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In short, yes: the key phrase that you want to search on is optimal smoothing. You didn't ask how to do it, and the "how" is chapter-length, in a good book about Kalman filtering. So I'm not going to try to describe that. In general hand-wavy terms, though, optimal smoothing takes into account that if you know both past and future values of a ...

0

If you want to filter signals with an IIR filter, it's best to use the "standard" filter function of the language. That would be filter() for Matlab, lfilter() for Python and for R I believe this is signal::filter(). All of these functions allow you to specify the initial state. The exact details of how this is done, depends on the specific ...

1

First, typically when you're exerting a force on something and getting a position, the acceleration varies instantaneously with force. A more or less universal equation of motion for a single-axis linear system would be $m \ddot x = f_v(\dot x) + f_p(x)$. For a mass-spring-damper system, it'd be $m \ddot x = b \dot x + k x$. So you can easily express that ...

5

As you pointed out, there are many state-space realizations of one particular transfer function. The reason is that a transfer function only represents the input-output behavior of a system (observable and controllable dynamics) and not the internal states. That being said, you can directly write state-space realizations from a transfer function with the so-...

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# Pythagorean Triples

## Indirect measurement applications

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Use the Pythagorean Theorem

The owners of a campground have just purchased a small island that they hope to add to their property as a spot for campers who use tents. First, the owners need to build a bridge to connect the two properties. The river is 34 feet wide and the higher land on the island is 13 feet from the river. How can the owners figure out the length of the bridge they need to build?

In this concept, you will learn to use the Pythagorean Theorem.

### Indirect Measurement

In the real world, it is often not possible to use determine distances or lengths using rulers, tape measures or other measuring devices. When direct measurement is not an option, indirect measurement is used. Indirect measurement is an approach to measuring using alternative measurements and properties that will assist in determining the unknown distances or lengths needed to be found. The properties of the Pythagorean Theorem are often used when something needs to be indirectly measured.

Consider the following situation.

Jim must clean the rain gutters of his house. The gutters are 12 feet above the ground. He knows the ladder must extend 3 feet above the gutters so he can hold unto the rails as he cleans. If he places the foot of the ladder 4 feet from the base of the house, what length should the ladder be that he uses?

First, draw a diagram to represent the information.

Next, determine the values for  of the Pythagorean Theorem.

Next, fill the values into the Pythagorean Theorem.

Next, perform the indicated squaring and simplify the equation.

Then, solve for  by taking the square root of both sides of the equation.

Jim needs to use a 16 foot ladder.

### Examples

#### Example 1

Earlier, you were given a problem about the campgrounds and the island. The owners have to determine the length of the bridge they need to build to connect the campgrounds to the island. How can they calculate this indirect measurement using the Pythagorean Theorem?

First, draw and label a right triangle to model the problem.

Next, determine the values of  for the Pythagorean Theorem.

Next, fill the values into the Pythagorean Theorem.

Next, perform the indicated squaring and simplify the equation.

Then, solve for  by taking the square root of both sides of the equation.

The length of the bridge must be 36.4 feet.

#### Example 2

The new Sunset Walking Park has just opened and you would like to take your mom to see it. The park is in the shape of a rectangle measuring 2 miles by 3 miles. You don’t know whether to take your mom for a walk around the outside perimeter of the park or to take her along the diagonal pathway. Which way would be shorter and by how much?

First, draw and label a diagram to represent the park.

You can see that the diagonal pathway divides the rectangle into two right triangles. Use Pythagorean Theorem to find the length of the diagonal pathway.

Next, determine the values of  for the Pythagorean Theorem.

Next, fill the values into the Pythagorean Theorem.

Next, perform the indicated squaring and simplify the equation.

Then, solve for  by taking the square root of both sides of the equation.

The length of the pathway is 3.6 miles.

The distance around the park is the sum of the lengths of the four sides of the rectangle.

The distance around the park is 10 miles.

#### Example 3

An isosceles triangle has sides 30 inches, 30 inches and 20 inches. Find the length altitude to the shortest side of the triangle using Pythagorean Theorem. Express the length of the altitude to the nearest inch.

First, draw and label a diagram to represent the problem.

The altitude of an isosceles triangle cuts the base of the triangle into two equal lengths and creates two right triangles.

Next, determine the values of  for the Pythagorean Theorem.

Next, fill the values into the Pythagorean Theorem.

Next, perform the indicated squaring and simplify the equation.

Next, isolate the variable by subtracting 100 from both sides of the equation and simplify the equation.

Then, solve for the variable by taking the square root of both sides of the equation.

The length of the altitude is 28 inches.

#### Example 4

Find the length of the hypotenuse of a right triangle when the lengths of the other two sides are 5 m and 12 m.

First, draw and label a right triangle to model the problem.

Next, determine the values of  for the Pythagorean Theorem.

Next, fill the values into the Pythagorean Theorem.

Next, perform the indicated squaring and simplify the equation.

Then, solve for  by taking the square root of both sides of the equation.

The length of the hypotenuse is 13 m.

### Review

Identify whether or not each set of measurements indicates a Pythagorean Triple.

1. 3, 4, 5

2. 6, 8, 12

3. 6, 8, 10

4. 15, 20, 25

5. 5, 9, 14

6. 9, 12, 15

7. 18, 24, 30

8. 5, 12, 13

9. 7, 24, 25

10. 8, 15, 17

Find the missing side length of each right triangle by using the Pythagorean Theorem. You may round to the nearest tenth when necessary.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

### Notes/Highlights Having trouble? Report an issue.

Color Highlighted Text Notes

### Vocabulary Language: English

Indirect Measurement

Indirect measurement is the process of using the characteristics of similar triangles to measure distances.

Pythagorean Theorem

The Pythagorean Theorem is a mathematical relationship between the sides of a right triangle, given by $a^2 + b^2 = c^2$, where $a$ and $b$ are legs of the triangle and $c$ is the hypotenuse of the triangle.

Pythagorean Triple

A Pythagorean Triple is a set of three whole numbers $a,b$ and $c$ that satisfy the Pythagorean Theorem, $a^2 + b^2 = c^2$.


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# Test #1 Review

3.3 #30

This entry was posted in Test #1 Review. Bookmark the permalink.

### 1 Response to Test #1 Review

1. Kate Poirier says:

Nice procedure name, Mohamed. Please use the character “:=” in your pseudocode so that you can reserve “=” for equality. Also, I have a question about one line in your pseudocode:

$i := i+L$

Are you taking the sum of an integer and a list? I suspect what you mean instead is:

$i:= i+1$

This allows you to search the elements of the list one-by-one to check whether they satisfy the inequality.


text:
Comment
Share
Q)

True or False: If A and B are any two matrices of the same order, then (AB)' = A'B'.

Comment
A)
 FALSE From the property of transpose of matrices - for any matrices A and B of suitable orders we have $(AB)'=B'A'$


text:
# 10. Matrix Arithmetics under NumPy and Python

In the previous chapter of our introduction in NumPy we have demonstrated how to create and change Arrays. In this chapter we want to show, how we can perform in Python with the module NumPy all the basic Matrix Arithmetics like

• Matrix subtraction
• Matrix multiplication
• Scalar product
• Cross product
• and lots of other operations on matrices

The arithemtic standard Operators

• +
• -
• *
• /

• %

are applied on the elements, this means that the arrays have to have the same size.

import numpy as np

x = np.array([1, 5, 2])
y = np.array([7, 4, 1])
x + y

### OUTPUT:

array([8, 9, 3])

x * y

### OUTPUT:

array([ 7, 20,  2])

x - y

### OUTPUT:

array([-6,  1,  1])

x / y

### OUTPUT:

array([0.14285714, 1.25      , 2.        ])

x % y

### OUTPUT:

array([1, 1, 0])

Many people know vector addition and subtraction from physics, to be exact from the parallelogram of forces. It is a method for solving (or visualizing) the results of applying two forces to an object.

The addition of two vectors, in our example (see picture) x and y, may be represented graphically by placing the start of the arrow y at the tip of the arrow x, and then drawing an arrow from the start (tail) of x to the tip (head) of y. The new arrow drawn represents the vector x + y

x = np.array([3, 2])
y = np.array([5, 1])
z = x + y
z

### OUTPUT:

array([8, 3])

Subtracting a vector is the same as adding its negative. So, the difference of the vectors x and y is equal to the sum of x and -y: x - y = x + (-y) Subtraction of two vectors can be geometrically defined as follows: to subtract y from x, we place the end points of x and y at the same point, and then draw an arrow from the tip of y to the tip of x. That arrow represents the vector x - y, see picture on the right side.

Mathematically, we subtract the corresponding components of vector y from the vector x.

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## Scalar Product / Dot Product

In mathematics, the dot product is an algebraic operation that takes two coordinate vectors of equal size and returns a single number. The result is calculated by multiplying corresponding entries and adding up those products. The name "dot product" stems from the fact that the centered dot "·" is often used to designate this operation. The name "scalar product" focusses on the scalar nature of the result. of the result.

Definition of the scalar product:

We can see from the definition of the scalar product that it can be used to calculate the cosine of the angle between two vectors.

Calculation of the scalar product:

Finally, we want to demonstrate how to calculate the scalar product in Python:

x = np.array([1, 2, 3])
y = np.array([-7, 8, 9])
np.dot(x, y)

### OUTPUT:

36

dot = np.dot(x ,y)
x_modulus = np.sqrt((x*x).sum())
y_modulus = np.sqrt((y*y).sum())
cos_angle = dot / x_modulus / y_modulus # cosine of angle between x and y
angle = np.arccos(cos_angle)
angle

### OUTPUT:

0.808233789010825

angle * 360 / 2 / np.pi # angle in degrees

### OUTPUT:

46.308384970187326

36
>>> dot = np.dot(x,y)
>>> x_modulus = np.sqrt((x*x).sum())
>>> y_modulus = np.sqrt((y*y).sum())
>>> cos_angle = dot / x_modulus / y_modulus # cosine of angle between x and y
>>> angle = np.arccos(cos_angle)
>>> angle
0.80823378901082499
>>> angle * 360 / 2 / np.pi # angle in degrees

### OUTPUT:

46.308384970187326

## Matrix Product

The matrix product of two matrices can be calculated if the number of columns of the left matrix is equal to the number of rows of the second or right matrix.

