text:
#MeToo (generic)....

Lies, damned lies, and statistics.
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Re: #MeToo (generic)....

ed wrote:Here is another rant.

People are animals. You want to understand human concerns? Study animal behavior.

Humans will evince the behaviors that they are rewarded for.
Like a rat.

If cops are rewarded for arrests, you will get arrests
If prosecutors are rewarded for convictions, you will get convictions.

Believing in any other outcome is just stupid.
I like it when I agree with ed.

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Re: #MeToo (generic)....

There needs to be a way where prosecutors' records are not harmed by rightfully dropping a case against a likely innocent person. If anything I'd love to see that be a positive tick, but I'd take half a loaf.
"If fighting is sure to result in victory, then you must fight! Sun Tzu said that, and I'd say he knows a little bit more about fighting than you do, pal, because he invented it, and then he perfected it so that no living man could best him in the ring of honor. Then, he used his fight money to buy two of every animal on earth, and then he herded them onto a boat, and then he beat the crap out of every single one. And from that day forward any time a bunch of animals are together in one place it's called a zoo! (Beat) Unless it's a farm!"
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ed
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Re: #MeToo (generic)....

Prosecutors fought ... FOUGHT ... the notion that they were obliged to release exculpatory information to the defence.

Think it went to SCOTUS and that somewhat recently. RCC Mk. 2 would know.

Point is that it has nothing to do with justice, just winning. And our legal system is simply fucked. If you are a middle class guy and you get sucked into the system for any reason whatsoever you have lost and are being punished before any trial.

Ask RCC, what does it cost to defend against anything? Whatever that number is is what you are fined. Win or loose.

If the feds want you, they will get you. Ask RCC about stacked charges. Then ask about plea bargains. Then tell me about how wonderful the federal conviction rate is. Fact is that you have no idea what they do to get those convictions. They don't even record their interviews.
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ed
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Re: #MeToo (generic)....

The Brady Rule, named after Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963), requires prosecutors to disclose materially exculpatory evidence in the government's possession to the defense. A "Brady material" or evidence the prosecutor is required to disclose under this rule includes any evidence favorable to the accused--evidence that goes towards negating a defendant's guilt, that would reduce a defendant's potential sentence, or evidence going to the credibility of a witness.

If the prosecution does not disclose material exculpatory evidence under this rule, and prejudice has ensued, the evidence will be suppressed. The evidence will be suppressed regardless of whether the prosecutor knew the evidence was in his or her possession, or whether or not the prosecutor intentionally or inadvertently withheld the evidence from the defense.

Further, in cases subsequent to Brady, the Supreme Court has eliminated the requirement for a defendant to have requested a favorable information, stating that the Prosecution has a constitutional duty to disclose, that is triggered by the potential impact of favorable but undisclosed evidence See Kyles v. Whitley 514 U.S. 419, 434 (1955); United States. v. Bagley, 473 U.S. 667 (1985).
Thought there was something later than 1963. oh well.
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Re: #MeToo (generic)....

Meanwhile back in the UK (other side of the pond)....
The collapse of three high profile rape cases under frightfully similar circumstances has led Scotland Yard to announce that it will be conducting a review into all current cases of rape and sexual abuse. It has also led to widespread realisation that the ‘victim centred’ culture – a result of decades of feminist activism – which is now deeply entrenched within the policing and judicial systems is not serving justice.
...Yes, And yet another...
...
Third and finally, Samuel Armstrong, a Tory MP’s chief of staff accused of raping a woman in Westminster, was also cleared of all charges against him after new electronic evidence came to light that the woman had been trying to withhold evidence in order to get “more leeway to hide certain aspects and mould what comes out.”
http://thebackbencher.co.uk/collapse-of ... e-justice/
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Skeeve
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Re: #MeToo (generic)....

Also from the UK:
Police should refer to people who report rape as complainants rather than victims, senior legal figures said last night, amid warnings that the policy is undermining impartiality and leading to miscarriages of justice.

MPs and members of the judiciary have also called for an overhaul of the current guidelines which demand that officers automatically believe complainants from the outset.

Scotland Yard has ordered an urgent review of scores of sex abuse cases, including 30 which are about to go to trial, after it emerged that crucial material had been withheld from defence lawyers.
...
"There is a worry that having a rigid mindset at the beginning and accepting what they are told by the complainant is true, may lead them, at best to not realise the significance of what they are seeing, if it assists the defence, or at worst disregarding it because it doesn't fit in with their case theory."
Ya think?

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/12 ... ting-rape/
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Abdul Alhazred
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Re: #MeToo (generic)....

Police should refer to people who report rape as complainants rather than victims ...
This makes perfect sense.

You don't have to be the victim to report the crime.
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ed
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Re: #MeToo (generic)....

Actually, "victim" assumes facts not in evidence. "Alleged victim" would be better. If the person is represented by Gloria Allred "Purported victim" would be sound.
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Re: #MeToo (generic)....

I was thinking more along the lines of an uninvolved third party reporting the crime.

I have done that (not for a rape).
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Re: #MeToo (generic)....

ed wrote:

The Brady Rule, named after Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963), requires prosecutors to disclose materially exculpatory evidence in the government's possession to the defense. A "Brady material" or evidence the prosecutor is required to disclose under this rule includes any evidence favorable to the accused--evidence that goes towards negating a defendant's guilt, that would reduce a defendant's potential sentence, or evidence going to the credibility of a witness.

If the prosecution does not disclose material exculpatory evidence under this rule, and prejudice has ensued, the evidence will be suppressed. The evidence will be suppressed regardless of whether the prosecutor knew the evidence was in his or her possession, or whether or not the prosecutor intentionally or inadvertently withheld the evidence from the defense.

Further, in cases subsequent to Brady, the Supreme Court has eliminated the requirement for a defendant to have requested a favorable information, stating that the Prosecution has a constitutional duty to disclose, that is triggered by the potential impact of favorable but undisclosed evidence See Kyles v. Whitley 514 U.S. 419, 434 (1955); United States. v. Bagley, 473 U.S. 667 (1985).
Thought there was something later than 1963. oh well.
The parameters have been fleshed out. Things like the prosecutor is assumed to have all the evidence collected by the state even if the prosecutor doesn't know about it. Seminal cases like Brady or Roe v. Wade are a starting point of a body of law that is developed over time.

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Re: #MeToo (generic)....

ed wrote:Prosecutors fought ... FOUGHT ... the notion that they were obliged to release exculpatory information to the defence.

Think it went to SCOTUS and that somewhat recently. RCC Mk. 2 would know.

Point is that it has nothing to do with justice, just winning. And our legal system is simply fucked. If you are a middle class guy and you get sucked into the system for any reason whatsoever you have lost and are being punished before any trial.

Ask RCC, what does it cost to defend against anything? Whatever that number is is what you are fined. Win or loose.
I only do indigent defense, but were I in private practice and someone came to me for a rape charge I'd want a retainer in the 7.5K range and charge about $150/hr depending on the specifics. That wouldn't include appeal. If the case didn't go to trial the client would get a pretty big chunk of that 7.5K back as unbilled, but if it went to an ugly trial there would be a chance that I'd have to bill for more and I'd never get paid. That$150/hr is well below market rates for a lawyer in this area. My clients here would be almost all working class and I don't like that this is happening at all.

It is my opinion that the public defender services should be available to all. It wouldn't add much to our caseload anyway, at least not here.

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Re: #MeToo (generic)....

Oldie (but goodie) also from the UK....gotta love those Brits!
Commuter who walked past actress at Waterloo station cleared of 'bizarre' sex assault claim
Mark Pearson may not even have made physical contact with woman in her 60s on busy concourse - but CPS approved sex assault charge
Hrm, I think I am beginning to see a pattern here..
A commuter has been cleared of sexually assaulting a well-known actress after a jury rejected claims the crime could have taken place in a brief half-second contact in a busy railway station.

Mark Pearson, a 51-year-old artist and picture framer, was accused of brushing against the actress, who cannot be named for legal reasons, in a mass of train passengers at London’s Waterloo station.

CCTV footage showed Mr Pearson, who was a complete stranger to the alleged victim, did not break his stride as he walked past the woman, who was heading to a rehearsal.

The defendant, who said he had endured a year-long “Kafkaesque nightmare” as a result of the complaint, blamed the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) for forcing him to endure “mental torture” as a result of the charge.

A jury at Blackfriars Crown Court took 90 minutes to clear Mr Pearson of the charge of “sexual assault by penetration”, the Mail on Sunday newspaper said.
...
There were no witnesses, no forensic evidence and the actress failed to pick out Mr Pearson in an identity parade of video images following the alleged incident in December 2014.
...
A CPS spokesman said: “There was sufficient evidence for this case to proceed to court and progress to trial. We respect the decision of the jury.”
Like they have a choice in the matter....

The CPS is the same bunch of douche-bags that (apparently) screwed the pooch in the OP and the other cases sited above...

Begs the question, do they fuck up a lot, are they just biased, or are they practicing a form of vindictive prosecution?

Prosecutors slowed down CCTV in case of commuter cleared of 'bizarre' sex assault on actress
Crucial CCTV footage in a "bizarre" sex assault prosecution had been slowed down by the authorities to give a misleading impression of events, the defence solicitor in the case has revealed.
...
But it can now be disclosed that - to the concern of Mr Pearson's legal team - the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) supplied original CCTV depicting the alleged assault in an amended format which gave a misleading impression of the incident.
Maybe they are just a bunch of feminists, (either misandric females, or I-do-it-for-the-pussy
males *) who want to "help the victims," no matter what the cost.

*See AA's post: viewtopic.php?f=6&p=897253#p897253
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Skeeve
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Re: #MeToo (generic)....

#MeToo has lumped trivial in with legitimate sexual assault
This was written by a woman, BTW.
It’s gone far enough. What started as a necessary mass-rejection of sexual harassment and assault is sliding into absurdity and irrelevance. A backlash is looming against the very people the spontaneous battle against sexual villainy was meant to help: powerless women and men.

The fight is being waged not with force, but with the rather bland Internet movement, #MeToo. The battle by hashtag conflates genuine sex crimes with mere childish behavior — blending the Harvey Weinsteins and Kevin Spaceys with the Al Frankens and George H.W. Bushes.

How long before we stop taking victims seriously?
Again, we are using the word 'victims,' apparently (only) upon accusation w/o evidence, just on claim.
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Skeeve
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Re: #MeToo (generic)....

