those people are empowered. The powerful do not have to answer to the powerless. This is best demonstrated by history. The powerless have no power to enact or enforce change unless they challenge said powerful en masse (which empowers the people) or they're armed and able to affect change (which means they'er not powerless).

8. ### Truck Captain StumpyRegistered Senior Member

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Are your facts based upon documented statements in history or is it your opinion based upon interpretations of documents of history?

if it's the latter, it's not necesarrily a fact
you can only change how the 2nd is interpreted. By all means, please show where the second amendment doesn't actually state that the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed in any link that quotes the Constitution.

That is factual and supported by the above source links and references I produced. so as I was not "acting all aggrieved and outraged", your argument is irrational and nonsensical

9. ### Truck Captain StumpyRegistered Senior Member

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nonsensical and illogical.

If your argument is based entirely on rate of fire, as noted already by Vociferous here, then you target all similar capable firearms, meaning any semi-automatic weapon (and any revolver in the hands of the competently trained)

The one thing not being addressed by most anti-gun people, or any person discussing gun legislation, is the core problem of violence or the issues of mental health. More importantly, no one has actually provided any means to enforce the existing laws which would have mitigated most of the school shootings and mass killings of the past two decades. This simple fact is best demonstrated by the epic failure of the "state" to actually do anything about the Florida school shooting whereas Everett (WA) was competent enough to stop one before it happened, and the LE resource officers in Maryland actually did their job, the former demonstrating effective enforcement of the law.

A more serious and topically relevant question would be: Why are the anti-gun movements not targeting the failures of the legal system, law enforcement officers and the state?

Vociferous likes this.
10. ### spidergoatVenued Serial MemberlistValued Senior Member

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53,779
I have an idea. Enforce existing laws.
They aren't anti-gun, they are gun control advocates. And they are, it's not one or the other.
Whatever, we can figure it out. It's not an impossible task to sort out.

11. ### Truck Captain StumpyRegistered Senior Member

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926
QUOTE="spidergoat, post: 3515748, member: 9733"]I have an idea. Enforce existing laws.[/QUOTE]
I totally agree with that.
Problem is, not everyone else does ... and most people are all up in arms when the state tries to fund it

it's truly not getting anywhere near the same attention the gun control advocates are getting... nor is the rational centrist response by some getting a whole lot of attention. I see the fanatical left fighting the fanatical right, and few bipartisan advocates are getting the attention this debate needs.

I did see a direct and targeted attack on the AR from the FL shooting: https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/5087/text
that bill is so poorly defined and irrational that the bill can be used to arbitrarily ban any semi-automatic.

this bill ( https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/4909/text ) is, by far, more logical and likely to be more effective WRT school shootings

Both bills above were advocated by survivors of the recent FL shooting. Only one actually will address the problem, IMHO, and that is the latter bill.
the banning of the AR and "assault weapons" will not stop the school shootings. that is fact.
How?
we have comments in this thread alone that mimic the national debate - they demonstrate a complete lack of understanding of firearms, yet they're calling for legislation.

there are people who argue "high powered" yet it can't be defined: how do you enforce a law that can't be defined? Ban everything? Anything over [x] feet per minute?

some people label the AR-15 as a military grade weapon: it's not. it's only capable of semi-automatic fire. It looks scary, but it's no different than any other semi-automatic .223 hunting rifle.

The AR is a gas operated semi-automatic weapon's platform. Gas operated semi-automatics have been around and used since 1883-1884 ( Jaroslav Lugs (1973). Firearms Past and Present. Grenville Publishing Co Ltd ).

IMHO - people have a negative bias towards the AR due to it's visual similarity to the M-16. It's irrational and not logical. all bullets are designed to do damage or kill, so targeting a specific bullet makes as much sense as targeting all coloured arrows that aren't high-visability orange to be banned because it's hard to see them coming.

Vociferous likes this.
12. ### Truck Captain StumpyRegistered Senior Member

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution

I disagree. The fear is real because history repeats itself

13. ### sculptorValued Senior Member

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6,165
Leave us not to forget:
From October 2, 1919 and for some weeks afterwards, First Lady Edith Wilson (October 15, 1872 — December 28, 1961) unofficially ran the U.S. government following her husband’s (then President Woodrow Wilson’s) life-changing stroke.

In all fairness:
Section 3. Whenever the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that he is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, and until he transmits to them a written declaration to the contrary, such powers and duties shall be discharged by the Vice President as Acting President.

After his stroke, Wilson was incapable of the above.

14. ### iceauraValued Senior Member

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29,151
If the informed do not contribute, the uninformed will write the new laws.
So modify the argument. I have no objection to improving the argument by taking combinations of factors into account. Go for it.
The comparison was to a Ruger Mini 14, iirc. That's a long way from "any semi-automatic weapon". That's not a direction of the argument that will work for you.

Better get busy contributing your expertise to the new laws. Because the combination of fire rate and magazine size and all the rest (no sense limiting one's considerations) the AR-15 presents is going to be severely restricted, one way or another.

