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# Talk:Names of large numbers

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## Tera, Peta, Mega, Kilo, ... ?

Rather a lot of important info is totally missing from the main article! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.45.103.88 (talk) 06:08, 10 February 2011 (UTC)

That is bits and bytes, stuff like that--99.48.60.144 (talk) 20:06, 9 February 2013 (UTC)
They are in SI prefix. 219.78.209.183 (talk) 12:45, 30 December 2013 (UTC)

does the section about the sand reckoner make no sense to anyone else? Apart from anything else it talks about the number of grains of sand needed to fill the universe, and then states that the volume would fill our galaxy or whatnot. eh? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.63.45.194 (talkcontribs)

• I think the purpose of the passage is to elucidate on ancient concepts of big numbers. Archimedes attempted to estimate how many grains of sand would be required to fill the universe. He had to do so without recourse to our relatively modern terms like "billion" and "trillion", or scientific notation. it seems his estimate wasn't that far off, only a few orders of magnitude. — MSchmahl 16:39, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

Does it make sense to refer to "Traditional British values"? Since British tradition has changed, and we now universally use the short scale (for at least 20 years), the old system is now better referred to as "Obsolete British...". This would help clarify the widespread myth among die-hards, expatriates and foreigners that anyone in Britain still uses the long scale. Bobcousins 14:47, 15 December 2006 (UTC)

Well, most people in Europe use long scale, therefore obsolete is not the correct word. 80.136.216.68 16:25, 2 July 2007 (UTC)
Certainly not obsolete! I still use the long scale in Britain, because I learnt it before Harold Wilson's Americanisation of economics. I agree that long-scale usage is becoming increasingly rare in the UK. Dbfirs 08:30, 11 June 2011 (UTC)
Within probably the last seven years, and probably more recently, the BBC World Service (audio) was still using the term "thousand million", for example. They now use the short-scale names.

Regards, Nikevich 21:15, 16 January 2012 (UTC)

### Usage of names of large numbers

2nd Paragraph: "For example, the first hit on "quintillion" is about a man who is trying to preserve the Etsako language by codifying it..." The first hit on Google is this article with that sentence. --WildKard84 01:49, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

"It was first suggested that a googolplex should be 1, followed by writing zeros until you got tired. This is a description of what would actually happen if one actually tried to write a googolplex, but different people get tired at different times and it would never do to have Carnera a better mathematician than Dr. Einstein, simply because he had more endurance." WTF? Is it just me or is this completely weird? --Dyss 19:45, 4 Sep 2004 (UTC)

• I think it's true. It is a fact that the terms "googol" and "googolplex" were invented by a nine-year-old, and I'm pretty sure this anecdote comes from the writings of his mathematician uncle. (Independent verification would be nice, though, just in case.) --Ardonik.talk() 19:50, Sep 4, 2004 (UTC)

Comment. I'm now actively tinkering with this page, but there's a lot of work to be done, including fact-checking, since a lot of loose statements found in various place on the Web and in Wikipedia about Nicolas Chuquet, etc. don't seem to be exactly right. I've moved Very large numbers to Names of large numbers, which I think is where it should go.

I think it's time to draw a distinction between large numbers themselves and the art/science/game/history of naming them. The list I added to Large number I have now copied to Names of large numbers#Dictionary numbers, and improved (but I have not yet removed it from Large number).

It turns out that Chuquet did not exactly invent billion, trillion, quadrillion and friends. First of all, he spelled them with a y, byllion, tryllion, quadryllion etc, so Knuth collides with Chuquet's namespace. Second, one Jehan Adam used them before Chuquet did. Third, neither Adam nor Chuquet claimed authorship, and apparently the context of their references to the names suggests they were in use earlier. Fourth, Chuquet's work remained unpublished for a very long time, so he didn't directly influence anyone. In other words, the whole topic is a maze of twisty little trivia, all of them hard to pin down.

I'm going to keep nibbling away at it but I could certainly use help.