The product of a (l x m)-matrix A = (aij)i=1...l, j= 1..m and an (m x n)-matrix B = (bij)i=1...m, j= 1..n is a matrix C = (cij)i=1...l, j= 1..n, which is calculated like this:

The following picture illustrates it further:

If we want to perform matrix multiplication with two numpy arrays (ndarray), we have to use the dot product:

x = np.array( ((2,3), (3, 5)) )
y = np.matrix( ((1,2), (5, -1)) )
print(np.dot(x,y))

### OUTPUT:

[[17  1]
[28  1]]

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## Simple Practical Application for Matrix Multiplication

In the following practical example, we come to talk about the sweet things of life.

Let's assume there are four people, and we call them Lucas, Mia, Leon and Hannah. Each of them has bought chocolates out of a choice of three. The brand are A, B and C, not very marketable, we have to admit. Lucas bought 100 g of brand A, 175 g of brand B and 210 of C. Mia choose 90 g of A, 160 g of B and 150 g of C. Leon bought 200 g of A, 50 of B and 100 g of C. Hannah apparently didn't like brand B, because she hadn't bought any of those. But she she seems to be a real fan of brand C, because she bought 310 g of them. Furthermore she bought 120 g of A.

So, what's the price in Euro of these chocolates: A costs 2.98 per 100 g, B costs 3.90 and C only 1.99 Euro.

If we have to calculate how much each of them had to pay, we can use Python, NumPy and Matrix multiplication:

import numpy as np
NumPersons = np.array([[100, 175, 210],
[90, 160, 150],
[200, 50, 100],
[120, 0, 310]])
Price_per_100_g = np.array([2.98, 3.90, 1.99])
Price_in_Cent = np.dot(NumPersons,Price_per_100_g)
Price_in_Euro = Price_in_Cent / 100
Price_in_Euro

### OUTPUT:

array([13.984, 11.907,  9.9  ,  9.745])

## Cross Product

Let's stop consuming delicious chocolates and come back to a more mathematical and less high-calorie topic, i.e. the cross product.

The cross product or vector product is a binary operation on two vectors in three-dimensional space. The result is a vector which is perpendicular to the vectors being multiplied and normal to the plane containing them.

The cross product of two vectors a and b is denoted by a × b.

It's defined as:

where n is a unit vector perpendicular to the plane containing a and b in the direction given by the right-hand rule.

If either of the vectors being multiplied is zero or the vectors are parallel then their cross product is zero. More generally, the magnitude of the product equals the area of a parallelogram with the vectors as sides. If the vectors are perpendicular the parallelogram is a rectangle and the magnitude of the product is the product of their lengths.

x = np.array([0, 0, 1])
y = np.array([0, 1, 0])

np.cross(x, y)

### OUTPUT:

array([-1,  0,  0])

np.cross(y, x)

### OUTPUT:

array([1, 0, 0])

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text:
pendulum question

uxinox

Hi guys,

A bullet of mass 25 grams and travelling horizontally at a speed of 200 m/s imbeds itself in a wooden block of mass 5kg suspended from a chord 3 m long.
How far will the block swing from its position of rest before beginning to return.

so, the bullet has a momentum = mv = 0.025 x 200 = 5 kg m/s

momentum after embedding in the block = (5 + 0.025).u

conservation of momentum gives u = 5/5.025 = 0.995 m/s

so, the pendulum starts to swing at u = 0.995 m/s and will be retarded by the weight of the bullet/block combination. Now according to my book, the angle of the pendulum is calculated by calculating the vertical height of the pendulum as it swings upward to a stop. i.e.

$v^2 = 2gh$ ............................(1)

where $g = 10m/s^2$ and $h = 3(1 - \cos \theta)$ where $\theta$ is the angle from the vertical.

$0.99 = 2. 10. 3(1 - \cos \theta)$

This gives the right answer, but I don't see how it works.
The velocity is initially horizontal, the formula (1) above applies in the vertical direction, where the initial velocity is zero.
Also the equations of motion refer to motion in a straight line, can they be applied to circular motion, or are we just making an approximation?

Pmb

PHF Hall of Fame
Hi guys,

A bullet of mass 25 grams and travelling horizontally at a speed of 200 m/s imbeds itself in a wooden block of mass 5kg suspended from a chord 3 m long.
How far will the block swing from its position of rest before beginning to return.

so, the bullet has a momentum = mv = 0.025 x 200 = 5 kg m/s

momentum after embedding in the block = (5 + 0.025).u

conservation of momentum gives u = 5/5.025 = 0.995 m/s

so, the pendulum starts to swing at u = 0.995 m/s and will be retarded by the weight of the bullet/block combination. Now according to my book, the angle of the pendulum is calculated by calculating the vertical height of the pendulum as it swings upward to a stop. i.e.

$v^2 = 2gh$ ............................(1)

where $g = 10m/s^2$ and $h = 3(1 - \cos \theta)$ where $\theta$ is the angle from the vertical.

$0.99 = 2. 10. 3(1 - \cos \theta)$

This gives the right answer, but I don't see how it works.
The velocity is initially horizontal, the formula (1) above applies in the vertical direction, where the initial velocity is zero.
Also the equations of motion refer to motion in a straight line, can they be applied to circular motion, or are we just making an approximation?
With circular motion its conservation of angular momentum that's conserved. E.g. swing a bob on a string around your head then slowly shorten the string. The force on the bob causes the bob to move in a smaller (instantaneous) circular motion and that increases linear momentum. However the angular momentum remains constant. Of course that's not a closed system but it does work for all systems. But it you have circular motion that's not a closed system since something is causing the particles to accelerate.

For a closed system linear momentum is always conserved. By the way. You can always choose coordinates such that a particle moving in a straight line has angular momentum. Think about that one!

topsquark

Forum Staff
Hi guys,

A bullet of mass 25 grams and travelling horizontally at a speed of 200 m/s imbeds itself in a wooden block of mass 5kg suspended from a chord 3 m long.
How far will the block swing from its position of rest before beginning to return.

so, the bullet has a momentum = mv = 0.025 x 200 = 5 kg m/s

momentum after embedding in the block = (5 + 0.025).u

conservation of momentum gives u = 5/5.025 = 0.995 m/s

so, the pendulum starts to swing at u = 0.995 m/s and will be retarded by the weight of the bullet/block combination. Now according to my book, the angle of the pendulum is calculated by calculating the vertical height of the pendulum as it swings upward to a stop. i.e.

$v^2 = 2gh$ ............................(1)

where $g = 10m/s^2$ and $h = 3(1 - \cos \theta)$ where $\theta$ is the angle from the vertical.

$0.99 = 2. 10. 3(1 - \cos \theta)$

This gives the right answer, but I don't see how it works.
The velocity is initially horizontal, the formula (1) above applies in the vertical direction, where the initial velocity is zero.
Also the equations of motion refer to motion in a straight line, can they be applied to circular motion, or are we just making an approximation?
Your problem basically refers to a device known as a "ballistic pendulum." You might find this to be interesting.

-Dan

uxinox

Many thanks for the link topsquark!

It shows a different method to get

$v^2 = 2gh$

the method shown in my book seemed to get the result by using a horizontal component of the velocity when resolving vertically. It really had me confused.


text:
# Kramers–Kronig relations

(Redirected from Kramers–Kronig relation)

The Kramers–Kronig relations are bidirectional mathematical relations, connecting the real and imaginary parts of any complex function that is analytic in the upper half-plane. These relations are often used to calculate the real part from the imaginary part (or vice versa) of response functions in physical systems, because for stable systems, causality implies the analyticity condition, and conversely, analyticity implies causality of the corresponding stable physical system.[1] The relation is named in honor of Ralph Kronig[2] and Hendrik Anthony Kramers.[3] In mathematics these relations are known under the names Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem and Hilbert transform.

## Formulation

Let ${\displaystyle \chi (\omega )=\chi _{1}(\omega )+i\chi _{2}(\omega )}$ be a complex function of the complex variable ${\displaystyle \omega }$, where ${\displaystyle \chi _{1}(\omega )}$ and ${\displaystyle \chi _{2}(\omega )}$ are real. Suppose this function is analytic in the closed upper half-plane of ${\displaystyle \omega }$ and vanishes like ${\displaystyle 1/|\omega |}$ or faster as ${\displaystyle |\omega |\rightarrow \infty }$. Slightly weaker conditions are also possible. The Kramers–Kronig relations are given by

${\displaystyle \chi _{1}(\omega )={1 \over \pi }{\mathcal {P}}\!\!\!\int \limits _{-\infty }^{\infty }{\chi _{2}(\omega ') \over \omega '-\omega }\,d\omega '}$

and

${\displaystyle \chi _{2}(\omega )=-{1 \over \pi }{\mathcal {P}}\!\!\!\int \limits _{-\infty }^{\infty }{\chi _{1}(\omega ') \over \omega '-\omega }\,d\omega ',}$

where ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {P}}}$ denotes the Cauchy principal value. So the real and imaginary parts of such a function are not independent, and the full function can be reconstructed given just one of its parts.