There is a reason the Texas Militia specifies "AR-15 or equivalent", and not "any old semi-automatic you have lying around" - Agreed? Start there.
It is capable of more rapid fire - somewhat, anyway - than a normal hunting rifle. Vociferous, I believe, posted a comparison earlier.
It is also designed to be easily modified in certain ways - you know that, right? That's a key feature of its marketing, I've noticed.
And it easily accommodates large capacity magazines - built for it.
And so forth.
(We have arrived at ammunition, btw - another area of expertise)
In which case there is no particular reason for their existence, and you lose nothing by the compromise.
Also: the contents of the magazines.
And a look at the history of such matters tells you why - Republican Party opposition is one big reason (the screening, mental health, enforcement, social work, etc has not just been neglected - it's been fought against. There are school systems whose police forces have military assault vehicles and no mental health liaison, directly due to Republican Party initiatives.).

But this is a gun control thread. Is your argument that the lack of these other good things has been preventing sane gun control in the US?

15. ### Quantum QuackLife's a tease...Valued Senior Member

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20,302
it certainly is... no doubt about that... (sarc)
in local (Australia) news:
A near-naked gunman has killed at least four people at a Waffle House restaurant near Nashville, Tennessee before fleeing after a patron wrestled the semi-automatic AR-15 rifle from his hands.
src: http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-04-23/naked-gunman-kills-four-at-nashville-waffle-house/9686414

So .. how are you going to stop history repeating itself?
How are you, a responsible gun owner, going to prevent the next school shooting?

16. ### Truck Captain StumpyRegistered Senior Member

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the rate of fire is dependent on the individual using said weapon and the cycle speed of the weapon
so, if "A semi-automatic firearm, or self-loading firearm, is one that not only fires a bullet each time the trigger is pulled, but also performs all steps necessary to prepare it to discharge again—assuming cartridges remain in the firearm's feed device." (wiki - linked)

then this means that a sufficiently gifted person who is capable can pull the trigger considerably faster than a geriatric arthritis patient shooting for the first time

I don't know anyone who can pull the trigger faster than the AR can cycle.

rate of fire is illogical unless you're talking military weapons, and those are already restricted by law, so the continued additional restrictions is nonsensical. There are times when you don't want to have a slow rate of fire or a weapon that is intentionally inhibited due to arbitrary restrictions in the law.

sarcasm noted
the point still stands: banning the "assault weapon" will not change the school shooting problem or the desire of a criminal to shoot up a school. this is especially true when the media feeds the problem by giving the criminal the desired attention they crave.

Maybe you should be advocating for limiting the Media from utilising the names and images of mass shooters?
it makes more sense than banning an inanimate object because the user did something illegal with it

ease of modification is a design selling point for almost every firearm in recent years. You can modify the Ruger .223 hunting rifle to look like the "assault weapon" AR styled platform. looks are irrelevant. (see links in "hunting rifle" and "assault weapon")
those are the same weapon with modifications to one that you can do at home without requiring a gunsmith, etc.

so it's irrational to argue that modification point as the internet literally teaches anyone who seeks the information how to make their legally purchased weapon into an illegal weapon.
at that point, the law can prosecute the offender if caught.

the only way to combat this for any weapon would be to limit free speech or build a national firewall to inhibit data.
large capacity is an arbitrary term and requires specific definition. It's nonsensical to limit the capacity of the magazine as this only inhibits the law abiding citizen. A criminal, by definition, doesn't obey the law so will not adhere to magazine restrictions.

wrong
the large capacity is functional in situations where it may be necesarry to defense.
case in point: Grizzly
you don't want to be attempting to change magazines several times while shooting a charging griz
nonsensical and illogical
why would anyone want to defend themselves against a predator of any kind with substandard defensive weapons (of any kind)?
You don't shoot a bear with a BB gun
I've never seen a school system with a police force ...
Nope
my argument is that the core problem isn't the tool, so focusing on controlling the gun is not logical, especially in light of the existing problems with existing laws where states (etc) don't always comply properly, like background checks

there is no such thing as "gun violence"
there is violence.
period.
full stop.

The gun is an inanimate object tooled for the purpose of sending a projectile down range. A gun can only "do" three things: function, fail, and rust.
that is it.

it takes human interaction to be violent.

so "gun control" for stopping school shootings is not logical any more than "lighter control" is for stopping arsonists - a look at the history of such matters tells you:
if gun control worked, the signs at the school would stop the criminal and shootings like Columbine would never have happened.

17. ### Truck Captain StumpyRegistered Senior Member

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so... there is a known criminal who obtains a firearm and is already known to the FBI as being anti-government and you think adding another law will correct the problem?
What would be your solution to these top countries?

lets break the Waffle House shooting down:

1- he considered himself a "sovereign citizen"
so as such, no US law would apply to him in his opinion, therefore he would not abide by any greater legislation around any firearm

making tighter restrictions would not have worked on him.