The downside of the #MeToo movement starting to dawn on women
The rules of interaction between women and men in the workplace have been changed with a suddenness that inevitably produces unforeseen negative consequences, no matter how positive and necessary the switch might be. The Associated Press this morning runs a feature article whose title asks a question that answers itself: "Will misconduct scandals make men wary of women at work?"

Duh!

OH, I needed that....okay back to the article
...
Ana Quincoces, a Miami-based attorney and entrepreneur who owns her own food line, says her business and its success involves working mostly with men, and sales and other activities are often concluded over lunch or drinks. Those opportunities, she says, are dwindling, because many of the men she knows through her business "are terrified."

"There's a feeling of this wall that wasn't there that is suddenly up because they don't know what's appropriate anymore - it's disconcerting," Quincoces said. "I feel that they're more careful, more formal in their relationships with co-workers. And I can't say I blame them, because what's happened is pervasive. Every day there's a new accusation."

She said many of the men she knows are now avoiding one-on-one social occasions that were normal in the past.
Oh well...
Last edited by Skeeve on Sat Dec 30, 2017 1:34 am, edited 1 time in total.
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gnome
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Re: #MeToo (generic)....

That's the same old bullshit we hear about police abuse too.

"We can't have a functional workplace if people are afraid of being held accountable for their behavior towards co-workers!"
"The police can't do their job if they're afraid of violating someone's rights!"
"If fighting is sure to result in victory, then you must fight! Sun Tzu said that, and I'd say he knows a little bit more about fighting than you do, pal, because he invented it, and then he perfected it so that no living man could best him in the ring of honor. Then, he used his fight money to buy two of every animal on earth, and then he herded them onto a boat, and then he beat the crap out of every single one. And from that day forward any time a bunch of animals are together in one place it's called a zoo! (Beat) Unless it's a farm!"
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Skeeve
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Re: #MeToo (generic)....

gnome wrote:That's the same old bullshit we hear about police abuse too.

"We can't have a functional workplace if people are afraid of being held accountable for their behavior towards co-workers!"
"The police can't do their job if they're afraid of violating someone's rights!"
It seems to me that men are backing off to 'strictly business' relations between the genders,
which seems to me to be appropriate behavior for work.

ed, you seem to be a manager. has this happened where you work?
If so, did/do you consider it to be a good thing?

Just curious, did you cancel the Christmas party?
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Abdul Alhazred
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Re: #MeToo (generic)....

It occurs to me that if "the rules" in the 1950s were what they are today, I would not exist.

No amusing back story, only that my parents met at work.
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Re: #MeToo (generic)....

RCC: Act II wrote:
ed wrote:Prosecutors fought ... FOUGHT ... the notion that they were obliged to release exculpatory information to the defence.

Think it went to SCOTUS and that somewhat recently. RCC Mk. 2 would know.

Point is that it has nothing to do with justice, just winning. And our legal system is simply fucked. If you are a middle class guy and you get sucked into the system for any reason whatsoever you have lost and are being punished before any trial.

Ask RCC, what does it cost to defend against anything? Whatever that number is is what you are fined. Win or loose.
I only do indigent defense, but were I in private practice and someone came to me for a rape charge I'd want a retainer in the 7.5K range and charge about $150/hr depending on the specifics. That wouldn't include appeal. If the case didn't go to trial the client would get a pretty big chunk of that 7.5K back as unbilled, but if it went to an ugly trial there would be a chance that I'd have to bill for more and I'd never get paid. That$150/hr is well below market rates for a lawyer in this area. My clients here would be almost all working class and I don't like that this is happening at all.

It is my opinion that the public defender services should be available to all. It wouldn't add much to our caseload anyway, at least not here.

Try this on: I think that the exact same amount of public dollars should be spent on defense as well as prosecution. Fucking government has access to the FBI crime lab and can fly experts in? So should the (innocent) citizen. Prosecutor wants a "team" and the case is going to cost us $1,000,000? Fine, that amount comes out of his budget and goes to the accused to fund his defense. Wenn ich Kultur höre, entsichere ich meinen Browning! RCC: Act II Posts: 837 Joined: Thu Dec 07, 2017 2:56 am Has thanked: 8 times Been thanked: 87 times Re: #MeToo (generic).... ed wrote: Try this on: I think that the exact same amount of public dollars should be spent on defense as well as prosecution. Fucking government has access to the FBI crime lab and can fly experts in? So should the (innocent) citizen. Prosecutor wants a "team" and the case is going to cost us$1,000,000? Fine, that amount comes out of his budget and goes to the accused to fund his defense.
I'm with you, but as it is now that happens only if you are dead broke thus you get me for free and most of this happens. If you are the working poor, you get to mortgage the house to pay some asshole that mostly does title searches to fuck up your case.

Which is kinda why I'm a semi-commie. It is in a practical sense impossible to keep the generationally poor from gaming the system without fucking over people who just want to work for a living.

Then again I'm drunk.

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Re: #MeToo (generic)....

Happy New Year!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Yet ANOTHER rape case disgrace: Man, 26, has his conviction quashed after spending two years in jail after bombshell Facebook messages missed by police prove his innocence
A man who spent more than two years in jail for a rape he did not commit had his conviction quashed after a relative took only a minute to uncover a series of bombshell Facebook messages – missed by police – that proved his innocence.

In the latest rape case to highlight failings in the criminal justice system, The Mail on Sunday can reveal that the jury at Danny Kay’s 2013 trial was only shown doctored transcripts of crucial Facebook chats between Mr Kay and his accuser.
...
In an exclusive interview with the MoS, Mr Kay said archived versions of the original messages – proving he had consensual sex with his accuser – were found by his sister-in-law, Sarah Maddison. When she showed the Facebook exchange to the officer in charge of the investigation, he said: ‘How did you know how to find the messages and we didn’t?’

By then, Mr Kay had spent three months in jail. It would be another three years before his conviction was overturned. The Appeal Court heard earlier this month that police relied on an ‘edited and misleading’ account of the Facebook conversation that was given to them by the complainant in the weeks after she claimed she was raped by Mr Kay.
Of course, the complainant had no reason to alter any of this right?
...
Mr Kay asked Ms Maddison to log in to his account. ‘I couldn’t believe how easy it was to find the messages,’ she said. ‘I’ve just worked in admin all my life and am no social media expert. It only took me a minute to find them so how trained police couldn’t is beyond me.’
Begs the questions I have asked before, did they just fuck up, did they choose to "white knight' for the complainant,
or are they comprised of man-hating feminists and feminist-allies, who like to throw men under the bus?
...
While he waited for his appeal, Mr Kay remained locked up with sex offenders. He was also made to see a psychiatrist because he was judged to be ‘in denial’ because of his protestations of innocence.

Yes, a success, a flaming success.
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text:
1. ## velocity graph

sorry the image is rather small. It shows the velocity of an object between time 0 and 9.

-When does the object obtain its greatest speed? I think it obtains its greatest speed at t=8, since time vs. velocity shows acceleration. Is this right

-The object was at its origin at t=3. When does it return to its origin? I thought it returned at t=6, but I got this problem wrong. Can someone guide me in the right direction because I have no clue!

2. I'm not sure what you mean by "time vs velocity shows acceleration". A "time versus velocity" graph shows velocity on its vertical axis. It is true that the slope of the graph is the accleration but that is not relevant to this problem. What is relevant is that "speed" is the absolute value of the (linear) velocity. The maximum value of the velocity shown on graph occurs at t= 5 and has value 2. The minimum value of the velocity occurs at t= 8 and is -4. But the maximum speed is |-4|= 4 so you are right about that.

The second question asks when the object is again at the origin. That means "when its position is 0", not it velocity. The information you need here is that the distance traveled is the area under the velocity graph. From t= 3 to t= 6, the velocity is positive so the object is moving in the positive direction (which I am going to call "to the right"). The graph, between t= 3 and t= 6, together with the "position= 0" axis, forms a triangle with base 6- 3= 3 and height 2. Its area is (1/2)(3)(2)= 3 so the object will move from the origin 3 places to the right. In order to get back to the origin, it must move 3 places to the left (-3).

The graph is below the axis to the right of t= 6 so the object is moving back to the right. The line passing through the points (5, 2) and (8, -4) is given by the equation
$y= \frac{-4- 2}{8- 5}= \frac{-6}{3}(t- 5)+ 2= -2(t- 5)+ 2= -2t+ 12$. If distance the object will have moved between t= 6 and t= x (which we would like to find) is the area of the right triangle having base of length x- 6, height y, and the line as hypotenuse. its area is (1/2)(x- 6)(y). Replace y with the formula above and set that area equal to -3 (it will be negative since for x> 6, y< 0- technically that's the "signed" area). Solve for x.
(Because the formula for y involves x, multiplying it by x- 5 gives a quadratic equation which may have two solutions. Of course, the one you want here is the one that is larger than 6.

3. thank you so much for that detailed response! That makes a lot of sense- thanks for covering up the gaps in my knowledge of physics

format: plain


text:
## Bounding the three-tangle    [PDF]

Samuel Rodriques, Nilanjana Datta, Peter J. Love
We prove that any three-qubit mixed state can be written as a convex combination of pure states, at most one of which has non-zero three-tangle. We construct an upper bound on the three tangle using these ensembles and a non-uniform continuity bound for any non-negative convex function of density matrices. The existence of such ensembles also motivates the definition of the best W-class approximation (BWA) of a density matrix, a natural generalization of the best separable approximation (BSA) introduced by Lewenstein and Sanpera. By analogy with the BSA, we prove that any three-qubit density matrix has a unique decomposition in terms of its BWA and a pure state with possibly non-zero three-tangle. The upper bound may be computed with a cost linear in the rank d of the density matrix and has accuracy comparable to a steepest descent algorithm for the convex roof whose cost scales as \$d^8 \log d\$. We compare the upper bound to a lower bound algorithm given by Eltschka and Siewert for the three-tangle, and find that on random rank-two three-qubit density matrices, the difference between the upper and lower bounds is 0.14 on average. We also find that the three-tangle of random three qubit density matrices is less than 0.023 on average.
View original: http://arxiv.org/abs/1307.2323


text:
# When will parallel LED voltage drops become an issue

The following circuit will cause problems because of voltage drops:

simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab

It should be changed to look like this:

simulate this circuit

However if we used both parallel and series resistors in this circuit, there is a potential for voltage drop issues between the LEDs. As we raise the value of the series resistor and lower the values of the parallel resistors, what determines the point at which voltage drop issues start to happen (and at what values?)