## Derivation

The proof begins with an application of Cauchy's residue theorem for complex integration. Given any analytic function ${\displaystyle \chi }$ in the closed upper half plane, the function ${\displaystyle \omega '\rightarrow \chi (\omega ')/(\omega '-\omega )}$ where ${\displaystyle \omega }$ is real will also be analytic in the upper half of the plane. The residue theorem consequently states that

${\displaystyle \oint {\chi (\omega ') \over \omega '-\omega }\,d\omega '=0}$
Integral contour for deriving Kramers–Kronig relations.

for any closed contour within this region. We choose the contour to trace the real axis, a hump over the pole at ${\displaystyle \omega =\omega '}$, and a large semicircle in the upper half plane. We then decompose the integral into its contributions along each of these three contour segments and pass them to limits. The length of the semicircular segment increases proportionally to ${\displaystyle |\omega |}$, but the integral over it vanishes in the limit because ${\displaystyle \chi (\omega )}$ vanishes faster than ${\displaystyle 1/|\omega |}$. We are left with the segments along the real axis and the half-circle around the pole. We pass the size of the half-circle to zero and obtain

${\displaystyle 0=\oint {\chi (\omega ') \over \omega '-\omega }\,d\omega '={\mathcal {P}}\!\!\!\int \limits _{-\infty }^{\infty }{\chi (\omega ') \over \omega '-\omega }\,d\omega '-i\pi \chi (\omega ).}$

The second term in the last expression is obtained using the theory of residues,[4] more specifically the Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem. Rearranging, we arrive at the compact form of the Kramers–Kronig relations,

${\displaystyle \chi (\omega )={1 \over i\pi }{\mathcal {P}}\!\!\!\int \limits _{-\infty }^{\infty }{\chi (\omega ') \over \omega '-\omega }\,d\omega '.}$

The single ${\displaystyle i}$ in the denominator will effectuate the connection between the real and imaginary components. Finally, split ${\displaystyle \chi (\omega )}$ and the equation into their real and imaginary parts to obtain the forms quoted above.

## Physical interpretation and alternate form

We can apply the Kramers–Kronig formalism to response functions. In certain linear physical systems, or in engineering fields such as signal processing, the response function ${\displaystyle \chi (t-t')\!}$ describes how some time-dependent property ${\displaystyle P(t)\!}$ of a physical system responds to an impulse force ${\displaystyle F(t')\!}$ at time ${\displaystyle t'.}$ For example, ${\displaystyle P(t)\!}$ could be the angle of a pendulum and ${\displaystyle F(t)}$ the applied force of a motor driving the pendulum motion. The response ${\displaystyle \chi (t-t')}$ must be zero for ${\displaystyle t since a system cannot respond to a force before it is applied. It can be shown (for instance, by invoking Titchmarsh's theorem) that this causality condition implies that the Fourier transform ${\displaystyle \chi (\omega )\!}$ is analytic in the upper half plane.[5] Additionally, if we subject the system to an oscillatory force with a frequency much higher than its highest resonant frequency, there will be almost no time for the system to respond before the forcing has switched direction, and so the frequency response ${\displaystyle \chi (\omega )\!}$ will converge to zero as ${\displaystyle \omega \!}$ becomes very large. From these physical considerations, we see that ${\displaystyle \chi (\omega )\!}$ will typically satisfy the conditions needed for the Kramers–Kronig relations to apply.

The imaginary part of a response function describes how a system dissipates energy, since it is out of phase with the driving force. The Kramers–Kronig relations imply that observing the dissipative response of a system is sufficient to determine its in-phase (reactive) response, and vice versa.

The integrals run from ${\displaystyle -\infty }$ to ${\displaystyle \infty }$, implying we know the response at negative frequencies. Fortunately, in most systems, the positive frequency-response determines the negative-frequency response because ${\displaystyle \chi (\omega )}$ is the Fourier transform of a real quantity ${\displaystyle \chi (t-t')}$, so ${\displaystyle \chi (-\omega )=\chi ^{*}(\omega )}$. This means ${\displaystyle \chi _{1}(\omega )}$ is an even function of frequency and ${\displaystyle \chi _{2}(\omega )}$ is odd.

Using these properties, we can collapse the integration ranges to ${\displaystyle [0,\infty )}$. Consider the first relation, which gives the real part ${\displaystyle \chi _{1}(\omega )}$. We transform the integral into one of definite parity by multiplying the numerator and denominator of the integrand by ${\displaystyle \omega '+\omega }$ and separating:

${\displaystyle \chi _{1}(\omega )={1 \over \pi }{\mathcal {P}}\!\!\!\int \limits _{-\infty }^{\infty }{\omega '\chi _{2}(\omega ') \over \omega '^{2}-\omega ^{2}}\,d\omega '+{\omega \over \pi }{\mathcal {P}}\!\!\!\int \limits _{-\infty }^{\infty }{\chi _{2}(\omega ') \over \omega '^{2}-\omega ^{2}}\,d\omega '.}$

Since ${\displaystyle \chi _{2}(\omega )}$ is odd, the second integral vanishes, and we are left with

${\displaystyle \chi _{1}(\omega )={2 \over \pi }{\mathcal {P}}\!\!\!\int \limits _{0}^{\infty }{\omega '\chi _{2}(\omega ') \over \omega '^{2}-\omega ^{2}}\,d\omega '.}$

The same derivation for the imaginary part gives

${\displaystyle \chi _{2}(\omega )=-{2 \over \pi }{\mathcal {P}}\!\!\!\int \limits _{0}^{\infty }{\omega \chi _{1}(\omega ') \over \omega '^{2}-\omega ^{2}}\,d\omega '=-{2\omega \over \pi }{\mathcal {P}}\!\!\!\int \limits _{0}^{\infty }{\chi _{1}(\omega ') \over \omega '^{2}-\omega ^{2}}\,d\omega '.}$

These are the Kramers–Kronig relations in a form that is useful for physically realistic response functions.

## Related proof from the time domain

Hu[6] and Hall and Heck[7] give a related and possibly more intuitive proof that avoids contour integration. It is based on the facts that:

• A causal impulse response can be expressed as the sum of an even function and an odd function, where the odd function is the even function multiplied by the signum function.
• The even and odd parts of a time domain waveform correspond to the real and imaginary parts of its Fourier integral, respectively.
• Multiplication by the signum function in the time domain corresponds to the Hilbert transform (i.e. convolution by the Hilbert kernel) in the frequency domain.

Combining the formulas provided by these facts yields the Kramers–Kronig relations. This proof covers slightly different ground from the previous one in that it relates the real and imaginary parts in the frequency domain of any function that is causal in the time domain, offering an approach somewhat different from the condition of analyticity in the upper half plane of the frequency domain.

An article with an informal, pictorial version of this proof is also available.[8]

## Application

### Electron spectroscopy

In electron energy loss spectroscopy, Kramers–Kronig analysis allows one to calculate the energy dependence of both real and imaginary parts of a specimen's light optical permittivity, together with other optical properties such as the absorption coefficient and reflectivity.[9]

In short, by measuring the number of high energy (e.g. 200 keV) electrons which lose a given amount of energy in traversing a very thin specimen (single scattering approximation), one can calculate the imaginary part of permittivity at that energy. Using this data with Kramers–Kronig analysis, one can calculate the real part of permittivity (as a function of energy) as well.

This measurement is made with electrons, rather than with light, and can be done with very high spatial resolution. One might thereby, for example, look for ultraviolet (UV) absorption bands in a laboratory specimen of interstellar dust less than a 100 nm across, i.e. too small for UV spectroscopy. Although electron spectroscopy has poorer energy resolution than light spectroscopy, data on properties in visible, ultraviolet and soft x-ray spectral ranges may be recorded in the same experiment.

In angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy the Kramers–Kronig relations can be used to link the real and imaginary parts of the electrons self energy. This is characteristic of the many body interaction the electron experiences in the material. Notable examples are in the high temperature superconductors, where kinks corresponding to the real part of the self energy are observed in the band dispersion and changes in the MDC width are also observed corresponding to the imaginary part of the self energy.[10]

The Kramers–Kronig relations are also used under the name "integral dispersion relations" with reference to hadronic scattering.[11] In this case, the function is the scattering amplitude. Through the use of the optical theorem the imaginary part of the scattering amplitude is then related to the total cross section, which is a physically measurable quantity.

## References

### Inline

1. ^ John S. Toll (1956). "Causality and the Dispersion Relation: Logical Foundations". Physical Review. 104: 1760–1770. Bibcode:1956PhRv..104.1760T. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.104.1760.
2. ^ R. de L. Kronig (1926). "On the theory of the dispersion of X-rays". J. Opt. Soc. Am. 12: 547–557. doi:10.1364/JOSA.12.000547.
3. ^ H.A. Kramers (1927). "La diffusion de la lumiere par les atomes". Atti Cong. Intern. Fisici, (Transactions of Volta Centenary Congress) Como. 2: 545–557.
4. ^ G. Arfken (1985). Mathematical Methods for Physicists. Orlando: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-059877-9.
5. ^ John David Jackson (1999). Classical Electrodynamics. Wiley. pp. 332–333. ISBN 0-471-43132-X.
6. ^ Hu, Ben Yu-Kuang (1989-09-01). "Kramers–Kronig in two lines". American Journal of Physics. 57 (9): 821–821. doi:10.1119/1.15901. ISSN 0002-9505.
7. ^ Stephen H. Hall; Howard L. Heck. (2009). Advanced signal integrity for high-speed digital designs. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. pp. 331–336. ISBN 0-470-19235-6.
8. ^ Colin Warwick. "Understanding the Kramers–Kronig Relation Using A Pictorial Proof" (PDF).
9. ^ R. F. Egerton (1996). Electron energy-loss spectroscopy in the electron microscope (2nd ed.). New York: Plenum Press. ISBN 0-306-45223-5.
10. ^ Andrea Damascelli (2003). "Angle-resolved photoemission studies of the cuprate superconductors". Rev. Mod. Phys. 75 (2): 473–541. arXiv:cond-mat/0208504. Bibcode:2003RvMP...75..473D. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.75.473.
11. ^ M.M. Block; R.N. Cahn (1985). "High-energy pp̅ and pp forward elastic scattering and total cross sections". Rev. Mod. Phys. 57 (2): 563–598. Bibcode:1985RvMP...57..563B. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.57.563.

### General

• Mansoor Sheik-Bahae (2005). "Nonlinear Optics Basics. Kramers–Kronig Relations in Nonlinear Optics". In Robert D. Guenther. Encyclopedia of Modern Optics. Amsterdam: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-227600-0.
• Valerio Lucarini; Jarkko J. Saarinen; Kai-Erik Peiponen; Erik M. Vartiainen (2005). Kramers-Kronig relations in Optical Materials Research. Heidelberg: Springer. ISBN 3-540-23673-2.
• Frederick W. King (2009). "19–22". Hilbert Transforms. 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-51720-1.
• J. D. Jackson (1975). "section 7.10". Classical Electrodynamics (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley. ISBN 0-471-43132-X.


text:
# Weka: how do I score an arff file using a NaiveBayes model?