2- LE was already aware he was at least a threat and probably delusional:
he was arrested outside the white house by the secret service
he has a record in Illinois

it would have been far more beneficial had the law been enforced or mental health treatment been provided.

3- From CNN
again, mental health issue

so, just on the Waffle House shooting, we can see that, like the FL shooting, the shooter was already a known potential threat and mental health issue. The LE failed to enforce existing laws and the community and family failed to chapter and get the treatment needed for said person. Because I can't see his medical record, I can't say if he was receiving treatment but I can guess that he was getting substandard treatment if any at all simply because that is typical in the US.

What would have stopped this shooter is better mental health and medical treatment and LE enforcement.
there are various ways to do this starting with something I've been active in for decades: Talking to your congresspeople

I can't personally stop a school shooter unless I'm present at said location - however, I can advocate for better LE funding and medical/mental health funding, which I already do.

more to the point, I can (and do) assist with training for locals and LE involving mass casualties, hostage crisis, school shootings and other CQB events.

Last edited: Apr 23, 2018
18. ### iceauraValued Senior Member

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29,151
Yes. So?
Except in the case of weapons that can be more easily fired at high rates by the unskilled, and/or can be easily modified to produce automatic fire - designed to make circumventing the ban on automatics easy

And of course those with large magazines, so that rapid fire is more easily sustainable and targets have no interruptions to take advantage of.
Price you have to pay.
That is a blank claim without evidence, and kind of unlikely on its face. Do you have an argument?
Yep. Are you planning to contribute, or leave it up to the uninformed?
The same argument applies to shoulder mounted anti-aircraft missile launchers, and storing dynamite in one's garage. But the laws seem to be of benefit nevertheless.
You're hunting grizzly bears with a .223? You carry a semiautomatic with multiple 30 round clips when you hike backcountry in Denali - or do you bring a sherpa? Exactly how many accurate shots do you think you have time for if a grizzly bear is charging you (you've got maybe 3 seconds)?
Oh wait, you're joking. Ha ha, good one, but let's get back to the topic.
You live in the tiger cage at the zoo?
And the symptoms emerge in the rhetoric.
It's a gun control thread. We're going to be focusing on gun control here - an area in which the US could use an upgrade, whether it's a "core problem" or not.

Last edited: Apr 23, 2018
19. ### iceauraValued Senior Member

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29,151
Severe and enforced restrictions on AR-15s might have been of benefit, as well.

Cool thing is, there are steps we can take toward all four of those things at once - such as voting every single Republican Congressman out of office seven months from now.

20. ### pjdude1219The biscuit has risenValued Senior Member

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16,054
no you were acting aggrieved and out raged its kinda of your go to move. no irrational and nonsensical is calling someone a troll simply because they disagree with your propaganda. i've study history and law here. you like most gun nuts, and you are objectively a nut i recall my previous interactions with you, feel like only are allowed to have a valid opinion on guns. if it disagrees with you it must be wrong.

21. ### pjdude1219The biscuit has risenValued Senior Member

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16,054
your opinions shit. its not visually similar, its literally the same fucking gun with the selective fire disabled and different barrel threading. the 223. remington and the 5.56x45mm nato are identical cartridges the m-16 is what became when the colt offered the ar-15 as a replacement to the m-14. there was no material difference between the 2 in fact the very first m-16 were identical to the ar-15.

22. ### Quantum QuackLife's a tease...Valued Senior Member

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20,302
Unless you intend to institutionalize every one in the USA it will always be a mental health issue.
No mental health system will prevent a nutter getting hold of a gun especially if he can buy it so easily.
Any one prepared to shoot up a school or fire down on a crowd at a casino is always a nut job.
How do you prevent a nutter from getting guns if you don't seriously regulate their supply?

Keeping in mind that any one prepared to shoot up a school doesn't necessarily show symptoms of severe mental health issues until they actually go in there and do the deed.

If the attitude displayed in this thread is any indication of the attitude of law enforcement is this little wonder?
and also Australia begs to differ from your assessment or are you suggesting the Australian situation is bull shit?

23. ### Truck Captain StumpyRegistered Senior Member

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so if you want to add legislation limiting the rate of fire it needs to address the person in particular. legislation banning or limiting rate of fire would require restraints on the person.
nonsensical
so long as there is a firearm, idiots will attempt (in any way) to modify it for purposes outside it's original tooled purpose.
also note: revolvers can also be fired as fast as a semi-automatic weapon (see: Bob Munden). modern shooters can be similarly quick.

again: the only functional legislation to limit these modifications is limiting free speech and access to data via the internet.
limiting the capacity of the magazine means you limit the capacity for legally owned weapons only, especially considering there are internet pages revolving around modifying these to be high capacity.

again: the only functional legislation to limit these modifications is limiting free speech and access to data via the internet.
If the statistics show the overwhelming deaths via gun are suicide and that most crimes are comitted with a handgun, then why should we be targeting "assault weapons" and semi-automatic rifles?