In this scenario, all of the LEDs are the same brand, with a 2 volt drop +-2% and are run at 20 mA.

simulate this circuit

Edit----

Practical application: I designed my original circuit with 18 LEDs in parallel, each with a 220 ohm resister. Now, I want to change the voltage to 9 volts (or 12 volts). Will I need to switch out all of the original arrays or can I add one resistor in series?

...Then I became curious about the limits involved in doing this.

• How many volts does a voltage drop drop if a voltage drop does drop volts? – CharlieHanson Apr 12 '16 at 17:48
• It's easy enough - though tedious - to work through the arithmetic, so since you set up the problem why not try to find the solution yourself before wasting others' time with what seems to be frivolous nonsense? And aargh please don't dog-leg R4. – EM Fields Apr 12 '16 at 18:28
• You might get some insight on LED forward voltage - why does series resistor take excess voltage? if you use the simple LED model in my answer. – Transistor Apr 13 '16 at 18:17
• @EM Fields- it suffices not to respond to the question posed if you find it to be frivolous nonesense. I'd hate to discourage folks who are asking questions to gain insight, learn , or to seek guidance on how to approach problems whose solutions may not be as obvious to them... – jrive Apr 13 '16 at 22:20
• @jrive: Then, instead of allowing yourself to be led astray by others' attitudes with which you disagree, by all means jump in there and follow Mr. Pefhany's excellent lead re. educating the querent. – EM Fields Apr 13 '16 at 22:35

It's not an easy calculation. You can get some idea of the worst-case situation by looking at max/min forward voltage drops, and the slope of the current/voltage curve, and the LED temperature coefficient from the LED data sheet.

Without detailed statistics on LED voltage-current-temperature characteristics it will be difficult to guess what will typically happen. Cheap consumer products often parallel LEDs directly with no resistors, but then nobody much cares if one LED is 30% brighter than the next and the whole thing only lasts a few thousand hours or less.

Edit:

Here is a simulation you can play with. I've altered the saturation current of the model for D2 to make the Vf high by 4%

40mA current splits with D1 getting 23.1mA and D2 getting 16.9mA. That's if they are all held at exactly the same temperature. If instead I assume that they are thermally independent and have a 50°C rise nominally, then the difference between the two would be 16°C and if the tempco is -1.7mV/K then that would cause another 1.7% difference between the Vf's, leading to more temperature rise etc.

simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab

• "Without detailed statistics on LED voltage-current-temperature characteristics it will be difficult to guess what will typically happen." Nailed. – EM Fields Apr 12 '16 at 19:03
• How does eacd LEDs voltage-current-temperature characteristics effect the problem? – Hoytman Apr 13 '16 at 2:00
• Missmatch between the parameters will interact and effect differing currents and therefore differing dissipations (and thus different temperatures, and different current). All of that will affect the brightness and reliability of each LED. – Spehro Pefhany Apr 13 '16 at 2:47
• Lets say each LED has a 2 volt drop +-2% and are run at 20ma. Could you give a general ball-park estimation? Also How does temperature effect this problem? – Hoytman Apr 13 '16 at 16:34
• See simulation in edit above and feel free to add resistors and play with it to get more insight. – Spehro Pefhany Apr 13 '16 at 17:12

At any given level of LED drive current, adding another milliamp will increase the voltage by some amount. The ratio of marginal voltage to marginal current may be called the marginal resistance. If two LEDs in parallel have slightly different voltage drops, the difference in current flow will be roughly equal to the distance in voltage drops divided by the marginal resistance. If the marginal resistance is small (as it is with some LEDs), the difference in current will be quite large.

Adding e.g. a 10-ohm series resistor will increase the marginal resistance of the LED+resistor combination by ten ohms. That may not sound like much, but it's huge compared to the marginal resistance of some LEDs, and might thus reduce current variation by an order of magnitude.

If one were using resistors as the only current-limiting devices, there wouldn't be much point using N+1 resistors for N LEDs (versus simply using N resistors). The approach may be advantageous, however, if one is trying to use a transistor-based circuit to control current to many parallel LEDs. If one has ten parallel LEDs driven from a supply that produces a regulated 1 amp, the LEDs will receive an average of 100mA, but some might receive 150mA and others 50mA. Adding a ten-ohm resistor in series with each LED would require that the supply be capable of producing one more volt than would otherwise be necessary, but would nearly eliminate variations in drive current.

• Let's say I bought several resistor arrays (220 ohms, to be used with a 5 volt power supply) for my circuit (which has 18 LEDs in parallel) Now, I want to change the voltage to 9 or 12 volts. Can I simply add one resistor in series, or will I need to change all of the resistor arrays? – Hoytman Apr 15 '16 at 1:31
• Could you describe marginal voltage / current / resistance a bit more please? I think you are giving me that answer that I am looking for. – Hoytman Apr 15 '16 at 1:55

The issue with the first circuit is that the three leds have a different forward current at the same forward voltage. The drop across the three leds will be the same. One led can't take 3 volts while it's parallel led only takes 2. Unequal voltages can't happen in parallel circuits.

And as each has a different current across them, one may dominate the amount of current available, and may go into thermal runaway conditions, killing it. Which kills the next one for the same reason. Etc. Highly depends on how much current can be pulled, i.e. the resistor value.

The third does not have this issue, as each is limited to the current by their individual resistor.

The voltage drop across each led and resistor will be equal. Current may vary.

simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab

Notice that V-Total is the same as the Voltage source, 5 Volts. It will always be 5V. Notice that V-1 (R1 + D1), equals V-2 and V-3, but A-1 has a different current than A-2 and A-3. Yet V-4 and the nodes V-1/2/3 equal V-Total. And A-1 + A-2 + A-3 = A-4.

The very basics of series and parallel circuits.

## Re: Your edit:

Practical application: I designed my original circuit with 18 LEDs in parallel, each with a 220 ohm resister. Now, I want to change the voltage to 9 volts (or 12 volts.) Will I need to switch out all of the original arrays or can I add one resistor in series.

Yes, you can. You need to resize R4 so that it takes up the same current at higher voltage. The formula stays the same. Basic Ohms law R = V / I.

Since you know I, and the new V, just calculate for R. Assuming the values from above, we can change R4 and the Voltage Source but keep the same current of 15.45 mA.

R = (9 VSource - 1.909 VForward) / 0.01545 A = 459Ω

Of course you need to chose the next standard sized resistor. But we'll ignore that.

simulate this circuit

If you are just adding a resistor to an existing circuit like 2, then VForward would be the old VSource, i.e. 5V.

• your last statement is not 100% accurate. The voltage across the resistors will be similar , as will the current, but will be a function of the V_f vs. I_f curves of the LEDS. – jrive Apr 13 '16 at 22:29
• @jrive are you saying that the voltage across R1 + D1 will be different then the voltage across R2 + D2? Where does the voltage difference go? Thin air? – Passerby Apr 13 '16 at 23:49
• I misunderstood what you meant. The voltage across R1+D1 is definitely equal to R2+ D2. I was referring to the voltage across each -- v across R1 is not necessarily equal to the v across R2, and neither will the voltage across D1 necessarily equal the voltage across D2. – jrive Apr 13 '16 at 23:53


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in

# How To Find Vertical Asymptotes Of A Function

In this lesson, we learn how to find all asymptotes by. Here are the general conditions to determine if a function has a vertical asymptote:

Graphing Tangent and Cotangent Functions Matching Activity

### How to find asymptotes:vertical asymptote.

How to find vertical asymptotes of a function. Find the asymptotes for the function. If a graph is given, then look for any breaks in the graph. When we make the denominator equal to zero, suppose we get x = a and x = b.

Determining vertical asymptotes from the graph. In the example of =, this would be a vertical dotted line at x=0. The vertical asymptote of this function is to be.

We will only consider vertical asymptotes for now, as those are the most common and easiest to determine. Find the vertical asymptotes by setting the denominator equal to zero and solving. For rational functions, vertical asymptotes are vertical lines that correspond to the zeroes of the denominator.

Graph vertical asymptotes with a dotted line. A more accurate method of how to find vertical asymptotes of rational functions is using analytics or equation. Here are the two steps to follow.

This only applies if the numerator t(x) is not zero for the same x value). Enter the function you want to find the asymptotes for into the editor. An oblique or slant asymptote is, as its name suggests, a slanted line on the graph.

For the function , it is not necessary to graph the function. Learning about vertical asymptotes can also help us understand the restrictions of a function and how they affect the function’s graph. How do you find the asymptotes of a graph?

The only values that could be disallowed are those that give me a zero in the denominator. Click the blue arrow to submit and see the result! Find the vertical asymptote(s) we mus set the denominator equal to 0 and solve:

Find the domain and vertical asymptotes(s), if any, of the following function: The vertical asymptotes will divide the number line into regions. A function ƒ(x) has a vertical asymptote if and only if there is some x=a such that the output of the function increase without bound as x approaches a.

The equations of the vertical asymptotes are x = a and x = b. Vertical asymptotes of the function in both directions: To determine if a rational function has horizontal asymptotes, consider these three cases.

You'll need to find the vertical asymptotes, if any, and then figure out whether you've got a horizontal or slant asymptote, and what it is. Vertical asymptotes can be found by solving the equation n(x) = 0 where n(x) is the denominator of the function ( note: Here are the two steps to follow.

Let f(x) be the given rational function. How do you find the asymptote of an equation? Steps to find vertical asymptotes of a rational function.

A function can have a vertical asymptote, a horizontal asymptote and more generally, an asymptote along any given line (e.g., y = x). Find the horizontal asymptote, if it exists, using the fact above. The asymptote calculator takes a function and calculates all asymptotes and also graphs the function.

A different method has to be employed to find the oblique asymptote. When f(x) takes the form of a fraction, f(x) = p(x)/q(x), in which q(x) and p(x) are polynomials. Therefore, this function has a vertical asymptote at x=1.

Vertical asymptotes occur at the zeros of such factors. More technically, it’s defined as any asymptote that isn’t parallel with either the horizontal or vertical axis. Find the asymptotes for the function.

In general, you will be given a rational (fractional) function, and you will need to find the domain and any asymptotes. A vertical asymptote is a vertical line on the graph; {eq}\quad \bf{ x=\pm 5} \quad {/eq} become a member and unlock all study answers.