Meanwhile, anyone who want to add names to this page by all means do so but please document who coined them, where, and when and whether they've received any acceptance. Dpbsmith 02:30, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

Old VfD discussion can be found here. The listing was removed early because the proposal was withdrawn and there was a strong consensus to keep the page. Guanaco 23:56, 30 May 2004 (UTC)

## Work in progress

This page is a work in progress. I think the column headings in the section on "extensions of the dictionary numbers" are wrong. The three columns probably reflect American, British, and European usage circa 1950, but I'm not so sure they reflect current usage. And I don't think the names "Chuquet," "Modified Chuquet" and "Pelletier" are quite right. I doubt that Chuquet has any association whatever with the thousands-based system. Oddly enough, it does as if the British millions-based names and the American thousands-based names were both adopted from French usage, but at different times.

"Milliard" is certainly a real word, but does anyone have good authority for actual usage -iard endings of higher powers? What do modern French dictionaries have to say?

I don't really know what to make of the "Chuquet-ized numbering" table. I don't have any problem with documenting coinages, but we have to say where the coinages came from. Dpbsmith 20:20, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

## How silly do these names look??

Do the names of these extremely gigantic numbers look silly at all to any of you?? 66.32.93.148 20:24, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Yes. They do. If in a month or so there aren't some decent notes about where those names came from and why they are any more encyclopedic than "bajillion kabillion skillion," I'll probably delete the later sections. There's even worse online at http://michaelhalm.tripod.com/mathematics_beyond_the_googol.htm Dpbsmith 20:39, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)
They're Francais/ Chemistry like, my child: Million as Mon-oxide, billion as in 2, trillion as in 3, Quadrillion as in Quatre which means 4 in French, Quintrillion which i don't know, sexcillion which is related to 6 in English and French, Septillion which means 7 in french, and the obvious octliion comes from the octopus' 8 legs. etc. Hope that helps ;) Sum1else 10:28, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

Wierd Rokolegenda (talk) 03:57, 6 March 2017 (UTC)

quintillion from Latin quintus ‘fifth’Robinrobin (talk) 22:48, 23 September 2017 (UTC)

Just look at http://users.skynet.be/nizgorur/very_big_numbers.htm ...going down to the bottom of that was harsh. Names like"novenseptuagintaoctingentillion", "quattuorseptuagintanongentillion", "fugagargantugoogolplex", just to name a few.WhyJustWhy (729) (talk) 23:50, 18 March 2018 (UTC)

The smallest name that Google shows fewer than 1000 hits for is undecillion. 66.32.147.233 23:48, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Whooo...this article has changed since I last looked at it,I'm familiar with a number of large-number webpages (Susan Stepney's,Robert Munafo's,etc.) but not some of the stuff here.

I have a system of large-number nomenclature I've been working on myself since the 1980s,and it seems likely to have as much provenance as some of the stuff in the last section...which confusingly uses some of the same names I use for different numbers.I'm not sure my system belongs in here OR that some of the curio stuff does...I'm open to discussion.

It's based on powers of a million,allied with SI prefixes in some cases.As in Chuquet-Pelletier,the intervening thousand-multiples are -iard rather than -ion. The thousandth power of a million is a kilillion (Ondrejka's "millillion",he used Latin rather than mixing Greek),the millionth power of a million a megillion (Ondrejka's milli-millillion),and a million raised to a milliard is a gigillion (Ondrejka called this a "milli-millimillillion" and this name is listed in the Guinness Book of World Records editions of the 1970s as the highest name for a number found in linguistic literature).

I proceed to the terillion (million raised to a million million) and so to the petillion,exillion,zettillion,and yottillion (a million raised to a million million million million).At this point the SI prefixes give out and I resort to hyphenating the power of a million using its name under this system.As 10^24 is a quadrillion under this system,a million raised to 10^25 is a decaquadrillio-illion.By contrast,a thousand times this is a decaquadrillio-illiard,a million million million million decaquadrillio-illions is a decaquadrillio-quadrillion (a million raised to ((10^25)+4)),and a decaquadrillia-illion is a million raised to 10^28 (aka ten quadrilliards).The letter before the hyphen,and what side of the hyphen a letter is on,makes an enormous difference.Hyphens are NEVER used up to this level,though names of intervening numbers recapitulate the power of a million working backward from the last digit.(The 1048576th power of a million is a sexseptaginquinhectooctoquatriginkilmegillion).