It's nonsensical and by design becuase it looks scary to some people ignorant of firearms. this means you're advocating for illogical and ineffective legislation out of fear and irrational belief, not because it will be effective.

if that is the case then I suggest you also advocate for limiting cell phones to only work when not in a car, or to advocate for limiting car speeds (and engine power) to mitigate death.

it's linked in my comment. more below.

school shootings/killings are driven predominantly by mental health issues and the desire to harm others. This wasn't stopped by the former assault weapons ban. After the Columbine circus, it became "more popular" as it was an international melee by media. the criminal is more popular than the saviour due to the media tactics.

This mentality feeds off of attention for various reasons. So long as the media cover the killer with the same current tactics, they will continue and even increase for various reasons that including bullying and mental health issues along with said media circus. This isn't news as it's been studied by the FBI and there have been LE Bullitens on the subject.

So the issue is predominantly a mental health issue, yet not really one that is easily dealt with. The problem will not be slowed by limiting "assault weapons". it will only be dealt with by dealing with mental health issues and increasing funding for LE, Courts and Mental Health facilities to deal with the increased traffic - something that is not being advocatedin the general public, nor is it even addressed by the political parties in power.

so it was not a blank claim, nor is it without evidence as we can see from history and the current FBI, BJS, and DSM-V data
I do contribute. where it counts - congresspersons

because they're enforced.

the latest FL shooting is evidence that the law and local/federal authorities failed horrendously.
it also underscores my continually reiterated point that we have functional laws when enforced, especially with Maryland and Everett in the picture as evidence for the effectiveness of current law when enforced.

no, I wasn't joking.
I was carrying my service issued M-16 during training. It wasn't a choice and I wasn't hunting

it highlights an important point: I understand the need for high capacity magazines because I've had to use them, in and out of the military.
There are circumstances where larger capacities are necesarry or even life savers
My back yard is many, many square miles of wild woodland and grassy area - we have predators ranging from Puma and Bear to Bobcat, feral dogs (very dangerous), wild and feral Pig (also very dangerous) and poachers (the most dangerous).

sarcasm begat sarcasm - as noted in the reply
I felt the need.
and as demonstrated above: the problem doesn't lie with the inanimate object

a gun is a tool. nothing more
controling tools that are deadly do nothing to mitigate the problem, as noted in the chart I posted to Quack.


text:
2013
12-21

# Calendar

Most of us have a calendar on which we scribble details of important events in our lives–visits to the dentist, the Regent 24 hour book sale, Programming Contests and so on. However there are also the fixed dates: partner’s birthdays, wedding anniversaries and the like; and we also need to keep track of these. Typically we need to be reminded of when these important dates are approaching–the more important the event, the further in advance we wish to have our memories jogged.

Write a program that will provide such a service. The input will specify the year for which the calendar is relevant (in the range 1901 to 1999). Bear in mind that, within the range specified, all years that are divisible by 4 are leap years and hence have an extra day (February 29th) added. The output will specify “today’s” date, a list of forthcoming events and an indication of their relative importance.

The first line of input will contain an integer representing the year (in the range 1901 to 1999). This will be followed by a series of lines representing anniversaries or days for which the service is requested.

An anniversary line will consist of the letter A’; three integer numbers (D, M, P) representing the date, the month and the importance of the event; and a string describing the event, all separated by one or more spaces. P will be a number between 1 and 7 (both inclusive) and represents the number of days before the event that the reminder service should start. The string describing the event will always be present and will start at the first non-blank character after the priority.

A date line will consist of the letter D’ and the date and month as above.

All anniversary lines will precede any date lines. No line will be longer than 255 characters in total. The file will be terminated by a line consisting of a single #.

Output will consist of a series of blocks of lines, one for each date line in the input. Each block will consist of the requested date followed by the list of events for that day and as many following days as necessary.

The output should specify the date of the event (D and M), right justified in fields of width 3, and the relative importance of the event. Events that happen today should be flagged as shown below, events that happen tomorrow should have P stars, events that happen the day after tomorrow should have P-1 stars, and so on. If several events are scheduled for the same day, order them by relative importance (number of stars).

If there is still a conflict, order them by their appearance in the input stream. Follow the format used in the example below. Leave 1 blank line between blocks.

1993
A 23 12 5 Partner's birthday
A 25 12 7    Christmas
A 20 12 1 Unspecified Anniversary
D 20 12
#

Today is: 20 12
20 12 *TODAY* Unspecified Anniversary
23 12 ***     Partner's birthday
25 12 ***     Christmas

1. 因为是要把从字符串s的start位到当前位在hash中重置，修改提交后能accept，但是不修改居然也能accept

2. 题本身没错，但是HDOJ放题目的时候，前面有个题目解释了什么是XXX定律。
这里直接放了这个题目，肯定没几个人明白是干啥

format: plain


text:
# copy written text in Microsoft Word into stack websites [duplicate]

I wrote a mathematical equation in Microsoft word and now want to copy it into math stack exchange but it doesn't work and give me wrong format.

for example:

(total-0 correct edge)/total

which instead of / there is a line in word or for more complex equations it gives weird format.

am I missing something, is that even possible to do something like this?


text:
Finite difference Method of Wave Equation

Tags:
1. Mar 11, 2017

Riverbirdy

Hi, Physics forum!
Just a little push of my doubts I hope somebody could help me with my confusion of one of our home works.
I know that all boundary conditions are zero. My doubt is how do I interpret (x,y,0)=0.01 source in the figure? Where is it located in the grid. I am hoping someone could help me with this.