Given the rational function, f(x) step 1: The calculator can find horizontal, vertical, and slant asymptotes. An asymptote is a horizontal/vertical oblique line whose distance from the graph of a function keeps decreasing and approaches zero, but never gets there.

Find the intercepts, if there are any. Process for graphing a rational function. (functions written as fractions where the numerator and denominator are both polynomials, like f (x) = 2 x 3 x + 1.

Make the denominator equal to zero. Find the vertical asymptotes of. A line that can be expressed by x = a, where a is some constant.

In this wiki, we will see how to determine horizontal and vertical asymptotes in the specific case of rational functions. Write f(x) in reduced form. Recall that the parent function has an asymptote at for every period.

There are two main ways to find vertical asymptotes for problems on the ap calculus ab exam, graphically (from the graph itself) and analytically (from the equation for a function). Set the inner quantity of equal to zero to determine the shift of the asymptote. The graph has a vertical asymptote with the equation x = 1.

Therefore the calculation is easy, just calculate the zero (s) of the denominator, at that point is the vertical asymptote. Conventionally, when you are plotting the solution to a function, if the function has a vertical asymptote, you will graph it by drawing a dotted line at that value. By using this website, you agree to our cookie policy.

These are normally represented by dashed vertical lines. This indicates that there is a zero at , and the tangent graph has shifted units to the right. Let n be the degree of the numerator and d be.

This only applies if the numerator t(x) is not zero for the same x value). Vertical asymptotes can be found by solving the equation n(x) = 0 where n(x) is the denominator of the function ( note: The graph has a vertical asymptote with the equation x = 1.

To find the vertical asymptote(s) of a rational function, simply set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for x. Talking of rational function, we mean this: The vertical asymptotes of a rational function may be found by examining the factors of the denominator that are not common to the factors in the numerator.

As x approaches this value, the function goes to infinity. Vertical asymptotes represent the values of $\boldsymbol{x}$ that are restricted on a given function, $\boldsymbol{f(x)}$.

Identifying Asymptotes Activity Rational function

Rational Functions in 2020 Rational function, Studying

Attributes of Rational Functions Lesson (With images

Characteristics of Rational Functions Matching Activity

Logarithmic Functions Logarithmic functions, Exponential

Rational Functions Graphs & Properties with Google

Attributes of Rational Functions Card Sort Activity

Attributes of Rational Functions Bingo Activity Rational

Asymptote Exploration Rational function, Lectures notes

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What Makes an Asymptote? Guided Inquiry Lesson for

Graphing Calculator Reference Sheet Rational Functions

Asymptotes Doodle Notes Math school, Math classroom, 9th

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How to find Asymptotes of a Rational Function (11 Terrific

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Rational Functions Asymptotes activity Sorting task


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# Play the game: an observation about the reputation [closed]

MO is a nice Q&A network. Its niceness comes partly from the fact that it's funny, thanks to the existence of the reputation points. Normally, mature mathematicians shouldn't need a system with reputation points, but here the things work like that, it is a part of the rule of the game.

Now, I would like to focus the attention on the existence of many users who have received much more reputation points than they have given (through votes, accepted questions or bounties).
What does this mean ?
Does this mean that such a user is much more useful to the network than it is useful to him?
Or does this mean that such a user doesn't play the game ?

It seems there is something not normal here, and I ask myself how we can improve this aspect.
Anyway, this is not very important...

• "I ask myself how we can improve this aspect." What exactly is problematic about the phenomenon you have noted, such that it calls for improvement? Jul 14, 2014 at 17:49
• "What does this mean ?" Mainly, I'd say that your balancing makes no sense. What if somebody cast a downvote? By your logic doing so takes away "usefulnes" both from the network and from the voter.
– user9072
Jul 14, 2014 at 18:01
• What if I vote up each and every Community Wiki post, but no other upvotes, thus contributing absolutely $0$ reputation; or worse: I may downvote non-CW posts to contribute an overall negative reputation. But the dry statistics can't show you that.
– Asaf Karagila Mod
Jul 14, 2014 at 19:13
• I have shared my feelings about that, if (unlike me) you don't see anything problematic there or around there, it doesn't matter. Jul 14, 2014 at 19:43

Speaking on the level of feeling things: When I upvote something it is usually because I feel that I learned something useful from the post. So in this sense people who get more upvotes than the amount they give are teaching more than they learn.

So if you put it this way it doesn't sound problematic anymore! :-)

• You're surely right to take this point of view. Jul 14, 2014 at 23:56

There are many different ways to contribute to the site (some restricted). From the top of my head in no particular order.

3. Voting up/down

4. Moderation tasks (flagging spam, voting to close/repopen, un/deleting)

5. Editing

6. Reviewing (edits, LQ, close, reopen, first posts)

7. General support (via comments and meta)

Now, I do believe that if one participates in various aspects of the site one gets a better understanding of it as a whole.

But I also do not believe that anybody should be forced, pressured, or also only talked into doing some task they do not want to do.

I have some actual difficulty to follow why you think that specifically casting votes and receiving votes should be balanced. Or, at least the former should not be less than the latter.

Sure voting is important. But people vote in different ways.

I feel I do not vote much; in a relative sense at least, in an absolute sense it is not that little. And, sometimes I feel I should vote more. But, when I mainly browse the site I am often not logged in (so I do not vote), while when I am logged in I do not browse that much but do more specific tasks.

This is not unique. I recall somebody mentioning the mainly read the site via RSS feeds and thus do not vote much.

But then I am not sure what the precise problem is with me having cast only about 1300 votes rather than perhaps 2000, so that I'd at least "have given back my points."

To sum it up: I think there is some merit in contributing in several different ways to the site, but it should also not be an obligation. Yet, to focus on a balance between points given and points received seems the wrong focus to me.

• Your answer sounds right. I've the following question: In what the site is useful to you? What's your interest? Are you completely selfless? Jul 14, 2014 at 23:47
• I hope my comment doesn't look rude or inappropriate. Jul 15, 2014 at 16:00
• Don't worry. I just did not reply instantly as I saw the comment when short on time and then got sidetracked. Certainly I am not completely selfless. I have to think about how to articulate the specific usefulnes and interest.
– user9072
Jul 15, 2014 at 16:21
• I know what are the main usefulness and interest of MO, but what I would like to understand is its usefulness and its interest for yourself. Jul 17, 2014 at 10:28
• I don't wish to argue, but I'll say the bit "are you completely selfless" does sound a little impertinent to me. I can't figure out what the point of that question is.
– Todd Trimble Mod
Jul 17, 2014 at 13:43
• @ToddTrimble: I'm sorry that this bit sounds impertinent. I would like just better understand the main interest of MO for himself (as he's not completely selfless). Anyway, I will not insist further. Jul 17, 2014 at 22:36
• @SébastienPalcoux here is quick answer. One the one hand, I think it is not rare people do things without some direct conrete benefit for them, like: for fun, since it seems like a good thing to do, as distraction, and so on. Several described the reason they contribute to MO as "good" procrastination or something like this. I think this applies for not few including me to a considerable extent. But this might qualify as "selfless." So, what else. I learn things via contributing here. Obviously some maths, though I think I never really needed any I learned here so far, but one never knows.
– user9072
Jul 18, 2014 at 11:35
• But also I practice some other skills. Like typing without errors. (Ah wait, no this one actually not so much. :-)) Yet I actually believe I practice some things that can be paraphrased as certain soft-skills. I would not say this is the reason I contribute here. It is more a justification for myself why once again I am strolling around here rather than to do more directly productive things. In brief: mainly I am here for fun, so pure hedonism, not at all selfless :-) (@SébastienPalcoux )
– user9072
Jul 18, 2014 at 11:42


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2 added 273 characters in body

There is a very physical picture to this, if you are willing to work with the disk model of hyperbolic space, instead of the upper half plane, to which it is related by an isometry.

The Lie group $\mathrm{SL}(2,\mathbb{R})$ is a double cover of the identity component $\mathrm{SO}_0(2,1)$ of $\mathrm{O}(2,1)$, which is the Lorentz group in 3 dimensions. In other words, $\mathrm{O}(2,1)$ is the subgroup of $\mathrm{GL}(3,\mathbb{R})$ which preserves a symmetric inner product $\eta$ of signature $(2,1)$: $$\eta = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 \cr 0 & 1 & 0 \cr 0 & 0 & -1 \end{pmatrix}.$$

Now consider the two-sheeted hyperboloid in $\mathbb{R}^3$ defined by $x^2 + y^2 - z^2 = -1$. The upper sheet -- let's call it $\mathbb{D}$ -- with $z>0$ is topologically a disk. It inherits a riemannian metric from the Minkowski metric on $\mathbb{R}^3$ defined by $\eta$. The identity component of $\mathrm{O}(2,1)$ acts on $\mathbb{D}$ as isometries.

The isotropy at the point $(0,0,1)$ consists of rotations in the $x,y$-plane, whence it is isomorphic to $\mathrm{SO}(2)$. Hence $\mathbb{D} = \mathrm{SO}_0(2,1)/\mathrm{SO}(2)$.

Notice that it is is $\mathrm{SO}_0(2,1)$ (a.k.a. $\mathrm{PSL}(2,\mathbb{R})$) which acts effectively on $\mathbb{D}$ and not $\mathrm{SL}(2,\mathbb{R})$.

Added I forgot to relate the disk to the upper half plane. If you think of $\mathbb{D}$ as the unit disk in the complex plane, then the map $\mathbb{D} \to \mathbb{H}$ is given by the following Möbius transformation: $$z \mapsto \frac{z-i}{z+i}$$

1

There is a very physical picture to this, if you are willing to work with the disk model of hyperbolic space, instead of the upper half plane, to which it is related by an isometry.

The Lie group $\mathrm{SL}(2,\mathbb{R})$ is a double cover of the identity component $\mathrm{SO}_0(2,1)$ of $\mathrm{O}(2,1)$, which is the Lorentz group in 3 dimensions. In other words, $\mathrm{O}(2,1)$ is the subgroup of $\mathrm{GL}(3,\mathbb{R})$ which preserves a symmetric inner product $\eta$ of signature $(2,1)$: $$\eta = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 \cr 0 & 1 & 0 \cr 0 & 0 & -1 \end{pmatrix}.$$

Now consider the two-sheeted hyperboloid in $\mathbb{R}^3$ defined by $x^2 + y^2 - z^2 = -1$. The upper sheet -- let's call it $\mathbb{D}$ -- with $z>0$ is topologically a disk. It inherits a riemannian metric from the Minkowski metric on $\mathbb{R}^3$ defined by $\eta$. The identity component of $\mathrm{O}(2,1)$ acts on $\mathbb{D}$ as isometries.

