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# A commercial insect trap consists of a small box containing

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A commercial insect trap consists of a small box containing [#permalink]

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23 Jun 2006, 19:16
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A commercial insect trap consists of a small box containing pesticide mixed with glucose, a sweet substance known to attract insect pests. Yet in households where this type of trap has been used regularly for the past several years, recently installed traps are far less effective in eliminating insect pests than were traps of that type installed several years ago. Research scientists have hypothesized that traps in those households decreased in effectiveness because successive generations of the pests developed a resistance to the pesticide in the traps.
Which one of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the hypothesis?
(A) In households where the traps have been used regularly, the proportion of insect pests that have a natural aversion to eating glucose has increased with each successive generation.
(B) Even when only a few individuals out an entire generation of insects survive the effects of a pesticide, the offspring of those individuals are usually resistant to that pesticide.
(C) After eating glucose mixed with the pesticide, insects that live in households that do not use the trap tend to die in greater numbers than do insects from households where the traps have been used regularly.
(D) After the manufacturer of the traps increased the concentration of the pesticide used in the traps, the traps were no more effective in eliminating household insect pests than were the original traps.
(E) The kind of glucose used to bait the traps is one of several different kinds of glucose that occur naturally.
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23 Jun 2006, 19:20
Straight A
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23 Jun 2006, 19:27
how about D? ...D states another reason for the deficiency of the trap --> the hypothesis may not be the cause.

Is it because this question asks for what undermines the hypothesis (instead of undermine the argument) that we can't choose D?

is it becoz of "natural aversion" that you chose A?!
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23 Jun 2006, 19:32
laxieqv wrote:
how about D? ...D states another reason for the deficiency of the trap --> the hypothesis may not be the cause.

Is it because this question asks for what undermines the hypothesis (instead of undermine the argument) that we can't choose D?

is it becoz of "natural aversion" that you chose A?!

did not choose D because D could be true if insects were immune to the pesticide. So it does not weaken.
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23 Jun 2006, 19:42
Btw, is the level of real GMAT questions higher or lower than the level of this question?!! Are the answer choices offered in real GMAT CRs straightforward and distinguishable?
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23 Jun 2006, 19:45
laxieqv wrote:
Btw, is the level of real GMAT questions higher or lower than the level of this question?!! Are the answer choices offered in real GMAT CRs straightforward and distinguishable?

I feel you can eliminate choices in LSAT CRs more easily, GMAT CR choices are more close and confusing at times. But there are not that many Gmat CRs available, so I guess the Lsat ones are good for practice.
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24 Jun 2006, 06:14
A. Same reason as discussed.
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24 Jun 2006, 09:43
Thanks GMATMBA for explaination.
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24 Jun 2006, 10:37
yepp, A
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24 Jun 2006, 11:13
A it is
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24 Jun 2006, 20:10
A for me - to weaken an assumption find something else that may have contributed to the state of affairs...
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27 Jun 2006, 02:35
Will go with D.

Only D gives an alternate solution to the ineffectiveness of the traps in present times.
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10 Jul 2006, 09:08
laxieqv wrote:
A commercial insect trap consists of a small box containing pesticide mixed with glucose, a sweet substance known to attract insect pests. Yet in households where this type of trap has been used regularly for the past several years, recently installed traps are far less effective in eliminating insect pests than were traps of that type installed several years ago. Research scientists have hypothesized that traps in those households decreased in effectiveness because successive generations of the pests developed a resistance to the pesticide in the traps.
Which one of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the hypothesis?
(A) In households where the traps have been used regularly, the proportion of insect pests that have a natural aversion to eating glucose has increased with each successive generation.
(B) Even when only a few individuals out an entire generation of insects survive the effects of a pesticide, the offspring of those individuals are usually resistant to that pesticide.
(C) After eating glucose mixed with the pesticide, insects that live in households that do not use the trap tend to die in greater numbers than do insects from households where the traps have been used regularly.
(D) After the manufacturer of the traps increased the concentration of the pesticide used in the traps, the traps were no more effective in eliminating household insect pests than were the original traps.
(E) The kind of glucose used to bait the traps is one of several different kinds of glucose that occur naturally.

Dont you think in A says reiterates whatever the argument is saying, i.e. successive generations of these pests have infact developed a resistance to this glucose and pesticide mixture. Had the same be said about insects in households which did not use this mixture, then A would have been appropriate.

D clearly gives us another reason why the proportion of pests increased.
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10 Jul 2006, 10:30
I'm with A.

D is bad because it basically restates what the passage said. The passage says that the new traps are far less effective than the older traps. This implies that the new traps are not any better than the older traps. D says exactly this.

A is good because it gives us another reason why the new traps are ineffective. The passage says that scientists say the new traps are ineffective because of a resistance to the pesticicide. Then A comes in and says, "wait, it's not the resistance to the pesticide that's making the new traps ineffective, it's that the new generation of insects don't like the glucose solution".
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10 Jul 2006, 11:04
(A) In households where the traps have been used regularly, the proportion of insect pests that have a natural aversion to eating glucose has increased with each successive generation.

Definate A for me.

Aversion to eating glucose may cause a drop in the effectiveness of the trap. This weakens the hypothesis that the pesticide is no longer effective.
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10 Jul 2006, 12:55
I will go with A

The effectiveness decreased at households using the traps where the non-glucose eating insects increased.

It may not beat the professor's theory but it certainly undermines their theory that "successive generations develop immunity to pesticide WHICH has led to reduced effectiveness".

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10 Jul 2006, 22:41
A makes sense...D deviates a little
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12 Jul 2006, 03:03
laxieqv wrote:
A commercial insect trap consists of a small box containing pesticide mixed with glucose, a sweet substance known to attract insect pests. Yet in households where this type of trap has been used regularly for the past several years, recently installed traps are far less effective in eliminating insect pests than were traps of that type installed several years ago. Research scientists have hypothesized that traps in those households decreased in effectiveness because successive generations of the pests developed a resistance to the pesticide in the traps.
Which one of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the hypothesis?
(A) In households where the traps have been used regularly, the proportion of insect pests that have a natural aversion to eating glucose has increased with each successive generation.
(B) Even when only a few individuals out an entire generation of insects survive the effects of a pesticide, the offspring of those individuals are usually resistant to that pesticide.
(C) After eating glucose mixed with the pesticide, insects that live in households that do not use the trap tend to die in greater numbers than do insects from households where the traps have been used regularly.
(D) After the manufacturer of the traps increased the concentration of the pesticide used in the traps, the traps were no more effective in eliminating household insect pests than were the original traps.
(E) The kind of glucose used to bait the traps is one of several different kinds of glucose that occur naturally.

OA please.. I think A. it says "natural aversion" not developed aversion. So A is better.
D is wrong because: Either pesticide kills the insects or doesn't kill the insects.. So increased concentration doesn't mean increased effectiveness, meaning the result could be same with lower concetration..

anyone agrees ?
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12 Jul 2006, 06:28
Late, but (A). The added glucose shows another reason for the decreased effectiveness. Its not that the insects are developing a resistance to the pesticide, they just arent eating it at all.
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12 Jul 2006, 06:41
(A) In households where the traps have been used regularly, the proportion of insect pests that have a natural aversion to eating glucose has increased with each successive generation.
ok: resistance to pesticide is not the cause. The aversion to glucose is the one=> hypothesis false

(B) Even when only a few individuals out an entire generation of insects survive the effects of a pesticide, the offspring of those individuals are usually resistant to that pesticide.
out .support argument

(C) After eating glucose mixed with the pesticide, insects that live in households that do not use the trap tend to die in greater numbers than do insects from households where the traps have been used regularly.
out. support argument

(D) After the manufacturer of the traps increased the concentration of the pesticide used in the traps, the traps were no more effective in eliminating household insect pests than were the original traps.
out, support argument. more pesticide leads to greater resistance.

(E) The kind of glucose used to bait the traps is one of several different kinds of glucose that occur naturally.
out of scope, out.
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# Complex integral containing Gaussian

I want to calculate the integral using complex integration: $$f(t) = \int_{-\infty}^\infty \dfrac{e^{-(z+iat)^2}}{4z^2+1} dz = \int_{-\infty}^\infty \dfrac{e^{-(z+iat)^2}}{(2z-i)(2z+i)} dz$$ where $a$ is real.

There are poles at $z=\pm i/2$. If I draw a semicircle anticlockwise contour on the upper half of the complex plane, the contour encloses the $i/2$ pole. Then by the method of residues,

$$f(t) = 2\pi i\mathrm{Res}_{z=i/2} = 2\pi i \left( \dfrac{1}{2i} e^{(1/2+at)^{2}}\right)$$

I double checked on Mathematica and this is not the correct answer.

I suspect I need to do something with the $e^{-(z+iat)^2}$ part, but I'm not sure what (I'm a novice at solving complex integrals). Can you please help?

