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# Math 123 Berkeley

Note: In the event that links do not work, because the server is down, hardcopies of the textbook units and appendices, the exercises sets, the answers to odd numbered exercises, and the lab exercises are all on permanent reserve in the college library under “Sprechini – Math 123” Tips for Success in This Course. **A fifth semester is granted to transfer student admits who are missing at least three lower division technical courses, of at least 3 units each, for the Nuclear Engineering major when they matriculate to UC Berkeley. The Greater Good Science Center studies the psychology, sociology, and neuroscience of well-being, and teaches skills that foster a thriving, resilient, and compassionate society. [Paulo Ney De Souza; Jorge-Nuno Silva] -- "In 1977, the Mathematics Department at the University of California, Berkeley, instituted a written examination as one of the first major requirements toward the Ph. Bürgmann, and F. She was a 2014 ICM speaker for her pioneering work on the hydrodynamic limit of Boltzmann's equation. Amanda Glazer. The new name for the division is Blackboard Engage. UC Berkeley requires additional lower division courses for graduation beyond those listed or articulated. If you're headed to Berkeley/ Oakland area, stay here "The people are so helpful, and the rooms are well appointed. Julia Robinson Mathematics Festivals inspire students to explore the richness and beauty of mathematics through activities that encourage collaborative, creative problem-solving. MATH 54 MIDTERM 1 Sep 23 2014 12:40-2:00pm Section Number Section Leader Your Name Do not turn this page until you are instructed to do so. When not knowing Math can cost you 15,000. Lectures: TTh 3:30 -- 5:00. Secondary Division Orientation is this Saturday! Hear from student speakers, meet your teacher, and explore the Berkeley campus. What is the probability that you. There are 135 Math tutor job openings in Berkeley. The Department of Integrative Biology (IB) at the University of California, Berkeley invite applications for a full-time tenure-track position in vertebrate physiology at the Assistant Professor level. Research covers theory, simulation, and implementation. Event listings from the UC Berkeley Calendar Network. Texas Tech University Sample Mathematics Placement Examination Section 1. BE3 invites you to an Information Session for prospective applicants for UC Berkeley Graduate School of Education's Teacher MA + credential program. edu) Beginner Problems 1 An n-bit string is n-digit “word,” each digit of which is either 0 or 1. Students whose main interests lie in the physical sciences, mathematics, or engineering should consider Math or Applied Math 21a. Loading Close. Math Trigonometry Review CHSN Review Project This review guide was written by Dara Adib. Prerequisite: MATH 150 or equivalent or acceptable score on TAMU Math Placement Exam; also taught at Galveston campus. By Vicki Zakrzewski | January 22, 2014 Print; Bookmark. I am a Professor of Mathematics at Stanford University, in the topology group and the geometry group. 2019 Gentry Lectures Dr. Berkeley Math Circle Graph Theory Oct. Simplify (3 a 2 b-3)-4 (12ab 3. It only takes a minute to sign up. Economics majors can enroll in a broad array of economics courses, ranging from economic history to advanced macroeconomics. John's and Berkeley Roads in Pembroke West, Bermuda. IEOR Master of Engineering Program Apply Program Overview Student Profile How to Apply Frequently Asked Questions Join the Next Generation of Leaders Become an Engineering Leader Expand your effectiveness as an engineer by gaining valuable leadership skills. What is the probability that you. The following are detailed for each high school course: a summary of the year, the rationale for the module sequence, the major emphasis clusters, and an alignment chart which provides the length of each module and the associated standards. A Eau Claire WI furniture store. View course details in MyPlan: MATH 496. Ordinary Differential Equations. In the event of an emergency or ﬁre alarm leave your exam (closed) on your seat and meet with your GSI. Ninja Courses makes college easier! We help you quickly plan your schedule, see professor ratings and reviews, study with past exam files, and get price comparisons for your required textbooks. All rights reserved. Students, teachers, parents, and everyone can find solutions to their math problems instantly. Mathematics is not about how much you know but about how much you can figure out with what you know. Julia Robinson Mathematics Festivals inspire students to explore the richness and beauty of mathematics through activities that encourage collaborative, creative problem-solving. We are a student group acting. You must have taken CS 61A, Math 1A and Math 1B (or equivalents). Assistant Professor of Mathematics, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Texas Tech University. Berkeley Math Circle Combinatorics I Sept. STAT 205A (= MATH 218A): Probability Theory (Fall 2016) Homework solutions now posted -- see below. What are R and CRAN? R is ‘GNU S’, a freely available language and environment for statistical computing and graphics which provides a wide variety of statistical and graphical techniques: linear and nonlinear modelling, statistical tests, time series analysis, classification, clustering, etc. Simplify (3 a 2 b-3)-4 (12ab 3. edu June 9, 2011 These notes were started in January 2009 with help from Christopher Ng, a student in Math 135A and 135B classes at UC Davis, who typeset the notes he took during my lectures. Math Trigonometry Review CHSN Review Project This review guide was written by Dara Adib. edu as follows: Session Duration - 01:42 minutes; 2. Mathematics is the language of the sciences, a cultural phenomenon with a rich historical tradition, and a model of abstract reasoning. Our researchers are making groundbreaking discoveries to clarify how living systems work– to impact mental health, physical health, and the health of our planet. She moved to Berkeley in 2000 to study Theology at the Graduate Theological Union, and taught World Religions while completing her MA before beginning her work at Cal in 2008. GMAT Quant Prep Tips. Moreover, Women in Mathematics at Berkeley (WIM) serves to foster a community and provide a network amongst the undergraduate women in mathematics at Cal. Each divisor is the product of some power of 2 and some power of 3. Thank You and Good Luck to all the participants! More on the contest information and rules. How to Integrate Social-Emotional Learning into Common Core Implementing the Common Core doesn’t mean educators have to abandon SEL—in fact, just the opposite might be true. She was a 2014 ICM speaker for her pioneering work on the hydrodynamic limit of Boltzmann's equation. The main part of this book describes the first semester of the existence of a successful and now highly popular program for elementary school students at the Berkeley Math Circle. Game Theory, Stat 155 (UC Berkeley, Summer 2013) Analytic Geometry and Calculus, Math 16B (UC Berkeley, Summer 2013) Linear Algebra, Math 110 (UC Berkeley, Spring 2013) Ordinary Differential Equations, Math 123 (UC Berkeley, Spring 2013,). The Department of Economics is home to over 1500 undergraduate students. Its program of study provides a challenging academic experience that prepares its students for selective colleges; for careers in science, math, and engineering; and for a life of civic engagement and ethical responsibility. NONCOMMUTATIVE RINGS Michael Artin class notes, Math 251, Berkeley, fall 1999 I began writing notes some time after the semester began, so the beginning of the course (diamond lemma, Peirce decomposition, density and Wedderburn theory) is not here. Each session is written by the actual presenter or by one of the editors based on the original presentation given by a presenter to the students of the Berkeley Math Circle. edu as follows: Session Duration - 01:42 minutes; 2. However, here we will focus on the mathematics and the algorithm behind some of these functions, and work directly on the arrays. Mark Wilson's interests focus on measurement and applied statistics. What is the probability that you. Math and C. Teachers can find useful math resources for the classroom. Here you will find the course outline, suggested homework and practice problems, course policies, exam dates, common handouts and supplementary notes, other course information, and information on available resources. Annals of Mathematics Fine Hall – Washington Road Princeton University Princeton, NJ 08544, USA Phone: 1-609-258-6468, Fax: 1-609-258-1367. False!! Di is posting the notes for the first three lectures for easier reference because it was a review and materi. Discrete mathematics and probability theory provide the foundation for many algorithms, concepts, and techniques in the field of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. Note: Citations are based on reference standards. Founded in 1884 by Ormond Stone of the University of Virginia, the journal was transferred in 1899 to Harvard University, and in 1911 to Princeton University. MSP is a nonprofit who believes that fair-priced scholar-led subscription journals remain the best stewards of quality and fairness, and strives to offer the highest quality at the lowest sustainable prices. In the Epilogue the authors give the background of math circles in general and a short history of the Berkeley math circle in particular. Educating Leaders, Creating Knowledge, Serving Society 2016-17 Engineering Mathematics & Statistics. Search local listings by rates, reviews, experience, and more - all for free. Lectures: TTh 3:30 -- 5:00. Watch Queue. Cost of attendance figures are established through student surveys and other research and may include the components below: Tuition and fees (assuming full-time attendance). This policy may not apply to the online sections of Math 124/5/6. James Lau, B. Because the fundamentals of Set Theory are known to all mathemati-cians, basic problems in the subject seem elementary. 57 Berkeley County Government jobs available on Indeed. The Berkeley Unified School District is committed to providing equal opportunity for all individuals in district programs and activities. Please write (explain) how you arrive at your answers. So for parents and teachers who want to discuss Inside Out with children, here we have distilled four of its main insights into our emotional lives, along with some of the research that backs them up. Berkeley Math Circle { Graph Coloring March 2009 (1) A coloring of a map is a coloring of the di erent regions (or countries, however you view your map) in such a way that regions that share parts of their boundary get di erent colors. 