I trained a model with

java -Xmx6g -cp /usr/share/java/weka.jar weka.classifiers.bayes.NaiveBayes -t train.arff -d foo.nb

and I want to score a test file with it.

I tried

java -Xmx6g -cp /usr/share/java/weka.jar weka.classifiers.bayes.NaiveBayes -T test.arff -l foo.nb -p N

which produces no files but writes some text pasts of which can be construed to be scores to stdout (and is unbelievable slow):

 inst#     actual  predicted error prediction ()
1        1:0        1:0       0.549
2        1:0        1:0       0.55
3        1:0        1:0       0.531
4        1:0        1:0       0.515
5        2:1        1:0   +   0.552
6        1:0        1:0       0.532
7        1:0        2:1   +   0.519

If I read this correctly, the last column is the score and 3rd is the prediction based on it. Why does score 0.55 correspond to 0 (instance#2) but a smaller score 0.519 correspond to 1 (instance#7)?

Where is the output documented?

Is there a way to produce the csv score file?

Thanks!

-
As far as I remember, the output of Naive Bayes is sum-normalized to fake probabilities. Given this and this piece of documentation, the prediction column represent the sum-normalized estimated probability that e.g. instance 1 belongs to class 1 (with label 0) or instance 7 belongs to class 2 (with label 1). Can you please post the output if you use -distribution (see again linked documentation) ? –  steffen Sep 21 '12 at 13:45

Why does score 0.55 correspond to 0 (instance#2) but a smaller score 0.519 correspond to 1 (instance#7)?

NaiveBayes decides according to values of two probability predictions not according to if they are near to one. For example class A probability is 0.1 and class B probability 0.12 then class B is the prediction. Here score means posterior probability of class given prior probabilities of features. In the above stack overflow example: Posterior probabilities (scores) was 1/20 and 1/60. Higher one is chosen.

Where is the output documented?

You may look to class source file. But not everything in weka is well documented. This output is fairly simple therefore I do not think you will find a documentation.

Is there a way to produce the csv score file?

Use following to get csv prediction output.

java_command=java -Xmx6g -cp /usr/share/java/weka.jar
$java_command weka.classifiers.Evaluation weka.classifiers.bayes.NaiveBayes -l irisNaiveBayes.model -T test.arff -classifications weka.classifiers.evaluation.output.prediction.CSV  We use Evaluation class instead of using Naive Bayes directly. First argument to Evaluation class is classifier to use, here NaiveBayes. -classification switch allows to output CSV. Another example with well known iris data set. java_command=java -Xmx6g -cp /usr/share/java/weka.jar$java_command weka.classifiers.bayes.NaiveBayes -t iris.arff  -d irisNaiveBayes.model

\$java_command weka.classifiers.Evaluation weka.classifiers.bayes.NaiveBayes -l irisNaiveBayes.model -T iris.arff -classifications weka.classifiers.evaluation.output.prediction.CSV

This command gives following output.

=== Predictions on test data ===

inst#,actual,predicted,error,prediction
1,1:Iris-setosa,1:Iris-setosa,,1
2,1:Iris-setosa,1:Iris-setosa,,1
3,1:Iris-setosa,1:Iris-setosa,,1
4,1:Iris-setosa,1:Iris-setosa,,1
5,1:Iris-setosa,1:Iris-setosa,,1
6,1:Iris-setosa,1:Iris-setosa,,1
7,1:Iris-setosa,1:Iris-setosa,,1

-
so, what does the score mean? –  sds Sep 19 '12 at 17:03
Weka exception: Illegal options: -classifications myout.csv –  sds Sep 19 '12 at 17:10
Which weka version are you using? 3.6 or 3.7 –  Atilla Ozgur Sep 19 '12 at 18:52
@sds I updated my answer for score explanation. –  Atilla Ozgur Sep 19 '12 at 19:06
ubuntu weka 3.6.6-1 –  sds Sep 20 '12 at 4:48


text:
The lengthy and boring adventures of

I happened to write a book once. It was told by the main character - an educated adventurous gentleman with a long yet dignified name. Yet, when I sent the manuscript to the publisher, they told me that not only was it extremely boring, I also had to change the name of the hero.

I was so shocked, that I ripped and threw away my book, and forgot everything about it.

Today I found several pieces of it and it doesn't look as bad as I remember (perhaps I got a little nostalgic, though). I could even try to rewrite it from the scratch. The only problem, though, I can't remember the name of the main character that I liked so much. Also, some of the pieces I found don't make a lot of sense (supplying tar for parties, for instance). That's why I need SE help once again!

excerpt 1 (preface)

Young people nowadays tend to r, might I say, "cool" things. The w world is open to them after they "leave d in various subjects, yet remaining infantile. I had already mastered clan my years of college, but modern youth prefers to foolishly try drums, guitar, c.

excerpt 2 (college hobby)

After a while I mand to mase bread baking. I became a permanent supplier of tar, sometimes, canapes for student parties. I've even experimented with hallucinogenic products: my hashish cakes were exceptionally good, and M were still acceptable. By the time I got my graduation ndless offers of a job from restaurants were going my way; but I had already chosen to be an adventurer.

excerpt 3 (lucky note)

While I was hastily making a fire to protect myself from the danger, I saw the last oming for me. He was alone - a minute ago his ban all of my friends, one by one, so he was the only one remaining hungry. In that exact moment the pebble fell from my clumsy hand and cluttered on the temple's we ceramic floor tiles, making a weirdly pure sound. What surprised me, the made the ogre stop in its place, as if he was stunned! It was similar to that time when my music skills made a dramant, back in the Cave of Death...

excerpt 4 (sickness)

Many ed doctors gave up, trying to find the reason for my disease. I can say, ness is the only one that treats me now; those weird psychis are getting stronger with each day. An ancient doctor once claimed that den jars, accumulate the sickness inside for our whole lives, and we get sick only if the a "bursts through" to vital organs.

Now, as always, I state the criteria (bonus questions are not necessary to get the tick):

1. Find and correct all the mistakes.
2. What's the hero's name?
3. Can I use it and why?

Hint 1 (graph from the book draft):

.

CORRECTION: ORANGE graph should end at 3, not 4! (sorry)

Hint 1 explained nicely

Each of the 4 paragraphs makes for 5 hidden words. Having taken the amount of letters in every word, and then stacking them in order: each paragraph produces a 5-point graph. The remaining graph can be considered a red herring for now (though it too has a meaning)

Hint 2

I used two words ending with "i" in one of the excerpts; both are shortened versions of full words.

I think hints would be too straight-forward. I'm going to post screenshots of Gareth's existing answer (see me as the ouija board spirit).

Screenshot 1:

• It's funny that I could make some real mistakes during creation of these puzzle. Please, report on those here in the comments if you're quite sure. Don't blatantly edit the thing :) – Thomas Blue Dec 20 '18 at 10:14
• Your list of criteria goes 1,2,2,4. The 2 should probably be a 3. – Gareth McCaughan Dec 20 '18 at 15:00
• (Apparently something about this puzzle makes 3s turn into 2s :-).) – Gareth McCaughan Dec 20 '18 at 15:00
• @user477343 Thanks! That's a random picture of a generic explorer I found on the Internet. Note that neither the picture nor the watermark have nothing to do with the puzzle :) – Thomas Blue Jan 11 at 13:13
• Oh... well, I might try this tomorrow then if nobody else has the answer... yet ;) – Feeds Jan 11 at 13:41

As the puzzle says,

the manuscript has been torn, and each of these excerpts is missing some bits. In each case the missing bits form words or names. And, as indicated in a hint, the lengths (in letters) of the missing bits are shown by four of the five graphs. We shall see in due course what the fifth graph is for.

Excerpt 1:

Young people nowadays tend to do rad or, might I say, "cool" things. The whole world is open to them after they "leave uni" versed in various subjects, yet remaining infantile. I had already mastered clavi in my years of college, but modern youth prefers to foolishly try drums, guitar, bass etc. [Lengths: 6,4,8,3,6.]

Excerpt 2:

After a while I managed to master rye bread baking. I became a permanent supplier of tapas or, sometimes, canapes for student parties. I've even experimented with hallucinogenic products: my hashish cakes were exceptionally good, and MJ ones were still acceptable. By the time I got my graduation cap endless offers of a job from restaurants were going my way; but I had already chosen to be an adventurer. [Lengths: 3,5,4,5,4.]

Excerpt 3:

While I was hastily making a fire to protect myself from the danger, I saw the last ogrec oming for me. He was alone - a minute ago his band ate all of my friends, one by one, so he was the only one remaining hungry. In that exact moment the pebble fell from my clumsy hand and cluttered on the temple's white ceramic floor tiles, making a weirdly pure sound. What surprised me, the flint's tone made the ogre stop in its place, as if he was stunned! It was similar to that time when my music skills made a dragon dormant, back in the Cave of Death... [Lengths: 5,4,3,10,6.]

Excerpt 4:

Many trained doctors gave up, trying to find the reason for my disease. I can say, Dr Illness is the only one that treats me now; those weird psychic aches are getting stronger with each day. An ancient doctor once claimed that we, as Leyden jars, accumulate the sickness inside for our whole lives, and we get sick only if the acid "bursts through" to vital organs. [Lengths: 5,5,5,7,3.]

Summarizing:

 DORADO HOLE UNIVERSE VII BASSET AGE TERRY PASO JONES CAPE GRECO DATE HIT FLINTSTONE GONDOR TRAIN DRILL CACHE WEASLEY CID 3 4 4 2 4

and now we have

five groups of four words (where OP has indicated that each group has one word from each excerpt) each lead to a word whose length is given by one number in the last set. So we have BASSET, CAPE, GONDOR, TRAIN -> HORN; HOLE, AGE, DATE, DRILL -> MAN (kudos yet again to MOehm for noticing that one); UNIVERSE, TERRY, HIT, CACHE -> MISS; DORADO, PASO, GRECO, CID -> EL; VII, JONES, FLINTSTONE, WEASLEY -> FRED. (FRED also goes with BASSET, but OP's hint suggests it doesn't here. FRED/MISS TERRY/JONES could have been put the other way around, but OP has indicated that this way was intended.) We can put our final set of five words together to make MANFRED MISSELHORN, which could be the character's name (we know it starts with M). That happens to be the name of a retired Olympic rower; it's not clear to me whether that's enough reason to change it.