• Hi Medulla Oblongata, what are the signs of $a,t$? – Szeto Jul 24 '18 at 9:58
• Hello again, Szeto. Both $a$ and $t$ are real, $t$ is positive and negative but $a$ can be restricted to being positive if necessary. – Medulla Oblongata Jul 24 '18 at 10:01

How did you get $-1+i$? The residue at $z=i/2$ is $\lim_{z\to i/2} (z-i/2) \frac {e^{-(z+iat)^{2}}} {(2z-i)(2z+i)}=\frac 1 {4i} e^{(1/2+at)^{2}}$ and you have to multiply this by $2 \pi i$

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# Find the indefinite integral. {eq}\int 4x^7 dx {/eq}

## Question:

Find the indefinite integral.

{eq}\int 4x^7 dx {/eq}

## Integral:

The integral is called indefinite as we will not get the exact value after solving the integral we will get some function with the integration constant which comes after solving the integral.

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# How do you use partial fraction decomposition to decompose the fraction to integrate (x^2-x-6)/(x^3 +3x)?

##### 1 Answer
Aug 22, 2015

$\frac{{x}^{2} - x - 6}{{x}^{3} + 3 x} = \frac{- 2}{x} + \frac{3 x - 1}{{x}^{2} + 3}$

#### Explanation:

$\frac{{x}^{2} - x - 6}{{x}^{3} + 3 x}$

First we need to factor the denominator into quadratic and linear polynomials that are irreducible using Real coefficients.

${x}^{3} + 3 x = x \left({x}^{2} + 3\right)$
Neither $x$ nor ${x}^{2} + 3$ can be further factored with Real coefficients.

So we need to find $A , B , \text{and } C$ to make:

$\frac{A}{x} + \frac{B x + C}{{x}^{2} + 3} = \frac{{x}^{2} - x - 6}{{x}^{3} + 3 x}$

Clear the denominators or get a common denominator on the left to see that we need:

$A {x}^{2} + 3 A + B {x}^{2} + C x = {x}^{2} - x - 6$

$\left(A + B\right) {x}^{2} + \left(C\right) x + \left(3 A\right) = 1 {x}^{2} - 1 x - 6$

Setting the coefficients equal to each other, we need to solve:

$A + B = 1$
$C = - 1$
$3 A = - 6$

We can quickly see that we need $A = - 2$ and $C = - 1$, so the first equation becomes:
$- 2 + B = 1$, so $B = 3$

$\frac{A}{x} + \frac{B x + C}{{x}^{2} + 3} = \frac{- 2}{x} + \frac{3 x - 1}{{x}^{2} + 3}$


text:
galpy.actionAngle.actionAngle.EccZmaxRperiRap¶

actionAngle.EccZmaxRperiRap(*args, **kwargs)[source]

NAME:

EccZmaxRperiRap

PURPOSE:

evaluate the eccentricity, maximum height above the plane, peri- and apocenter

INPUT:

Either:

1. R,vR,vT,z,vz[,phi]:
1. floats: phase-space value for single object (phi is optional) (each can be a Quantity)
2. numpy.ndarray: [N] phase-space values for N objects (each can be a Quantity)
2. Orbit instance: initial condition used if that’s it, orbit(t) if there is a time given as well as the second argument

OUTPUT:

(e,zmax,rperi,rap)

HISTORY:

2017-12-12 - Written - Bovy (UofT)


text:
# Can rotation be distinguished from frame-dragging?

I am trapped inside the usual elevator and experiencing a comfortable gravitational field of about 1 g. Or perhaps it's an acceleration of 1 g. I cannot tell which.
However, I notice when I drop an object from the ceiling it does not quite drop vertically. Its path bends slightly - always by the same amount in the same direction.
I am thinking that perhaps the elevator is actually sitting inside a very large centrifuge and what I am seeing is the Coriolis effect. Or perhaps the elevator is actually stationary but suspended on a very long cable above the equator of a very large rapidly-rotating mass and I am seeing the effect of frame-dragging.
Or perhaps my imagination is simply too vivid and, in fact, the elevator is still sitting at the ground floor in my apartment building in Singapore while the Earth rotates.
What measurements can I make inside the elevator to decide which of these scenarios is correct?

• What makes you think that those phenomena have the same effect? – Wolphram jonny Nov 21 '20 at 8:23
• @ Wolphram jonny Good question. I think I can set all three scenarios up so that the 'field' in the elevator is about 1 g, either from a GM/r^2 effect or w^2r effect. Then, when I look at this reference en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lense%E2%80%93Thirring_precession I see two indistinguishable versions for the Coriolis effect. I'm not sure what other local properties of spacetime to check? – Roger Wood Nov 21 '20 at 18:51

In principle, you could measure how homogeneous are the acceleration and the Coriolis field inside the elevator. If experiments are precise enough to determine how these fields vary within the laboratory/elevator one could then distinguish between the alternatives presented.

For a reference that provides pedagogical discussion of both Coriolis effect in a rotating frame and frame dragging effect around rotating planet I would recommend the paper:

We take the approach and all of the equations below from that paper.

Let us assume that the elevator is nonrelativistic, and use the Newton–Cartan theory for a unified treatment of gravity and inertia. While NC is often considered a formalization of pure Newtonian gravity, its descriptive power is somewhat greater and it can also be used to describe the effects of frame-dragging by weakly relativistic rotating bodies. Also note, that NC theory is usually formulated in terms of Cartan connection, but one could also interpret this connection in a rigid frame in terms of acceleration and Coriolis fields.

In an inertial frame $$S$$ the gravitational field is characterized by the free fall acceleration field $$\bf g$$. Denoting the noninertial frame of the elevator as $$S'$$ we can write the equation of motion in $$S'$$ for a point mass: $$$$m\ddot{{\bf r}}=m{\bf G}+m\dot{{\bf r}}\times{\bf H}+{\bf F}\$$$$ where $${\bf F}=R^{-1}{\bf f}$$ is the nongravitational force expressed in $$S'$$, and we have defined the acceleration field $$$${\bf G}=R^{-1}({\bf g}-\ddot{{\bf x}}_{0})-{\bf \Omega}\times({\bf \Omega}\times{\bf r})-\dot{{\bf \Omega}}\times{\bf r}\ ,\label{G}$$$$ describing velocity independent part of acceleration due to combined gravity and inertia and the Coriolis field $$$${\bf H}=2{\bf \Omega}\ .\label{H}$$$$

Here $$R=R(t)$$ is the rotation matrix describing the change of orientation between axes in $$S$$ and $$S'$$ and $${\bf x_0}(t)$$ is the position of origin of $$S'$$ in $$S$$, and $$\bf \Omega$$ is the instantaneous angular velocity of rotation of $$S'$$.

An experimenter in the elevator could measure the value of acceleration field at a given point using e.g. a pendulum: its orientation gives the direction of $$\bf G$$ while its frequency provides its magnitude.

To measure the Coriolis field $$\bf H$$ one could use the torque from Coriolis force on a gyroscope. If the gyroscope angular momentum is $$\bf L$$ the it evolves according to the equation: $$\frac{d \mathbf{L}}{dt}= - \frac12 {\bf H }\times{\bf L},$$ that is, it precesses with angular velocity $$-\mathbf{H}/2$$.

In order to distinguish between possibilities outlined by OP (elevator in a centrifuge in space , elevator held stationary above rapidly rotating planet, elevator slowly rotating together with the surface of the planet) one needs to determine not only the values of $$\bf G$$ and $$\bf H$$ at some specific point in the elevator, but how these fields vary within the elevator. Let us write the expressions for different possibilites:

First possibility, rotating frame, no gravity, angular velocity oriented along $$z$$-axis: $$\begin{eqnarray} {\bf G}&=&\Omega^{2}r\,{\bf e}_{r}\\ {\bf H}&=&2\,\Omega\,{\bf e}_{z}\, . \end{eqnarray}$$

Second possibility, gravitational and frame-dragging fields near a rotating spherical planet as seen from a static reference frame is a combination of gravitostatic acceleration of a single mass and gravitomagnetic dipole Coriolis field: $$\begin{eqnarray} \mathbf{G}&=&-\frac{GM\mathbf{r}}{r^{3}}\\ {\bf H}&=&\frac{2G}{c^{2}}\left(\frac{{\bf J}}{r^{3}}-\frac{3({\bf J}\cdot{\bf r}){\bf r}}{r^{5}}\right)\label{eq:H-Earth}, \end{eqnarray}$$ where $$M$$ and $$\mathbf{J}$$ are mass and angular momentum of the planet and $$c$$ is the speed of light. The $$c^{-2}$$ coefficient in front of Coriolis field indicates that we are dealing with the first post-Newtonian (gravitomagnetic) approximation to the full GR expression. Note, that this Coriolis field is position-dependent, unlike the pure rotation.

Finally, the third possibility slowly rotating spherical planet as seen from the frame, co-rotating with the planet would be the combination of the first and second cases (while possibly, the slowness of rotation means that one could drop the frame dragging terms).

Since these expressions are analytic, finding enough derivatives of $$\bf G$$ and $$\bf H$$ at the position of the elevator with sufficient precision would in principle allow one to distinguish between possibilities and even calculate parameters such as planet's mass and its rotation.