2. Mar 11, 2017

BvU

It's in the z direction (which they call the u direction) . Basically the whole sheet is lifted up 0.01 cm before t=0 and then the edges are being pulled down suddenly to z=0 and stay there. The disturbance propagates inwards over the xy plane.

3. Mar 11, 2017

Riverbirdy

So you mean to say at u(0,0,0)=0.01 is the source located?

4. Mar 11, 2017

BvU

No. The whole sheet is at an 'amplitude' 0.01 in the u-direction. All x, all y.

5. Mar 11, 2017

Ibix

Presumably for $0<x <45$ and $0 <y <45$. Otherwise you can't satisfy the other boundary conditions.

6. Mar 11, 2017

Riverbirdy

Ok, got it. Thank you so much I appreciate it.

Anyhow, I computed for the CFL=5.0E-5 which is recommended to be at least 0.7071. What can you say about this wave?

7. Mar 11, 2017

BvU

Didn't know about that thing. How do you calculate that ? How about 0.05 ?

8. Mar 11, 2017

Riverbirdy

CFL= c Δt/Δx, the Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy (CFL) condition where c- wave propagation constant, Δt & Δx are time step and step size

9. Mar 11, 2017

BvU

So how about 0.05 as the outcome ?

And: there is an upper bound for C, so 'at least' sounds weird...

10. Mar 11, 2017

Riverbirdy

CFL for this one is about 5E-5. I tried in matlab, results seems to diverge. My professor might be deliberately giving off problem like this to develop critical thinking. I don't know might be his mistake probably

11. Mar 11, 2017

BvU

Does that mean your time step is $10^{-3}$ s ?
A lot of steps to find out what goes on at $t=5$ s ...

12. Mar 11, 2017

Riverbirdy

Nope, I think not necessarily. Minimizing time step would actually make CFL→0 which is off 0.7071 value. The book says at those values far from 0.7071 solution tends to diverge. Now, if I tend to maintain CFL of 0.7071 I have a time step of actually, 1400 plus seconds.

13. Mar 11, 2017

Riverbirdy

Here's the program results running at Δt=1500 sec at t=10,000 sec

14. Mar 12, 2017

BvU

What I meant is that when I calculate ${c\Delta t\over \Delta x} = {5\times 10^{-4}\times 1\over 0.01 }$ I get 0.05 for a time step of 1 s. That is a most reasonable CFL (which of course I Googled before admitting I didn't know about)

And the screen shot tells us CFL needs to be < 0.7, not 'at least' 0.7

With a c of 0.0005 cm/s one expects the boundary value to propagate some 0.0025 cm in 5 seconds. Utterly uninteresting. Hence your second post, I assume.

15. Mar 12, 2017

BvU

My mistake utterly: I used different units for dx and c myself
It worked for you. I wrongfooted myself !

16. Mar 12, 2017

BvU

Had some coffee. ${c\Delta t\over \Delta x} = {5\times 10^{-4}{\rm\ cm/s} \times 1 {\rm\, s}\over 1 {\rm\, cm} } = 5\times 10^{-4}$, not $5\times 10^{-5}$ and that divided into 0.7 gives your 1400 s. Hehe...
Nice tool this is. I would stay on the safe side and work with a cfl of 0.1 cfl max. But the picture tells different: it looks good.

Still, professor picked a membrane with c = 0.0005 cm/s Really slow stuff ! Could he have meant 0.0005 cm/ms ?

Looking at your picture the whole central part of the sheet is at -0.05 cm after 10 ks. Would be interesting to see things happening when the waves meet in the center !

Last edited: Mar 12, 2017
17. Mar 12, 2017

Riverbirdy

Yep, probably he had some mistakes on the units, I guess. But, this type of homework is worth to learn than any regular straight forward one. Probably, its deliberately mistaken. I so appreciate your help. Thank you so much.


text:
# COMSOL activities

## Overview

Now, let's see if COMSOL can be used to solve problems of glaciological relevance. We'll look at shallow ice approximation flow, and shallow shelf approximation flows.

## Isothermal Shallow Ice Approximation

Begin with the often used shallow ice form for ice thickness evolution, which casts evolution as a non-linear diffusion problem

$\frac{\partial H}{\partial t} = - \nabla D \nabla H + M$

where

$D = \frac{2A(\rho g)^n}{n+2} H^{n+2} \left[\nabla H \cdot \nabla H \right]^{(n-1)/2}$

with boundary condition $H=0$ on the edge of the computational domain.