This iteration goes on to the yottillio-illion (a million raised to a yottillion) before we reach the decaquadrillio-illio-illion which starts the next iteration (and is a millionth of a decaquadrillio-illio-million which is very very much smaller than a decaquadrillio-millio-illion).

This iteration proceeds to the yottillio-illio-illion and its ilk (things like the yottillia-exillia-trilliard follow,obviously) and then the hyphens start again in another generation.I have pondered introducing apostrophes in some context (the only other characters routinely encountered in words) but haven't.Obviously,all these numbers are finite,and these names most effective when used to describe the number of sides in a Moser polygon describing the number of Knuth arrows needed to express a number of Conway chained arrows,or some such permutation.But I like naming gigantic numbers too,and I don't see that my system is any less deserving of publication that that of other experimenters in this.(What of "The One Man Infinity Fears",a Mr. Candelaria who got written up in Guinness with his milli-decilli-fiveillion,I think you have to buy a book to see what it means)? Thoughts?--Louis Epstein/12.144.5.2/le@put.com

My thoughts. Wikipedia has a policy against personal essays and primary research; see Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not. It is not a publication vehicle. So if your material hasn't been published and is still a personal work in progress, well, then, no, I don't think it belongs in the article. (You're welcome to leave it here on the Talk page, of course!) But if you have it on a web page, a link to that web page would be fine. On the present page, I'd suggest perhaps a section entitled "Various proposals," with a list of references, including yours. The URLs for those other "large-number web pages" ought to be in the article, too.

As for your comment that your proposal is at least as good as some of those in the article... my thinking is that we should move toward dividing the current article into two articles. The first one would include

1 The "standard dictionary numbers" 2 Usage of names of large numbers 3 Chuquet and the origins of the "standard dictionary numbers" 4 The Googol family

and possibly

5 Extensions of the standard dictionary numbers

The other would have a title like "Proposed naming systems for very large numbers," since none of the humongous names are actually used. This new article would include the material in the current section 6, "Other systematic names of large numbers."

But, frankly, if the names in that section can't be better sourced, I think they should go. However, I'd much rather have them sourced and keep them, and I'm not in any hurry to remove them.

Any idea in what article or book Knuth proposed his myllions and byllions? And was he unaware that they conflict with the original Chuquet names, most of which also used "y?" Dpbsmith 01:03, 5 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Munafo might know,his webpage is where I saw the myllion etc. mentioned.The "Googol family"...I believe only the Googol and Googolplex are "real",the Googolplexplex and Googolbangplex and others are more individual proposal-schemes.Thus more suited to the second article.--L.E./12.144.5.2/le@put.com

This is Munafo. I got the Knuth -yllion stuff from the same source as that used in the -yllion article (the 1981 book "Mathematical Gardener" ed. by Klarner). I have given my copy away, but could borrow one from my library network if some question needs to be answered. Robert Munafo (talk) 13:52, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

Speaking solely for myself: you'll notice that the above dialog dates back to 2004. At that time, this article suffered from nerd oneupmanship, with continuous drive-by additions of supposed names of large numbers, usually just bald assertions without references. A sophisticated version of grade-school children seeing who can count higher. It was not at all clear which names for numbers were, like "quadrillion," in ordinary use; which were in rare use but nevertheless real English words in dictionaries; which were published proposals by reputable mathematicians in print sources; which were an idea someone had put up on a personal web page; and which were things made up in school one day.
I pushed at that time for references, for an article that drew clear distinctions, and which, on the whole, was about names of large numbers--as opposed to methodologies for generating naming systems for large numbers. And I pushed, and continued to push, for reasonably clear boundaries, to keep from sliding down the slippery slope into essays and "original research."
The -yllion article is perfectly appropriate because it says clearly that it is a proposal by Knuth, not a series of real words that have entered the English language, and because IMHO Knuth and his proposal obviously have enough stature to warrant inclusion... as a separate article.
This article might well have a sentence somewhere mentioning Knuth's proposal and linking to the -yllion article.
As far as references go, my feeling is that if you wanted to reference the Mathematical Gardener here you could just copy the reference. I'm not a maven on verifiability, but the spirit of the requirement is that someone should be able to check the reference if they care. Given that the reference in -yllion gives title, author, and page number, it is verifiable. It's not usually the case that anyone's concerned about fabricated references. Dpbsmith (talk) 15:09, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