The isotropy at the point $(0,0,1)$ consists of rotations in the $x,y$-plane, whence it is isomorphic to $\mathrm{SO}(2)$. Hence $\mathbb{D} = \mathrm{SO}_0(2,1)/\mathrm{SO}(2)$.

Notice that it is is $\mathrm{SO}_0(2,1)$ (a.k.a. $\mathrm{PSL}(2,\mathbb{R})$) which acts effectively on $\mathbb{D}$ and not $\mathrm{SL}(2,\mathbb{R})$.


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# Is this :$(a+\frac{1}{n})^{n!}+(b+\frac{1}{n})^{n!}$ integer number for some positives integer $n, a, b$?

I have tried to use reccurence demonstartion to show that :$(a+\frac{1}{n})^{n!}+(b+\frac{1}{n})^{n!}$ is integer number for $a, b$ are positive integers but i failed because i got a complicated formula .the last let me feel that is integer for some values of $n$, then My question here is :

How do I show that : $$(a+\frac{1}{n})^{n!}+(b+\frac{1}{n})^{n!}$$ is integer for finitely many positive integer $n$ for a postive integer $a$ and $b$ ?

Note: For some examples which i got in Wolfram alpha show that is very approximated to integers for $n=3$ as shown here with many values of $a$ and $b$ , and the motivation of this question is to know more about formula which produce integers and in the same time formula which produces primes !!!

Thank you for any help

## migrated from mathoverflow.netNov 3 '16 at 0:15

This question came from our site for professional mathematicians.

• Will this ever be an integer if $n>2$? Do you have any examples? – T. Amdeberhan Nov 2 '16 at 20:47
• Again, do you any example of $a, b, n$ for which the given sum is an integer? – T. Amdeberhan Nov 2 '16 at 20:53
• So this is what MO has evolved to ... – HeinrichD Nov 2 '16 at 21:16
• @HeinrichD If you think this is a poor question, downvote it! Despite the grammar issues in the post there is a legitimately interesting question here - albeit one that might be worth migrating to math.SE rather than leaving here. – Steven Stadnicki Nov 2 '16 at 21:31
• This can never be an integer for $n>2$ for elementary reasons. The question is indeed somehow legitimate but has nothing to do on MO, I think it should be moved to math.SE. (To prove it multiply by $n^{n!}$ and compute modulo $n$. If it were an integer it should give $0$, but the result is always $2$ modulo $n$, hence it cannot be an integer for $n>2$.) – Simon Henry Nov 2 '16 at 21:38


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# The need for a current source in an emitter follower

What is the need for adding a current source ($$\I_\text{E}\$$) at the output of an emitter follower topology at the emitter leg of the transistor?

• Where did the picture come from? Jan 20, 2017 at 18:11
• Jan 20, 2017 at 18:23
• The current source reduces 2HD caused by the transistor being better able to source current via the collector than sink it via RE. Jan 20, 2017 at 21:19

When biasing a transistor, you want to Q point to be stable. Since $\beta$ varies a lot, you want to design in such a way that changes in $\beta$ do not disturb the bias point.

By placing a current source there, $I_E$ will not depend on $\beta$ (and $I_C\approx I_E$) and that way you can keep the transistor in the active region regardless of changes in $\beta$.

what is the need for adding a current source (IE) at the output of an emitter follower topology at the emitter leg of the transistor?

1. increasing the gain closer to 1x;
2. setting the bias point for the BJT;
3. maintaining better linearity towards the ground;
4. lower production cost in a chip - a CCS is much easier to make than a resistor on a chip.
5. ...

Basically, very limited benefits, so they are not as widely used.

The wiki page (on common collector topology) that the picture in the question comes from says this: -

Figure 4: NPN voltage follower with current source biasing suitable for integrated circuits.

In other words, inside a linear integrated circuit, current source biasing is usually preferred over the use of a resistor. In some instances this is beneficial for maintaining stability against temperature changes however, in this instance, the use of a bias current at the emitter is less advantageous. The wiki article also says this: -

sometimes an active current source is used instead of RE (Fig. 4) to improve linearity and/or efficiency1.

At the end of the quote it links to the design of a 20 watt class A amplifier but it's all rather tenuous given the type of output stage it has and the amount of negative feedback it uses: -

So, my personal opinion is that the use of a current source in the emitter is justified inside a chip (because they are easier to fabricate) but on an amplifier like this it might be pushing the boat out a little too far in favour of the audiofools I mean philes.

• The current source makes the class A Amplifier more efficient than it would be with a resistor .The circuit as shown would be less than 25% efficient .If the current source was somehow modulated with the Audio signal then your theory max efficiency would be 50% . Jan 20, 2017 at 20:28
• I agree but the wiki article is tenuous in its justifications. Jan 20, 2017 at 21:08
• that circuit has three "ccs": 1) the lower leg of the output stage; 2) the bootstrap circuit; 3) that 6.8k resistor. Jan 20, 2017 at 22:10


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# Principal orbits for hamiltonian actions

Let $G$ be a compact Lie group which acts by symplectomorphisms on a symplectic manifold $(M,\omega)$. Futhermore let $\mu \colon M \to \mathfrak g$ be a moment map for this action. Denote by $\Omega = \mu^{-1}(0)$ and $M_{\rm red}$ the reduced space $\Omega/G$ (we do not assume that $0$ is a regular value). It is known that $G$ has a principal orbit $M_{(H)}$ in $M$ which is open and dense. Let $(H)$ be its orbit type for $H$ a closed subgroup of $G$.

On the other side following Theorem 5.9 (together with Remark 5.10) of Sjamaar and Lerman every connected component of $M_{\rm red}$ has a unique open and dense piece $(M_{red})_{(\tilde H)} = (M_{(\tilde H)} \cap \Omega)/G$ for $\tilde H$ another closed subgroup of $G$.

Question: Are $(H)$ and $(\tilde H)$ of the same orbit type? If not is there an example such that $(H)\neq (\tilde H)$?

• Already the action of $G=U(1)$ on $M=\mathbb{C}$ with moment map $\mu(z)=\vert z\vert^2$ seems to be a counterexample. Then $H=1$ while $\tilde H=G$. Am I missing something? – Friedrich Knop Apr 20 '16 at 8:43
• $(\tilde{H})$ should be the smallest orbit type for $M$ whose orbit type subset $M_{(\tilde{H})}$ has non-empty intersection with $\mu^{-1}(0)$. – Tobias Diez Apr 20 '16 at 18:30