149 Homes For Sale in Berkeley, CA. Search form. Each divisor is the product of some power of 2 and some power of 3. The Statistics Department is heavily involved in the Harvard Data Science Initiative (DSI). With visual learning, students are better equipped to tackle unfamiliar math problems, recognize patterns, and build conceptual understanding. Come learn how you can apply to join BE3's 2020-2021 cohort! (Applications to enter BE3 in 2020-2021 are due December 2019). The Department of Mathematics offers an undergraduate major in Applied Mathematics leading to the BA degree. This command is used to construct an multi dimensional material object that has a Drucker-Prager yield criterium. Questions about the Mathematics Calendar? Email us. Up to 3 mathematics-related courses from other departments may be substituted for Mathematics Electives with departmental permission. ODE), Math 126 (PDE), Math 140 (Metric Differential Geometry, If you like Multivariable Calc, physics, etc then you will love this class). The Max Planck Institute for Mathematics mourns the death of Michael Atiyah, one of the giants of mathematics. The cursor will change to a vertical arrow. The specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied. Academic honesty. Declaring the. Bridging Berkeley Math Mentorship. Analysis I: Complex Function Theory Berkeley. Join 103,721,616 Academics and Researchers. taken at UC Berkeley from 1997-2001 and graduate courses taken at Harvard University in 2002-2003. Submit an entry to the Mathematics Calendar. Info University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley)'s MATH department has 75 courses in Course Hero with 13099 documents and 40 answered questions. These notes contain material on probability for Math 55, Discrete mathematics. Each course here is a contract with external institutions that can be used to tranfter in credit. The BeBOP group is broadly interested in understanding software performance tuning issues, and the interaction or implications for hardware design. Skip navigation Sign in. (Attendance is optional, but recommended especially for families new to the program. UCSD Math 20D Differential Equations old exams from Ed Bender and also Math 21D from Bruce Driver. I am teaching Math 557 in. Student Learning Center | César E. Though Inside Out has artfully opened the door to these conversations, it can still be hard to find the right way to move through them or respond to kids’ questions. Ribet University of California – Berkeley November 20 & 21, 2019 “What did Sophie Do?” November 20, 2019 Kulynych Auditorium Porter Byrum Welcome Center – 5:30pm I will speak about Sophie Germain, a mathematician who was born on April Fools’ Day, 1776, and Fermat’s… Continue reading. Trinity’s Hamilton Mathematics Institute receives major grant from Simons Foundation Maths Helproom re-opens this Monday the 16th of September. (From the Berkeley Math Circle Website: http//mathcircle. Browse for English tutors at UC Berkeley, nursing tutors, peer tutors, computer science tutors, and more in and around Berkeley, CA. This page contains sites relating to Geometry. Creating a mesh is the ﬁrst step in a wide range of applications, including scientiﬁc computing and computer graphics. You may use a Berkeley Summer Session to satisfy one semester of the Senior Residence requirement, provided that you successfully complete 6 units of course work in the Summer Session and that you have been enrolled previously in the college. Access study documents, get answers to your study questions, and connect with real tutors for MATH 123 : Ordinary Differential Equations at University Of California, Berkeley. Department of Mathematics, Purdue University 150 N. The Hamilton Mathematics Institute, Trinity College Dublin, will be holding a mini-conference dedicated to their colleage Sir Michael Atiyah, on September 27th, 2019. If mathematics is regarded as a science, then the philosophy of mathematics can be regarded as a branch of the philosophy of science, next to disciplines such as the philosophy of physics and the philosophy of biology. No material other than simple writing utensils may be used. The new name for the division is Blackboard Engage. These notes are loosely based on the Spring 2018 section taught by Charles Had eld, and was written by Aidan Backus. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act, no part of this publication. Kristie is one of four first-generation college women who share their advice on how to succeed in the face of adversity. Office of the Registrar. With visual learning, students are better equipped to tackle unfamiliar math problems, recognize patterns, and build conceptual understanding. 13/22 - p Direct Conversion (cont) Example: If the IF ampliﬁer has 80dB of gain, and the. The number must be divisible by both 2 and 3 before you can conclude that it is divisible by 6. Students enrolling in these courses should have completed at least 8 units in philosophy. 1,2,3 to the Zoo. If non-UC Berkeley college level course work was completed before admission into UC Berkeley, it can be used to satisfy prerequisite or breadth requirements (with the exception of Principles of Business (UGBA 10), which must be taken at UC Berkeley). Additional office hours by appointment. Prerequisite: MATH 150 or equivalent or acceptable score on TAMU Math Placement Exam; also taught at Galveston campus. Academic Records. 128: Taylor Series for Differential Equation Solvers’ Local Error Prof. Berkeley City College Precalculus w/ Analytic Geometry - Math 2 - Chapter 5 Homework 4 Due:_____ Name_____ Solve the exponential equation. Instructions. University Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2067 Phone: (765) 494-1901 - FAX: (765) 494-0548 Contact the Webmaster for technical and content concerns about this webpage. Center Hours. MSP is a nonprofit who believes that fair-priced scholar-led subscription journals remain the best stewards of quality and fairness, and strives to offer the highest quality at the lowest sustainable prices. BerkeleyTime. News & Announcements. As part of a continuous effort to provide you with the most relevant and up-to-date content and services we have recently retired many of our older copyrights. 9) NW Study of selected areas of mathematics. University Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2067 Phone: (765) 494-1901 - FAX: (765) 494-0548 Contact the Webmaster for technical and content concerns about this webpage. CO] 7 Aug 2004 Tropical Mathematics David Speyer and Bernd Sturmfels∗ Department of Mathematics, University of California, Berkeley These are the notes for the Clay Mathematics Institute Senior Scholar Lecture which was delivered by Bernd Sturmfels in Park City, Utah, on July 22, 2004. The fall 2019 Breakthroughs magazine features the secrets of virus-host interactions, a reimagining of “druggability,” and more. James Lau, B. This page contains sites relating to Geometry. Diagnostic Examination: 1. Curriculum Vitae. Click your grade level, and then select "123 Numbers. In the Epilogue the authors give the background of math circles in general and a short history of the Berkeley math circle in particular. Notes * A minimum of 120 units is required for graduation. Professor 746 Sutardja Dai Hall, (510) 642-7034; [email protected] 7742 [email protected] Evaluation for the BMC 2016-2017 Instructions: This form should be filled by students, parents, teachers, and others involved with the BMC in 2016-2017 by May 1st, 2017 or earlier. Students who have not had calculus in high school are strongly advised to take the Student Learning Center's Math 98 adjunct course for Math 10A; contact the SLC for more information. 2019 Gentry Lectures Dr. Reddit gives you the best of the internet in one place. However, once Math 55 gets to proof writing techniques (which is fairly early on) things get a lot better. *I f you are enrolled in Flipped and Flexible Math 1151: Please note that doing the lessons listed below will not count towards your grade. If you are in any doubt about your preparation for the class, please come and talk to any one of us as soon as possible. As such, it is expected to provide a ﬁrm foundation for the rest of mathematics. Special thanks to Brian Conrad for his thorough comments on every lecture. GRADUATE STUDENTS: Before checking in to Cal Student Central, please follow these instructions. Simplify (3 a 2 b-3)-4 (12ab 3. “As is common with many English teachers,” Barbara says, “I thought of myself as a teacher who might have been a writer if my life path had led me there instead of into the classroom. By Vicki Zakrzewski | January 22, 2014 Print; Bookmark. Academic honesty. Here is an earlier midterm I gave for Math 123. All MATH courses at the University of California, Berkeley (Berkeley). Lisa considers the number x = 1 11 1 22 1 100100 Lisa wants to know what x is when rounded to the nearest integer. However, handing in homework that makes use of other people's work (be it from a fellow student, a book or paper, or whatever) without explicit acknowledgement is considered academic misconduct. Annals of Mathematics Fine Hall – Washington Road Princeton University Princeton, NJ 08544, USA Phone: 1-609-258-6468, Fax: 1-609-258-1367. edu/~reshetik/intex1b-16. University of California, Berkeley. Here is an earlier final I gave for Math 123. Schedule: Section Mathematics + Berkeley. The program provides an excellent preparation for advanced degrees in math, physical sciences, economics, and industrial engineering, as well as graduate study in business, education, law, and medicine. Set theory. However, they may be read or edited by anyone interested in the material. The new name for the division is Blackboard Engage. The video was filmed as part of. Studies have repeatedly shown that women provide more assistance to family and friends than do men. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, B-2 Lawrence Hall of Science, C-1 LeConte Hall, C-3 Legends Aquatic Center, E-6 Levine-Fricke Field, C-1 Lewis Hall, C-2/3 Life Sciences Addition, C-5 Lower Sproul Plaza, D-4/5 Martin Luther King Jr. The Max Planck Institute for Mathematics mourns the death of Michael Atiyah, one of the giants of mathematics. BerkeleyTime. Declaring the. Lectures: TTh 3:30 -- 5:00. When the GSI use this format they ask politically. Math Trigonometry Review CHSN Review Project This review guide was written by Dara Adib. A Eau Claire WI furniture store. Secondary Division Orientation is this Saturday! Hear from student speakers, meet your teacher, and explore the Berkeley campus. Educating Leaders, Creating Knowledge, Serving Society 2016-17 Engineering Mathematics & Statistics. UC Berkeley Division of Student Affairs. The Greater Good Science Center studies the psychology, sociology, and neuroscience of well-being, and teaches skills that foster a thriving, resilient, and compassionate society. Economics majors can enroll in a broad array of economics courses, ranging from economic history to advanced macroeconomics. Math+Science Pathway (with MA and Single Subject Credential in Math or Science subject) English Pathway (with MA and Single Subject Credential in English) Social Science Pathway (with MA and Single Subject Credential in Social Science) To apply to BE3, you must: (1) Complete an Application for the Graduate School of Education (GSE). Edline, the company, is now a division of Blackboard. Cannot be repeated for credit. of Mathematics • University of California, Berkeley • 970 Evans Hall #3840 • Berkeley, CA 94720-3840 USA • +1 (510) 642-6550 • +1 (510) 642-8204. Math 55 midterm exam, February 21, 2019 NAME: SID: 2. Requirements for the Major in Applied Mathematics (consists of five lower-division and eight upper-division courses) LOWER-DIVISION REQUIRED COURSES Mathematics 1A Calculus Mathematics 1B Calculus Mathematics 53 Multivariable Calculus Mathematics 54 Linear Algebra & Differential Equations Mathematics 55 Discrete Mathematics. The Statistics Department is heavily involved in the Harvard Data Science Initiative (DSI). Kahan's Notes for Math. This notation is only used to express an idea, like “outcome of an experiment assumes a value ” can be written as ; the notation never enters in any calculation, any integral at all. Mathematics Department Open House at Princeton University, May 2014. Julia Robinson Mathematics Festivals inspire students to explore the richness and beauty of mathematics through activities that encourage collaborative, creative problem-solving. Berkeley County Schools is using an electronic flyer distribution program called Peachjar, transitioning from distributing paper flyers to electronic flyers at school sites. In the event of an emergency or ﬁre alarm leave your exam (closed) on your seat and meet with your GSI. All rights reserved. Berkeley, California: Lawrence Hall of Science. Berkeley family needs a part-time tutor for Math. Mark Wilson's interests focus on measurement and applied statistics. Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics is regarded by many as the greatest work in moral philosophy ever written. PDF file; Matlab's Inverses of Nearly Singular Hilbert. Math 55 midterm exam, February 21, 2019 NAME: SID: 2. By joining, you will become part of a community of like-minded faculty, mentors, and students that will provide a supportive environment in which to exchange and discuss ideas and goals. Free textbooks (aka open textbooks) written by knowledgable scholars are a relatively new phenomenon. edu/~reshetik/intex1b-16. The Undergraduate Research Apprentice Program (URAP) is designed to involve Berkeley undergraduates more deeply in the research life of the University. This page contains sites relating to Geometry. This page contains sites relating to History and Biography. Online math degrees can be earned at every educational level, from associate to master's. For tutoring please call 856. He has served as senior advisor to the Educational Human. When the GSI use this format they ask politically. Practice midterm 2, Math 55, Discrete Math, Fall 2019 Problem D. Prerequisites: Math 53 and 54, basic programming skills, Math 104 and 110 a plus. Online tutoring available. The films "Rite of Love and Death" by Yukio Mishima and "Rites of Love and Math" by Reine Graves and Edward Frenkel were screened at the Landmark Cinemas in Berkeley on December 1, 2010 (sponsored. edu Research Interests: Control, Intelligent Systems, and Robotics (CIR); Cyber-Physical Systems and Design Automation (CPSDA); Biosystems & Computational Biology (BIO). Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, B-2 Lawrence Hall of Science, C-1 LeConte Hall, C-3 Legends Aquatic Center, E-6 Levine-Fricke Field, C-1 Lewis Hall, C-2/3 Life Sciences Addition, C-5 Lower Sproul Plaza, D-4/5 Martin Luther King Jr. Jennifer enjoyed supporting Posse, Miller and SSS Scholars before joining the SLC in summer, 2019. I have been a nurse since 1997. The questions in this section measure preparation for College Algebra (Math 1320),. GRADUATE STUDENTS: Before checking in to Cal Student Central, please follow these instructions. Mathematics 1 Mathematics Bachelor of Arts (BA) The Department of Mathematics offers an undergraduate major program in mathematics, leading to the Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree. Amanda Glazer. do so would require more than one course in mathematics and leave no time for the physics. Study University of California - Berkeley Mathematics 54 flashcards and notes. Textbook: We will primarily follow "The Qualitative Theory of Differential Equations" by Brauer and Nohel. Professor Emeritus David Vogel wins the Lynton Keith Caldwell Best Book Award from the organized section on Science, Technology, and Environmental Politics of APSA for 2019. The other is the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, which placed 22nd overall to Berkeley’s 14th ranking. Upper-division undergraduate courses. James Lau, B. Moreover, Women in Mathematics at Berkeley (WIM) serves to foster a community and provide a network amongst the undergraduate women in mathematics at Cal. What are R and CRAN? R is ‘GNU S’, a freely available language and environment for statistical computing and graphics which provides a wide variety of statistical and graphical techniques: linear and nonlinear modelling, statistical tests, time series analysis, classification, clustering, etc. Berkeley Math Circle Graph Theory Oct. However, they may be read or edited by anyone interested in the material. Pure and applied mathematics are both well-represented in the department's offerings and research specialties. 1 post published by burnmidnight on April 7, 2016. Kahan's Notes for Math. 1,483 *This data was provided by UCB Undergraduate Admissions and Graduate Division. You may use a Berkeley Summer Session to satisfy one semester of the Senior Residence requirement, provided that you successfully complete 6 units of course work in the Summer Session and that you have been enrolled previously in the college. The school was founded in 1897, and moved from the Samaritan's Hall on Court Street to its present site in 1902. 7742 [email protected] Happy Pi Day from Carnegie Mellon University! Professor of mathematical sciences Po-Shen Loh explains why Euler’s Equation is the most beautiful equation in math. Tau Beta Pi Engineering Honor Society, California Alpha Chapter. If a student takes both of MATH 331 and MATH 401, then one of these can count as a Mathematics Elective. It is designed for students whose ultimate research will involve rigorous proofs in mathematical probability. " http://www. ” As a member of the UC Berkeley community, I act with honesty, integrity, and respect for others. Submit an entry to the Mathematics Calendar. 2019 Gentry Lectures Dr. If you prefer to call in to register, on Aug. Berkeley Math Circle { Graph Coloring March 2009 (1) A coloring of a map is a coloring of the di erent regions (or countries, however you view your map) in such a way that regions that share parts of their boundary get di erent colors. Evaluation for the BMC 2016-2017 Instructions: This form should be filled by students, parents, teachers, and others involved with the BMC in 2016-2017 by May 1st, 2017 or earlier. These textbooks are. Coalition Advocates for Stronger STEM Focus in House Higher Education Bill. Notes * A minimum of 120 units is required for graduation. Reading and plotting images¶. Diagnostic Examination: 1. Kahan's Notes for Math. However, handing in homework that makes use of other people's work (be it from a fellow student, a book or paper, or whatever) without explicit acknowledgement is considered academic misconduct. Math 250A: Groups, rings, and elds. The Annals of Mathematics is published bimonthly by the Department of Mathematics at Princeton University with the cooperation of the Institute for Advanced Study. The Mathematics Genealogy Project is in need of funds to help pay for student help and other associated costs. If you struggled with any of these courses, you should probably take Math 55 instead of CS 70 as CS 70 is likely to be more conceptual in nature. Engineering Mathematics and Statistics Major Program, Undergraduate. The Rhind Mathematical Papyrus, the oldest existing mathematical manuscript, tells us that their basic number system is very similar to ours except in one way – their concept of fractions. Department of Mathematics. Step-by-step solutions to all your Math homework questions - Slader. GRADUATE STUDENTS: Before checking in to Cal Student Central, please follow these instructions. Readers unacquainted with virtue ethics or ancient philosophy have to accustom themselves to a different mode of thought in Aristotle which challenges much in modern analytical philosophy, but when we read him on how we should live, on the role of the emotions in our moral life, on the. 7 out of 5 stars 5. The BeBOP group is broadly interested in understanding software performance tuning issues, and the interaction or implications for hardware design. Student Learning Center | César E. An unstructured simplex mesh requires a choice of meshpoints (vertex nodes) and a triangulation. Two kinds of random variables: Discrete and continuous. Each divisor is the product of some power of 2 and some power of 3. edu Research Interests: Control, Intelligent Systems, and Robotics (CIR); Cyber-Physical Systems and Design Automation (CPSDA); Biosystems & Computational Biology (BIO). Bridging Berkeley mentors inspire youth, particularly youth who will be first-generation college students, to explore math concepts through real-world problems. DSI is a cross-campus effort to develop important new data science methods and to better harness the power of data science in research. Reading and plotting images¶. Talk given at Cornell University, April 14 2008. LetA$be a real symmetric$n\times n$matrix with$0$as a simple eigenvalue (that is, the algebraic multiplicity of the eigenvalue$0$is$1\$), and. Mark Wilson's interests focus on measurement and applied statistics. Please identify the problems that are challenging for you (circle or write a list). In the new rankings, Berkeley's graduate programs placed first in the world in biological sciences, computer science, economics, English, psychology, and sociology; second in chemistry, clinical psychology, earth sciences, and math. 1: Technical electives must include 16 units of upper division engineering courses, selected in consultation with the student's faculty adviser, in order to provide depth in an area of engineering with high mathematical content—typically, most of these courses will come from a single engineering department, but courses that. Info University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley)'s MATH department has 75 courses in Course Hero with 13099 documents and 40 answered questions. These textbooks are. Lectures: TTh 3:30 -- 5:00. Calculus 1 Online Lessons (Math 1151) To benefit all Math 1151 students, the MSLC is making these online, interactive lessons available on their website to all students. The remainder of dividing the polynomial x 3-x 2 +x-1 by x-1 is (a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 0 (d) x (e) 2: 2. The cursor will change to a vertical arrow. Fall 2017 MATH 123 001 LEC. 7742 [email protected] The following are detailed for each high school course: a summary of the year, the rationale for the module sequence, the major emphasis clusters, and an alignment chart which provides the length of each module and the associated standards. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, B-2 Lawrence Hall of Science, C-1 LeConte Hall, C-3 Legends Aquatic Center, E-6 Levine-Fricke Field, C-1 Lewis Hall, C-2/3 Life Sciences Addition, C-5 Lower Sproul Plaza, D-4/5 Martin Luther King Jr. Exclusively working with experienced IB teachers. Pure and applied mathematics are both well-represented in the department's offerings and research specialties. The Math Forum's Internet Math Library is a comprehensive catalog of Web sites and Web pages relating to the study of mathematics. edu is a place to share and follow research. Publications since 2016: 2016: Huang, M. The Curriculum Map and Overview of A Story of Functions provides teachers with a clear picture of the modules at each grade level from Grades 9 to 12. Note: In the event that links do not work, because the server is down, hardcopies of the textbook units and appendices, the exercises sets, the answers to odd numbered exercises, and the lab exercises are all on permanent reserve in the college library under "Sprechini - Math 123" Tips for Success in This Course. The Berkeley Math Circle (BMC) started in 1998 as one of the very first math circles in the U. 185: Solutions for Final Exam 5 - 8 pm. 1: Technical electives must include 16 units of upper division engineering courses, selected in consultation with the student's faculty adviser, in order to provide depth in an area of engineering with high mathematical content—typically, most of these courses will come from a single engineering department, but courses that. Used by over 1 million students in the United States. Secondary Division Orientation is this Saturday! Hear from student speakers, meet your teacher, and explore the Berkeley campus. Access study documents, get answers to your study questions, and connect with real tutors for MATH 113 : ABSTRACT ALGEBRA at University Of California, Berkeley. Major programs within the department provide excellent preparation for advanced degrees in math, physical sciences, economics, and industrial. We consider directed last passage percolation model in the plane, and constrain the maximizing path under the additional requirement of enclosing an atypically large area. 530 Evans Hall #3880, Berkeley, California 94720-3880 Tel: (510) 642-0822 / Fax: (510) 642-6615 / E-mail: [email protected] Texas Tech University Sample Mathematics Placement Examination Section 1. It lands heads 10 out of 10 of these. Deep learning for the Zwicky Transient Facility: real/bogus classification and identification of fast-moving objects. (Attendance is optional, but recommended especially for families new to the program. Math 3C -- Ordinary Differential Equations with Linear Algebra for Life Sciences Students. All MATH courses at the University of California, Berkeley (Berkeley). 7 out of 5 stars 5.