So, to address the three things we are challenged to do:

1. Find and correct all the mistakes. Done; see above.

2. What's the hero's name?

Probably MANFRED MISSELHORN.

1. Can I use it and why?

You can use it if, and only if, the coincidence with that rower's name isn't a problem. Using existing names isn't always bad (I'm sure there were lots of Harry Potters before J K Rowling came along) but a rather unusual name shared with a somewhat eminent person is probably a bit too much. You should change it.

Credit where due: much of the above was contributed by MOehm in comments. Specifically:

excerpt 1's DO/RAD/O and UNI/VERSE; excerpt 3's FLINT/STONE; excerpt 4's DRILL, WEASLEY (though I will take what little credit is due for thinking of "Leyden jars"), and ACID; noticing the [connect-wall] tag; spotting MAN as a connection between several of the words, which may also be how he thought of DRILL.

So if you like anything in this answer, go and upvote something of his.

Also, the first gap in the last excerpt was provided by OP, neither I nor MOehm having been able to figure it out.

• Though I was about to start giving hints, your post gave me lots of faith in the local folks. I'll probably refrain from giving hints for some time (though there are places were you hit real close and my initial reflex was to correct you) – Thomas Blue Dec 21 '18 at 10:05
• Miss El Paso? Think big -- one of the global contests will give you the 8-letter answer in the first section. – M Oehm Jan 11 at 17:34
• Cor, that's an impressive bit of (clearly correct) jumping to conclusions @MOehm! – Gareth McCaughan Jan 11 at 19:03
• I hadn't thought about rearranging the words, but there is a "Connect Wall" tag I failed to see earlier! That opens up many opportunities. Word 4.4 could be (Ron) Weasley, a character from Harry Potter. Word 1.3 is (Miss) Universe. Word 1.4 could be ?IN instead of psi, perhaps gin if clang were something one could master. (Plus a Gordon theme -- Terry? Jones?) – M Oehm Jan 12 at 8:31
• Good puzzle, and no apologies needed. – Gareth McCaughan Jan 13 at 17:26


text:
I was so surprised by the fact that most coding/math books had the same typography system in it. (nice consistent fonts, pages, numbers etc.) Then I found out that most scientific documents were compiled in LaTeX (even our lecture slides for some modules) and I started doing some experiments with it. Well, as I got to know from my fellow brothers, learning every single syntax was not an efficient way to get started. So I figured that I should actually create something using it. Semester 2 Lab Project report was a nice place to start with. 😆

For a beginner like me I would suggest starting with overleaf, "An online LaTeX editor that's easy to use", and later downloading the latex environment and a text editor (I use vscode). This is a good article on how to setup vscode with LaTeX.

Overleaf has tons of templates ranging from research papers to presentations. And  it would be really easy to start by such template. In fact, I started out writing my report using this LaTeX template by University of Cape Town.

Even though this was a template, I had to learn about many packages in order to add more functionality like hyperlinks, including pdf's etc.

During my journey of creating the lab report along with my colleagues I found various tools which were really helpful. I will list them here.

I will update this article once i get to know more tools. If you have any questions, let me know below.


text:
{{:: 'cloud_flare_always_on_short_message' | i18n }}
Check @genius for updates. We'll have things fixed soon.

# I Guess I Like It Like That

## I Guess I Like It Like That Lyrics

[Intro]
(I guess I like 'em like that)

[Chorus]
I like it like that, hey
I like it like that

Come on, let's go
(I guess I like 'em like that)

[Chorus]
I guess I like it, I guess I like it
I guess I like it like that (I like it like that)
I guess I like it, I guess I like it
I guess I like it like that (I like it like that)

[Verse]
(I guess I like 'em like that)
I really like it
I really like it

I guess I like it like that
I really like it

[Chorus]
I guess I like it, I guess I like it
I guess I like it like that (I like it like that)
I guess I like it, I guess I like it
I guess I like it like that (I like it like that)

I like it like this

[Refrain]
Gotta keep on pumping it up
Gotta keep on co
Gotta keep on co
Gotta keep on co
Gotta keep on co

[Chorus]
I guess I like it, I guess I like it
I guess I like it like that
I guess I like it, I guess I like it
I guess I like it like that

(I guess I like 'em like that)
(I guess I like 'em like that)
I like it like that, hey

[Refrain]
Gotta keep on
Gotta keep on
Gotta keep on
Gotta keep on
Gotta keep on
Gotta keep on
Gotta keep on
Gotta keep on

[Outro]
(I like it like that)
I like it like this
(I guess I like 'em like that)

More on Genius
10.   I Guess I Like It Like That


text:
Parameterized Complexity of Network Design Problems

Pranabendu Mirsa

Affiliation:

Department of Informatics
University of Bergen
Norway

Time:

Thursday, 10 January 2019, 14:30 to 15:30

Venue:

• A-201 (STCS Seminar Room)

Organisers:

Abstract:  Network Design Problems, which concern designing minimum cost networks that satisfy given set of connectivity constrains'', are very well studied in computer science and combinatorial optimization. Almost all these problems are NP-hard, and a number of results are known about them in the realm of approximation algorithms. Parameterized Complexity is a different framework for dealing with computational intractability, where typically we try to design fast algorithms to solve the problem on those instances which admit a small cost solution''. In this talk we will look at some recent results on the parameterized complexity of network design problems, and future directions for research.


text:
Trigonometric integral problem

Homework Statement

$$\int\frac{1+\sqrt{cosx}}{sinx}$$ Hi , I really need a help for this

The Attempt at a Solution

$$\int\frac{1+\sqrt{cosx}}{\sqrt{sin}\sqrt{sin}}$$

$$\int\frac{1}{sinx}$$ + $$\int\frac{1}{\sqrt{sinx}}\sqrt{}\frac{cosx}{sinx}$$ =

$$\int cscx$$ + $$\int\sqrt{cscx cotx}$$ = ?

$$\int cscx$$ is alright but i have no idea for second part .

do you have any idea ?

Make the substitution $$\sqrt{cosx}=a$$ Then simplify the resulting expression, use partial fractions and you're done.


text:
# Isothermalization for a Non-local Heat Equation

Abstract : n this paper we study the asymptotic behavior for a nonlocal heat equation in an inhomogenous medium: $\rho(x)u_t=J\ast u-u \text{ in }\mathbb{R}^N\times (0,\infty)\,,$ where $\rho$ is a continous positive function, $u$ is nonnegative and $J$ is a probability measure having finite second-order momentum. Depending on integrability conditions on the initial data $u_0$ and $\rho$, we prove various isothermalisation results, i.e. $u(t)$ converges to a constant state in the whole space.
Keywords :

Cited literature [7 references]

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00441672
Contributor : Emmanuel Chasseigne <>
Submitted on : Monday, December 5, 2011 - 3:19:49 PM
Last modification on : Thursday, January 9, 2020 - 6:26:03 PM
Document(s) archivé(s) le : Tuesday, March 6, 2012 - 2:35:42 AM

### Files

isot-01-12-2011.pdf
Files produced by the author(s)

### Identifiers

• HAL Id : hal-00441672, version 2
• ARXIV : 0912.3332

### Citation

Emmanuel Chasseigne, Raul Ferreira. Isothermalization for a Non-local Heat Equation. Annali della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, Classe di Scienze, Scuola Normale Superiore 2014, 13, pp.1-18. ⟨hal-00441672v2⟩

Record views


text:
## Files in this item

FilesDescriptionFormat

application/pdf

9712428.pdf (2MB)
(no description provided)PDF

## Description

 Title: Hall effect in the superconducting and normal states in detwinned and twinned single crystals of zinc-doped yttrium barium copper oxide Author(s): Schegolev, Anton Igorevich Doctoral Committee Chair(s): Ginsberg, D.M. Department / Program: Physics Discipline: Physics Degree Granting Institution: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Degree: Ph.D. Genre: Dissertation Subject(s): Physics, Condensed Matter Abstract: We have investigated the influence of zinc doping on the Hall effect in detwinned and twinned single crystals of $\rm YBa\sb2Cu\sb3O\sb{7-\delta}$. We observed the sign reversal of the Hall effect for crystals with superconducting transition temperature (T$\rm\sb{c}$) as low as 58.51K. Below the transition temperature, the Hall conductivity followed the C$\sb1$/H+C$\sb2$H law. According to the theory of the Hall effect in the mixed state$\sp{\lbrack 1\rbrack},$ the first term comes from the vortex motion's contribution, and the other term comes from the quasiparticles in the vortex cores.We found that absolute value of the coefficient C$\sb1$ increased faster than (1-T/T$\rm\sb{c}$) with decreasing temperature. The C$\sb2$ coefficient was found to increase rapidly as T fell below T$\rm\sb{c}$ for crystals with T$\rm\sb{c}$ higher than 70K, supposedly because of the sharp increase in the quasiparticle mean free path.We also found that the Hall effect is different in twinned and detwinned crystals; we found that the Hall coefficient in the normal state increased almost 20% after detwinning. The C$\sb1$ coefficient was found to be almost unaffected by twin boundaries while the C$\sb2$ coefficient increased a factor of two after detwinning. Such a behavior of C$\sb1$ suggests that the twin boundaries do not affect vortex motion once the field exceeds the depinning one. The substantial increase of C$\sb2$ and the Hall coefficient in the normal state by the detwinning points out that the disorder in the basal (or chain) plane is important for charge movement in the CuO$\sb2$ plane, and the disorder affects the process of charge transfer from chains to planes.The depinning field was found to decrease during the removal of twin boundaries. This fact supports an idea that twin boundaries serve to pin vortices in $\rm YBa\sb2Cu\sb3O\sb{7-\delta}$.The solubility limit of zinc in $\rm YBa\sb2Cu\sb3O\sb{7-\delta}$ single crystals was found to be slightly less than 4%.This material is based upon work supported by National Science Foundation under Grant DMR 89-20538. ftn$\sp{\lbrack1\rbrack}$A. T. Dorsey, Phys. Rev. B 46, 8376 (1992); N. B. Kopnin, B. I. Ivlev, and V. A. Khalatsky, J. Low Temp. Phys. 90, 1 (1993); R. J. Troy and A. T. Dorsey, Phys. Rev. B 47, 2715 (1993); M. Feigel'man, V. Geshkenbein, A. Larkin, V. Vinokur, JETP Lett. 62, 834 (1995). Issue Date: 1996 Type: Text Language: English URI: http://hdl.handle.net/2142/22173 ISBN: 9780591200256 Rights Information: Copyright 1996 Schegolev, Anton Igorevich Date Available in IDEALS: 2011-05-07 Identifier in Online Catalog: AAI9712428 OCLC Identifier: (UMI)AAI9712428