Of course, this is more of a theoretical possibility, since in practice the fields of a planet vary only on the scales comparable to its size, while the size of the elevator (presumably only a few meters) is too small to register noticeable variations. On the other hand, if the centrifuge is of a reasonable size one could at least either confirm or exclude this possibility with ease.

• @ A.V.S. Super answer, thanks! If can summarize:
 1) if it's a centrifuge, the g field will drop linearly from the floor to the ceiling of the elevator and the Coriolis effect will be independent of position.
 2) If it's a nearby rotating mass, the g field will also drop but will not be exacly linear and will droop slightly half way up. The Coriolis effect will also diminish going from floor to ceiling.
 As you say, given the size of the average elevator compared to the average planet, some of these measurements might be a tad tricky. – Roger Wood Nov 24 '20 at 6:33


text:
Abstract The reledmac provides many tools in order to typeset scholarly editions. Under the references tab, you can click___ to display what end notes and footnotes you have added to a document. Parentheses and brackets are used to enclose and set off material from the main text. The easiest way to streamline the process, is to work with CWYW off; then, you can drag the author out of the parentheses. Professor Adam Morgan 315,668. (More detail below. Example: B. At the end of the paper, the references are given in full and arranged by the numbers which they have been assigned. Date published September 18, 2019 by Jack Caulfield. This is usually the last name of the. (If there are more than 4 authors only the first 4 should be listed. The Chicago Manual of Style (17 th ed. Click on Replace All. 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After a few searches, and watching the above videos, I don’t think Word supports. Reuse the original number assigned to the reference each time a reference is repeated in the text. They are accompanied by a full, alphabetized list of citations in an end section, usually titled. ) Turabian Style suggests that writers in the humanities use footnote references to cite sources. Here are some examples. The APA (American Psychological Association) style requires two elements: in-text citations throughout your assignment, and a reference list at the end. Insert > Footnote (or) click Insert Footnote Directly icon. If parenthetically enclosed words end a. You can also delete footnotes and endnotes from a document. _____ 1 This is an example of where a footnote would be placed using OSCOLA. Basically, footnoted material is of three types: Direct quotations from another author's work. In the wake of his death at age 90, an outpouring of tributes from. Cite the case date. The plain terms of the “even though” clause thus indicate that §22(b)(1) applies only where neither kind of defect is present. Move the cursor position to the end of the sentence you want to insert a related footnote for, and then go to the "References" tab. The references should be given in footnote style. When citing any source, either directly (as a quotation) or indirectly (by paraphrasing or referring to ideas in a source), cite the reference in. At the end of the paper, the references are given in full and arranged by the numbers which they have been assigned. Notes and Bibliography. volume no, issue or part of (in brackets if needed), First page number of the article (year of publication). Bash has lots of different kinds of brackets. The Sources of English Law What we are concerned about in this regard is the JUSTIFICATION for the decisions reached by our various courts of law, and the principles of law applied by lawyers in relation to commercial and business practices. 2 One could, for instance, introduce more heterogeneity by allowing some of the low-risk individuals to die because of the infection but at a lower rate than. Footnotes and Endnotes. 00 Save 10% Current price is$19. Every HTML document as a minimum must have a title. These go at the end of the article or chapter. Professor Adam Morgan 315,668. For example, suppose you have a sentence in your text. Other resources to help you format your references in MLA style include the following: EasyBib , WorksCited4U , and Word 2007 and 2010. You give prominence to the author by placing the reference in the body of your sentence, with the author's name incorporated into the sentence structure and the date in brackets. Footnotes can include more or less anything, but they need to have some kind of subject-matter connection to the sentence/paragraph they're attached to. Practice Template. txt) or read online for free. Citation numbers should appear in sequential order. The Bluebook. , ^[This is a footnote. The Latin abbreviation Ibid. 5 million light-years with pinpoint accuracy. xsl (for example in Notepad). For Endnotes, you must use the same superscript number (as in your text) at the beginning of each Endnote in your Endnotes list. See screenshot: 2. A Political Space. Using double brackets around text that is not currently registered as a shortcode will result in both sets of brackets being displayed in your post, not just one as when escaping registered shortcodes. In the Footnotes group, use the Next Footnote button’s menu to browse between footnote and endnote references. This should be done by means of a numbering system, with the number inserted as follows in superscript or brackets: 1 or (1). Some lecturers prefer the former style, whilst others prefer the latter - always remember to check before beginning your work. The references in the list are numbered and listed in the order in which they are first mentioned in the text, not alphabetically. Patcas R , Müller L, Ullrich O, Peltomäki T. That means that you have small superscript numbers in your text (e. Copy the in-text citation as well if you haven’t written them well properly. Epstein applied to renew his Visiting Fellow status at Harvard. OSCOLA is a footnote referencing style. You can refer readers to headings, page numbers, footnotes, endnotes, and plain-old paragraphs. In the "Show Notes" box, check either "View footnote area" or "View endnote area" box. Covers health law. The Chicago footnotes format helps writers to reference their sources in a way that does not interrupt the flow of the writing. Close each footnote with a full stop. Janusz Peters says:. When you insert a footnote, your word processing app should automatically format them correctly for you. Post a small Excel sheet (not a picture) showing realistic & representative sample data WITHOUT confidential information (10-20. Date published September 18, 2019 by Jack Caulfield. You can use a brief description in your footnotes and then use the entire Harvard reference in your bibliography, but remember that in a Word document, when checking your word count, the number that appears in brackets next to the quote constitutes for the word count in your footnotes, which you may be able to leave out in the final count. AsciiDoc is a lightweight markup language for authoring notes, articles, documentation, books, web pages, slide decks and man pages in plain text. He would like the footnote references to have square brackets surrounding the numbers and wonders if there is a way to do this automatically. and the page number for. Insert footnotes and endnotes. To minimize the risk of demineralization around the brackets, several innovations of the adhesive bracket system have been developed. I offer this as a suggestion as I don't have the skills to create a proper patch. A footnote lists the author, title and details of publication, in that order. (Make sure you use a lowercase letter "f". Type the number(s) into the Pages. com affiliation: WUT footnote: Corresponding Author output: html_document references: - id: barras2010a title: False Discoveries in Mutual Fund Performance - Measuring Luck in Estimated Alphas author: - family: Barras given: Lauren. You give prominence to the author by placing the reference in the body of your sentence, with the author's name incorporated into the sentence structure and the date in brackets. With a footnote/endnote style, it is the. Endnotes Page. ), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in. Normally, whenever I use the Insert > Reference > Footnote command (then change the dropdown box from Footnote to Endnote) in Microsoft Word 2003, the reference is displayed as a little superscript (raised up) number. When you delete a footnote or endnote number or mark, the note text for that footnote or endnote is automatically deleted. The footnote space is trimmed if the reference style is "superscript", and it is left if the reference style is "brackets". Up to four authors can be given as parameters. should be used only when the same author and title are cited as in the footnote immediately preceding. I'm trying to simply copy a list of names from column A then paste them > into column B but when the names appear in column B they are surrounded by > square brackets []. For more information about referencing sources in APA: Formatting In-text Citations (APA) Formatting the References Page (APA). Referencing an appendix from an outside source within the body of your paper simply requires bracketing the author's last name, followed by a comma and the year of publication: (Brown, 2001). in that study [1, pp. On the References Ribbon, in the Captions Group, click the Cross-reference () icon. First author et al. If there are a large number of notes, they may be placed either at the end of the chapter or the end of the whole work. However I am. Fit and comfort are also important considerations. INNER FENDERS Black. This resource, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (6th ed. The parenthetical citations direct readers to the full bibliographic citations listed in the Works Cited, located at the end of the document. Translations are inevitably interpretations and are therefore not to be regarded as the equivalent of the original Qur’an in Arabic. As regular readers will recall, I really love Scrivener. Dashes should be used in other contexts (This argument is acceptable — for now. Some lecturers prefer the former style, whilst others prefer the latter - always remember to check before beginning your work. Notes-Bibliography Style: • Used by those in the humanities and some social sciences. To get replies by our experts at nominal charges, follow this link to buy points and post your thread in our Commercial Services forum! Here is the FAQ for this forum. Background Within the UK, there has been debate on whether life expectancy is increasing or decreasing in particular single or 3-year periods, but there has been less thinking whether overall trends have changed. Fourteen of the most common notations are included on that page (including “Audio podcast,” “Data file,” “Computer software,” and others). As such, citing more than one source (whether by one author or different authors) requires giving all source numbers: We have seen this phenomenon in several cases [1], [3], [5]- [7]. how to add footnote with brackets around them? Word 2016 - Create Citation and Bibliography How to Tutorial in Microsoft Office 365 with Windows 10 - Duration: 11:06. Choose 'Convert' then 'Convert all footnotes to endnotes'. Bash Brackets Quick Reference 2828 words. OSCOLA is a footnote referencing style. There must be total agreement between the two. For sources such as cases, books or journal articles, a pinpoint reference might refer the reader to a particular chapter, page or paragraph. 