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## root / LUFA / Drivers / USB / Class / Host / CDC.h @ 978b99e5

 1 /*   LUFA Library   Copyright (C) Dean Camera, 2011.     dean [at] fourwalledcubicle [dot] com   www.lufa-lib.org  */  /*   Copyright 2011 Dean Camera (dean [at] fourwalledcubicle [dot] com)     Permission to use, copy, modify, distribute, and sell this   software and its documentation for any purpose is hereby granted   without fee, provided that the above copyright notice appear in   all copies and that both that the copyright notice and this   permission notice and warranty disclaimer appear in supporting   documentation, and that the name of the author not be used in   advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the   software without specific, written prior permission.     The author disclaim all warranties with regard to this   software, including all implied warranties of merchantability   and fitness. In no event shall the author be liable for any   special, indirect or consequential damages or any damages   whatsoever resulting from loss of use, data or profits, whether   in an action of contract, negligence or other tortious action,   arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of   this software.  */  /** \file   * \brief Host mode driver for the library USB CDC Class driver.   *   * Host mode driver for the library USB CDC Class driver.   *   * \note This file should not be included directly. It is automatically included as needed by the USB module driver   * dispatch header located in LUFA/Drivers/USB.h.   */  /** \ingroup Group_USBClassCDC   * \defgroup Group_USBClassCDCHost CDC Class Host Mode Driver   *   * \section Sec_Dependencies Module Source Dependencies   * The following files must be built with any user project that uses this module:   * - LUFA/Drivers/USB/Class/Host/CDC.c (Makefile source module name: LUFA_SRC_USBCLASS)   *   * \section Sec_ModDescription Module Description   * Host Mode USB Class driver framework interface, for the CDC USB Class driver.   *   * @{   */  #ifndef __CDC_CLASS_HOST_H__  #define __CDC_CLASS_HOST_H__   /* Includes: */   #include "../../USB.h"   #include "../Common/CDC.h"   #include   /* Enable C linkage for C++ Compilers: */   #if defined(__cplusplus)   extern "C" {   #endif   /* Preprocessor Checks: */   #if !defined(__INCLUDE_FROM_CDC_DRIVER)   #error Do not include this file directly. Include LUFA/Drivers/USB.h instead.   #endif   /* Public Interface - May be used in end-application: */   /* Type Defines: */   /** \brief CDC Class Host Mode Configuration and State Structure.   *   * Class state structure. An instance of this structure should be made within the user application,   * and passed to each of the CDC class driver functions as the \c CDCInterfaceInfo parameter. This   * stores each CDC interface's configuration and state information.   */   typedef struct   {   const struct   {   uint8_t DataINPipeNumber; /**< Pipe number of the CDC interface's IN data pipe. */   bool DataINPipeDoubleBank; /**< Indicates if the CDC interface's IN data pipe should use double banking. */   uint8_t DataOUTPipeNumber; /**< Pipe number of the CDC interface's OUT data pipe. */   bool DataOUTPipeDoubleBank; /**< Indicates if the CDC interface's OUT data pipe should use double banking. */   uint8_t NotificationPipeNumber; /**< Pipe number of the CDC interface's IN notification endpoint, if used. */   bool NotificationPipeDoubleBank; /**< Indicates if the CDC interface's notification pipe should use double banking. */   } Config; /**< Config data for the USB class interface within the device. All elements in this section   * must be set or the interface will fail to enumerate and operate correctly.   */   struct   {   bool IsActive; /**< Indicates if the current interface instance is connected to an attached device, valid   * after \ref CDC_Host_ConfigurePipes() is called and the Host state machine is in the   * Configured state.   */   uint8_t ControlInterfaceNumber; /**< Interface index of the CDC-ACM control interface within the attached device. */   uint16_t DataINPipeSize; /**< Size in bytes of the CDC interface's IN data pipe. */   uint16_t DataOUTPipeSize; /**< Size in bytes of the CDC interface's OUT data pipe. */   uint16_t NotificationPipeSize; /**< Size in bytes of the CDC interface's IN notification pipe, if used. */   struct   {   uint8_t HostToDevice; /**< Control line states from the host to device, as a set of \c CDC_CONTROL_LINE_OUT_*   * masks - to notify the device of changes to these values, call the   * \ref CDC_Host_SendControlLineStateChange() function.   */   uint8_t DeviceToHost; /**< Control line states from the device to host, as a set of \c CDC_CONTROL_LINE_IN_*   * masks. This value is updated each time \ref CDC_Host_USBTask() is called.   */   } ControlLineStates; /**< Current states of the virtual serial port's control lines between the device and host. */   CDC_LineEncoding_t LineEncoding; /**< Line encoding used in the virtual serial port, for the device's information.   * This is generally only used if the virtual serial port data is to be   * reconstructed on a physical UART. When set by the host application, the   * \ref CDC_Host_SetLineEncoding() function must be called to push the changes   * to the device.   */   } State; /**< State data for the USB class interface within the device. All elements in this section   * may be set to initial values, but may also be ignored to default to sane values when   * the interface is enumerated.   */   } USB_ClassInfo_CDC_Host_t;   /* Enums: */   /** Enum for the possible error codes returned by the \ref CDC_Host_ConfigurePipes() function. */   enum CDC_Host_EnumerationFailure_ErrorCodes_t   {   CDC_ENUMERROR_NoError = 0, /**< Configuration Descriptor was processed successfully. */   CDC_ENUMERROR_InvalidConfigDescriptor = 1, /**< The device returned an invalid Configuration Descriptor. */   CDC_ENUMERROR_NoCompatibleInterfaceFound = 2, /**< A compatible CDC interface was not found in the device's Configuration Descriptor. */   CDC_ENUMERROR_PipeConfigurationFailed = 3, /**< One or more pipes for the specified interface could not be configured correctly. */   };   /* Function Prototypes: */   /** General management task for a given CDC host class interface, required for the correct operation of the interface. This should   * be called frequently in the main program loop, before the master USB management task \ref USB_USBTask().   *   * \param[in,out] CDCInterfaceInfo Pointer to a structure containing an CDC Class host configuration and state.   */   void CDC_Host_USBTask(USB_ClassInfo_CDC_Host_t* const CDCInterfaceInfo) ATTR_NON_NULL_PTR_ARG(1);   /** Host interface configuration routine, to configure a given CDC host interface instance using the Configuration   * Descriptor read from an attached USB device. This function automatically updates the given CDC Host instance's   * state values and configures the pipes required to communicate with the interface if it is found within the device.   * This should be called once after the stack has enumerated the attached device, while the host state machine is in   * the Addressed state.   *   * \param[in,out] CDCInterfaceInfo Pointer to a structure containing an CDC Class host configuration and state.   * \param[in] ConfigDescriptorSize Length of the attached device's Configuration Descriptor.   * \param[in] DeviceConfigDescriptor Pointer to a buffer containing the attached device's Configuration Descriptor.   *   * \return A value from the \ref CDC_Host_EnumerationFailure_ErrorCodes_t enum.   */   uint8_t CDC_Host_ConfigurePipes(USB_ClassInfo_CDC_Host_t* const CDCInterfaceInfo,   uint16_t ConfigDescriptorSize,   void* DeviceConfigDescriptor) ATTR_NON_NULL_PTR_ARG(1) ATTR_NON_NULL_PTR_ARG(3);   /** Sets the line encoding for the attached device's virtual serial port. This should be called when the \c LineEncoding   * values of the interface have been changed to push the new settings to the USB device.   *   * \param[in,out] CDCInterfaceInfo Pointer to a structure containing a CDC Class host configuration and state.   *   * \return A value from the \ref USB_Host_SendControlErrorCodes_t enum.   */   uint8_t CDC_Host_SetLineEncoding(USB_ClassInfo_CDC_Host_t* const CDCInterfaceInfo) ATTR_NON_NULL_PTR_ARG(1);   /** Sends a Serial Control Line State Change notification to the device. This should be called when the virtual serial   * control lines (DTR, RTS, etc.) have changed states. Line states persist until they are cleared via a second   * notification. This should be called each time the CDC class driver's \c ControlLineStates.HostToDevice value is updated   * to push the new states to the USB device.   *   * \param[in,out] CDCInterfaceInfo Pointer to a structure containing a CDC Class host configuration and state.   *   * \return A value from the \ref USB_Host_SendControlErrorCodes_t enum.   */   uint8_t CDC_Host_SendControlLineStateChange(USB_ClassInfo_CDC_Host_t* const CDCInterfaceInfo) ATTR_NON_NULL_PTR_ARG(1);   /** Sends a Send Break request to the device. This is generally used to separate data or to indicate a special condition   * to the receiving device.   *   * \param[in,out] CDCInterfaceInfo Pointer to a structure containing a CDC Class host configuration and state.   * \param[in] Duration Duration of the break, in milliseconds.   *   * \return A value from the \ref USB_Host_SendControlErrorCodes_t enum.   */   uint8_t CDC_Host_SendBreak(USB_ClassInfo_CDC_Host_t* const CDCInterfaceInfo,   const uint8_t Duration) ATTR_NON_NULL_PTR_ARG(1);   /** Sends a given data buffer to the attached USB device, if connected. If a device is not connected when the function is   * called, the data will be discarded. Bytes will be queued for transmission to the device until either the pipe bank   * becomes full, or the \ref CDC_Host_Flush() function is called to flush the pending data to the device. This allows for   * multiple bytes to be packed into a single pipe packet, increasing data throughput.   *   * \pre This function must only be called when the Host state machine is in the \ref HOST_STATE_Configured state or the   * call will fail.   *   * \param[in,out] CDCInterfaceInfo Pointer to a structure containing a CDC Class host configuration and state.   * \param[in] Buffer Pointer to a buffer containing the data to send to the device.   * \param[in] Length Length of the data to send to the device.   *   * \return A value from the \ref Pipe_Stream_RW_ErrorCodes_t enum.   */   uint8_t CDC_Host_SendData(USB_ClassInfo_CDC_Host_t* const CDCInterfaceInfo,   const uint8_t* const Buffer,   const uint16_t Length);   /** Sends a given null-terminated string to the attached USB device, if connected. If a device is not connected when the   * function is called, the string is discarded. Bytes will be queued for transmission to the device until either the pipe   * bank becomes full, or the \ref CDC_Host_Flush() function is called to flush the pending data to the device. This allows   * for multiple bytes to be packed into a single pipe packet, increasing data throughput.   *   * \pre This function must only be called when the Host state machine is in the \ref HOST_STATE_Configured state or the   * call will fail.   *   * \param[in,out] CDCInterfaceInfo Pointer to a structure containing a CDC Class host configuration and state.   * \param[in] String Pointer to the null terminated string to send to the device.   *   * \return A value from the \ref Pipe_Stream_RW_ErrorCodes_t enum.   */   uint8_t CDC_Host_SendString(USB_ClassInfo_CDC_Host_t* const CDCInterfaceInfo,   const char* const String) ATTR_NON_NULL_PTR_ARG(1) ATTR_NON_NULL_PTR_ARG(2);   /** Sends a given byte to the attached USB device, if connected. If a device is not connected when the function is called, the   * byte is discarded. Bytes will be queued for transmission to the device until either the pipe bank becomes full, or the   * \ref CDC_Host_Flush() function is called to flush the pending data to the host. This allows for multiple bytes to be   * packed into a single pipe packet, increasing data throughput.   *   * \pre This function must only be called when the Host state machine is in the \ref HOST_STATE_Configured state or the   * call will fail.   *   * \param[in,out] CDCInterfaceInfo Pointer to a structure containing a CDC Class host configuration and state.   * \param[in] Data Byte of data to send to the device.   *   * \return A value from the \ref Pipe_WaitUntilReady_ErrorCodes_t enum.   */   uint8_t CDC_Host_SendByte(USB_ClassInfo_CDC_Host_t* const CDCInterfaceInfo,   const uint8_t Data) ATTR_NON_NULL_PTR_ARG(1);   /** Determines the number of bytes received by the CDC interface from the device, waiting to be read. This indicates the number   * of bytes in the IN pipe bank only, and thus the number of calls to \ref CDC_Host_ReceiveByte() which are guaranteed to succeed   * immediately. If multiple bytes are to be received, they should be buffered by the user application, as the pipe bank will not be   * released back to the USB controller until all bytes are read.   *   * \pre This function must only be called when the Host state machine is in the \ref HOST_STATE_Configured state or the   * call will fail.   *   * \param[in,out] CDCInterfaceInfo Pointer to a structure containing a CDC Class host configuration and state.   *   * \return Total number of buffered bytes received from the device.   */   uint16_t CDC_Host_BytesReceived(USB_ClassInfo_CDC_Host_t* const CDCInterfaceInfo) ATTR_NON_NULL_PTR_ARG(1);   /** Reads a byte of data from the device. If no data is waiting to be read of if a USB device is not connected, the function   * returns a negative value. The \ref CDC_Host_BytesReceived() function may be queried in advance to determine how many bytes   * are currently buffered in the CDC interface's data receive pipe.   *   * \pre This function must only be called when the Host state machine is in the \ref HOST_STATE_Configured state or the   * call will fail.   *   * \param[in,out] CDCInterfaceInfo Pointer to a structure containing a CDC Class host configuration and state.   *   * \return Next received byte from the device, or a negative value if no data received.   */   int16_t CDC_Host_ReceiveByte(USB_ClassInfo_CDC_Host_t* const CDCInterfaceInfo) ATTR_NON_NULL_PTR_ARG(1);   /** Flushes any data waiting to be sent, ensuring that the send buffer is cleared.   *   * \pre This function must only be called when the Host state machine is in the \ref HOST_STATE_Configured state or the   * call will fail.   *   * \param[in,out] CDCInterfaceInfo Pointer to a structure containing a CDC Class host configuration and state.   *   * \return A value from the \ref Pipe_WaitUntilReady_ErrorCodes_t enum.   */   uint8_t CDC_Host_Flush(USB_ClassInfo_CDC_Host_t* const CDCInterfaceInfo) ATTR_NON_NULL_PTR_ARG(1);   /** Creates a standard character stream for the given CDC Device instance so that it can be used with all the regular   * functions in the standard \c library that accept a \c FILE stream as a destination (e.g. \c fprintf). The created   * stream is bidirectional and can be used for both input and output functions.   *   * Reading data from this stream is non-blocking, i.e. in most instances, complete strings cannot be read in by a single   * fetch, as the endpoint will not be ready at some point in the transmission, aborting the transfer. However, this may   * be used when the read data is processed byte-per-bye (via \c getc()) or when the user application will implement its own   * line buffering.   *   * \note The created stream can be given as stdout if desired to direct the standard output from all \c functions   * to the given CDC interface.   * \n\n   *   * \note This function is not available on all microcontroller architectures.   *   * \param[in,out] CDCInterfaceInfo Pointer to a structure containing a CDC Class configuration and state.   * \param[in,out] Stream Pointer to a FILE structure where the created stream should be placed.   */   void CDC_Host_CreateStream(USB_ClassInfo_CDC_Host_t* const CDCInterfaceInfo,   FILE* const Stream);   /** Identical to \ref CDC_Host_CreateStream(), except that reads are blocking until the calling stream function terminates   * the transfer. While blocking, the USB and CDC service tasks are called repeatedly to maintain USB communications.   *   * \note This function is not available on all microcontroller architectures.   *   * \param[in,out] CDCInterfaceInfo Pointer to a structure containing a CDC Class configuration and state.   * \param[in,out] Stream Pointer to a FILE structure where the created stream should be placed.   */   void CDC_Host_CreateBlockingStream(USB_ClassInfo_CDC_Host_t* const CDCInterfaceInfo,   FILE* const Stream);   /** CDC class driver event for a control line state change on a CDC host interface. This event fires each time the device notifies   * the host of a control line state change (containing the virtual serial control line states, such as DCD) and may be hooked in the   * user program by declaring a handler function with the same name and parameters listed here. The new control line states   * are available in the ControlLineStates.DeviceToHost value inside the CDC host interface structure passed as a parameter, set as   * a mask of \c CDC_CONTROL_LINE_IN_* masks.   *   * \param[in,out] CDCInterfaceInfo Pointer to a structure containing a CDC Class host configuration and state.   */   void EVENT_CDC_Host_ControLineStateChanged(USB_ClassInfo_CDC_Host_t* const CDCInterfaceInfo) ATTR_NON_NULL_PTR_ARG(1);   /* Private Interface - For use in library only: */   #if !defined(__DOXYGEN__)   /* Function Prototypes: */   #if defined(__INCLUDE_FROM_CDC_HOST_C)   #if defined(FDEV_SETUP_STREAM)   static int CDC_Host_putchar(char c,   FILE* Stream) ATTR_NON_NULL_PTR_ARG(2);   static int CDC_Host_getchar(FILE* Stream) ATTR_NON_NULL_PTR_ARG(1);   static int CDC_Host_getchar_Blocking(FILE* Stream) ATTR_NON_NULL_PTR_ARG(1);   #endif   void CDC_Host_Event_Stub(void) ATTR_CONST;     void EVENT_CDC_Host_ControLineStateChanged(USB_ClassInfo_CDC_Host_t* const CDCInterfaceInfo)   ATTR_WEAK ATTR_NON_NULL_PTR_ARG(1) ATTR_ALIAS(CDC_Host_Event_Stub);   static uint8_t DCOMP_CDC_Host_NextCDCControlInterface(void* const CurrentDescriptor)   ATTR_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT ATTR_NON_NULL_PTR_ARG(1);   static uint8_t DCOMP_CDC_Host_NextCDCDataInterface(void* const CurrentDescriptor)   ATTR_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT ATTR_NON_NULL_PTR_ARG(1);   static uint8_t DCOMP_CDC_Host_NextCDCInterfaceEndpoint(void* const CurrentDescriptor)   ATTR_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT ATTR_NON_NULL_PTR_ARG(1);   #endif   #endif   /* Disable C linkage for C++ Compilers: */   #if defined(__cplusplus)   }   #endif  #endif  /** @} */