Thank you. Even though it was 4 years, I was answering because my name was mentioned. Also, it seems difficult to get Wiki to put the discussions in chronological order, and I was unable to work out where the content went after the "other names of large numbers" article got axed. I know -yllion has its own page, but unlike Googol and Large numbers, it is not listed under See Also. Can I add it there? There might be other related articles too, I'll try to find some. Robert Munafo (talk) 23:06, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

## What did Chuquet really propose?

Several Web pages make a reference to a passage in Chuquet's book in which he shows a large number marked off into groups of six digits and comments:

Ou qui veult le premier point peult signiffier million Le second point byllion Le tiers poit tryllion Le quart quadrillion Le cinqe quyllion Le sixe sixlion Le sept.e septyllion Le huyte ottyllion Le neufe nonyllion et ainsi des ault's se plus oultre on vouloit preceder
(Or if you prefer the first mark can signify million, the second mark byllion, the third mark tryllion, the fourth quadrillion, the fifth quyillion, the sixth sixlion, the seventh septyllion, the eighth ottyllion, the ninth nonyllion and so on with others as far as you wish to go).

This clearly refers to names in steps of powers of six. But *Robert Munafo's article quotes a different passage,

Au lieu de dire mille milliers, on dira million, au lieu de dire mille millions, on dira byllion, etc..., et tryllion, quadrilion ... octylion, nonyllion, et ainsi des autres si plus oultre on voulait proceder. French: "Instead of saying one thousand thousand, one may say million; instead of saying one thousand million, one may say billion, and trillion, quadrillion, ... octillion, nonillion, and others as well, as far as you wish to go."

These number names were adopted throughout Europe during the next century (with minor spelling changes for each language). Chuquet intended the names to represent powers of 1000 as the quote above clearly shows.

So, it's not at all clear to me what the Chuquet system really was.

## Are billiards, trilliards, quadrilliards, etc. real?

Hello! I'm a french canadian. You can check those word from the Office of the french language of québec, they have a dictionnary online at [1]. In common use we have million, milliard, billion, billiard. Trillion, trilliard, quadrillion, quadrilliard, quintillion, quintilliard, sextillion, sextilliard, septillion, septilliard, octillion, octilliard DO exist but let's face it... we don't use those big numbers quite ofter with our little budget! All those numbers can be searched on the québec dictionnary and they will provide the scientific notation and the US (short scale) name associated.

I asked Anthere, who is a native French-speaker, about this. The discussion is shown below. I suspect that that the information on all of the -illiard may be out-of-date information that has been propagated from book to book for decades and no longer reflects reality.

I'm working on Names of large numbers and would appreciate some input as to what current usage is in French. I'm just looking for what you know off the top of your head, not any deep research.
Have you ever heard of Pelletier, the 1550 mathematician who supposedly created the names ending in -illiard? That is, is the system that was adopted in 1948 referred to as "the Pelletier system?"
Wellll.... no. I checked with a few french. Noone knew
Which of the -illiard words are really used?
mostly milliard.
Are quadrilliards/quintilliards/sextilliards, etc. found in standard French dictionaries and textbooks?
It reminded me of nothing...so I looked in my Larousse. And the answer is no. No billiards, no quintilliards. However, I found a quintillion (10exp30). No sextilliards. However, I found a sextillion (10exp36).
Do I understand correctly that a billion in French was 1 000 000 000 up to 1948 and was then changed to 1 000 000 000 000?
I think that is true. 1 000 000 is a million. 1 000 000 000 is "un milliard", 1 000 000 000 000 is "mille milliard". Un "billion" is a million of million. But we never use the billion because of the confusion with english people.
As of 2004 today, what word do people use for 1 000 000 000 000?
Mille milliard
I'm no expert in French, but in Danish, using the long scale, the words are all real. They are rare because reference to so large numbers "by name" are rare - they mostly show up in science, where SI or scientific notation is used, avoiding naming them. But if they must be named, that is truly what they are called; they have no other names. Believe it or not! Arguably, the long scale (million=1E6, billion=1E12, trillion=1E18, ..., and -iard=times 1000) is more regular and logical than the short scale. It's a bit like driving in the right or the left side of the road...--Niels Ø 21:58, Mar 15, 2005 (UTC)