1 The first time you cite a source, you will include a full citation. Authors must reference the original source of a work, not a secondary source. Method 2: Run Word Macro. This type of reference is often used when you. On the Insert bar, click Cross-reference. Many times, in a long document we tell readers where to go in order to find more information about a certain topic. Cite the case date. , Text of footnote goes here. Citing sources – footnote/endnote (used for: arts, history, English literature, art & design) In this system each in-text citation is consecutively numbered and a corresponding numbered note, containing publication information about the source, is provided at the foot of the page or end of the chapter or paper. OBJECT is intended to replace the more specific IMG and APPLET elements, as well as the proprietary EMBED and BGSOUND elements, though a lack of browser support and severe bugs in supporting browsers make the other elements a better choice in many cases. It is usual to include a reference list only rather than a bibliography in APA style. 11 physical layers (PHY) and the IEEE 802,11 medium access control layer (MAC) that enables at least one mode of operation capable of supporting a maximum throughput of at least 20 gigabits per second (measured at the MAC data service access point. Post a small Excel sheet (not a picture) showing realistic & representative sample data WITHOUT confidential information (10-20. This is usually the last name of the author of that specific source. Insert references by first inserting a footnote in Word (shortcut Ctrl+Alt+f). In the Reference Type menu, select Footnote. Brackets act like handles, holding the arch wires that move the teeth. Ingestion or aspiration of orthodontic materials such as brackets, archwires, elastic separators and parts of complex orthodontic appliances have been described in dental literature. The parenthetical method lets writers use in-text citations (similar to those used in MLA style). Fix bug with big /. Change the footnote style. As far as possible, footnotes try to reuse other parts of CSS. Choose 'Convert' then 'Convert all footnotes to endnotes'. Laws are created by lawyers, commercial and business law is created by commercial lawyers, but it is business men and women. Summary: MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. " for a range of pages (e. processing program to insert footnotes and it will number them for you automatically. Give the full citation the first time you reference it. He would like the footnote references to have square brackets surrounding the numbers and wonders if there is a way to do this automatically. Close each footnote with a full stop. The judgment date -in parentheses (round brackets). Behind the Style. Provide the author's surname and date of publication in brackets right after the taken information or at the end of the sentence. See the example below: I'm writing something here to test \footnote[10]{ footnotes working fine } several. For example:. law assessments but should not use the footnote system of referencing in other subject areas. To get replies by our experts at nominal charges, follow this link to buy points and post your thread in our Commercial Services forum! Here is the FAQ for this forum. They cite references or comment on a designated part of the text above it. When working with filenames, a leading dot is the prefix of a hidden file, a file that an ls will not normally show. Finding Your Way Around. i) WITHIN THE TEXT Each time you refer to a source in your text, insert a superscript number. Think character style in order to format brackets as superscript if you want. 1 of the Interinstitutional Style Guide). Windows, Mac, Linux and all browsers. It should include the details of all your in-text citations, arranged alphabetically A-Z by author surname, click on the 'Sample Reference List' tab above for more details. For example, to add brackets around your footnotes try entering (^&) or to add a full stop after the footnote number use ^&. You can use EndNote to insert subsequent references. AGLC Referencing Style Cases Search this Guide Search. Other resources to help you format your references in MLA style include the following: EasyBib , WorksCited4U , and Word 2007 and 2010. Do Not Include The Oxidation State On The Metal. Column headings should be brief, with units of measurement in brackets. No brackets are allowed of any sort! If a police officer pulls you over for having a bracket around your license plate it is a \$200 fine. Number reference system (Vancouver system) In the number reference system, a number is added in parentheses or square brackets in the appropriate place in the text, starting the numbering from 1. However, while a footer repeats the same information on every page, a footnote applies only to the page for which the note provides additional information. Each footnote ends with a full stop. Last Updated: Monday, January 4, 2010 Page 3 of 10 Example: 1. Most endnote systems (e. See #Large numbers of authors, below. Click the page number to select source. But with computers, footnotes are a breeze. R v Best (Unreported, Supreme Court of New South Wales, Court of Criminal Appeal, Street CJ, Hope JA and Lee J, 2 April 1980). 1 made possible by the joint work on natbib 8. Word proposes several styles. We further considered the percentage of G and C nucleotides (GC%) around a point mutation. •Includes each source cited within the text as an entry in the references page at the end of the paper. (This may be because some footnotes do consist of, or include, regular sentences. • Use only the “N” (Note) citation format in chapter 11. Below is an example of how you might format your footnotes if you compile them on a separate page at the end of your paper. 4 Pinpoint references refer to a specific page, paragraph, footnote or other section of a source and are placed at the end of the footnote. (Latin, short for ibidem, meaning the same place) is the term used to provide an endnote or footnote citation or reference for a source that was cited in the preceding endnote or footnote. Use tabs rather than spaces for indentation, columns of text, and other content requiring consistent alignment. No author: when author information is not available, use the source title to replace the author's position. In February 2006, financier Jeffrey E. A citation is an acknowledgement in your text of references that support your work. Reference list. Here is an example of this kind of referencing:. Using Brackets in Quotes. The terms 'Bibliography' and 'References' are often used interchangeably, however a Reference list only. In essence, it inserts a footnote. The MHRA Style Guide is intended primarily for use in connection with the Modern Humanities Research Association’s own books and periodicals, and it opens with a summary of the main points to be noted by authors using MHRA style. In print, footnotes should be shown, as well. com with free online thesaurus, antonyms, and definitions. The references in the list are numbered and listed in the order in which they are first mentioned in the text, not alphabetically. Ship This Item — Qualifies for Free Shipping. Excessive referencing. Project Goals (derived from PAR) Task Group ay is expected to develop an amendment that defines standardized modifications to both the IEEE 802. For Ethylenediamine Use (en) In The Formula. Print Footnotes at End of Page. 1 Footnotes have a large array of advantages, the most noteworthy one being the fact that they offer swift access to data. To pull a case reference into the text, use fullcite. Examples of first Footnotes or Endnotes, subsequent. ollinger and mildred a. Fourteen of the most common notations are included on that page (including "Audio podcast," "Data file," "Computer software," and others). To change the brackets type, do the following: 1. Include the heading “ENDNOTES” in all capital letters,. Justice Swainson:. The plural of ellipsis is ellipses (handy to remember when you're playing Scrabble), but the points themselves (the dots that make up the ellipsis) are called ellipsis points or ellipsis marks. With the DoD improving the cash-flow performance, payments have filtered down into the small suppliers. If you have many citations for one sentence (in other words, many sources for one piece of information), then you may use a footnote to avoid cluttering the text and disrupting the reader's attention to your reasoning. An endnote is a footnote that lives at the end of a whole body of text, like at the end of a book. Design Open cohort longitudinal analysis. Method 2: Run Word Macro. The list of endnotes and footnotes (either of which, for papers submitted for publication, should be listed on a separate page, as indicated below) should correspond to the note references in the text. This staff editorial solely represents the majority view of The Crimson Editorial Board. Since the outside brackets are CDATA children of the xref's p. In-text references should always precede punctuation marks. 8+ First author et al. I thought readers might like to see how different style guides address the general question of how to position footnote callouts (termed "cues" in The Oxford Guide to Style, "note numbers" in The Chicago Manual of Style, and "references" in Words into Type). Unfortunately, there is no built in method to add brackets before and after the Footnote Reference number. Instead, you should provide a double-spaced header. The footnote itself will have a little arrow that, when clicked on, will take the reader back to the source. If the footnote relates to the contents of the quotation, put the number inside the quotation mark. To cite a reference in the text of your work, insert the reference material and then immediately place the author's surname and the year of publication in brackets after it, e. Exclamation Points. Click on Replace All. We recommend that you create figures that are accessible to all, including those. Use tabs rather than spaces for indentation, columns of text, and other content requiring consistent alignment. Brambles were heavy with blue-black berries, and the bracken was battered and brown on the steep hill-side. Space between references: In general double-space between references: Ampersand: Use for 2 - 6 authors, use "&" before the final author: One author, two publications: Order by year of publication, the earlier one first. The Chicago Manual of Style Online is the venerable, time-tested guide to style, usage, and grammar in an accessible online format. Entering *** or ---on a blank line and pressing return will draw a horizontal line. Most Acts have a short formal title that can be used for citation purpose. If i use Zotero plugin citation this limits me to specific style of writing because bracket citation is used mostly in the end of the sentence and i am using it everywhere (i think professor will be angry). Author-date citations use a style similar to APA referencing, with the author’s surname, year of publication and (if relevant) page numbers given in brackets:. xsl (for example in Notepad). The tools for book authors include:. Reference list. Faith in aablog Friday, December 27, 2013. The parenthetical method lets writers use in-text citations (similar to those used in MLA style). The superscript numeral "1" in square brackets at the end of this sentence is an example of a footnote marker. Footnotes appear at the bottom of the page and endnotes come at the end of the document. The footnote separator line and the empty paragraph are styled as 'Normal', so if you've adjusted the paragraph spacing (leading) above and/or below in the style, you may get way. Currently, users depend on special translation software to move word-processing documents between different MS-DOS®, Windows, OS/2, Macintosh, and Power Macintosh applications. --- title: Additional brackets around year in citations author: - name: Mateusz Kędzior email: [email protected] 3 Referencing equations, figures and tables. footnote or endnote referencing style and the second is in-text referencing. Line breaks. As indicated on page 186, "nonroutine" information can be included in brackets. Footnotes appear at the bottom of the. Brackets are a pair of written marks ( ) that you place around a