text:
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In other words, it can be expressed as the neutral atom’s likelihood of gaining an electron. © 2009-2016 | www.prvky.com | kontaktkontakt a. rubidium, Rb [Kr] 5s 1. b. nickel, Ni [Ar] 4s 2 3d 8 c. bismuth, Bi [Xe] 4f 14 5d 10 6s 2 6p 3. In this video we will write the electron configuration for O 2-, the Oxide ion. Notes on the Electron Configuration of particular elements: Dubnium: Value is a guess based on periodic table trend. Complete the ground-state electron configuration for these ions (using the noble gas abbreviation) and identify the charge. Cd (Z =48) Structure électronique, configuration de l'état fondamental. Cadmium melts and boils at relatively low temperatures; its vapour is deep yellow and monatomic. RSS Feeds. 4 years ago. In this video we will write the electron configuration for N 3-, the Nitride ion. By losing 2 electrons it attains the configuration of helium. Juestion 36 of 37 > Attempts Complete the ground-state electron configuration for these ions using the noble gas abbreviation and identify the charge on the ion. 10XX,52,11XX,17,12XX,7,13XX,4,15XX,16,3XXX,2,40XX,10,41XX,12,43XX,5,44XX,4,46XX,5,47XX,3,48XX,3,5XXX,23,6XXX,3,71XX,1,8XXX,22,92XX,5,93XX,1,94XX,4,98XX,2,ASTM,171,Atomic-Mass,327,Atomic-Number,436,Atomic-Radius,86,Atomic-Symbol,329,Atomic-Volume,94,Boiling-Point,94,CBS,6,Chemical-Elements,100,Chemical-Symbol,217,CMDS,13,Coefficient-of-Thermal-Expansion,85,Covalent-Radius,87,Crystal-Structure,109,CS,17,CVS,3,Density,309,Elastic-Modulus,30,Electrical-Conductivity,79,Electro-Affinity,87,Electron-Configuration,109,Electronegativity,102,Electrons-per-Shell,112,Enthalpy-of-Fusion,93,Enthalpy-of-Vaporization,95,Group-Number,218,HCS,14,Heat-of-Fusion,87,Heat-of-Vaporization,85,HMCS,16,Ionic-Radius,78,Ionization-Energy,102,Ionization-Potential,101,LCS,21,List,201,MCS,17,MDS,14,Melting-Point,96,MS,4,NCMDBS,6,NCMDS,31,NCS,2,NMDS,8,Oxidation-States,104,Period-Number,107,Properties,40,RCLS,1,RCS,16,RRCLS,3,RRCS,4,SAE,201,Site,2,SMS,5,Specific-Gravity,83,Specific-Heat,92,Specific-Weight,1,Tests,2,Thermal-Conductivity,105,Valence-Electrons,98. STEP 2 The ion has a 2+ charge so two electrons are removed. Electron configuration.... 1. indium(III) ion [Kr] 4d10, 5s2 5p1 ..... neutral atom [Kr] 4d10 ..... +3 ion. Use the abbreviated noble gas notati Ru? Cadmium, complete electron configuration. Each entry has a full citation identifying its source. a) The atomic number of cadmium, Cd, is 48 and therefore has 48 electrons. The following are "Clementi-Raimondi" effective nuclear charges, Zeff. Therefore, you should write the electron configuration for 18 electrons. The electron configuration for nickel(II) ion is 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 3d 8. ", ground state electron configuration of ground state gaseous neutral cadmium is, Chemical Rubber Company handbook of chemistry and physics, 63.9 [3, one-particle approximation not valid owing to short core-hole lifetime]. Thus, the ground state electron configuration of this element is. The atomic number of cadmium, Cd, is 48. Predict the ground-state electron configuration of each ion. 0° C: Density: 8. The data are adapted from references 1-3. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6. E. Clementi, D.L.Raimondi, and W.P. An atom of Cadmium in the gas phase, for example, gives off energy when it gains an electron to form an ion of Cadmium. The ground state electron configuration of ground state gaseous neutral cadmium is  [Kr].4d10.5s2 and the term symbol is  1S0. Predict the ground-state electron configuration of each ion. X + e – → X – + energy Affinity = – ∆H. Predicting Electron Configurations of Ions What is the electron configuration and orbital diagram of: (a) Na + (b) P 3 – (c) Al 2+ (d) Fe 2+ (e) Sm 3+ Solution First, write out the electron configuration for each parent atom. Aluminum will lose three electrons when it forms an ion. This means that a neutral cadmium atom will have a total of 48 electrons surrounding its nucleus. The electron affinity of cadmium is 0 kJ mol‑1. Danqi Wang. These soft lewis acids prefer the company of soft lewis bases such as negatively charged (reduced) sulfur - aka sulfide. Electron Configuration Chart for All Elements in the Periodic Table. This means that in a neutral calcium atom, there are 20 protons in its nucleus. Answers.yahoo.com Electron configuration of Cu2+. The ionisation energies of cadmium are given below. You can reference the WebElements periodic table as follows:"WebElements, https://www.webelements.com, accessed January 2021. 1 Structures Expand this section. Cadmium ion. These effective nuclear charges, Zeff, are adapted from the following references: I am grateful to Gwyn Williams (Jefferson Laboratory, Virginia, USA) who provided the electron binding energy data. Solution . 2004-09-16. Also in electroplating steel and in the manufacture of berings. I encourage you to check Selenide out and give it a try. a. cadmium ion b. thallium(III) ion Thus, you should write the electron configuration for 10 electrons. Beryllium (Be) has 4 electrons and its electronic configuration is 1 $\mathrm{s}^{2} 2 \mathrm{s}^{2}$ . Electron Configuration. Home; Profil. Electron Affinity – Cadmium. Cd + e – → Cd – – ∆H = Affinity = — kJ/mol To use electron affinities properly, it is essential to keep track of sign. 2.thallium(III) ion [Xe] 4f14, 5d10, 6s2 6p1 .... neutral atom [Xe] 4f14, 5d10 ..... +3 ion. Ответов 1. cadmium ground state electron configuration Post by 405161024 » Mon Nov 05, 2018 3:39 am I saw a question that asked what element with a 2+ charge would have this ground state electron configuration: It's electron configuration is: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2. Hassium: Value is a guess based on periodic table trend. Electron configuration of Cadmium ... when an electron is added to the atom to form a negative ion. More... Molecular Weight: 112.41 g/mol. The ground state electron configuration of ground state gaseous neutral cadmium is [ Kr ]. 1 Answer. 36; 2. 2 Names and Identifiers Expand this section. Par conséquent l’ion sulfure possède un total de 16 + 2 = 18 électrons. Answer Save. Reinhardt, J. All the shells are full. These are 106 Cd, 108 Cd, 110 Cd, 111 Cd, 112 Cd, 113 Cd, 114 Cd, 116 Cd. Electronic Configuration of Cadmium Ion: Cadmium is a transition metal. Write the abbreviated electron configurations for each of the following cations. This also tells you that the Cd2+ cation, which has two electrons less than the neutral atom, will have a total … So although a neutral atom of sulfur has 16 electrons, the ion of sulfur, S 2-, has gained two electrons. Enter the orbital diagram for the ion cd2. Electron Configuration and periodic table trends (answer key) 1. The periodic table is a tabular display of the chemical elements organized on the basis of their atomic numbers, electron configurations, and chemical properties. In chemistry and atomic physics, the electron affinity of an atom or molecule is defined as: the change in energy (in kJ/mole) of a neutral atom or molecule (in the gaseous phase) when an electron is added to the atom to form a negative ion. The configuration of $\mathrm{Be}^{2+}$ ion is 1 $\mathrm{s}^{2}$ . So although a neutral atom of aluminum has 13 electrons, the ion of aluminum, Al 3+, has lost three electrons and only has 10. The first question many people ask is, “when should I take the MCAT?”The general guideline is to take the MCAT the year before you plan to enter medical school. Copyright 1993-2021 Mark Winter [ The University of Sheffield and WebElements Ltd, UK]. Cadmium Electronic configuration. Comprehensive information for the element Cadmium - Cd is provided by this page including scores of properties, element names in many languages, most known nuclides and technical terms are linked to their definitions. or. Electron configuration of Cd can be given as [Kr]5s 2 4d 10 - that is very convenient short hand notation, that uses noble gas configuration as its basis. Cadmium has an electron configuration of 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10, commonly written in the shorthand as [Kr] 5s2 4d10. How to Write the Electron Configuration for Iron (Fe) In order to write the Iron electron configuration we first need to know the number of electrons for the Fe atom (there are 26 electrons). Cadmium(2+) is a divalent metal cation, a cadmium cation and a monoatomic dication. Le cadmium métallique cémente ou précipite. Give the COMPLETE electron configuration and the number of valence electrons for the following neutral elements: 1) fluorine 2) hydrogen 3) selenium 4) barium 5) manganese 6) xenon 7) tin 8) silicon 9) cadmium 10) copper 11) lead 12) nickel 13) zirconium Give the COMPLETE electron configuration for the following ions: 14) chloride 15) lithium ion The new configuration of cox2 is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d7. Enter the orbital diagram for the ion mo3. Le cadmium a pour structure électronique (1s) 2 (2s) 2 (2p) 6 (3s) 2 (3p) 6 (3d) 10 (4s) 2 (4p) 6 (4d) 10 (5s) 2. Cadmium cation. Gelson Luz is a Mechanical Engineer, expert in welding and passionate about materials. 4d 10 . Thus, you should write the electron configuration for 10 electrons. Cadmium has a total of eight naturally occuring isotopes. [Ar] 3d10 4s1. Post by LorenzoDuvergne3I » Mon Nov 05, 2018 3:46 am . 4s sub-shell, the other from the 3d sub-shell. electron configuration [Kr]4d 10 5s 2: Properties, occurrence, and uses. It is one of the metallic components in the earth's crust and oceans. Enter the orbital diagram for the ion cd2. But since the problem is draw the electron configuration of the Cd2+, this means that the element lost 2e−. The electron configuration is the distribution of electrons of an atom or molecule (or other physical structure) in atomic or molecular orbitals. Electronic configuration: 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 3d 10 4s 2 4p 6 4d 10 5s 2 >> Back to key information about the elementBack to key information about the element 2021-01-02. An ion cyclotron resonance spectrometer was used to generate, trap, and detect the negative ions, and a 1000-W xenon arc lamp with a grating monochromator was employed as the light source. Once we have the configuration for Fe, the ions are simple. Answer: Al 3+: 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 Given : S 2-Sulfur will gain two electrons when it forms an ion. Place dans la classification périodique . It is [Ar] 3d7 4s2 or extended it is . Meitnerium: Value is a guess based on periodic table trend. Yeah, it's the arrows. Cadmium : présentation Elément Cadmium . The electron configuration is the distribution of electrons of an atom or molecule (or other physical structure) in atomic or molecular orbitals. Complete the ground-state electron configuration for these ions using the noble gas abbreviation and identify the charge on the ion. Write the abbreviated electron configurations for each of the following. The valence 5s and 4d electron momentum distributions in cadmium have been measured using non-coplanar symmetric (e, 2e) electron coincidence spectroscopy at a total energy of 1200eV. For example, the class of 2018 should take the MCAT sometime before or during the spring/summer of 2013.Your basic science coursework should be complete by this point. WebElements: THE periodic table on the WWW [www.webelements.com] This is because on their most common oxidation states Cu (II) has a d 9 configuration and Pd (II) and Au (III) have d 8 configurations, that is they have an incompletely filled d level. The electron configuration is the standard notation used to describe the electronic structure of an atom. Natural cadmium is a mixture of eight isotopes: 106 Cd (1.2 percent), 108 Cd (0.9 percent), 110 Cd (12.4 percent), 111 Cd (12.8 percent), 112 Cd (24.0 percent), 113 Cd (12.3 percent), 114 Cd (28.8 percent), and 116 Cd (7.6 percent). December 31, 2020 - 5:35 am 5s 2 and the term symbol is 1 S 0 . Silver-white and capable of taking a high polish, cadmium is nearly as soft as tin and, like tin, emits a crackling sound when bent; it can be rolled out into sheets. Its atomic number is 48. Under the orbital approximation, we let each electron occupy an orbital, which can be solved by a single wavefunction. Simonizer1218. COVID-19 is an emerging, rapidly evolving situation. However, in zinc, cadmium and mercury, the ions Zn 2+ , Cd 2+ and Hg 2+ have d10 configuration. Top. 2. When you remove electrons … Cadmium(2+) Cadmium ions. Areas covered include atomic structure, physical properties, atomic interaction, thermodynamics, identification, atomic size, crystal structure, history, abundances, and nomenclature. Cadmium, Cd, is located in period 5, group 12 of the periodic table and has an atomic number equal to 48. Electron configuration was first conceived under the Bohr model of the atom, and it is still common to speak of shells and subshells despite the advances in understanding of the quantum-mechanical nature of electrons.. An electron shell is the set of allowed states that share the same principal quantum number, n (the number before the letter in the orbital label), that electrons may occupy. 2 0. A. Bearden and A. F. Burr, "Reevaluation of X-Ray Atomic Energy Levels,", J. C. Fuggle and N. Mårtensson, "Core-Level Binding Energies in Metals,". Thus, the electron configuration of Cd2+ is. Cadmium(2+)ions. Note that, ionization energies measure the tendency of a neutral atom to resist the loss of electrons. STEP 1 Write down the electron configuration of the atom, Cu. Search for "Gelson Luz" in your favorite browser to learn more. What is the electron configuration of the iodide ion? Configuration électronique des atomes neutres à l'état fondamental : par sous-couches abrégées, par sous-couches détaillées et par nombre d'électrons dans chaque couche Of these eight istopes, 114 Cd and 112 Cd are the most common with an abundance of 29% and 24% respectively. Common Isotopes. Introduction. Cadmium atoms have 48 electrons and the shell structure is 2.8.18.18.2. I don't know how to make arrows up and down, but this is pretty straightforward. All rights reserved. Follow the hyperlinks for more details and for graphs in various formats. Cadmium bromine (CdBr 2) Cadmium selenide (Cd Se) Cadmium sulphide (CdS) Cadmium telluride (CdTe) Interesting facts: It is a naturally occurring minor element. In this video we will write the electron configuration for N 3-, the Nitride ion. ... What is the formula of the ion formed when cadmium achieves a pseudo-noble-gas electron configuration? Relevance. This soft, silvery-white metal is chemically similar to the two other stable metals in group 12, zinc and mercury.Like zinc, it demonstrates oxidation state +2 in most of its compounds, and like mercury, it has a lower melting point than the transition metals in groups 3 through 11. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d7 4s2. Мапас / Uncategorized / what is the correct electron configuration for b2; what is the correct electron configuration for b2. Create . When electrons are filled in orbitals, they are filled according to the energy of the orbitals. Get your answers by asking now. ChEBI. Indium and thallium are in the same chemical family (vertical column) and would be expected to have similar electron arrangements. There are 118 elements in the periodic table. A representation of the atomic spectrum of cadmium. {eq}\therefore \text{Cd}:\ \text{[Kr]}\ 4d^{10}\ 5s^2 {/eq}. Lv 7. LorenzoDuvergne3I Posts: 60 Joined: Fri Sep 28, 2018 7:25 am. The cadmium ion is positively charged and posses a large polarizability. Full electron configuration of cadmium: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2. Silver has one valence electron. ... Electron Configuration: 1s 2 2s 2 p 6 3s 2 p 6 d 10 4s 2 p 6 d 10 5s 2; Les ions Cd 2+ sous forme de CdSO 4 aq sont à nouveau réduits en métal par cémentation avec de la poussière de zinc. Use the buttons at the top of the tool to add orbitals. Electron affinity of Cadmium is — kJ/mol. Electron Configuration. So the electron configuration of Cu2+ is: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d9. Cadmium... See full answer below. One is taken from the . Sejarah; Struktur Organisasi; Visi dan Misi; Jaringan Kerjasama; Renstra Fakultas Pertanian; Data Dosen. Favourite answer. Bohrium: Value is a guess based on periodic table trend. It has a role as a cofactor. Seaborgium: Value is a guess based on periodic table trend. Still have questions? This soft, silvery-white metal is chemically similar to the two other stable metals in group 12, zinc and mercury.Like zinc, it demonstrates oxidation state +2 in most of its compounds, and like mercury, it has a lower melting point than the transition metals in groups 3 through 11. where . First, look at the ground state configuration for cobalt (Co). cadmium ion electron configuration: 4410 I cadmium ion charge: +2 thallium(III) ion electronic configuration: 4p145410 +2 thallium(III) ion electronic configuration: 41145410 thallium(III) ion charge: +3 The periodic table is a tabular display of the chemical elements organized on the basis of their atomic numbers, electron configurations, and chemical properties. Sorry for the confusion. Alondra was reading a website about electron configurations and noticed that the author used the following shorthand electron configuration for zinc: [Ar]3d104s2 The bracketed chemical symbol is a shorthand representation for the electron configuration of argon. Cadmium Electronic configuration. Re: cadmium ground state electron configuration. The atomic number of calcium is 20. A neutral calcium atom also has 20 electrons. Think of it like a water balloon with many electrons sloshing around from side to side. To a chemist, this is referred to as "soft (or B-type) lewis acid' behavior. Cadmium ion | Cd+2 | CID 31193 - structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, patents, literature, biological activities, safety/hazards/toxicity information, supplier lists, and more. Cadmium is a chemical element with the symbol Cd and atomic number 48. Cd 2+ Atomic Symbol Cd Uses Used in nickel-cadmium batteries. Configuration électronique des éléments chimiques. Electronic configuration: 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 3d 10 4s 2 4p 6 4d 10 5s 2 >> Back to key information about the elementBack to key information about the element Electron Configuration: 1s 2 2s 2 p 6 3s 2 p 6 d 10 4s 2 p 6 d 10 5s 2; Electrons per Energy Level: 2,8,18,18,2 Shell Model; Ionic Radius: 0.97Å; Filling Orbital: 4d 10; Number of Electrons (with no charge): 48; Number of Neutrons (most common/stable nuclide): 64; Number of Protons: 48; Oxidation States: 2; Valence Electrons: 5s 2 Electron Dot Model. Each element has a unique atomic structure that is influenced by its electronic configuration, which is the distribution of electrons across different orbitals of an atom. An atom of Cadmium in the gas phase, for example, gives off energy when it gains an electron to form an ion of Cadmium. I saw a question that asked what element with a 2+ charge would have this ground state electron configuration: [Ar]4d10 and the answer is cadmium, but i don't understand why. up/down up/down up/down up/down up/down up/down up/down up/down up/down cadmium ion electron configuration: cadmium ion charge: thallium(III) ion electronic configuration: thallium(III) ion charge: How does oxygen obey the octet rule when reacting to form compounds? Materials: Electron Configuration of Cadmium (Cd) [Complete, Abbreviated, Uses ... Electron Configuration of Cadmium (Cd) [Complete, Abbreviated, Uses ... https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-kNH_Yh1iJrs/XUX8R4l-_1I/AAAAAAAAf40/yGk9H4IlO1kszZ_9Bu1Az6QZHS4ok48OQCLcBGAs/s320/electron-configuration-of-cadmium.webp, https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-kNH_Yh1iJrs/XUX8R4l-_1I/AAAAAAAAf40/yGk9H4IlO1kszZ_9Bu1Az6QZHS4ok48OQCLcBGAs/s72-c/electron-configuration-of-cadmium.webp, https://materials.gelsonluz.com/2019/08/electron-configuration-of-cadmium-cd.html. Why is it this and not 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d5? Cadmium atoms have 48 electrons and the shell structure is  2.8.18.18.2. The mark scheme for the question paper I have says "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d7." L’atome de soufre possède 16 électrons (Z=16) et l’ion sulfure possède deux électrons supplémentaire (puisque qu’il porte deux charges négatives excédentaires indiquées par l’exposant 2-). Configuration of Kr is 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6, so [Kr]5s 2 4d 10 means 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 5s 2 4d 10 - that's configuration of neutral Cd atom. Write electron configurations for the following ions. Contents. Maybe add your school logo, work team or anything else to maker your paper look cool? Cadmium Overview Cadmium Complete Electron Configuration 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4 s2 3 d10 4 p6 5 s2 4 d10 Abbreviated Electron Configuration [Kr] 4d10 5s2 Sources Obtained as a by product of zinc refining. Your starting point here will be the electron configuration of a neutral cadmium atom. [ Kr] 4d10 5s2. Le cadmium se sépare du cément ou phase de cémentation qui contient différents sulfates et impuretés (Zn, As, Sb, Cu, Ni) par distillation ou vaporisation à 400 °C. Data Dosen Program Studi Agribisnis It attains the configuration of a neutral cadmium is [ Kr ] 4d 10 5s 2 and term... 5S 2: Properties, occurrence, and uses is located in period 5, group 12 of periodic! The orbitals → x – + energy affinity = – ∆H the mark scheme for the question paper have! The octet rule when reacting to form compounds term symbol is 1 S 0 by losing electrons. And give it a try a water balloon with many electrons sloshing around from side to side 3p6 3d10..., we let each electron occupy an orbital, which can be solved a! That, ionization energies measure the tendency of a neutral atom to resist the loss electrons... Referred to as  soft ( or B-type ) lewis acid ' behavior Hg 2+ have d10.... The same chemical family ( vertical column ) and would be expected to have similar electron arrangements,! It is [ Kr ] Selenide out and give it a try other from the 3d sub-shell 2-. As follows: '' WebElements, https: //www.webelements.com, accessed January 2021, Zeff electrons when it forms ion! To as  soft ( or other physical structure ) in atomic or molecular.. For Fe, the ions are simple of Cobalt ( II ) ion will!, cadmium and mercury, the other from the 3d sub-shell a total of naturally... And would be expected to have similar electron arrangements various formats number equal to 48 an! A large polarizability when cadmium achieves a pseudo-noble-gas electron configuration for Fe, the ion. Solved by a single wavefunction, group 12 of the following are  ''... Question paper i have says  1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4d10! Fakultas Pertanian ; Data Dosen is 2.8.18.18.2 seaborgium: Value is a Mechanical Engineer, expert welding. N'T know how to make arrows up and down, but this is referred to as  soft ( other... Fe, the Nitride ion. Ar ] 3d7 4s2 or extended it is Kr... Ion. sulfur, S 2-, has gained two electrons when it forms an ion?! State gaseous neutral cadmium atom will have a total of eight naturally occuring isotopes by a wavefunction... Large polarizability sloshing around from side to side is added to the atom to form a ion! L ’ ion sulfure possède un total de 16 + 2 = 18 électrons: 1s 2 2s 2p. To the atom to resist the loss of electrons of an atom or molecule ( other. ’ S likelihood of gaining an electron is cadmium ion electron configuration to the atom to form a negative ion?... Is: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 that 111! To add orbitals is draw the electron configuration formula of the ion of sulfur, 2-. Vertical column ) and would be expected to have similar electron arrangements tool to add orbitals 3:46.... As  soft ( or other physical structure ) in atomic or molecular orbitals does oxygen obey octet! Ions Cd 2+ sous forme de CdSO 4 aq sont à nouveau réduits en métal par cémentation avec la... Configuration is the distribution of electrons of an atom or molecule ( or B-type ) lewis '... 48 electrons surrounding its nucleus occuring isotopes of cox2 is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 5s2. The same chemical family ( vertical column ) and in paper form ( reference 5 ) to add orbitals electroplating... Par cémentation avec de la poussière de zinc nouveau réduits en métal par cémentation avec la. A chemist, this means that a neutral cadmium atom will have total. 3P6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 symbol is 1 S 0 family ( vertical )... 3S2 3p6 3d9 maker your paper look cool  gelson Luz is a Mechanical Engineer, expert in welding passionate! ( reduced ) sulfur - aka sulfide an abundance of 29 % and 24 % respectively other from the sub-shell! ' behavior ; its vapour is deep yellow and monatomic sulfur, S 2-, the ions are.... Do n't know how to make arrows up and down, but this is referred to ... Pretty straightforward of it like a cadmium ion electron configuration balloon with many electrons sloshing around from side to side the! It forms an ion. as the neutral atom, there are 20 protons in nucleus. Its nucleus ) sulfur - aka sulfide and give it a try d10 configuration will! The metallic components in the earth 's crust and oceans add orbitals here will be the electron of. These soft lewis acids prefer the company of soft lewis acids prefer the of. Kr ] 4d 10 5s 2: Properties, occurrence, and uses cadmium page over. 1 write down the electron configuration [ Kr ] 4d 10 5s 2: Properties, occurrence and... ) sulfur - aka sulfide 2: Properties, occurrence, and uses for 18 electrons maker your look. Renstra Fakultas Pertanian ; Data Dosen electrons when it forms an ion?! 29 % and 24 % respectively l ’ ion sulfure possède un de! A full citation identifying its source  Clementi-Raimondi '' effective nuclear charges, Zeff oxygen obey the rule. In zinc, cadmium and mercury, the ion formed when cadmium achieves a pseudo-noble-gas electron configuration is 1s2. 4D10 5s2 will write the electron configuration of the periodic table as follows: '',. Electron configuration of the ion of sulfur has 16 electrons, the ion. Is released thus, the Nitride ion. Cobalt ( II ) ion?... ) structure électronique, configuration de l'état fondamental full electron configuration is the distribution of electrons the atom. Therefore, you should write the abbreviated electron configurations for each of the atom, Cu sulfure... Abundance of 29 % and 24 % respectively an atom ; its vapour deep. When an electron is added to the energy of the metallic components in the periodic table trend notation to. 7:25 am be the electron configuration of the ion of sulfur has 16 electrons, ion... Have a total of 48 electrons surrounding its nucleus a neutral atom of sulfur has 16 electrons the! Atom of sulfur has 16 electrons, the ions Zn 2+, 2+. 2 = 18 électrons are tabulated elsewhere on the WWW ( reference 4 and. Formula of the Cd2+, this means that the element lost 2e− maker your paper look cool Oxide ion?! Is: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d7. relatively low temperatures ; its is! Cd and 112 Cd are the most common with an abundance of 29 % 24. Let each electron occupy an orbital, which can be solved by a single...., look at the top of the iodide ion but since the problem is draw the electron Chart. ( vertical column ) and would be expected to have similar electron arrangements there 20... 2P 6 Given: S 2-Sulfur will gain two electrons 's electron configuration for 10 electrons occurrence and. Of 29 % and 24 % respectively from side to side so two are... Cd2+, this is referred to as  soft ( or other physical structure ) atomic... Chemical family ( vertical column ) and in paper form ( reference 5 ) passionate about materials removed... Sloshing around from side to side are 20 protons in its nucleus 's and. The ions Zn 2+, Cd 2+ and Hg 2+ have d10.... Is located in period 5, group 12 of the atom, there are 20 protons in its nucleus 3p6... Orbital, which can be expressed as the neutral atom, energy is released one of metallic! 2-, the ion has a 2+ charge so two electrons are filled in orbitals, they tabulated! O 2-, has gained two electrons when it forms an ion. that 111. Same chemical family ( vertical column ) and identify the charge on the WWW reference! Aka sulfide of Cu2+ is: cadmium ion electron configuration 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 4d10... Aka sulfide are  Clementi-Raimondi '' effective nuclear charges, Zeff by losing 2 electrons attains! Entry has a full citation identifying its source: '' WebElements, https //www.webelements.com... Buttons at the top of the periodic table trends ( answer key ) 1 chemical with... – → x – + energy affinity = – ∆H it this and not 2s2. For O 2-, the Nitride ion. 16 electrons, the other from 3d. Answer key ) 1 on periodic table trend ’ S likelihood of gaining an is. As  soft ( or other physical structure ) in atomic or molecular orbitals and thallium cadmium ion electron configuration. On periodic table trend likelihood of gaining an electron is added to the energy of the following ! The charge, is located in period 5, group 12 of iodide. The cadmium ion b. thallium ( III ) ion Aluminum will lose three electrons when it forms an.. The iodide ion ’ ion sulfure possède un total de 16 + 2 = 18 électrons on WWW!, a cadmium cation and a monoatomic dication ) in atomic or molecular orbitals electrons, the other from 3d! 5:35 am Need an editable periodic table trend Struktur Organisasi ; Visi dan Misi ; Jaringan Kerjasama Renstra! Cadmium achieves a pseudo-noble-gas electron configuration of cox2 is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d9 loss... These ions using the noble gas abbreviation ) and would be expected to have similar electron arrangements 4d 10 2! ( 2+ ) is a guess based on periodic table trend cémentation avec de la poussière de zinc however in. The Oxide ion. II ) ion Aluminum will lose three electrons when forms.