In swedish we use (swedish - eng translation):

• miljon - million - E6
• miljard - milliard - E9
• biljon - billion - E12
• biljard - billiard - E15
• triljon - trillion - E18
• triljard - trilliard - E21

..etc

A thought on the rarity of these words and their absense from dictionnaries, even in the languages where they are used: In Danish, 463284 is called firehundredetreogtrestusindetohundredefireogfirs. (You may insert a few blanks or hyphens, but that is the name of the number.) You will not find it in a dictionnary, because it is rare to spell it out, and anyway it follows the same pattern as zillions of other numbers. The situation for e.g. quintilliard is pretty much the same: Correct, following a pattern, and rare.--Niels Ø 11:58, 1 June 2006 (UTC)
The "-illiard" are very much real in many countries in the world still, see Long and short scales - which I also added to the see-also section of the article. It describes the various variations of short and long scales as well as their geographical and linguistical spread (and historical background). -- 212.25.128.33 (talk) 07:53, 27 May 2015 (UTC)

## Really large numbers

10 to the power of 10 to the power of 10 to the power of 10 to the power of...

Those sorts of the numbers in the table are really hard to understand. Is there any simpler system?

Brianjd 08:44, 2004 Jun 17 (UTC)

when you get into layers of exponentiation like that other forms of notation (Knuth and Conway arrows,power towers,etc) become more useful and they have their own articles.The numbers don't get named as in the article here.--L.E./12.144.5.2/le@put.com

### Layers of exponentiation are problematic

On my Firefox 0.9.3, even-numbered nested exponents are rendered at the same level as the base, and odd-numbered nested exponents are rendered at the same level as the first exponent — i.e., nested <sup> tags display completely incorrectly to me. I'm sure I'm not the only one with that problem.

• 1 googleplexplexplexplexplex = 101010101010100
• 1 googleplexplexplexplexplex = 101010101010100

On my browser, these both look exactly like the obviously incorrect second expression. Because of this, I replaced the exponents in the huge table with TeX expressions. It looks good, but there are twelve expressions that are not rendered at all. Still, better 12 that don't display than hundreds that look bad. I've marked the expressions that refuse to render as PNGs with <!-- not rendering? --> so that a future champion will be able to tame them. --Ardonik 03:22, 2004 Aug 6 (UTC)

## Table from List of numbers

After reviewing this well-researched page, it seems pretty clear to me that the biggest table in List of numbers ought to be merged with the list here and deleted from the other page. The tables are big, so it'll take a little while. --Ardonik 20:12, 2004 Aug 5 (UTC)

## Billiard, trilliard, quadrilliard are not "standard dictionary numbers"

The table of "standard dictionary numbers" is intended to be exactly what it says. My purpose is to draw a permanent, stable, neutral, verifiable bright line between these numbers and various other numbers that are proposed, tabulated, occasionally used, etc. If you can find a dictionary that includes the word "billiard" in the sense of 1015, put it in the table and cite the dictionary in which you found it. With respect to billiard, trilliard, quadrilliard I am not even clear as to whether these words a) are really used in France or other European countries, b) appear in French or other foreign-language dictionaries. If you find them in a foreign-language dictionary I think it would be interesting and legitimate to include them in the table.

See "Are billiards, trilliards, quadrilliards, etc. real?" above.