word, expression, or sentence in order to indicate that you are giving extra information. The Chicago Footnote style is an note-bibliography system used for citing and referencing information in assignments and publications. Change to to satisfy xhtml 1. OSCOLA does not use endnotes or in-text citations, such as ‘(Brown, 2007)’. The number is often printed as a superscript. > The keyboard shortcut for adding a footnote reference is Command-Option-F; but if you want the citation brackets around the name of the citation within your body text, it looks like you'll need to double-click on the entry in the citations list at any rate. The Chicago Manual of Style Online is the venerable, time-tested guide to style, usage, and grammar in an accessible online format. , given the input (foo) , the overall match is (foo) but the capture group contains foo. Traditionally, a set of reference marks were used, in which the first footnote on a page would be marked with an asterisk. Scrivener will generate the footnotes for you. Unregistered Fast answers need clear examples. Chicago referencing can be a little confusing because it incorporates two citation styles: author-date citations and a footnote and bibliography version. Currently, users depend on special translation software to move word-processing documents between different MS-DOS®, Windows, OS/2, Macintosh, and Power Macintosh applications. we are a patriot organization that believes in upholding the united states constitution. Finally, cite the report abbreviation. Check the Faculty Referencing Styles for styles used in your faculty. Within this bracket lives NVIDIA’s 16-series of GPUs and the most used Shadow of the Tomb Raider, the XFX THICC II Pro Radeon RX 5600XT kept it rocksteady around 70 FPS. Here are some useful tips and tricks in making your LaTeX document look like you want it to. Edit menu > Output Styles > Edit "Vancouver" 3. In the example below, the citation was used in the 4th footnote, therefore the subsequent. A citation has a specific format used to indicate that you are using information from another source by crediting the person or people responsible for the information. Insert other files. Change automatic reference marks for Word endnotes by Mary Richardson in Software on March 6, 2007, 12:00 AM PST If you don't like the way your Word endnote numbers look, change them!. Figure 1. " always refers to the immediately proceeding cited authority, either in the same footnote or the previous footnote so long as it is the only authority cited in the proceeding footnote. For example, Metcalf (2005, p. Back when type was all set by hand, printers of scholarly journals liked to bunch. Epstein applied to renew his Visiting Fellow status at Harvard. As such redefining this will redefine the way it displays. Parenthetical citations always go outside of a quotation and always before a punctuation mark, such as a period. Controlling angiogenesis is crucial. show tooltips on hover. Since the outside brackets are CDATA children of the xref's p. The list of endnotes and footnotes (either of which, for papers submitted for publication, should be listed on a separate page, as indicated below) should correspond to the note references in the text. Website addresses are not usually included in references; however, if they are, MLA and APA recommend using angle brackets (< >) before and after the address. TITLE: LTX2X: A LaTeX to X Auto-tagger AUTHOR(S): Peter R. As such, citing more than one source (whether by one author or different authors) requires giving all source numbers: We have seen this phenomenon in several cases [1], [3], [5]- [7]. You may have seen the expression [ sic] used in a. For example, if you wrote a sentence using the info I just gave you, it would l. At the point you want an endnote citation reference inserted enter the left bracket "[" then on the menu Insert>Footnote/Endnote, then choose type Endnote. Project Goals (derived from PAR) Task Group ay is expected to develop an amendment that defines standardized modifications to both the IEEE 802. I'm trying to simply copy a list of names from column A then paste them > into column B but when the names appear in column B they are surrounded by > square brackets []. All examples of references in footnotes end with a full stop. 85 per cent. This resource, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (6th ed. The notes are indicated by digits, which then recur with the full reference at the bottom of the page (footnote) or after the entire text (endnote). Kent Sandvik February 7, 2007 at 1:14 am. Whenever you refer to another person’s work, you need to insert a footnote number in either superscript or in brackets in your text. Use a comma to separate non-consecutive numbers (e. asked Jul 15, 2018 in Policy and Style by SJ Baty G2G6 Pilot ( 733k points) url. Click where you want to reference to the footnote or endnote. Apart from being used for references in some reference styles, footnotes/endnotes are sometimes also used for additional information that is relevant but does not fit smoothly into the running text. Second, cite the case name in italics with a plain small case v – no punctuation required either after the case number or around the v or after the case name. Footnotes in boxed summaries. This is a documentation subpage for Template:Harvard citation no brackets. Put a space between the footnote number and the footnote itself. you can replace your. ” In his memoirs, the author reveals, “The. iA Writer also allows you to insert a. Unless requested, a title page is unnecessary. About EndNote. It takes a struggle to check for the end notes, and with nice page layout models footnotes might even make the page look interesting. 1 Our recent study2 evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of the squeeze test to identify arthritis. Pinpoint - Refer to the paragraph number of the judgment, not the page number. In MLA style, in-text citations, called parenthetical citations, are used to document any external sources used within a document (unless the material cited is considered general knowledge). The president stated that he “will not sign the bill they [Republican members of the House] have been talking about. The references should be given in footnote style. The rendering of footnotes is complex. Kent Sandvik February 7, 2007 at 1:14 am. Here, though, we're looking at the rules of citation order for referencing systems that use footnotes and endnotes. Dibromobis(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III) Bromidec. THE REFERENCE LIST APA style suggests using a reference list for references cited in the text of a paper rather than a bibliography. (If there are more than 4 authors only the first 4 should be listed. Same year of publication for both - add 'a' and 'b' after the year, inside the brackets. July 4, 2013 at 3:59 am #34177. ), you can automatically generate a Works Cited page and correct in-text citations. Then, follow normal paragraph spacing rules. Financial information for the first quarter of 2019 has been retrospectively adjusted for the acquisition of ANDX. However, it does tend to vary from. Unreported case (other) Footnotes. The MHRA Style Guide is intended primarily for use in connection with the Modern Humanities Research Association’s own books and periodicals, and it opens with a summary of the main points to be noted by authors using MHRA style. Back when type was all set by hand, printers of scholarly journals liked to bunch. Our primary focus will be on the rules for footnotes, but we will provide some guidance for endnotes as well. In a book-length piece, a new series of notes should begin with each chapter. Follow the steps below to learn how: Go ahead and set up your Word document and just insert your footnotes the way you always do. • Names Author's full first name or initials, followed by family name. EndNote is reference management software with features to— Keep all your references and reference-related materials in a searchable personal library. How do I make this automatic and not have to go back to Home and Superscript to put in the brackets?. Footnotes are used when there are only a small number of references. The parenthesis represent multiplication, so 2 x 3 is evaluated leaving 2 [10 - 6]. Notes or Endnotes should be used only if absolutely necessary and must be identified in the text by consecutive numbers, enclosed in square brackets and listed at the end of the article. Use a semicolon to separate one chapter-and-verse reference from another. xsl (for example in Notepad). A Political Space. ), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in. A pinpoint reference within a footnote directs the reader to a particular place in the cited work. In my report I would like to have the square brackets around the citations as superscripts (like in the Wikipedia style) using \supercite command. Like, many much lots. Example: B. Using bookmarks and cross-references in Word If you are referencing an item in your document, you don’t want to have to update the paragraph or page number every time you make changes. 模板:High-use. On the Insert bar, click Cross-reference. The MHRA Style Guide is intended primarily for use in connection with the Modern Humanities Research Association’s own books and periodicals, and it opens with a summary of the main points to be noted by authors using MHRA style. Copy the reference from the citation generator and paste it on your work cited page on your research. It adds meaning to doubling up different brackets, and a dollar sign in front means something even more different. A reference list includes only those references which were actually cited in the text of one's paper. Illustrations. Started by: celaguero. These go at the bottom of the page. These features are located under the References tab in Microsoft Word 2007: When you use material in a paper that should be cited, click on the Insert Citation button: Clicking on this button brings up a menu that includes the option of entering information about a source you haven't cited in your paper yet::. 9th Edition. Like so many things in Word, you have options. , 2007, Grünheid et al. This template allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations. The marker uses the footnote counter in terms of it's presentation. You can use a brief description in your footnotes and then use the entire Harvard reference in your bibliography, but remember that in a Word document, when checking your word count, the number that appears in brackets next to the quote constitutes for the word count in your footnotes, which you may be able to leave out in the final count. Press Ctrl+End to move the cursor to the end of the whole document and before the endnotes. Distribution for non-personal (except where noted above) use is strictly forbidden. Automatically Add Parentheses Around Negative Numbers in Excel 2010 The steps below will show you how to adjust the formatting of a group of cells that you have selected. org staff based upon input from the following footnotes (directly referenced) and sources (used for general research and not directly referenced): Pan Belluck, “Complex Science at Issue in Politics of Fetal Pain,” nytimes. Second, cite the case name in italics with a plain small case v – no punctuation required either after the case number or around the v or after the case name. A footnote may be included giving. For instance, you can write. 5 Compiling documents with cross. He would like the footnote references to have square brackets surrounding the numbers and wonders if there is a way to do this automatically. The reason I wanted you to address that subject was that there is, in the course of the comment that former Justices on the Supreme Court are makingthe selection process does come in for a lot of discussion. Choose 'Convert' then 'Convert all footnotes to endnotes'. The Footnote section is found in the References tab of the ribbon (not Insert, as you might expect): We need some example text first. Started by: celaguero. 