format: plain


text:
# Some Julia sets

Above is the Julia set of $$F_{c} = e^{z^{3}}$$ at the point $$– 0.621$$.

Above is the Julia set of $$F_{c} = (1+z+ \frac{z^{2}}{2})Exp[z^{-3} -z]$$ at the point $$-0.6 -i$$.

Above is the Julia set of $latex F_{c} =-\frac{\cosh \left(-z+1+\frac{1}{z}-\frac{1}{z^2}+\frac{1}{z^3}\right)}{|z|}+\sinh \left(-z+1+\frac{1}{z}-\frac{1}{z^2}+\frac{1}{z^3}\right)$ at the point $$-(0.62-0.4 i)$$.

I have posted other Julia sets here.

You can find out more about Juila sets here.


text:
# Likelihood Cross-Validation

Likelihood cross-validation. The cross-validation method used for optimum kernel bandwidth estimation is based on the maximum likelihood principle. In a classical sense, the maximum likelihood principle considers the best “explanation” of the obsered data to be the probability model , that maximizes the likeliood function, which maximizes the probability of getting as the result what was actually observed. In density estimation, the probability model is to be estimated from the data which will also be used to test the goodness of fit of the statistical model. One can use, leave one out cross-validation can be defined as the likelihodds for each data point averaged, i.e.

.

The score is a function of bandwidth , since the density estimate for a fixed data set is a function of bandwidth and kernel type. The optimum choice of bandwidth by likelihood cross-validation is then

.

Methodology and Tools in Knowledge-Based Systems: 11th International ... - Google ブックス


text:
# outlier.test

0th

Percentile

##### Bonferroni Outlier Test

Reports the Bonferroni p-value for the most extreme observation. At present, there are methods for studentized residuals in linear and generalized linear models.

##### Usage
outlier.test(model, ...)

outlier.test.lm(model, labels=names(rstud))

outlier.test.glm(model, labels=names(rstud))
##### Arguments
model
a suitable model object.
labels
an optional vector of observation names.
...
not for the user.
##### Details

For a linear model, the p-value reported is for the largest absolute studentized residual, using the $t$ distribution with degrees of freedom one less than the residual df for the model. For a generalized linear model, the largest absolute studentized residual is also used, but with the standard-normal distribution. The Bonferroni adjustment multiplies the usual two-sided p-value by the number of observations.

##### Value

• an object of class outlier.test, which is normally just printed.

##### References

Cook, R. D. and Weisberg, S. (1984) Residuals and Influence in Regression.) Wiley. Fox, J. (1997) Applied Regression, Linear Models, and Related Methods. Sage. Williams, D. A. (1987) Generalized linear model diagnostics using the deviance and single case deletions. Applied Statistics 36, 181--191. [object Object] data(Duncan) outlier.test(lm(prestige~income+education, data=Duncan)) ## max|rstudent| df unadjusted p Bonferroni p ## 3.134519 41 0.003177202 0.1429741 ## ## Observation: minister regression htest

##### Aliases
• outlier.test
• outlier.test.lm
• outlier.test.glm
• print.outlier.test
Documentation reproduced from package car, version 0.8-3, License: GPL version 2 or newer

### Community examples

Looks like there are no examples yet.


text:
# Parallelization: Speed up Functions in a Package

August 18, 2012
By

(This article was first published on TRinker's R Blog » R, and kindly contributed to R-bloggers)

Well I bought a new computer a month back (i7 8GB memory). Finally more than one core and a chance to try parallelization. I saw this blog post a while back and was intrigued and was further intriqued when I saw that plyr/reshape2 has some paralellization capabilities(LINK). Let me say up front this is my first experience so there may be better ways but it sped up my code by over four times.

Let me warn you now, when I first read the A No BS Guide to the Basics of Parallelization in R I tried to see how many cores I had on my computer (this shows my ignorance; which may be of comfort to some of you, others will stop reading this blog post immediately). 1 is the loneliest number especially if you’re attempting to run on multiple cores.

Suggestion if you type detectCores() and see 1 you can’t run code in parallel, at least not by running it on different cores of your machine.