If you can find it in a dictionary (as the name of a number!) it goes in this table. Otherwise, it does not. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 16:11, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Since you are using dictionary definitions (as opposed to Google webpage usage) as the criterion for their existence, then there is some work to be done on Wikipedia, where articles on these words have existed for some time without any queries having been raised (no, I did not create these) - see billiard, trilliard. The term Quadrilliard is mentioned in List of numbers and Order of magnitude (numbers). I was simply trying to ensure coherence between one part of Wikipedia and another.
Billiarde, for example, does exist in German, see Oxford-Duden English-German dictionary (revised 1997). Ian Cairns 16:52, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)
Yes, there's a lot of inconsistency in Wikipedia. Furthermore, there are people that enjoy creating very short articles about names of numbers and so forth and they are constantly being created and re-created. For example, it took a lot of energy to get rid of the entries about the non-words nonabyte and doggabyte which appear on various websites but not in any dictionary or document promulgated by and standards authority.
The fact about Billiarde is interesting. I'd like to see it in the "standard dictionary number section." I think perhaps the best way to do it is to just put it in baldly as a statement, following the table. If enough of them get accumulated, there could be another table about foreign languages, or integrated into the main table, dropping the phrase "English dictionaries."
But I really want to draw a bright line between words that are in some dictionary, any dictionary, cite the dictionary.
Yes, the article on Trilliard makes me cranky. Probably what should be done with it is to add a line to it and all the others saying "This word is not found in standard English dictionaries." One of the things I hate about people creating many of short, related articles is that if there's a problem with them, the correction needs to be made many separate times... [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 17:13, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)
Well, there were only two of them and I've added that note to them both.
By the way, apologies for my cranky tone. Out of line. I probably should take these number articles off my watchlist and chill. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 17:18, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)
No problem. Well done for editing those articles. Did you spot the German links? I have spent much time in the last few months correcting the prevalence of long scale as current UK usage. I hold no torch for the above terms - I was simply looking to be complete / consistent. Thanks, Ian Cairns 18:09, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)
Billiard/biljard is sometimes used in Swedish (for 10^12) (the alternative way of saying the same thing is 1000 billioner/biljoner; 1 biljon/billion=10^9). Not that you talk about numbers that high very often, and when you do, for example in physics, it's much, much more common to just say 10^12 (or just add "tera" if that's possible). 02:21, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

OED2 does not have billiard. This edit may contain more unverifiable claims. Does RHD really have billiard in this sense? I doubt it. Cf. http://dictionary.infoplease.com/billiard Gyopi (talk) 12:33, 25 December 2011 (UTC)

Agreed. Those above "milliard" are not really used in English, are they? ... and even "milliard" sounds dated. We won't know about OED3 for quite a few years yet, but they haven't removed "milliard" (as of today's check), so this should have a tick under OED3 (I've added it). Is "milliard" missing from the COD? Dbfirs 15:48, 25 December 2011 (UTC)

## For fanciful extensions, use Other names of large numbers

84.66.195.243, please stop adding dubious entries to the section on extensions of the standard dictionary numbers. This article tries to limit itself to names that have some degree of authority to them. Many people have produced fanciful and creative extensions to the systems of number names, but none of them are more than proposals or curiosities or imaginative exercises.

1) Please make your edits to Other names of large numbers, not here. 2) Please accompany your edits with some kind of reference, citation, or authority (the book or website from which the name was taken). Dpbsmith (talk) 21:52, 15 Mar 2005 (UTC)

## The system behind the madness

I came to this article because I was aware of the fact that there's a naming system for very large numbers, and I wanted to know the -system- that is used. This page is great for giving the list of names, and if I ever feel the need to speak a word meaning 1036 I'll know where to look, but it seems to me that all these names have a very clear METHOD to how the names were generated, though I'm not 100% certain of how it works.

I mean, at the lower end, it's pretty obvious. billion is bi (meaning two) illion (meaning uhh... big number?)... so it's the "2nd big number". Likewise, trillion would be the 3rd big number, and so on. But I don't quite get the naming convention once you get past nine. Unedecillion? I'm assuming that's the first of the tens? But duodecillion seems to refer to the 11th big number, while the name suggests the 12th? Or am I misreading something? Or do I just not get it?

Could someone more knowledgable than me put up a section describing the system? Fieari 03:06, 16 Mar 2005 (UTC)