11 physical layers (PHY) and the IEEE 802,11 medium access control layer (MAC) that enables at least one mode of operation capable of supporting a maximum throughput of at least 20 gigabits per second (measured at the MAC data service access point. If in doubt, use footnotes. put brackets around footnote marker I need for my footnote markers that appear in the text to have square brackets around them such as [1], [2] etc. USSGL Bulletin No. Type the number(s) into the Pages. Behind the Style. I'm currently working on a Mac OS 10. The plain terms of the “even though” clause thus indicate that §22(b)(1) applies only where neither kind of defect is present. Authors must reference the original source of a work, not a secondary source. Parentheses and brackets are used to enclose and set off material from the main text. Footnotes unfortunately don't work with tables, as it is considered a bad practice. The 3-D fish body geometry and kinematics are reconstructed from the experiments using high-speed video and prescribed as input to the numerical simulation. Author and date are the key components in the in-text citation of the APA referencing style. ” Do: “The experience of [American] slavery had deep effects. are included for more details. The judgment date -in parentheses (round brackets). Here is an example of this kind of referencing:. vitruvian1man. When citing a recent publication of an older work it may be appropriate to indicate the original publication date in brackets and before the publication details of the recent publication. If the footnote relates to the contents of the quotation, put the number inside the quotation mark. The lesions were rough at palpation and there was an associated mild oedema of the upper eyelids, while the lower eyelid and. SPLASH PANS. renumbered automatically. If you use footnotes for publication, then I recommend using double brackets {{ }} inline, copy / pasting into Scrivener (a program for writiers), and then having it. Object play refers to the seemingly non-functional manipulation of inanimate items when in a relaxed state. net Contents footnote, brackets, and parentheses), and that L A When the proof of a theorem makes reference to a previously proven theorem, the. In the Harvard (also known as Author-Date) system, quotations and references in the. asked Jul 15, 2018 in Policy and Style by SJ Baty G2G6 Pilot ( 733k points) url. The patch looks good to me mostly. Close each footnote with a full stop. It transmitted power from the Andromeda galaxy to Earth, a distance of at least 2. Minor errors in references (such as errors in authors, titles, etc) will be automatically corrected using information from other databases. Footnote citations are also found in the body of a research project, but footnotes look different than parenthetical citations and are used in Chicago format and other styles. Use square brackets. If in doubt, use footnotes. This is the style used in this guide and is made up of two parts: Consecutively numbered markers in the text refer the reader to bibliographic citations in footnotes or endnotes. This template allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations. Footnotes: the basics. If the original material includes a noun or pronoun that is unclear, brackets can be used for clarification. McGraw-Hill: New York. Adjusting the angle is easy and effortless! CARRY IT AROUND IN YOUR POCKET: You can disassemble the Go With magnetic cell phone holder and put it in your bag or pocket. You can find the drop-down style selector above your library list of references. 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It'll also easily compile different chapters, easily move writing blocks around as needed, etc. It takes a struggle to check for the end notes, and with nice page layout models footnotes might even make the page look interesting. Do not use asterisks (*), angle brackets (>), or other symbols for note references. " Empty square brackets indicate this change from the original. Copy the in-text citation as well if you haven’t written them well properly. The Chicago Manual of Style, currently in its 16th edition, was created to help researchers properly cite their sources. Put a space between the footnote number and the footnote itself. Some endnotes have been added or modified by the author or the digital editor, and these are surrounded in double square brackets [[]], with those of the editor prefixed with "E:". (period), ← Click the References tab and, in the Footnotes group, click the Insert Footnote button. The "Cite" menu, for example. In the example below, the citation was used in the 4th footnote, therefore the subsequent. In print, footnotes should be shown, as well. Access to the complete content on AMA Manual of Style requires a subscription or purchase. It tells your readers what sources you've used and how to find them. Click "OK" to close the message box. This staff editorial solely represents the majority view of The Crimson Editorial Board. Instead, you should provide a double-spaced header. Now, if you’ve based the values on the ‘test’ range and it doesn’t exist, you will see the “ Data source. November 6, 2015, at 1:11 pm. That is where Cross-references come to. Waive that deficiency! Osborn retiring. 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Do not use asterisks (*), angle brackets (>), or other symbols for note references. The current 64-team bracket began in 1999 with the addition of the super regions and took one more step forward by making the College World Series finals a best-of-three series in 2003. ABLE AND EASY TO USE: The flexible lazy bracket phone stand has a 360° rotating phone holder, so that you can find the most comfortable angle with the best visibility. Same year of publication for both - add 'a' and 'b' after the year, inside the brackets. He would like the footnote references to have square brackets surrounding the numbers and wonders if there is a way to do this automatically. • Brackets containing the publisher data with exact punctuation, followed by a comma • Give the full page range in the accurate format pp. One event ought Under other circumstances, summer beach season will have already begun by the time this column makes the press. Other resources to help you format your references in MLA style include the following: EasyBib , WorksCited4U , and Word 2007 and 2010. Figure 1. 2020-10 (March 2020) Part 1 Fiscal Year 2019 Reporting. \ref{name} inserts reference to the label. The lesions were rough at palpation and there was an associated mild oedema of the upper eyelids, while the lower eyelid and. Now, if you’ve based the values on the ‘test’ range and it doesn’t exist, you will see the “ Data source. Reference to value in table loks like this: =tbl1[clmn1] When you take value within the table it looks like this: =[clmn1]+[clmn2] ». For more information about referencing sources in APA: Formatting In-text Citations (APA) Formatting the References Page (APA). For sources such as cases, books or journal articles, a pinpoint reference might refer the reader to a particular chapter, page or paragraph. Here is an example of this kind of referencing:. The default \supercite{} command in biblatex package gives a number without brackets. Harvard: is the most widely used referencing style in Oxford Brookes. Presto! Instant footnotes that look like regular footnotes. It can be confusing working out where to put the punctuation around brackets (but we’re here to help): The first rule is quite straightforward. Footnotes showing as plain text on excerpts. It is necessary to execute the pdflatex command, before the bibtex command, to tell bibtex what literature we cited in our paper. OBJECT is intended to replace the more specific IMG and APPLET elements, as well as the proprietary EMBED and BGSOUND elements, though a lack of browser support and severe bugs in supporting browsers make the other elements a better choice in many cases. 5 million copies sold!. bst, as well as with those for harvard, apalike, chicago, astron, authordate. Provide the author's surname and date of publication in brackets right after the taken information or at the end of the sentence. Besides, to add square brackets to endnotes, simply replace “^f” with “^e” in “Find what” text boxes. Antimonials (Sb) were used for decades for chemotherapy of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Whenever you refer to another person’s work, you need to insert a footnote number in either superscript or in brackets in your text. In Example 2, the writer has changed the verb tense by removing the "s" from "changes. Browser Support. Cover image credit: Fonts. Tooltip width very narrow if footnote at right edge of screen. For legislative materials, pinpoint references can also refer to parts, sections, clauses or divisions. Separate multiple citations with semi-colons. 1 This should come after the relevant punctuation mark (usually the full stop but it could be a comma, colon or semi-colon if you are referring to several sources within a single sentence). The Study Guides are research-informed and peer-evaluated, covering all the key aspects of each topic. However, it does tend to vary from. Brookes Harvard Interactive Guide: This resource shows you how to reference using Harvard and is clearly and explores why different types of source are formatted as they are. This study investigated the effects of long-term soil fertilization on the composition and potential for phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) cycling of bacterial communities associated with hyphae of the P-solubilizing fungus Penicillium canescens. The calculated instantaneous flow. Here, I provide an introduction to the operators and repeat examples using the equivalent dplyr functions. To open the panel, choose Window > Type & Tables > Cross-References. 2; 4; 2 weeks, 1 day ago. In the Reference Type menu, select Footnote. The notes are indicated by digits, which then recur with the full reference at the bottom of the page (footnote) or after the entire text (endnote). Started by: vitruvian1man. Unreported case (other) Footnotes. They cite references or comment on a designated part of the text above it. The judgment date -in parentheses (round brackets). There are two styles of referencing outlined in the Chicago Manual of Style, 16th edition. When beginning a new chapter, repeat the full citation the first time the reference is used and use the short form thereafter. in Microsoft word you need to replace all your footnotes references or footnotes numbers to be in between brackets or parentheses or curves or double qutationsetc. This is the style used in this guide and is made up of two parts: Consecutively numbered markers in the text refer the reader to bibliographic citations in footnotes or endnotes. I have found a good reference in Biblatex cite with footnote only once, with use of brackets. Finally, the multiplication signified by the brackets is completed. You Save 10%. ) and the MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing (2nd ed. There are several systems of referencing such as the Harvard or author-date system, footnotes or endnotes. 12 Multi-Size Symbols. 8+ First author et al. Apart from being used for references in some reference styles, footnotes/endnotes are sometimes also used for additional information that is relevant but does not fit smoothly into the running text. You can overcome this limitation with several techniques: you can use \footnotemark [123] in the table, and \footnotetext [123] {HelloWorld!} somewhere on the page. Punctuation and abbreviations are kept to an absolute minimum. Methods We used the Office for National.
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text:
# FPureModule -- compute the submodule of the canonical module stable under the image of the trace of Frobenius