### Comsol Modeling

We will use the PDE, General Form transient mode to solve this equation. For convenience, make the dependent variable $H$.

#### Geometry

You should not find it difficult to create a unit square. Once it's made, you can double click it to change it's size and do other transformations. Read below to find the appropriate domain.

#### Field equations

This equation mode solves equations of the form

$e_a\frac{\partial^2 H}{\partial t^2} + d_a \frac{\partial H}{\partial t} + \nabla \cdot \Gamma = F$

Which is just what we want if we recognize that in our system $e_a$=0, $d_a$=1, $F$=$M$, and

$\Gamma_x = -\frac{2A(\rho g)^n}{n+2} H^{n+2} \left[\nabla H \cdot \nabla H \right]^{(n-1)/2} \frac{\partial H}{\partial x}$
$\Gamma_y = -\frac{2A(\rho g)^n}{n+2} H^{n+2} \left[\nabla H \cdot \nabla H \right]^{(n-1)/2} \frac{\partial H}{\partial y}$

Now the problem has been reduced to one of typing. It will make the COMSOL model easier to read if you create a scalar expression for $D$ . Then your $\Gamma_x = -D \frac{\partial H}{\partial x}$ and $\Gamma_y =- D\frac{\partial H}{\partial y}$ are very clear.

#### Boundary conditions

This type of problem requires a Dirchlet boundary condition. Set $H$ = 0 on all four sides.

#### Other

You'll also be needing to know how to tell COMSOL to use a derivative. That is Hx, Hy, and Ht for $\frac{\partial H}{\partial x}$, $\frac{\partial H}{\partial y}$, and $\frac{\partial H}{\partial t}$ respectively.

### Exercises

1. Complete the model, and do the isothermal fixed margin experiment Huybrechts (1996)[1]. You'll find all values of constants there as well. Verify that your model is providing results consistent with those reported in the paper.
2. Now alter your model (the accumulation field) to do the isothermal moving margin, again verify that it's at least just as wrong as the other models. You're going to have to come up with something to deal with the negative values of thickness that you'll get...

## Shallow shelf approximation

### Field equations

Now, consider the equations describing a flow that is vertically integrated. The equations are

$\frac{\partial}{\partial x}\left ( 2 \eta H \left(2\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial v}{\partial y}\right)\right) +\frac{\partial}{\partial y}\left(\eta H\left( \frac{\partial u}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial v}{\partial x}\right)\right) =\rho gH \frac{\partial s}{\partial x}$
$\frac{\partial}{\partial y}\left ( 2 \eta H \left(2\frac{\partial v}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}\right)\right) +\frac{\partial}{\partial x}\left(\eta H\left( \frac{\partial u}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial v}{\partial x}\right)\right) =\rho gH \frac{\partial s}{\partial y}$

$\eta$ is the non-linear, vertically averaged viscosity. It will need to be entered as a scalar expression, and is written

$\eta = \frac{B}{2}\left[ \left(\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}\right)^2 + \left(\frac{\partial v}{\partial y}\right)^2 + \frac{1}{4} \left(\frac{\partial u}{\partial x} + \frac{\partial v}{\partial y}\right)^2 + \frac{\partial u}{\partial x}\frac{\partial v}{\partial y}\right]^{-1/n}$

### Boundary conditions

There are two flavors of boundary conditions applied in the typical ice sheet model.

#### Kinematic

First, the Dirichlet, or kinematic boundary condition specify the velocity

$\mathbf{u} = \mathbf{u_b},~\forall \partial \Omega_k \in \partial \Omega.$

This is the boundary condition where the ice moving across the grounding line. In order to model an ice shelf, one determines (or estimates), and specifies that velocity.

#### Dynamic

This is the Neumann, or dynamic boundary condition that is applied along the ice front,

$- 2 \eta H \left(2\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial v}{\partial y}\right)\mathbf{n_x} -\eta H\left( \frac{\partial u}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial v}{\partial x}\right)\mathbf{n_y} = -\rho g H^2\left(1-\frac{\rho_i}{\rho_w}\right) \mathbf{n_x}$

and

$- \eta H \left(\frac{\partial u}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial v}{\partial x}\right)\mathbf{n_x} -2\eta H\left( \frac{\partial u}{\partial x}+2\frac{\partial v}{\partial y}\right)\mathbf{n_y} = -\rho g H^2\left(1-\frac{\rho_i}{\rho_w}\right) \mathbf{n_y}$

$~\forall \partial \Omega_d \in \partial \Omega.$

Note that in case you will need to know how to tell Comsol the normal vectors. These are nx, and ny'.