Background (skip this if you are short on time)
I’m working on a package (qdap) and have a function (pos) that takes a long time to run. It is basically finding parts of speech by sentence (each sentence is a cell and there are thousands of them). I rely on openNLP for the pos tagging but the whole process is time consuming. I figured perfect time to try this parallelization out.

I skimmed the Task View for parallel computing and knew I was out of my league and decided to just focus on my problem not the whole parallelization concept. Back to wrathematics bog post and I discovered my silly Windows machine was not compatible with mcapply but saw hope with the clusterApply(). Using ?clusterApply
I saw parLapply said it was a parallel version of lapply. I like lapply and dicided that was what I’d go with.

Working with parallel coding in functions (skip to here)
These are the two major problems/differences I encountered with parLapply over lapply inside a function:

1. You need to pass/export the functions and variables you’ll be needing in the parLapply using makeCluster & clusterExport. See Andy Garcia’s helpful response to my question about this (LINK)
2. You have to specify the envir argument of clusterExport as envir=environment(). See GSee’s helpful response to my question about this (LINK)
3.
Below is an example of taking a non parallel function and making it run in parallel:

 detectCores()  #make sure you have > 1 core

nonpar.test <- function(text.var, gc.rate=10){
ntv <- length(text.var)
require(parallel)
pos <-  function(i) {
paste(sapply(strsplit(tolower(i), " "), nchar), collapse=" | ")
}
lapply(seq_len(ntv), function(i) {
x <- pos(text.var[i])
if (i%%gc.rate==0) gc()
return(x)
}
)
}

nonpar.test(rep("I wish I ran in parallel.", 20))

par.test <- function(text.var, gc.rate=10){
ntv <- length(text.var)
require(parallel)
pos <-  function(i) {
paste(sapply(strsplit(tolower(i), " "), nchar), collapse=" | ")
}
#======================================
cl <- makeCluster(mc <- getOption("cl.cores", 4))
clusterExport(cl=cl, varlist=c("text.var", "ntv", "gc.rate", "pos"),
envir=environment())
parLapply(cl, seq_len(ntv), function(i) {
#======================================
x <- pos(text.var[i])
if (i%%gc.rate==0) gc()
return(x)
}
)
}

par.test(rep("I wish I ran in parallel.", 20))

Notice that lines 28-31 (between the #==== lines) is all that changes. Once you get it down working with parLapply is pretty easy.

Note:
It doesn’t always make sense to run in parallel as it takes time to make the cluster. In the pos I added parallel as an argument because for smaller text vectors running in parallel doesn’t make sense (it’s slower).

Wonderings and future direction:
The pos function I have in qdap uses a progress bar. Currently I couldn’t make a progress bar work with parLapply but it’s less of a need because it was so much faster.

Benchmarking (1 run)

> system.time(pos(rajSPLIT$dialogue, parallel=T)) user system elapsed 2.35 0.08 199.53 > system.time(pos(rajSPLIT$dialogue, progress.bar =F))
user  system elapsed
816.61   16.74  833.47

This is benchmarked using the rajSPLIT\$dialogue which is the text from Romeo and Juliet, a data set in qdap. This consists of 2151 rows or 23,943 words.

Hopefully this blog post is useful to those learning some parallelization. Check out Task View , the Documentation for the Parallel package and the Vignette for the parallel package.

If you have suggestions for improvement, links, or help on getting a progress bar with parLapply please leave a comment.

To leave a comment for the author, please follow the link and comment on his blog: TRinker's R Blog » R.

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text:
# Filtering genes from cuffdiff results

I have run cuffdiff (with statistics turned ON) to compare two groups of samples: Control group and Late AD group.

This is the command I ran to be precise:

cuffdiff -L Control,AD_Late_Braak -p 8 --total-hits-norm --frag-bias-correct ../References/ensembl.GRCh38.99.fa --multi-read-correct --library-norm-method quartile ../References/Homo_sapiens.GRCh38.99.chr.gtf Early_Braak_Control_1,Early_Braak_Control_2,Early_Braak_Control_3 Late_Braak_Sample_1,Late_Braak_Sample_2,Late_Braak_Sample_3

I'm looking at the output from cuffdiff and I see a gene_exp.diff file which contains the results of the differential expression testing. I want to know what is the best way to filter the results of this gene_exp.diff file so as to restrict the number of genes that are up-regulated and down-regulated to a list between ~50-850.

P.S My thoughts are to tweak the p-values and log2 fold change values, but seems like a trail-and-error method, so I was wondering if there was a more "formal" method/approach?


text:
# Inverse of Interpolating Function?

1. Jul 19, 2011

### gonzorascal

Hello All,

I am working with an Interpolating Function of an oscillating solution (time series) to a differential equation. I am trying to find the period and pulse width of the oscillation. To do this I would like to have an inverse of my function y[t] (so I would have t[y]). I realize this function would be multivalued (that's in part what I want to find the period). I am not having success using Mathematica's InverseFunction[] or Reduce[] commands. Does anyone have any experience or suggestions with this sort of thing (either finding Inverse Interpolating Functions or another method for period and pulse width)? Thank you.

-GR

2. Jul 19, 2011

### pmsrw3

I don't know of any way to do what you want without some programming. You can use FindRoot to Find a root near an estimate, but to get all the roots you're going to have to do some hunting. Something like Table[y[t], {t,tmin,tmax,dt}], where you choose dt small enough that you feel confident of not missing any roots, then search for places where the sign changes, then use FindRoot with Method->"Brent" to locate each root.

A better way to do this would be to use the actual grid of values stored in the interpolating function. Needs["DifferentialEquationsInterpolatingFunctionAnatomy"] will load some functions that will allow you to do this. This is documented in Mathematica under "tutorial/NDSolvePackages".


text:
Mathematics

#### Quan336

4 years ago

not exactly sure what you want to do but i figure its just to apply the power of 4 soo... remember that 4 applies to the entire fraction so it should look something like this ((3^4)*(x^4))/((2^4)*(y^4)) and you get 81x^4/16y^4

hope this helps

#### yassautumn

4 years ago

$\left(\frac{3x}{2y}\right)^4=\frac{81x^4}{16y^4}$


text:
9:01 PM
@ScottW With FUD!

Maybe I'm misunderstanding the concept.

You say reflection circumvents too far. I say it doesn't circumvent too far enough.

@Maxpm No. A programming language provides exactly and only the convenient translation of your ideas into CPU-specific code. Their concreteness or not is irrelevant.

After reading the Wikipedia article, I still don't see the point.

9:04 PM
Ok, imagine you want to rent some method. You clearly need some MethodRental class for... Erm, nevermind.

@Maxpm plugins: check whether a given dll is a valid plugin for your program, and then load it

It gives an example of two classes, X and Y, that are used interchangeably. It says a benefit of reflection is that methods only have to be written once to work with both. Isn't that what interfaces/inheritance is for?

serialization: inspect the structure of a type, and generate serialization code for it

@jalf By "structure of a type," you mean a list of its members?

@RMartinhoFernandes Lol.

9:05 PM
@Maxpm Only if they actually share a common interface.
consider another example
exposing objects to scripting languages

@Maxpm for example. And their types. And perhaps also special attributes associated with the type. That's introspection

reflection can totally automate this process, enable ALL THE FUNCTIONS and ALL THE PROPERTIES and ALL THE VARIABLES

Okay. Type introspection seems handy, but what about self-modification?

@Maxpm A list with pretty much all useful information that can be discerned about each member.

but I assure you that exposing C++ to any script language is a bitch
@Maxpm SSE? SSE2? SSE3/SSE4? Drop in correct implementation.
Of course, for SSE specifically, you'd expect the JIT to do it, but in general, the idea is the same

9:08 PM
Reflection is more often used for introspection than modification.

@Maxpm in most languages that have reflection, it's more often about code generation than self-modification

.NET does support code generation, but not modification of emitted code.

generate new code (you already got serialization or scripting language interfacing as example) to perform specialized tasks that depend on the declared types

@jalf Generate new code of the language whose classes/functions are being serialized?

@Maxpm generate code to perform the serialization of an already declared type, for example
often though, reflection is used as a kludge to work around language deficiencies.

9:12 PM
I think you lost me.

You don't have proper generic programming, so hack together some reflection code to inspect a type and see if it satisfies some condition

@jalf Ah.

but occasionally, it's genuinely useful as more than a hack to fix a broken language
occasionally :)

Are there any references on the web that describes requirements for template parameters to STL containers (must be Assignable, etc...)?

12

In all the books I've read on reflection they often say that there aren't many cases where you want to generate IL on the fly, but they don't give any examples of where it does make sense. After seeing Reflection.Emit as a job requirement for a gaming company I was curious where else it's bein...

@kfmfe04 The standard?

9:15 PM
Thank you for the clarification.

(T)Activator.CreateInstance(...) or Activator.CreateInstance(...) as T?

@CatPlusPlus First one throws if you get the type wrong. Second gives you null.
Should be obvious why I'd pick the first one.

The type has where U : T, though.
So it will always be good.
as looks like more work, though.

First one is faster!!!

Choices, choices.

9:18 PM
Generally the second form is only useful if you're not sure if the type is correct. The point is that you can/should if(result == null) later.

@CatPlusPlus Then why do you need to cast the return?

Because CreateInstance returns Object.
And I have a generic map with less general value type I want to put this into.
Better to cast once than bazillion times.

ok
now I'm really suspicious
now even the cleared 3D render target isn't showing up
oooh
now it's like, kind of working
all the colours are black for some reason and the render target was cleared to black, so I couldn't see the "kind of" part

9:35 PM
now to figure out why half the triangles aren't rendering correctly

@Maxpm Uncle bob calls languages that allow self-modification at runtime "homoiconic".

@FredOverflow Not quite true.

Did he not say that, or is he wrong?
@DeadMG Are they facing in the wrong direction?

I'm sure uncle Bob is aware that those languages referred to as homoiconic are those where the language can be represented into the language.

Okay, maybe he phrased it a litte bit differently :)

9:37 PM
I am not certain

Like in LISP you can build lists and then evaluate them.

ohhhh

Homoiconic <=> code as data.

I set the Primitive type wrong
this example model is a TRIANGLELIST and I had a TRIANGLESTRIP

9:38 PM
right

now the root bone renders exactly correctly

@RMartinhoFernandes The code is data for itself though. E.g. I like using Lua code as data in C++.

now to turn on those other bones and see what they're doing
well, the world matrix computation for them seems to be working

Ok. No more arrows for today. Brain is starting to complain.

9:39 PM
but they no render good

@TonyTheLion We start talking about strips, and who chimes in? :)
@DeadMG "no render good" means what exactly?

there are supposed to be two and only one is showing up

also it's position is wrong

@TonyTheLion probably your subconscious at work

9:41 PM
lulz

whatever
let's ask PIX wtf's gowan own
hmm
index out of range..?