## Synopsis

• Usage:
FPureModule()
FPureModule(R)
FPureModule(t, f)
FPureModule(tList, fList)
• Inputs:
• R, ,
• f, , to make a pair
• t, , the formal exponent to which f is raised
• fList, a list, consisting of ring elements f_1,\ldots,f_n, for a pair
• tList, a list, consisting of formal exponents t_1,\ldots,t_n for the elements of fList
• Optional inputs:
• FrobeniusRootStrategy => , default value Substitution, selects the strategy for internal frobeniusRoot calls
• CanonicalIdeal => an ideal, default value null, specifies the canonical ideal (so the function does not recompute it)
• CurrentRing => a ring, default value null, specifies the ring to work with
• GeneratorList => a list, default value null, specifies the element (or elements) of the ambient polynomial ring that determines the Frobenius trace on the canonical module
• Outputs:
• , consisting of four elements: the HSLG module of R, (R,f^t), or (R,f_1^{t_1}\ldots f_n^{t_n}), represented as a submodule of a canonical module; the canonical module of which it is a submodule (given as an ideal of R); the element (or elements) of the ambient polynomial ring that determines the Frobenius trace on the canonical module; the number of times the trace of Frobenius was computed before the image stabilized.

## Description

Given a ring $R$ with canonical module $\omega$, this function computes the image of $F^e_* \omega \to \omega$ for $e >> 0$. This image is sometimes called the HSLG module (named for Hartshorne-Speiser, Lyubeznik, and Gabber), and it roughly tells us where a ring is non-$F$-injective. It can also be used to compute the maximal $F$-pure sub-Cartier module of a given rank-1 Cartier module (represented as an ideal). The name of the function is based on this interpretation.

Specifically, this function returns a sequence (FPMod, canMod, frobTrace, count), where canMod is a canonical module of the ring (expressed as an ideal), FPMod is the HSLG module, given as a submodule of canMod, frobTrace is a list of elements of the ambient polynomial ring representing the trace of Frobenius on the canonical module, and count is the number of times the trace of Frobenius was computed before the image stabilized, sometimes called the HSLG number of the canonical module as a Cartier module.

 i1 : R = ZZ/7[x,y,z]/(x^5 + y^5 + z^5); i2 : (FPMod, canMod, frobTrace, count) = FPureModule(R); i3 : canMod --the ambient canonical module o3 = ideal 1 o3 : Ideal of R i4 : FPMod --the F-pure submodule of the canonical module 3 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 3 o4 = ideal (z , y*z , x*z , y z, x*y*z, x z, y , x*y , x y, x ) o4 : Ideal of R i5 : frobTrace --the element representing trace of Frobenius 30 25 5 20 10 15 15 10 20 5 25 30 25 5 20 5 5 o5 = {x - x y + x y - x y + x y - x y + y - x z + 2x y z ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 15 10 5 10 15 5 5 20 5 25 5 20 10 15 5 10 - 3x y z - 3x y z + 2x y z - y z + x z - 3x y z - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 10 10 10 5 15 10 20 10 15 15 10 5 15 5 10 15 15 15 x y z - 3x y z + y z - x z - 3x y z - 3x y z - y z ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 10 20 5 5 20 10 20 5 25 5 25 30 + x z + 2x y z + y z - x z - y z + z } o5 : List i6 : count --how many times it took until the image stabilized o6 = 2

Sometimes it is convenient to specify the ambient canonical module across multiple calls of FPureModule. This can be done by using the option CanonicalIdeal. One can also pass it something other than the canonical module as well (for example, a submodule of the canonical module).

Likewise, one can use the GeneratorList option to specify the dual Frobenius action on the canonical module (or ideal playing the role of the canonical module).

In the following example, the non-$F$-pure ideal of a $\mathbb{Q}$-Gorenstein ring is computed by hijacking this functionality.

 i7 : T = ZZ/7[a,b]; i8 : S = ZZ/7[x,y,z,w]; i9 : f = map(T, S, {a^3, a^2*b, a*b^2, b^3}); o9 : RingMap T <--- S i10 : R = S/(ker f); i11 : J = ideal 1_R; o11 : Ideal of R i12 : u = QGorensteinGenerator(1, R); i13 : FPureModule(CanonicalIdeal => J, GeneratorList => {u}) 2 6 12 3 4 13 3 5 11 4 3 12 5 13 o13 = (ideal 1, ideal 1, {x y z + x y z + x y z w + x y z w + x y*z w ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 12 6 2 3 6 9 2 4 4 10 2 5 2 11 2 6 12 2 13 4 3 + y z w + x y z w + x y z w + x y z w + x z w + y z w + ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 11 5 3 2 9 6 3 4 5 8 3 5 3 9 3 6 10 3 12 3 4 x*y z w + x y z w + x y z w + x y z w + x y*z w + x*y z w + ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 10 4 4 3 8 5 4 4 6 6 4 5 4 7 4 6 2 8 4 7 9 4 x y z w + x y z w + x y z w + x y z w + x y z w + x z w + ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 13 5 2 11 2 5 3 9 3 5 4 7 4 5 5 5 5 5 6 3 6 5 x*y z*w + x y z w + x y z w + x y z w + x y z w + x y z w + ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 7 7 5 2 12 6 3 10 6 4 8 2 6 5 6 3 6 6 4 4 6 x y*z w + x y w + x y z*w + x y z w + x y z w + x y z w + ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 7 2 5 6 8 6 6 4 9 7 5 7 7 6 5 2 7 7 3 3 7 8 4 7 x y z w + x z w + x y w + x y z*w + x y z w + x y z w + x y*z w ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 6 8 7 4 8 8 2 2 8 9 3 8 8 3 9 9 9 10 10 + x y w + x y z*w + x y z w + x z w + x y w + x y*z*w + x w }, ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 0) o13 : Sequence

Additionally, one can specify a pair ($R$, $f^{ t}$), as long as $t$ is a rational number with a denominator prime to the characteristic of the ring.

 i14 : R = ZZ/7[x,y]; i15 : M = FPureModule(5/6, y^2 - x^3); i16 : M#1 -- the canonical module o16 = ideal 1 o16 : Ideal of R i17 : M#0 -- the F-pure submodule o17 = ideal 1 o17 : Ideal of R i18 : N = FPureModule(9/10, y^2 - x^3); i19 : N#0 -- the F-pure submodule o19 = ideal (y, x) o19 : Ideal of R

Finally, one can specify a pair ($R$, $f_1^{t_1}\cdots f_n^{t_n}$), even when $R$ is not regular (although $R$ is required to be $\mathbb{Q}$-Gorenstein, with index not divisible by the characteristic).

 i20 : R = ZZ/3[x,y,z]/(x^2 - y*z); i21 : f = y; i22 : g = z; i23 : FPureModule({1/2, 1/2, 1/2}, {y, z, y + z}) 4 2 2 2 o23 = (ideal (z, y, x), ideal 1, {x + x y*z + y z }, 1) o23 : Sequence

The option FrobeniusRootStrategy is passed to internal frobeniusRoot calls.

• testModule -- find the parameter test module of a reduced ring
• isFInjective -- whether a ring is F-injective
• descendIdeal -- finds the maximal F-pure Cartier submodule of an ideal viewed as a Cartier module

## Ways to use FPureModule :

• "FPureModule(List,List)"
• "FPureModule(Number,RingElement)"
• "FPureModule(Ring)"
• FPureModule() (missing documentation)

## For the programmer

The object FPureModule is .


text:
# The measure of central angle MNL is π radians, and the measure of the entire circle is 2π radians. The ratio of the measure of the central angle to the entire circle measure is . The area of the entire circle is π units2. The area of the sector is π units2.

###### Question:

The measure of central angle MNL is π radians, and the measure of the entire circle is 2π radians.
The ratio of the measure of the central angle to the entire circle measure is .
The area of the entire circle is π units2.
The area of the sector is π units2.

### 1352 pounds is what fraction of a short ton?

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A 1.0 M Na2SO4 solution is slowly added to 10.0 mL of a solution that is 0.20 M in Ca2+ and 0.30 M in Ag+. A) Which compound will precipitate first: CaSO4 (Ksp = 2.4 x 10-5), or Ag2SO4 (Ksp = 1.5 x 10-5)? (2 points) B) How much Na2SO4 solution must be added to initiate the precipitation?...