### Exercises

1. As a first exercise in solving these equations, try the experiments described in the EISMINT ice shelf models, but never published [1]. Get the self-descr.pdf, or the first hyperlink on the page. Let's do experiments 3-4 on page 6 of the document (Note that we will see and work with the solution to these experiments again when we do some exercises with the higher-order dynamics routines in Glimmer/CISM).
2. The above is neat, but ultimately not that useful because it just isn't a realistic geometry. Try out this model, that has the geometry and boundary conditions for the Ross Ice shelf, but otherwise the same equations solved in the previous exercise. This model is based on MacAyeal et. al. (1996) [2]. An ice-shelf model test based on the Ross ice shelf. Annals of Glaciology 23, 46-51 See the utility of this? Is the solution dependent on the mesh? Can you do anything with the solver to improve the time required for a solution.

## Full Stoke's

It is possible (even easy!) to represent the full Stoke's equations in Comsol, by starting from the fluid mechanics application mode. Here is a geometry for the Arolla glacier. See if you can work out the eta_nonlinear field, the appropriate boundary conditions, and the appropriate subdomain settings for full Stoke's flow. This is a useful reference Pattyn, F (2003) A new three-dimensional higher-order thermomechanical ice sheet model: Basic sensitivity, ice stream development, and ice flow across subglacial lakes. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; invalid names, e.g. too many
Cite error: <ref> tags exist, but no <references/> tag was found


text:
# Tag Info

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In my testing, constructing one Perl script and running it repeatedly is much faster (0.5s versus 3.6s) then running a new Perl instance for each replacement: ...
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Nothing would make a reviewer happier than help you jam the networks of an innocent neighborhood. (sarcasm) Mutually exclusive conditions Can line match ...
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text:
# Super-manifold

A generalization of the concept of a manifold, on which the functions take values in a commutative superalgebra. The structure of a super-manifold on a differentiable manifold $M$ with structure sheaf ${\mathcal O} _ {M}$ is defined by a sheaf ${\mathcal O} _ {\mathcal M}$ of commutative superalgebras over the sheaf ${\mathcal O} _ {M}$, whereby any point $p \in M$ possesses a neighbourhood $U$ such that the ringed space $( U, {\mathcal O} _ {\mathcal M} \mid _ {U} )$ is isomorphic to $( U, ( {\mathcal O} _ {M} \mid _ {U} ) \otimes \Lambda ( \mathbf R ^ {m} ))$, where $\Lambda ( \mathbf R ^ {m} )$ is the exterior algebra with $m$ odd generators. Analytic super-manifolds are defined in the same way. The differentiable (or analytic) super-manifolds form a category whose morphisms are the morphisms of ringed spaces that are even on the structure sheaves. The pair ( $\mathop{\rm dim} M, m$) is called the dimension of the super-manifold. A super-manifold of the form $( U, {\mathcal O} _ {U} \otimes \Lambda ( \mathbf R ^ {m} ))$, where $( U, {\mathcal O} _ {U} )$ is an open submanifold in $\mathbf R ^ {n}$, is called a super-domain of dimension $( n, m)$. Every super-manifold is locally isomorphic to a super-domain.

If $E$ is a vector bundle over $M$, then the sheaf of sections $L _ {\Lambda E }$ of the bundle $\Lambda E$ defines the structure of a super-manifold on $M$. Every differentiable super-manifold is isomorphic to a super-manifold of the form $( M, L _ {\Lambda E } )$; in the complex analytic case this is not true. At the same time there are more morphisms in the category of super-manifolds than in the category of vector bundles.

A super-manifold ${\mathcal M}$ can be defined by a functor $\underline {\mathcal M}$ from the category of commutative superalgebras into the category of sets; this functor assigns to the superalgebra $C$ the set ${\mathcal M} ( C) = \mathop{\rm Mor} ( \mathop{\rm Spec} C, {\mathcal M} )$, where $\mathop{\rm Spec} C$ is the set of prime ideals in $C$, endowed with the natural sheaf of superalgebras (see Representable functor).

The basic concepts of analysis on differentiable manifolds are also applied to super-manifolds.

The concept of a super-manifold also arose in theoretical physics; it enables one to join particles with Bose–Einstein statistics and Fermi–Dirac statistics into single multiplets, and also enables one to join the internal and dynamic symmetries of gauge theories in a single super-group.

#### References

 [1] F.A. Berezin, "Introduction to superanalysis" , Reidel (1987) (Translated from Russian) [2] D.A. Leites (ed.) , Seminar on supermanifolds , Kluwer (1990)


text:
This site is supported by donations to The OEIS Foundation.