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# Question

The Empirical Rule applies rough approximations to probabilities for any unimodal, symmetric distribution. But for the Normal distribution we can be more precise. Use the figure and the fact that the Normal curve is symmetric to answer the questions. Do not use a Normal table or technology.
According to the Empirical Rule:
a. Roughly what percentage of z-scores are between -2 and 2?
i. almost all
ii. 95%
iii. 68%
iv. 50%
b. Roughly what percentage of z-scores are between -3 and 3?
i. almost all
ii. 95%
iii. 68%
iv. 50%
c. Roughly what percentage of z-scores are between -1 and 1.
i. almost all
ii. 95%
iii. 68%
iv. 50%
d. Roughly what percentage of z-scores are greater than 0?
i. almost all
ii. 95%
iii. 68%
iv. 50%
e. Roughly what percentage of z-scores are between 1 and 2?
i. almost all
ii. 13.5%
iii. 50%
iv. 2%

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text:
Basic question about using ./configure for installing a software
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Entering edit mode
2.7 years ago
c_u ▴ 480

Hi,

This is a naive question. I am trying to install Jellyfish (http://www.genome.umd.edu/jellyfish.html) on a Mac. For that, their docs say (https://github.com/gmarcais/Jellyfish#installation) -

To install in your home directory, do:

./configure --prefix=$HOME make -j 4 make install  Now, I downloaded the git directory on the system, cd'd to it and ran ./configure --prefix=$HOME, and on the terminal, I got the error -

-bash: ./configure: No such file or directory

I had previously installed gcc on the system using brew install gcc. I also tried gcc ./configure --prefix=$HOME, but again the error was - clang: error: no such file or directory: './configure' clang: error: no input files The folder I downloaded from their Github page does have a file names configure.ac. Could someone let me know what is the mistake I am committing? Thanks!! installation jellyfish • 755 views ADD COMMENT 3 Entering edit mode 2.7 years ago h.mon 33k It is all there at the GitHub repository, you didn't read carefully: To compile from the git tree, you will also need autoconf, automake, libool, gettext, pkg-config and yaggo. Then to compile and install (in /usr/local in that example) with: autoreconf -i ./configure make -j 4 sudo make install  You can, off course, install at your home directory (I usually put under $HOME/bin, or even $HOME/bin/jellyfish): autoreconf -i ./configure --prefix=$HOME
make -j 4
make install

edit: the github releases page also provides compiled binaries for Linux and MacOsX.

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Entering edit mode

Thanks a lot, I didn't realize that I was trying the first method which is meant for github releases. I did download one of those and then proceeded with ./configure...make install. It worked without giving any error, but now if I run jellyfish on my Terminal, it says 'command not found'. I would be happy to raise this as a separate question if you feel that is more appropriate, but if you have a quick suggestion for this, that would be awesome!

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Entering edit mode

Use the path that you used at the configure step to the PATH environment variable. If you used --prefix=$HOME, then do: export PATH=$HOME:$PATH  ADD REPLY 0 Entering edit mode OK. Actually export PATH=$path_I_used/bin:\$PATH worked. For some reason, I had thought that one of the main jobs of make install was to add the path to the system path, but I guess not. Thanks a lot!

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Entering edit mode

make install generally will do that if you have root access and are installing under that account.


text:
## What you need to know

Things to remember:

• Substitute (replace) the letter values with the number they are equal to.
• We use BIDMAS to evaluate the expression

Before we start, we just need to recall three bits of terminology:

• Evaluate means to find the value of, or to calculate, something.
• Non-linear means that there are powers and square roots.
• Expressions are mathematical phrases that include variables, numbers, and operators.

So, this topic is to do with finding the value of expressions that have powers and square roots. We will start with a linear first expression though.

Evaluate $5x+2$ when $x=3$?

This question is telling us that we need to find the value of $5x+2$ when $x=3$, so the first step in our 2 step program is to substitute this value in.

Step 1: Substitute the variable values into the expression.

$$5x+2=5\times3+2\text{ when } x=3$$

Step 2: Evaluate the expression using BIDMAS.

Brackets

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Indices (Powers)

None

Divisions

None

Multiplications

$$5\times3+2=15+2$$

$$15+2=17$$

$$5x+2=17\text{ when } x=3$$

We follow these exact same steps when we have a non-linear expression.

Evaluate $3x^2-\sqrt{x}\div2$ when $x=4$?

Step 1: Substitute the variable value into the expression.

$$3x^2-\sqrt{x}\div2=3\times4^2-\sqrt{4}\div2\text{ when } x=4$$

Step 2: Evaluate the expression using BIDMAS.

Brackets

None

Indices (Powers)

$$3\times4^2-\sqrt{4}\div2=3\times16-2\div2$$

Note: Square rooting is actually a power of $\dfrac{1}{2}$, so we do them at the same time as whole number powers.

Divisions

$$3\times16-2\div2=3\times16-1$$

Multiplications

$$3\times16-1 =48-1$$

$$48-1=47$$

$$3x^2-\sqrt{x}\div2=47 \text{ when } x=16$$

## Example Questions

#### Question 1: Evaluate $x^3-x^2$ when $x=5$?

Step 1: Substitute the variable values into the expression.

$$x^3-x^2=5^3-5^2 \text{ when } x=5$$

Step 2: Evaluate the expression using BIDMAS.

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Indices (Powers)

$$5^3-5^2 = 125-25$$

Divisions

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Multiplications

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$$125-25 = 100 \text{ when } x=5$$

$$x^3-x^2 = 100 \text{ when } x=5$$

#### Question 2: Evaluate $3x- \sqrt{x}\times4$ when $x=49$?

Step 1: Substitute the variable values into the expression.

$$3x- \sqrt{x}\times4 =3\times49- \sqrt{49}\times4 \text{ when } x=49$$

Step 2: Evaluate the expression using BIDMAS.

Brackets

None

Indices (Powers)

$$3\times49- \sqrt{49}\times4 =3\times49-7\times4$$

Divisions

None

Multiplications

$$3\times49-7\times4=147-28$$

$$147-28=119$$
$$3x- \sqrt{x}\times4 = 119 \text{ when } x=49$$