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text:
# zbMATH — the first resource for mathematics

Metric critical point theory. I: Morse regularity and homotopic stability of a minimum. (English) Zbl 0852.58018
The authors discuss the concepts of regular and critical points for a continuous function on a metric space. The basic definitions of regular and critical points are closely related to the notion of the weak slope for continuous functions introduced by M. Degiovanni and M. Marzocchi [Ann. Mat. Pura. Appl., IV Ser. 167, 73-100 (1994; Zbl 0828.58006)], but the general approach is quite different and sometimes new even for smooth functions.
Among the results presented here are: a quantitative deformation lemma, a “potential well” theorem giving an a priori lower estimate for the size of the potential well associated with the given local minimum, and a theorem on stability of the local and global minimum under some “regular” perturbation of the function. Nonsmooth extensions (and even) strengthening of some well-known facts, including certain mountain-pass and bifurcation theorems, a criterion for a global minimum, a Lyusternik’s second order characterization of the tangent space to a level set are given. As application of the approach, the authors give an extension of the Weierstrass sufficient condition for a strong minimum to functionals in the calculus of variations with $$C^{1,1}$$ integrands.
Reviewer: V.Moroz (Minsk)

##### MSC:
 58E05 Abstract critical point theory (Morse theory, Lyusternik-Shnirel’man theory, etc.) in infinite-dimensional spaces 49J52 Nonsmooth analysis 49K05 Optimality conditions for free problems in one independent variable 54C30 Real-valued functions in general topology


text:
# Volume: is this ok?

1. Jan 15, 2006

### twoflower

Hi,

I have to

Compute volume of the solid

$$A = \left\{ [x,y,z] \in \mathbb{R}^3, 0 \leq z, x+ y+z \leq 1, z \leq xy, x \geq 0, y \geq 0\right\}$$

I draw it..and the important step is to find out, where is $z$ bounded with either of $x+ y+z \leq 1$ or $z \leq xy$. To find out the dividing points, in which the second of those inequalities gets the rule, I did as follows:

$$1-x-y = xy$$

$$x(y+1)=1-y$$

$$x = \frac{1-y}{1+y}$$

So for fixed $y$, if

$$x \leq \frac{1-y}{1+y}$$

then $z$ is bounded by $z \leq xy$. In the remaining area, $x+ y+z \leq 1$ sets the upper bound for $z$.

So it gives me two integrals, the sum of which will be the volume I am supposed to get:

$$I = \iiint_{A}1 \ dx\ dy\ dz = I_1 + I_2 = \int_{0}^{1}\int_{0}^{\frac{1-y}{1+y}}\int_{0}^{xy}1\ dz\ dx\ dy\ +\ \int_{0}^{1}\int_{\frac{1-y}{1+y}}^{1}\int_{0}^{1-x-y} 1\ dz\ dx\ dy$$

If this is correct approach, then in the official solution on web there is a mistake, since these two integrals I can already check in Maple and I computed them right.

Is this ok?

Last edited: Jan 15, 2006
2. Jan 16, 2006

### Staff: Mentor

I think your upper limit on x for the second integral should be 1-y instead of 1
$$\int_{0}^{1}\int_{0}^{\frac{1-y}{1+y}}\int_{0}^{xy}1\ dz\ dx\ dy\ +\ \int_{0}^{1}\int_{\frac{1-y}{1+y}}^{1-y}\int_{0}^{1-x-y} 1\ dz\ dx\ dy$$
-Dale


text:
Old Web
English
We investigate the slow-motion and weak-field approximation of the general ghost-free parity-violating (PV) theory of gravity in the parametrized post-Newtonian (PPN) framework, and derive the perturbative field equations, which are modified by the PV terms of this theory. The complete PPN parameters are obtained by solving the perturbative field equations. We find that all the PPN parameters are exactly same with those in general relativity, except for an extra parameter $\kappa$, which is caused by the a new crul-type term in the gravitomagnetic sector of the metric in this theory. We calculate the precession effects of gyroscopes in this theory and constrain the model parameters by the observations of Gravity Probe B experiment.


text:
Properties

 Label 2.23.am_cu Base Field $\F_{23}$ Dimension $2$ $p$-rank $2$ Principally polarizable Contains a Jacobian

Learn more about

Invariants

 Base field: $\F_{23}$ Dimension: $2$ Weil polynomial: $1 - 12 x + 72 x^{2} - 276 x^{3} + 529 x^{4}$ Frobenius angles: $\pm0.095603857529$, $\pm0.404396142471$ Angle rank: $1$ (numerical) Number field: $$\Q(i, \sqrt{10})$$ Galois group: $V_4$

This isogeny class is simple.

Newton polygon

This isogeny class is ordinary.

 $p$-rank: $2$ Slopes: $[0, 0, 1, 1]$

Point counts

This isogeny class contains a Jacobian, and hence is principally polarizable.

 $r$ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 $A(\F_{q^r})$ 314 279460 148474586 78097891600 41391692364794 21914624696975140 11593380278594010266 6132675219602112921600 3244153234658230621747514 1716155831334506630544686500

 $r$ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 $C(\F_{q^r})$ 12 530 12204 279078 6430932 148035890 3404985204 78311812798 1801153952172 41426511213650

Decomposition

This is a simple isogeny class.

Base change

This is a primitive isogeny class.


text:
# Distance too close

Are two points too close?
Trying to do the math as efficiently as possible.

deltaX + deltaY is going to be > than the actual distance

You might use this in game play - are players in range?

// test
bool distanceTooClose = DistanceTooClose(new System.Windows.Point(12, 12), new System.Windows.Point(0, 0), 17);
// end test

static bool DistanceTooClose(System.Windows.Point x, System.Windows.Point y, Double minDistance)
{
double deltaX = Math.Abs(y.X - x.X);
double deltaY = Math.Abs(y.Y - x.Y);
if((deltaX + deltaY) < minDistance)
{
return false;
}
double distanceSquared = deltaX * deltaX + deltaY * deltaY;
//double distance = Math.Sqrt(distanceSquared);
Double minDistanceSquared = minDistance * minDistance;
return (distanceSquared <= minDistanceSquared);
}

• What prompted you to write this? How's it used? You went quite minimalistic on the explanation this time ;-) – Mast Jul 13 '17 at 12:01
• @Mast Just playing around. For a game are player in range. – paparazzo Jul 13 '17 at 12:04
• Don’t you have a hypot function as in C? That is an intrinsic and can use the best special CPU instructions that are made for that. – JDługosz Jul 13 '17 at 14:44
• @JDługosz There is the option of Point.Subtract(p1, p2).Length) (and .LengthSquared. Whether or not it would have the best CPU usage or not, I don't know. – Brian J Jul 13 '17 at 16:04
• See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypot @BrianJ yes, using Point arithmetic rather than doing x and y separately is better. Especially since it already has a Point value! – JDługosz Jul 14 '17 at 7:25

## 3 Answers

This is something that you should run a benchmark on to see whether the branch is worth avoiding the 3 multiplications.

It is very likely that the branch will not be worth it due to how branch prediction works. But that depends on what data you will be feeding into it and in how tight of a loop you call it.

• exactly... without a proof there is no optimization ;-) – t3chb0t Jul 13 '17 at 12:02
• You are correct it does not appear to speed it up. Shocked me. – paparazzo Jul 13 '17 at 12:15
• Also you can just ask the caller to pass minDistanceSquared instead of minDistance, since they may have that handy anyway or be able to compute it at compile time. – amalloy Jul 13 '17 at 18:46

### Use types consistently

I prefer double over Double, but it doesn't really matter which you use as long as it's consistent. Mixing them, though, means unnecessary cognitive load.

### Naming

    ...(y.X - x.X);
...(y.Y - x.Y);

In my opinion, x and y are about the worst possible names for a type which has members called X and Y. If you insist on one-character names for points, mathematical conventions would typically name them A, B, ... or P, Q, ...

Also the method itself: DistanceTooClose. Whether the distance is too close or close enough is a question of the calling context. The method really checks IsDistanceCloserThan.

### Argument validation

What should the following test give?

DistanceTooClose(new System.Windows.Point(1, 1), new System.Windows.Point(0, 0), -2);

### KISS

The simplest implementation of the core test is

    var deltaX = q.X - p.X;
var deltaY = q.Y - p.Y;
return deltaX * deltaX + deltaY * deltaY <= minDistance * minDistance;

Anything more complicated than that should have a comment explaining why the complication has been added.

• <= is not CloserThan. I like the variables for testing. – paparazzo Jul 13 '17 at 13:17

The if((deltaX + deltaY) < minDistance) did not speed it up
Math.Abs is not required as squaring

static bool DistanceTooClose(System.Windows.Point pointA, System.Windows.Point pointB, Double minDistance)
{
double deltaX = pointA.X - pointB.X;
double deltaY = pointA.Y - pointB.Y;
double distanceSquared = deltaX * deltaX + deltaY * deltaY;
//double distance = Math.Sqrt(distanceSquared);
//return (distance <= minDistance);
double minDistanceSquared = minDistance * minDistance;
return (distanceSquared <= minDistanceSquared);
}