# Completely multiplicative functions

(Redirected from Completely multiplicative arithmetic functions)

In number theory, completely multiplicative arithmetic functions are arithmetic functions ${\displaystyle \scriptstyle a(n),\,n\,\in \,\mathbb {N} ^{+},\,}$ such that[1]
${\displaystyle a(mn)=a(m)a(n),\quad m,\,n\in \mathbb {N} ^{+}.\,}$
This is to say that it doesn't matter whether ${\displaystyle \scriptstyle m\,}$ and ${\displaystyle \scriptstyle n\,}$ are coprime or not (i.e. share or don't share prime factors), as opposed to multiplicative arithmetic functions which require coprimality.


text:
Question
In the code snippet below, I trying to get the_excerpt to be written out without tags. However, the source formatting shows that the_excerpt is always wrapped in P tags. How can I pull the excerpt without tags? foreach($myrecentposts as$idxrecent=>$post) { ?> <li class in progress 0 12 years 0 Answers 75 views ## 404 error – Page not found after migration to localhost. I already updated the sql links and the permalinks. Wp-admin page works perfectly Question So basically whats in the title. I migrated the company website to my localhost to implement some changes. First I cloned the repository, then I created the database, and uploaded the sql file. Configured the wp-config.php file. Ran the sql querries to u in progress 0 1 year 0 Answers 0 views ## wordpress.com hosting – My wordpress site loads perfectly, but I cannot access the menus in the admin panel Question Initially, the admin panel home was not loading. But got that to work by adding a line of code in a php file. But it did not solve the main issue. I still can't access any of the menus and options. A circle spinning animation just keeps on going. I have in progress 0 1 year 0 Answer 0 views ## plugin development – Sample — test — data for large WordPress install Question I'm working on a plugin, Index WP MySQL for Speed. For testing it would be helpful to have a very large WordPress installation containing many in progress 0 1 year 0 Answer 0 views ## register sidebar – Why do none of my widgets have a title? Question I've never seen this issue before, so it could either be a mistake on my part, or a very recent change to WP core, but either way it doesn't make sense for me. Like usual, I register widgets like I always have: // Register Widgets f in progress 0 1 year 0 Answer 0 views ## How to update custom taxonomy meta using ACF update_field() function or any other wordpress function Question I'm trying to update the Advanced Custom Fields meta value associated with a custom taxonomy term$term_status = wp_update_term( $rate_id, 'rate',$term_data ); $term_id =$term_status['term_taxonomy_id']; update_field( 'field_56829855eebc9',$rate_daily,$term_id );
in progress 0
2 years 1 Answer 64 views

## errors – WordPress showing “Index of /” with blank directory on my laptop, but it works on other mobiles

Question
Why the laptop is showing the "Index of /" page on my laptop browsers (Google Chrome, Microsoft Edge) but works fine on my other mobile devices? I tried clearing the cache, restarting the laptop, recreating the .htaccess file, etc. Does anyone have a sol
in progress 0
12 months 0 Answer 0 views

## categories – Can’t get selected value from wp_dropdown_categories or get_categories

Question
I've searched and found this and a
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9 months 0 Answer 0 views

## row actions – {\$taxonomy}_row_actions for all custom taxonomies

Question
I want to add a row action to ALL custom taxonomies. This is for use in a plugin so I want this to apply to whatever taxonomies exist rather than adding a filter for each taxonomy manually like below. I can't figure out a simple way to do this.
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text:
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Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp015t34sn05s
 Title: Culture or Constraints? Parenthood and the Persistence of Inequality Authors: Ishizuka, Patrick Steven Advisors: McLanahan, Sara Contributors: Sociology Department Keywords: FamilyGenderInequalityLabor Markets Subjects: Sociology Issue Date: 2016 Publisher: Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Abstract: Parenthood plays a critical role in both reproducing socioeconomic inequalities across generations and exacerbating gender inequalities in the family and in the labor market. Three important empirical patterns related to parenthood and inequality motivate this dissertation: (1) differences in the parenting behaviors of more- and less-educated parents, (2) differences in the parenting behaviors of mothers and fathers, (3) differences in the motherhood wage penalty experienced by low- and high-skilled women. While each of these patterns is well documented, understanding how and why they occur has been challenging with existing data. Explanations center on the relative contributions of culture and constraints. This dissertation aims to evaluate these explanations. The dissertation is divided into three empirical chapters and draws on data from two original, large-scale experiments. In the first chapter, I use data from a vignette survey experiment about parenting attitudes conducted on a nationally representative sample of parents. I ask whether parents differ by education in their views about “good” parenting. Next, using data from the same survey experiment, the second chapter examines how gender shapes evaluations of different parenting behaviors. Finally, the third chapter relies on data from an audit study. I replicate previous research on labor market discrimination by motherhood status by submitting fictitious resumes and cover letters to apply to actual marketing manager job openings, experimentally manipulating the motherhood status of applicants. However, the study extends prior work by examining how motherhood status affects women’s labor market opportunities in different low- and high-skilled occupations. Evaluating the causal mechanisms hypothesized to underlie these parenthood-related inequalities has potentially important scientific and policy benefits. Billions of dollars are spent annually on programs that aim to support parental investments in children, and current welfare policy assumes that low-income mothers do not face significant employment barriers. Findings from this dissertation matter not only for improving our understanding of the relative contributions of culture and constraints in generating inequality, but also for informing effective social policy. URI: http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp015t34sn05s Alternate format: The Mudd Manuscript Library retains one bound copy of each dissertation. Search for these copies in the library's main catalog: catalog.princeton.edu Type of Material: Academic dissertations (Ph.D.) Language: en Appears in Collections: Sociology

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