text:
# Baza wiedzy: Politechnika Warszawska

Powrót

## Grid-tie inverter cooperating with renewable energy sources used for voltage quality improvement

### Łukasz Rosłaniec

#### Abstract

The PhD thesis focuses on two very important and up-to-date problems observed in electric power system. The first is rapid growth of dispersed generation unit capacity factor, which is mainly based on unstable renewable energy sources. This growth is a cause for problems with maintaining parameters of electric power at receivers terminals. Second important problem is growth of capacity factor of receivers which cause problems with maintain electric power quality. It is not only the reactive power flow which concerns power engineering staff, but even more distortions present in current flow caused by nonlinear receivers which are commonly observed in electric power system nowadays. The system was designed and targeted for linear receivers therefore it is observed that multiple problems of higher harmonics conduction are affecting it. The is a simple technical way of dealing with electric power quality issues which is modernization of system infrastructure. But this solution is costly and it also far from distributed energy sources are targeted for. Author in his research proposed that the distributed energy sources could be used for power quality improvement and therefore could lead to better utilization of founds used for generation units construction. Elimination of the problems in closest proximity to the place of their origin meaning distribution network can lead to further advantages in the power system. To do so series of test indicating possibility of the VSI to take part in power quality improvement was run. PhD thesis was aimed at construction of single-phase grid-tie voltage-source inverter which will transmit power from renewable energy sources to electric power system which is able to: •control its active and reactive power •partial compensation of distortions present in the PCC voltage •partial compensation of distortions in current caused by receivers connected in close proximity to the inverter •off grid operation in case of backup source operation The aim of the research was formulated in the following thesis: It is possible for a renewable energy source equipped with a storage system to participate in frequency control and to improve voltage quality by means of an inverter controlled by proper algorithm. The thesis describes proposed idea in following parts: •An overview of the possible ways of power transmission from distributed energy sources to the electric power system. •Description of problems which are present in the system because of renewable energy sources capacity factor growth with comparison to the standard power generation techniques. •Description of proposed unit concept. •Simulations and experimental tests indicating possibility of the proposed unit use to generate power to the electric power system. •The test of inverter use for electric power quality improvement in the point of common coupling (simulation and experiments). •Validation if the proposed technique is applicable to the standard topologies of inverters. •Conclusions.
Identyfikator pozycji
WUTcbfdba8d2d004b8aaf4006217ed33d00
Rodzaj dyplomu
Praca doktorska
Autor
Tytuł w języku polskim
Falownik sprzęgający odnawialne źródło energii z systemem elektroenergetycznym, umożliwiający poprawę jakości napięcia
Tytuł w języku angielskim
Grid-tie inverter cooperating with renewable energy sources used for voltage quality improvement
Język
(en) angielski
Jednostka dyplomująca
Wydział Elektryczny (WE)
Dyscyplina nauki
elektrotechnika / dziedzina nauk technicznych / obszar nauk technicznych
Status pracy
Obroniona
Data rozpoczęcia
13-10-2010
Data obrony
03-07-2014
17-09-2014
Promotor
Antoni Dmowski Antoni Dmowski Instytut Elektroenergetyki (WE/IE)Wydział Elektryczny (WE)
Recenzenci wewnętrzni
Recenzenci zewnętrzni
Benysek Grzegorz Benysek Grzegorz Afiliacja zewnętrzna publikacji: Uniwersytet Zielonogórski
Wyróżnienie
tak
Paginacja
151
Słowa kluczowe w języku angielskim
electric power engineering, power electronics
Streszczenie w języku angielskim
The PhD thesis focuses on two very important and up-to-date problems observed in electric power system. The first is rapid growth of dispersed generation unit capacity factor, which is mainly based on unstable renewable energy sources. This growth is a cause for problems with maintaining parameters of electric power at receivers terminals. Second important problem is growth of capacity factor of receivers which cause problems with maintain electric power quality. It is not only the reactive power flow which concerns power engineering staff, but even more distortions present in current flow caused by nonlinear receivers which are commonly observed in electric power system nowadays. The system was designed and targeted for linear receivers therefore it is observed that multiple problems of higher harmonics conduction are affecting it. The is a simple technical way of dealing with electric power quality issues which is modernization of system infrastructure. But this solution is costly and it also far from distributed energy sources are targeted for. Author in his research proposed that the distributed energy sources could be used for power quality improvement and therefore could lead to better utilization of founds used for generation units construction. Elimination of the problems in closest proximity to the place of their origin meaning distribution network can lead to further advantages in the power system. To do so series of test indicating possibility of the VSI to take part in power quality improvement was run. PhD thesis was aimed at construction of single-phase grid-tie voltage-source inverter which will transmit power from renewable energy sources to electric power system which is able to: •control its active and reactive power •partial compensation of distortions present in the PCC voltage •partial compensation of distortions in current caused by receivers connected in close proximity to the inverter •off grid operation in case of backup source operation The aim of the research was formulated in the following thesis: It is possible for a renewable energy source equipped with a storage system to participate in frequency control and to improve voltage quality by means of an inverter controlled by proper algorithm. The thesis describes proposed idea in following parts: •An overview of the possible ways of power transmission from distributed energy sources to the electric power system. •Description of problems which are present in the system because of renewable energy sources capacity factor growth with comparison to the standard power generation techniques. •Description of proposed unit concept. •Simulations and experimental tests indicating possibility of the proposed unit use to generate power to the electric power system. •The test of inverter use for electric power quality improvement in the point of common coupling (simulation and experiments). •Validation if the proposed technique is applicable to the standard topologies of inverters. •Conclusions.
Klasyfikacja PKT
430000
Klasyfikacja KBN
34
Plik pracy
Poproś o plik WCAG

Jednolity identyfikator zasobu
https://repo.pw.edu.pl/info/phd/WUTcbfdba8d2d004b8aaf4006217ed33d00/
URN
urn:pw-repo:WUTcbfdba8d2d004b8aaf4006217ed33d00

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text:
• ### Announcements

#### Archived

This topic is now archived and is closed to further replies.

# self conversion

## Recommended Posts

disjunction    122
hi i know u can write a conversion operator so that your class can be assigned to floats and things. but how can u write an operator to do the oposite, and assign your class to a float, without having an explicit method, like cfloat? float f = myclass;

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Fruny    1658
class A{   operator float() const { ... };};

[Questions (STFW) | GDNet Start Here | GDNet Search | Forum FAQ | Google | Asking Smart Questions ]
[Docs (RTFM) | MSDN | SGI''s STL | OpenGL | File formats]
[C++ Must Haves (RTFS) | MinGW | Boost | Loki | FLTK | SDL ]

Stolen from Magmai Kai Holmlor, who held it from Oluseyi, who was inspired by Kylotan...

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disjunction    122
how would that work, fruny? there isnt a return value.
wouldnt you need one?

float f = myclass;

i need something like this:

float& operator float()
{
return (float)_me;
}

but, that doesnt compile.

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Dactylos    122
quote:
Original post by disjunction
how would that work, fruny? there isnt a return value.
wouldnt you need one?

float f = myclass;

i need something like this:

float& operator float()
{
return (float)_me;
}

but, that doesnt compile.

If you want to write a conversion to float& you should call it 'operator float&', not 'operator float'. The return type can not be specified, it is always the same as the 'name' of the conversion operator.

An example:

    class Foo{   float myValue; public:   Foo(float value) : myValue(value)   {   }    // Convert Foo to float&   operator float& ()   {      return myValue;   }}; int main(int, char**){   Foo foo(5.0f);   float x = foo;   printf("x = %f\n", x);   printf("(float)Foo = %f", (float)Foo);      // The explicit cast here is required      // because printf takes a variable number      // of arguments, and the compiler won't      // coerce any types automatically      // (since it has no way of knowing that      // it should coerce the type Foo to float).}

(The above code is untested, and so may not be completely correct, but hopefully you get the idea)

[edited by - Dactylos on May 2, 2002 12:42:59 AM]

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Guest Anonymous Poster
think about it, why would you need to specify a return type? Afterall the function is written solely to convert to a type. Thus they decided to leave off the return type entirely. Kind of weird but maybe it is to make it so that you can''t pull tricks like specifying the return type incorrectly.


text:
# 21st IEEE Real Time Conference - Colonial Williamsburg

9-15 June 2018
Woodlands Conference Center
America/New_York timezone
**** See you at Real Time 2020 ****