Mwhahaha.

time to check my DrawIndexedPrimitive arguments

What exactly is this rendering business that you're doing good for?
A game?

9:44 PM
heyyyy, fixed'ski
yes, actually

Cool, what game?

although in reality, it's mostly good for DeadMG™s self esteem
atm, I call it Dark Sky

Because everything erroneously renders black?

it's an RTS in space but with actual interesting mechanics
heh
nothing erroneously renders black anymore

@FredOverflow Damn, you stole my joke.

9:46 PM
strike

I'm not sure wtf went wrong there, but removing the "lighting" calculation solved that problem

I realized that writing a rendering system to render normal-mapped textured Phong-shaded shadowmapped models was silly when I don't even possess any normal-mapped textured models

You don't say.

:P

9:49 PM
@RMartinhoFernandes Doesn't have the same impact without the image macro.

What, that gigantic laughing pear?

No, that's 'lolwut'. You're not really good at this I think.

I'm not a big fan of image macros, no.

damnit
how come when I subtract or add to the Z value of my camera, the model still moves further away?

You're doing it wrong?

9:54 PM
@DeadMG you have an incorect incremental update

Windows seems to think that I will get a negative or positive value in the HIWORD of the WPARAM for WM_MOUSEWHEEL if the mouse is scrolled one way or the other
but no matter what way I scroll it, I get a positive value back out
aaah, fixed'skia
apparently you have to use a special macro to get the mouse scroll value
not the normal HIWORD macro

just cast it to signed, yes?
helps to think about the low level details
microsoft has a tendency to add a ton of complexity on top of very simple stuff

@DeadMG Sounds like a fun API.

leave it at that!

now to discover GLM's support for Quaternions

10:04 PM
@IntermediateHacker then you better don't get caught posting it here

What's with the flagging of old messages?

@RMartinhoFernandes because people failed to flag it earlier?

you know
the GLM reference manual is not funny
the entire documentation refers exclusively to internal types

@DeadMG pretty sure it wasn't intended to be funny

@user1131997 Hey, you still here?

10:10 PM
@DeadMG No, not all of it.

I'm looking at this function and every type is detail::

But yes, docs are not very good.
But the library itself does make up for it.

Hey guys, if user1131997 makes more of a ruckus let us know. I've made a note of it and took care of the message for now. Thanks.

also
how the hell do I rotate a GLM vector3 by a GLM Quaternion?
maybe it wants me to convert into a matrix first?

With multiplication?

10:13 PM
Who's user<RandomNumber>?

@RMartinhoFernandes Nope.

(Also, why oh why doesn't SO force users to pick up a sensible name.)

I found one
but it's not terrifically helpful that they have two sections for Quaternions

@casperOne Cheers. He's an infrequent guest. He's ok since we found out we shouldn't waste too much time. I think.

10:16 PM
Is that the guy from the question where I made the freehand stars?

@DeadMG You can always use Eigen.

oh, no, wait, I lied, actually I need like four different headers, I think

Docs say <glm/gtx/quaternion.hpp> (assuming you're using this one: glm.g-truc.net/api/…).

@CatPlusPlus I checked out Eigen before using GLM. Passed over it. Can't quite recall why

10:19 PM
Hmm, yes, it is.

I like both, really.

now to see how hideously wrong this particular addition to my code goes

@RMartinhoFernandes Amazing. My opinion of him has swung from very low, to 'ok he's come 'round' back to - stop wasting our time :)

That number reminds me of mt19937, so it always looks familiar.

0

Op's code: if (shippingOption == OVERNIGHT) { OvernightPackage packageObject( // Parameters entered here //); } else if (shippingOption == TWODAY) { TwoDayPackage packageObject( // Parameters entered here //); } // Presumably, process the package here. You might be able to do it like t...

10:20 PM
@RMartinhoFernandes Me too. That's why I conjectured it was a prime. Which it turns out to be :)

^ Why do everyone else recommend dynamic allocation as first choice?

Because people are silly.

Feb 16 at 23:01, by sehe
\$ pyecm 1131997
Factoring 1131997:
1131997

hey Alf, you're the Win32 Maestro here, right?

10:23 PM
you can be one as well if you like
do you know how to get the mouse movement as a relative amount, instead of just the new position?

lol
Use a macro somewhere!
(Just a guess.)

From window messages? You can't, AFAIK, you need to remember the previous position.

figured so
you can use RawInput, that dishes out relative amounts

RawInput is bit of an overkill, usually.
(Not to mention fun with HID magic numbers.)

0

I have problem with extremely long compiling time on my C++ code where I use some template functions from external library. Example: //fun.h template <class T> T fun(T in){ ... } //main.cpp #include fun.h class A{...}; int main(){ A a,b; ... b=fun<A>(a); //this line causes the lo...

Is this a use case for extern templates?

10:26 PM
yes
all I'm trying to do is rotate my camera when the mouse moves, like in an FPS

why does that necessitate so many mathematical thingymajiggies :(

CameraManagerSingleton::GetInstance()->Manage()->Rotate(MouseManagerSingleton::GetInstance()->Manage()->GetCoords())

lol

I'm bored.

10:29 PM
hey GLM, wtf is wrong with you? can't stack quaternions?

ijk = -1

like what they are, how they relate to complex numbers, what used for, so on?

You can rotate without quaternions, but then you need different matrix for each axis.

10:31 PM
i've never seen a quaternion

I have no idea, I only have a very basic understanding of what they're used for

Quaternions are magical things that allow you to rotate stuff in 3D.
3
That's my understanding.

but they're bloody useless if you have a library that won't allow you to compound them

Er, what do you mean "compound"?
Multiply them?

10:33 PM
yes

operator*?

apparently not
and I checked both the quaternion header references and didn't come across one

I can see it there.

that's a scalar multiply
not a quaternion-quaternion multiply
no, wait, it does seem to specify a * operator

Oh. I really need sleep.

10:35 PM
no, no, you were right

What are quaternions isomorphic to? M4,4 ring?

it does offer *, just not *=
lol

why would I do that?

@LucDanton Quaternions are 4-vectors. But those used for rotations are only the ones of unit-length.

10:38 PM
> InvalidOperationException: Operation is not valid due to the current state of the object
Wat.

Why would you want to have *= on quats? :S

(On Stack<T>.Peek())

They do form a ring, but I don't think it's the same as M4,4.
@CatPlusPlus Empty?

Peek throws on empty stack?

@RMartinhoFernandes Well no that wouldn't work.

10:39 PM
@CatPlusPlus What would you expect? UB?

No, null.

@Pubby To compose a pair of quaternions, re-using the LHS?

No, .NET is not Java. You don't get nulls thrown down your throat.

But I want null!

No. Null is evil.
In abstract algebra, a magma (or groupoid; not to be confused with groupoids in category theory) is a basic kind of algebraic structure. Specifically, a magma consists of a set M equipped with a single binary operation M \times M \rightarrow M. A binary operation is closed by definition, but no other axioms are imposed on the operation. The term magma for this kind of structure was introduced by Nicolas Bourbaki. The term groupoid is an older, but still commonly used alternative which was introduced by Øystein Ore. Definition A magma is a set M matched with an operation "\cdot" that se...
Dorfmath.

10:42 PM
so in other words
it's all going completely wrong and I have NFI why

"(...) which was introduced by Øystein Ore." (emphasis mine)

No Fucking Idea

lol

10:44 PM
hmmm
my depth buffering appears to be a little no worky today
can see the left and right bones through the root bone

X-ray vision!

heh

You mean cancer vision?

for some reason, the application isn't writing to the depth buffer

Isn't that DX job?

10:55 PM
"Let me see if you've got cancer" "Yep, you do now"

Coming in the next release of DF.

@CatPlusPlus As if rotten hearts weren't enough.

@CatPlusPlus Yes. I asked it to nicely, but it doesn't seem to want to.

Use more carrots.

10:57 PM
lol
I have a depth buffer. I set the render states to write to it, to enable it, to reject further-away pixels. I set it to the device. I cleared it to an appropriate value.
not necessarily
but assuming that all tasks were completed before I used it, then that shouldn't matter

Here's a good 10k link for ya. Should petition to get it undeleted for April 1st.

I do clear it every frame

Should I post a screenshot for anyone < 10k?

heh
if there's anyone non-10k here

That'd be me.

11:11 PM
then yes

Eh, do what you want.

see, here's the strange thing

@Mysticial screen yes pls

I cleared the zbuffer to 0 instead of 1, and nothing was rendered because it failed the test

11:12 PM
so the test is working fine
just nothing is being written to the buffer

@ScottW The model is well within the clip planes
right now I have them at 1 to 200, I think
0.1 to 200
the model is only like, 15 units long and starts at ~2, so

posted on March 08, 2012 by Herb Sutter

The spring 2012 meeting of ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22/WG21 (C++) was held on February 6-10 in Kona, Hawaii, USA. Here’s the major takeaway: This is going to be a busy year as investment in C++ across the industry continues to increase, and that’s good news for C++. Here are some highlights from the meeting. Attendance This was [...]

I wonder if that 'question' is a send-up of a preexisting question in the same style.

Hello, sorry to interrupt, got a quick question: in a string you can do "foo %i bar", myInt; to 'put' the int in the string, what is this %i operator called cos it's totally gone from my head and also how to do this for a char if possible like "foo %c bar", '&';?

11:18 PM
that's not an operator or putting it in the string or anything
that is PLEASE OVERFLOW MY BUFFERS printf, which is a function

@RMartinhoFernandes This is a strange one: stackoverflow.com/questions/9625028/…
@TomIngram A format string format specifier

wicked found the reference thanks

argh depth buffer y u no work? :(

11:37 PM
@DeadMG Did you remember clearing it (to the correct value) before drawing each frame?

yes

Hm... did you activate it?

and the cleared values are being tested against, too
if I clear it to 0, then nothing is drawn because the pixels are rejected against the depth buffer
just nothing is being written

Maybe unrelated problem? Lighting perhaps?

@ScottW Yes. The default value is on and I explicitly set it on anyway.
@FredOverflow I don't have any lighting. The model itself renders fine, it's just the depth buffer that's not working.

11:41 PM
> To have any chance of making y be approximately 7, C++1y can add at most one major new language feature, and there are already more language extension proposals than could possibly fit.
Which new language feature would you want to see in C++1y?

I don't think that anything less than a total re-do could redeem C++ in my eyes

I haven't seen a proposal mature enough in my eyes. Except for concepts which I haven't checked. Maybe that's good to go, I don't know. I'd like a proof-of-concepts (sorry) implementation though.
Anyway, libraries, millions of them. Please.

well
I may laugh at my own efforts, but it'd be enough to render Minecraft, give or take
if I fixed depth buffering, anyway
feels kinda embarassing to be out-rendered by Minecraft
the states are set in the shader and at the application level

@ScottW Yep.