## Contribution List

Stefan Ritt (Paul Scherrer Institute)
11/06/2018, 15:00
Mr Yi Feng (Univ. of Sci. & Tech. of China)
11/06/2018, 15:02
Mini Oral
Sijie Zhang (University of Science and Technology of China)
11/06/2018, 15:04
Mini Oral
guangyuan yuan
11/06/2018, 15:06
Mini Oral
Mr Tianbo Xu (USTC)
11/06/2018, 15:08
Mini Oral
Dr Jian ZHUANG (Institue of High Energy Physics)
11/06/2018, 15:10
Mini Oral
Yoshinori Kurimoto (High Energy Accelerator Research Organization)
11/06/2018, 15:12
Mini Oral
Johannes Frederic Damp (Johannes Gutenberg Universitaet Mainz (DE))
11/06/2018, 15:14
Mini Oral
Johannes Frederic Damp (Johannes Gutenberg Universitaet Mainz (DE))
11/06/2018, 15:16
Mini Oral
Vincenzo Izzo (Universita e INFN, Napoli (IT))
11/06/2018, 15:18
Mini Oral
Ms Xinxin Wang (Univ. of Science & Tech. of China (CN))
11/06/2018, 15:20
Mini Oral
Yasuyuki Sugiyama (High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (JP))
11/06/2018, 15:22
Pierre-Hugues Beauchemin (Tufts University (US))
11/06/2018, 15:24
Mini Oral
Pierre-Hugues Beauchemin (Tufts University (US))
11/06/2018, 15:26
Mini Oral
HangXu Li (Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese academy of sciences)
11/06/2018, 15:28
Mini Oral
Yu Xu (ustc)
11/06/2018, 15:30
Bo Feng (University of Science and Technology of China)
11/06/2018, 15:32
Mini Oral
Lin Yao (Brookhaven National Laboratory (US))
11/06/2018, 15:34
Mini Oral
Dr Jin Lin (Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China)
11/06/2018, 15:36
Mini Oral
Dr Jin Lin (Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China)
11/06/2018, 15:38
Mini Oral
Fernando Carrio Argos (Instituto de Fisica Corpuscular (ES))
11/06/2018, 15:40
Mini Oral
11/06/2018, 15:42
Mini Oral
Bruno Santos (Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal)
11/06/2018, 15:44
Mini Oral
Mr Chenfei Yang (1. State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; 2. Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China)
11/06/2018, 16:10
Control, Monitoring,Test and Real Time Diagnostics Systems
Oral presentation

A high resolution X-ray imaging system based on ALPIDE, a CMOS monolithic active pixel sensor (MAPS), is presented. ALPIDE is a 15 mm × 30 mm large MAPS with 512 × 1024 27 µm × 29 µm pixels that are read out in a binary hit/no-hit fashion, and with the control and readout system, it can detect the max particle rate of 100 MHz / cm$^2$, and achieve the spatial resolution of around 5 µm. The...

Yafei Du
12/06/2018, 13:30
Mini Oral
Dr Samo Gerksic (Jozef Stefan Institute)
12/06/2018, 13:38
Mini Oral
Flavio Pisani (Universita e INFN, Bologna (IT))
12/06/2018, 13:40
Mini Oral
Mr Hongbo Xie
12/06/2018, 13:42
Mini Oral
Ryosuke ITOH
12/06/2018, 13:46
Mini Oral
Xuesong Liu
12/06/2018, 13:48
Mini Oral
Quan Sun (Southern Methodist University)
12/06/2018, 13:50
Mini Oral
hongwei yu (ustc)
12/06/2018, 13:52
Mini Oral
Seokhee Park (Yonsei University)
12/06/2018, 13:54
Mini Oral
Cheolhun Kim
12/06/2018, 13:56
Mini Oral
Wendi Deng (Université libre de Bruxelles(ULB) - Central China Normal University (CCNU)), yifan yang (iihe)
12/06/2018, 13:58
Mini Oral
Sabrina Perrella (Universita e INFN, Napoli (IT))
12/06/2018, 14:00
Mini Oral
Dominik Sikora (Warsaw University of Technology)
12/06/2018, 14:02
Mini Oral
Denis Calvet (CEA/IRFU, Centre de Saclay (FR))
12/06/2018, 14:08
Mini Oral
Krzysztof Czuba (Warsaw University of Technology)
12/06/2018, 14:12
Mini Oral
Dr Sergey Boyarinov (Jefferson Lab)
12/06/2018, 14:14
Mini Oral
Prasanna Kumar Siddireddy (University of Notre Dame (US))
12/06/2018, 14:16
Mini Oral
Dr Dariusz Makowski (Lodz University of Technology, Department of Microelectronics and Computer Science)
12/06/2018, 14:35
Mini Oral
Mr Guangyuan yuan (State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China ;Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China)
12/06/2018, 14:40
Processing Farms
Poster presentation

In recent years, high speed and high resolution analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is widely employed in many physical experiments, especially in high precision time and charge measurement. The rapid increasing amount of digitized data demands faster computing. FPGA acceleration has an attracting prospect in data process for its stream process and parallel process feature. In this paper, an ADC...

Dr Kelum Gamage (University of Glasgow, UK)
12/06/2018, 14:40
Emerging Technologies
Poster presentation

See the attached abstract and summary.

Mr Bruno Santos (Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal), Dr Nuno Cruz (Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal)
12/06/2018, 14:40
Control, Monitoring,Test and Real Time Diagnostics Systems
Poster presentation

The aim of the ITER Radial Neutron Camera Data Acquisition prototype is to sustain a 2 MHz peak event for each channel with 128 samples of 16 bits per event. The data is acquired and processed using an IPFN FPGA Mezzanine Card (FMC-AD2-1600) with 2 digitizer channels of 12-bit resolution sampling up to 1.6 GSamples/s, based on a PCIe evaluation board from Xilinx (KC705) installed in the host...

Kelum Gamage (Glasgow University)
12/06/2018, 14:40
Emerging Technologies
Poster presentation

Please see the attached abstract and summary document.

Dr Jin Lin (Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China)
12/06/2018, 14:40
Control, Monitoring,Test and Real Time Diagnostics Systems
Poster presentation

Quantum computers can solve some specific problems which are deeply believed to be intractable for classical computers. However, building large-scale quantum computers should face lots of challenges. The high-precision synchronous control of all qubits is one of the key techniques we address.
Our system serves the Superconducting quantum computing which requires plenty of arbitrary waveform...

Yu Xu (Department of Modern Physics and Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China)
12/06/2018, 14:40
Control, Monitoring,Test and Real Time Diagnostics Systems
Poster presentation

A variable-delay optical interferometer with 128 actively selectable delays and a technique of active phase stabilization were innovatively designed and applied for the first time in the experiment of round-robin differential phase shift quantum key distribution (RRDPS-QKD). According to the RRDPS protocol, larger number of delay channels in interferometer can ensure higher tolerance of bit...

Dr Jin Lin (Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China)
12/06/2018, 14:40
Control, Monitoring,Test and Real Time Diagnostics Systems
Poster presentation

The Superconducting Quantum Computing (SQC) is one of the most promising quantum computing techniques. The SQC requires precise control and acquisition to operate the superconducting qubits. Ultra-precision DC source is used to provide a DC bias for the qubit to work at its operation point. The commercial precise DC sources are used in single or few qubits experiments. With the development of...

Dr Zhongtao Shen (State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China;Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China)
13/06/2018, 09:10
Oral presentation

The data compression technology now is fully developed and widely used in many fields such as communication, multi-media, image information processing and so on. The large physical experiments, especially the ones with Micro-pattern Gas Detectors (MPGD), which always have many readout channels and have a lot of data to be transferred and saved, are however relatively seldom use this...

Mr Yi Feng (Univ. of Sci. & Tech. of China)
13/06/2018, 11:10
Mini Oral
Fanshui Deng (University of Science and Technology of China)
13/06/2018, 11:12
Mini Oral
Federico Alessio (CERN)
13/06/2018, 11:14
Mini Oral
Federico Alessio (CERN)
13/06/2018, 11:16
Mini Oral
Mr Xing Zhu (State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China;Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China)
13/06/2018, 11:18
Mini Oral
Yu Wang
13/06/2018, 11:20
Mini Oral
Mr Jiadong Hu (1 State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics (IHEP-USTC), Hefei, 230026, China; 2 Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China)
13/06/2018, 11:22
Dr Rongqi Sun (State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China)
13/06/2018, 11:24
Mini Oral
Dr Rongqi Sun (State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China)
13/06/2018, 11:26
Mini Oral
Dr Tingxuan Zeng (Institute of high energy physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences)
13/06/2018, 11:28
Mini Oral
qiming lu
13/06/2018, 11:30
Mini Oral
Dr He Zhou (University of Science and Technology of China)
13/06/2018, 11:32
Mini Oral
Shensen Zhao (University of Science and Technology of China)
13/06/2018, 11:34
Mini Oral
Jin Li
13/06/2018, 11:36
Mini Oral
Mr Zhengqi Song (University of Science and Technology of China)
13/06/2018, 11:38
Mini Oral
Mr Jiaming Lu (University of Science and Technology of China)
13/06/2018, 11:40
Mini Oral
stefano russo (SLAC)
13/06/2018, 11:42
Mini Oral
Mr Zhen Chen (State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China ;Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China)
13/06/2018, 11:44
Mini Oral
Mr Shuwen Wang (State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China;Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China)
13/06/2018, 11:46
Mini Oral
Chao Li (USTC)
13/06/2018, 11:48
Mini Oral
Mr Haolei Chen (State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China ;Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China)
13/06/2018, 11:50
Mini Oral
Dr Guanghua Gong (Tsinghua University)
13/06/2018, 11:52
Mini Oral
Tao Yu (University of Science and Technology of China Address)
13/06/2018, 11:54
Mini Oral
Andrea Rigoni (Consorzio RFX (CNR, ENEA, INFN, Università di Padova, Acciaierie Venete SpA))
13/06/2018, 11:56
Mini Oral
Ma Yichao
13/06/2018, 11:58
Mini Oral
Kun Hu (University of Science and Technology of China)
14/06/2018, 13:15
Mini Oral
hongwei yu (ustc)
14/06/2018, 13:17
Mini Oral
Maciek Grzegrzółka (Institute of Electronic Systems, Warsaw University of Technology)
14/06/2018, 13:19
Mini Oral
Mr Igor Rutkowski (Warsaw University of Technology)
14/06/2018, 13:21
Mini Oral
Dr Hidetada Baba (RIKEN Nishina Center)
14/06/2018, 13:23
Mini Oral
Peng Miao (University of Science and Technology of China)
14/06/2018, 13:25
Mini Oral
Mr Jiadong Hu (1 State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics (IHEP-USTC), Hefei, 230026, China; 2 Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China)
14/06/2018, 13:27
Mini Oral
Carl Timmer (TJNAF)
14/06/2018, 13:29
Mini Oral
Jörg Schacht (Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik)
14/06/2018, 13:31
Mini Oral
Mr Zhilei Zhang (State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China)
14/06/2018, 13:33
Mini Oral
Nico Giangiacomi (Universita e INFN, Bologna (IT))
14/06/2018, 13:35
Mini Oral
yifan yang (iihe)
14/06/2018, 13:37
Mini Oral
yifan yang (iihe)
14/06/2018, 13:39
Mini Oral
Mr Efthymios Lamprou
14/06/2018, 13:41
Mini Oral
Eric Flumerfelt (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory)
14/06/2018, 13:43
Mini Oral
Milo Vermeulen (Nikhef National institute for subatomic physics (NL))
14/06/2018, 13:45
Mini Oral
John McKisson (Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility)
14/06/2018, 13:47
Mini Oral
Wei Zhou (Central China Normal University)
14/06/2018, 13:51
Mini Oral
Mr Xu Wang (Univ. of Science & Technology of China(USTC))
14/06/2018, 13:53
Mini Oral
14/06/2018, 13:55
Mini Oral
Pablo Fernandez Carmona (Paul Scherrer Institut)
14/06/2018, 13:57
Mini Oral
Keith Erickson (Princeton University)
14/06/2018, 13:59
Mini Oral
Võ Hồng Hải
14/06/2018, 14:01
Mini Oral
giil kwon (National Fusion Research Institute)
14/06/2018, 14:15
Mini Oral
Mr Jiadong Hu (State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China ;Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China)
14/06/2018, 14:35
Real Time System Architectures and Intelligent Signal Processing
Poster presentation

This paper describes a new all-digital technique for calibration of the mismatches in time-interleaved analog-to-digital converters (TIADCs) to reduce the circuit area. The proposed technique employ first order approximation FIR filter banks, which do not need large number of FIR taps. In case of a four-channel 12-bit TIADC, the proposed technique improves SINAD of simulated data from 54dB to...

Prof. Yonggang Wang (Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China), Mr Jie Kuang (Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China)
14/06/2018, 14:35
Front End Electronics and Fast Digitizers
Poster presentation

Inspired by Wilkinson ADC method, we implement a fast linear discharge method based on FPGA to digitize nuclear pulse signal. In this scheme, we use a constant current source to discharge the charge on capacitor which is integrated by the input current pulse so as to convert the amplitude of the input nuclear pulse into time width linearly. Thanks to the high precision of TDC measurement that...

Dr Zhe Cao (State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China; Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China)
14/06/2018, 14:35
Front End Electronics and Fast Digitizers
Poster presentation

To test and calibrate various detectors in nuclear and high energy physics experiments, a general purposed calibration instrument has been developed. All information including timing, amplitude and charge of signals can be directly obtained to calibrate detector with this instrument by amplifying and digitizing the signal waveform. The system consists of two parts, a large dynamic range...

Mr Xing Zhu (State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China ;Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China)
14/06/2018, 14:35
Data Acquisition
Poster presentation

Liquid argon (LAr) with a high light yield of approximately 40 photons per keV is an attractive target for the direct detection of WIMPs, which are well motivated galactic dark matter candidates. In this paper, we present a front end electronics design for a LAr dark matter detector with the scintillation read out by PMT, which has an input dynamic range from 5pC to 1nC, and high resolution...

Ms Danyang Zhu (State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China ;Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China)
14/06/2018, 14:35
Poster presentation

The Particle And Astrophysical Xenon Experiment III (PandaX-III) is an experiment to search for the Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay (NLDBD) using high-pressure gaseous xenon TPC with Micromegas detectors at both ends and cathode in the middle. At the first phase of the experiment, there are 41 Micromegas detectors at each TPC end-plate. A small-scale TPC equipped with 7 Micromegas detectors is...

Mr Shensen Zhao (State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China ;Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China)
14/06/2018, 14:35
Data Acquisition
Poster presentation

The Circular Electron Positron Collider (CEPC) is a proposing electron positron collider in China which aims for generating a very high center-of-mass energy colliding above 250GeV in where Higgs events are produced with considerable luminosity. The high granularity Electromagnetic Calorimeter (ECAL) is included in calorimeter system which is mainly responsible for the measurement of photon. A...

Mr Haolei Chen (State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China ;Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China)
14/06/2018, 14:35
Front End Electronics and Fast Digitizers
Poster presentation

China Spallation Neutron Source is mainly used for nuclear data measurements. In order to achieve the energy of neutron, one method is to measure the time that the neutron spends to travel along a fixed distance. So we developed a time-of-flight electronics system for the experiment. In order to detect the hit position of the neutron for beam profiling, we use a detector with 256 channels, of...

Mr Zhengqi Song (University of Science and Technology of China), Prof. Yonggang Wang (University of Science and Technology of China), Mr Qiang Cao (University of Science and Technology of China)
14/06/2018, 14:35
Front End Electronics and Fast Digitizers
Poster presentation

Time over dynamic threshold (TODT) method, proposed in our previous work, has been successfully used for nuclear pulse charge measurement in PET detectors. It has advantages of strict linearity, large dynamic range, and better energy resolution, but requires a relatively complex circuit to generate specific dynamic threshold. In this paper, we propose to replace the dynamic threshold by a...

Mr Shuwen Wang (State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China;Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China)
14/06/2018, 14:35
Front End Electronics and Fast Digitizers
Poster presentation

At the China Jinping Underground Laboratory, the PandaX-4ton ( Particle AND Astrophysical Xenon phase IV) in planning is a dark matter direct detection experiment with dual-phase Xenon. PandaX-4ton, compared to PandaX-II, has more readout channels and higher time precision requirements. Once incoming WIMPs (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles) collide with Xenon atom, prompt scintillation...

Prof. Ping Cao (State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China;School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China)
14/06/2018, 14:35
Front End Electronics and Fast Digitizers
Poster presentation

In order to deal with the international problem of shortage of 3He, a new type of boron-coated Multi-wire proportional chamber (MWPC) thermal neutron detector is developed. Readout electronics for it, which can achieve good position resolution, is introduced in this paper. In this readout electronics, hit signal from MWPC detector is fed into the delay line module propagates towards to both...

Dr Dan Li (Institute of Plasma Physics Chinese Academy of Physics), Prof. Xiao Bingjia (Institute of Plasma Physics Chinese Academy of Physics), Prof. Ji Zhenshan (Institute of Plasma Physics Chinese Academy of Physics), Dr Wang Yong (Institute of Plasma Physics Chinese Academy of Physics), Dr Liu Shaoqing (Institute of Plasma Physics Chinese Academy of Physics), Mrs He Xianting (Institute of Plasma Physics Chinese Academy of Physics)
14/06/2018, 14:35
Emerging Technologies
Poster presentation

Motor is the most widely used power equipment in the industrial field, and it is also an important key equipment in the industrial Internet of things (IIOT). The traditional way of motor monitoring is to monitor a single motor, and the collected data is not stored effectively, so that the data cannot be analyzed and processed and the value of the data is not fully utilized. With the...

Dr Ying Chen (Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences), Dr Shi Li (Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences), Dr Huazhong Wang (Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences), Dr Yong Wang (Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences), Dr Bingjia Xiao (Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences)
14/06/2018, 14:35
Data Acquisition
Poster presentation

EAST (Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak) Technical Diagnostic System (TDS) is used to monitor the outlet temperature of all superconducting coils, in case of temperature anomaly, it will trigger safety interlock system to meet EAST device safety. The data acquisition system of TDS (TDS_DAQ) is in charge of continue data acquisition of the nitrogen and helium temperature signals,...

Mr Junru Wang (State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China;Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China)
14/06/2018, 14:35
Data Acquisition
Poster presentation

The Compressed Baryonic Matter-Time of Flight (CBM-TOF) wall uses high performance of Multi-gap Resistive Plate Chambers (MRPC) assembled in Super module (SM) detectors to identify charged particles with high channel density and high measurement precision at the Compressed Baryonic Matter (CBM) experiment. During the mass production, the quality of each SM should be evaluated. For the...

Ms Danyang Zhu (State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China ;Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China)
14/06/2018, 16:45
Front End Electronics and Fast Digitizers
Oral presentation

The Particle And Astrophysical Xenon Experiment III (PandaX-III) is an experiment to search for the Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay (NLDBD) using 200 kg radio-pure high-pressure gaseous xenon TPC with Micromegas detectors at both ends and cathode in the middle. A small-scale TPC equipped with 7 Microbulk Micromegas detectors is developed as the prototype detector. 128 channels are readout...

Mr Cody Dickover (Jefferson Lab)
Mini Oral
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text:
Art Academy II: The Grand Escape

View as PDF

Points: 7 (partial)
Time limit: 3.0s
Memory limit: 64M
PyPy 2 128M
PyPy 3 128M

Author:
Problem type

After being trapped inside of hewmatt10's basement "Art Academy", astrocat879 decided that it was finally time for him to plan an escape. Fortunately, hewmatt10 had never considered the possibility of his loyal partner wanting to escape, so the actual escape would be a piece of cake.

Along the Academy, there are a total of paintings spread across the area, each with a value of . Since astrocat879 is short on money, he plans to steal some of the paintings while making his escape. However, all of his paintings' values have been hashed, meaning that the value that astrocat879 sees them at is NOT the actual value. Specifically, the paintings' values have been hashed using the following function:

( represents the hashed value, while represents the original value. It is guaranteed that all integer values of under will be given a unique hash value.)

astrocat879 doesn't have the time to figure out the original value of the paintings, and so has asked YOU to create a program for him that will maximize his profits. More specifically, he would like you to sum up the paintings with the greatest original value.

Input Specification

On the first line, there will be two space-separated integers, and . The next lines will contain a single integer , representing the hashed value of the painting. It is guaranteed that the original value of this hashed number will be greater than , but no greater than .

Output Specification

A single integer, representing the sum of the paintings with the greatest original value.

Sample Input

5 2
387276917
145972072
2654435761
147926525
2415085369

Sample Output

1013

Explanation

The original values for the paintings with values , , , , and , are , , , , and , respectively.

The sum of the two greatest values, and , is .