11:56 PM
@DeadMG Especially given that it's coded in Java, you mean?

@Xeo No evidence there's anything wrong with my shader
@Xeo hehe
don't think that OpenGL cares what language your app is written in

Okay, rephrase: "render debugging is always fun"
@DeadMG Sure, but still, sometimes I get the feeling MC could be way more performant if it was written in C++. Especially since it seems to eat up 50% of my CPU while idling.

@Xeo heh

0

In C++11 you can. A note beforehand: Don't new the array, there's no need for that. First, string[] strArray is a syntax error, that should either be string* strArray or string strArray[]. And I assume that it's just for the sake of the example that you don't pass any size parameter. #include &...

Gotta love temporary arrays!


text:
# Effective Learning

### Site Tools

ref:locke2002building

# Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation: A 35-year odyssey.

 Citation Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (2002). Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation: A 35-year odyssey.. American Psychologist, 57(9), 705. American Psychological Association.

BibTex

BibTex

BibTex

@article{locke2002building,
author = {Locke, E.A. and Latham, G.P.},
date-added = {2012-05-06 22:03:45 -0400},
date-modified = {2012-05-11 17:27:15 -0400},
date-read = {2012-05-11 17:27:15 -0400},
journal = {American Psychologist},
keywords = {goals},
number = {9},
pages = {705},
publisher = {American Psychological Association},
title = {Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation: A 35-year odyssey.},
volume = {57},
year = {2002},
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}

asdf qwerty

### Highlights (14%)

The authors summarize 35 years of empirical research on goal-setting theory. They describe the core findings of the theory, the mechanisms by which goals operate, moderators of goal effects, the relation of goals and satisfaction, and the role of goals as mediators of incentives. The external validity and practical significance of goal-setting theory are explained, and new directions in goal-setting research are discussed. The relationships of goal setting to othertheoriesaredescribedasarethetheory’slimitations. p. 1

Core Findings p. 1

The first issue we addressed was the relationship of goal difficulty to performance. p. 1

Atkinson (1958), a student of McClelland, had shown that task difficulty, measured as probability of task success, was related to performance in a curvilinear, inverse function. The highest level of effort occurred when the task was moderately difficult, and the lowest levels occurred when the task was either very easy or very hard. p. 1

Other factors being equal, expectancy is said to be linearly and positively related to performance. However, because difficult goals are harder to attain than easy goals, expectancy of goal success would presumably be negatively related to performance. The apparent contradiction between the two theories is resolved by distinguishing expectancy within versus expectancy between goal conditions. Locke, Motowidlo, and Bobko (1986) found that when goal level is held constant, which is implicitly assumed by valence–instrumentality– expectancy theory, higher expectancies lead to higher levels of performance. Across goal levels, lower expectancies, associated with higher goal levels, are associated with higher performance. p. 2

he concept of self-efficacy is important in goal-setting theory in several ways. When goals are selfset, people with high self-efficacy set higher goals than do people with lower self-efficacy. They also are more committed to assigned goals, find and use better task strategies to attain the goals, and respond more positively to negative feedback than do people with low self-efficacy (Locke & Latham, 1990; Seijts & B. W. Latham, 2001). p. 2

We found a positive, linear function in that the highest or most difficult goals produced the highest levels of effort and performance. p. 2

Goal Mechanisms p. 2

We also compared the effect of specific, difficult goals to a commonly used exhortation in organizational settings, namely, to do one’s best. We found that specific, difficult goals consistently led to higher performance than urging people to do their best. The effect sizes in meta-analyses ranged from .42 to .80 (Locke & Latham, 1990). p. 2

Goals affect performance through four mechanisms. p. 2

First, goals serve a directive function; they direct attention and effort toward goal-relevant activities and away from goalirrelevant activities. p. 2

Rothkopf and Billington (1979) found that students with specific learning goals paid attention to and learned goal-relevant prose passages better than goal-irrelevant passages. Locke and Bryan (1969) observed that people who were given feedback about multiple aspects of their performance on an automobile-driving task improved their performance on the dimensions for which they had goals but not on other dimensions. p. 2

Second, goals have an energizing function. p. 2

Expectancy and Social–Cognitive Theories p. 2

1. If the task for which a goal is assigned is new to people, they will engage in deliberate planning to develop strategies that will enable them to attain their goals (Smith, Locke, & Barry, 1990). p. 3
2. People with high self-efficacy are more likely than those with low self-efficacy to develop effective task strategies (Latham, Winters, & Locke, 1994; Wood & Bandura, 1989). There may be a time lag between assignment of the goal and the effects of the goal on performance, as people search for appropriate strategies (Smith et al., 1990). p. 3
3. When people are confronted with a task that is complex for them, urging them to do their best sometimes leads to better strategies (Earley, Connolly, & Ekegren, 1989) than setting a specific difficult performance goal. This is because a performance goal can make people so anxious to succeed that they scramble to discover strategies in an unsystematic way and fail to learn what is effective. This can create evaluative pressure and performance anxiety. The antidote is to set specific challenging learning goals, such as to discover a certain number of different strategies to master the task (Seijts & G. P. Latham, 2001; Winters & Latham, 1996). p. 3
4. When people are trained in the proper strategies, those given specific high-performance goals are more likely to use those strategies than people given other types of goals; hence, their performance improves (Earley & Perry, 1987). However, if the strategy used by the person is inappropriate, then a difficult performance-outcome goal leads to worse performance than an easy goal (Audia, Locke, & Smith, 2000; Earley & Perry, 1987). For a detailed discussion of the relation of task goals and knowledge, see Locke (2000). p. 3

Third, goals affect persistence. p. 3

Moderators p. 3

Goal Commitment p. 3

The goal–performance relationship is strongest when people are committed to their goals p. 3

Fourth, goals affect action indirectly by leading to the arousal, discovery, and/or use of task-relevant knowledge and strategies (Wood & Locke, 1990). p. 3

Seijts and Latham (2000a) found goal commitment questionnaires to have high reliability and validity. p. 3

1. When confronted with task goals, people automatically use the knowledge and skills they have already acquired that are relevant to goal attainment. For example, if the goal involves cutting logs, loggers use their knowledge of logging without the need for additional conscious planning in their choice to exert effort and persist until the goal is attained (Latham & Kinne, 1974). p. 3

Importance p. 3

1. If the path to the goal is not a matter of using automatized skills, people draw from a repertoire of skills that they have used previously in related contexts, and they apply them to the present situation. For example, Latham and Baldes (1975) found that truck drivers who were assigned the goal of increasing the weight of their truck loads made modifications to their trucks so that they could better estimate truck weight before driving to the weighing station. p. 3

Making a public commitment to the goal enhances commitment, presumably because it makes one’s actions a matter of integrity in one’s own eyes and in those of others (Hollenbeck, Williams, & Klein, 1989). Goal commitment can also be enhanced by leaders communicating an inspiring vision and behaving supportively. p. 3

Self-efficacy. p. 4

Leaders can raise the self-efficacy of their subordinates (a) by ensuring adequate training to increase mastery that provides success experiences, (b) by role modeling or finding models with whom the person can identify, and © through persuasive communication that expresses confidence that the person can attain the goal (Bandura, 1997; White & Locke, 2000). p. 4

Feedback p. 4

They found that from a motivational perspective, an assigned goal is as effective as one that is set participatively provided that the purpose or rationale for the goal is given. However, if the goal is assigned tersely (e.g., “Do this . . . ”) without explanation, it leads to performance that is significantly lower than for a participatively set goal (Latham, Erez, & Locke, 1988). p. 4

Locke, Alavi, and Wagner (1997) found that the primary benefit of participation in decision making is cognitive rather than motivational in that it stimulates information exchange. For example, Latham et al. (1994) found that with goal difficulty level controlled, participation in goal setting had no beneficial effect on performance. However, people who participated with others in formulating task strategies performed significantly better and had higher self-efficacy than those who did not participate in formulating strategies. p. 4

Control theory (Carver & Scheier, 1981) also emphasizes the importance of goal setting and feedback for motivation. The assumptions that underlie control theory, however, are questionable (Locke, 1991a, 1994; Locke & Latham, 1990). p. 4

As Bandura (1989) stated, goal setting is first and foremost a discrepancy-creating process. Motivation requires feed-forward control in addition to feedback. After people attain the goal they have been pursuing, they generally set a higher goal for themselves. p. 4

Task Complexity p. 4

As the complexity of the task increases and higher level skills and p. 4

strategies have yet to become automatized, goal effects are dependent on the ability to discover appropriate task strategies. p. 5

Another factor that may facilitate performance on new, complex tasks is the use of proximal goals. Latham and Seijts (1999), using a business game, found that doyour-best goals were more effective than distal goals, but when proximal outcome goals were set in addition to the distal outcome goal, self-efficacy and profits were significantly higher than in the do-your-best condition or in the condition where only a distal outcome goal had been set. p. 5

Satisfaction p. 5

Goals are, at the same time, an object or outcome to aim for and a standard for judging satisfaction. To say that one is trying to attain a goal of X means that one will not be satisfied unless one attains X. p. 5

Personal Goals as Mediators of External Incentives p. 5

How can people who produce the most, those with difficult goals, be the least satisfied? The answer is implicit in the question. People with high goals produce more because they are dissatisfied with less. The bar for their satisfaction is set at a high level. This is why they are motivated to do more than those with easy goals. But why would people be motivated to set high goals? People can expect many psychological and practical outcomes from setting and attaining those goals. p. 6

Practical Applications p. 7

Performance Appraisal p. 7

Productivity and Cost Improvement p. 7

Selection p. 7

Self-Regulation at Work p. 8

New Directions and Limitations p. 8

Goal Conflict p. 8

Learning and Performance Goals p. 8

We noted earlier that on tasks that are complex for people, learning goals can be superior to performance goals. However, there have been almost no studies examining the use of both together. p. 8

Performance goals improved grades but did not affect interest, whereas learning goals enhanced interest in the class but did not affect grades. p. 8

Goals and Risk p. 8

Personality p. 9

Goals and Subconscious Motivation p. 9

Conclusion p. 10

### [[skimx://locke2002building#5|p. 5]]

ref/locke2002building.txt · Last modified: 2014/07/05 00:29 by ryan


text:
# GMAT question of the day

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Type: Data Sufficiency

Difficulty:

If p is a positive number, what is the value of p?

1. $|p - 2| = 1$
2. $p^{2} = 4p - 3$