deci: n=10; undeci: n=11; duodeci: n=12. On the short scale, n-illion = 1000^(n+1) = 10^(3n+3), so e.g. duodecillion = 1000^13 = 10^39. On the long scale, n-illion = 1000000^n = 10^(6n) and n-iard = 1000*1000000^n = 10^(6n+3), so duodecillion = 1000000^12 = 10^72, and duodecilliard = 10^75 (a.k.a. "one thousand duodecillions"). That explains everything... except the greek/latin system naming the numbers. I agree with you that a clear neat explanation of the system would be good - and probably more relevant in an encyclopedia than a list of numbers that are so rarely used.
For the sake of argument: There is nothing in Wikipedia on the number 371074 (randomly chosen), though that number gives 1480 hits in Google. The number name ("three hundred and seventyone thousand seventyfour" with some variants) gives no hits anywhere. The word "duodecillion" gives 548 Google hits; the vast majority of these are from dictionaries and the like, and very few "in the wild" (if any at all). But various other notations for that number (1000000000000000000000000000000000000000, 1E39 etc.) gives thousands of hits. My point is that for 371074 as well as for the very large numbers on the Names of large numbers page, the following is true:
• The numbers exist in a mathematical sense - you can't count forever without needing them eventually.
• Their names hardly exist in the sense that they are commonly used.
• Their names do exist in the sense that, if you come across the number "in the wild", you can construct the name on demand (knowing the system), and it is unambiguous (apart for some annoying details).
• In most situations where those numbers could come up, they would not be named; instead, they would be expressed in some convenient notation.

--Niels Ø 07:47, Mar 16, 2005 (UTC)

By the way... I don't know if it's an invented explanation, but the comment in Fowler's 1926 comment in Modern English Usage at least gives some explanation of the "off-by-one-in-the-short-scale" issue:
"It should be remembered that this word ["billion"] does not mean in American use (which follows the French) what it means in British. For to us it means the second power of a million, i.e. a million millions (1,000,000,000,000); for Americans it means a thousand multiplied by itself twice, or a thousand millions (1,000,000,000), what we call a milliard. Since billion in our sense is useless except to astronomers, it is a pity that we do not conform."
I think the question, "what is the system," is meaningless. I don't think anyone, anywhere has "officially" promulgated such a system. There's no practical need for one. It's all an abstract mathematical or computer science game. Chuquet proposed names for specific numbers up to a decillion centuries ago, and with small variations they've made it into the dictionaries. Even on the short scale, names for numbers above a quintillion are simply not needed in ordinary discourse. Mathematicians and scientists use exponential notation and SI prefixes. And numeric notation suffices in print.
Since the early days of computer programming, there has sometimes been a real practical need to generate the English representation of a number, and I'm sure many individual programmers have tried to make the algorithm general enough to handle the highest values their computer can represent. But of course even the standard dictionary numbers handle everything up to 264 or even 2128. Somebody could formally propose an system, defined with algorithmic precision, capable of indefinitely high extension, and probably someone has, but it would still be just a curiosity because no body of authority is going to take the trouble to adopt it.
Another argument for the meaninglessness of the question is that it is all but impossible for a person to retain more than (you choose) nine, twelve, whatever digits in short-term memory. For anything where only an approximate value is needed, you'd use an SI prefix; 12.34 terameters or whatever. For anything where a precise-to-the-unit value is needed, you need to write the number down, because if you say (using long scale here) "three hundred sixty-eight thousand one hundred ninety quintillion, nine hundred sixteen thousand five hundred fifty-six quadrillion, two hundred forty-three thousand seven hundred thirty-nine trillion, eight hundred ninety-six thousand twenty-one billion, eight hundred seventy-three thousand six hundred fourteen million, one hundred one thousand, six hundred twenty-five," by the time you get to the end you've forgotten the beginning. And if you're going to write it down there's no good reason to use words instead of numerals.
It's sort of like asking "is there a system for naming every possible placement of pieces on a checkerboard?" You can construct one if you want to, but apart from showing that you can, nobody cares about it and nobody is going to adopt it.
If someone wanted to research a list of published algorithms for generating names of numbers and include the list or a representative algorithm in the article—but not as original research, i.e. not your own algorithm—that would be a valid addition to the article. Dpbsmith (talk) 13:51, 16 Mar 2005 (UTC)
I struggle to imagine a situation where a large number would have quite that many significant figures, and even if it did have that many, who would say all of them? I wouldn't say more than just "368 thousand quintillion", or (in my preferred short scale) "368 decillion". Double sharp (talk) 15:43, 13 May 2015 (UTC)
"That explains everything... except the greek/latin system naming the numbers." So... where can I go about finding THIS information? Perhaps such an explanation would be good for its own page, as it's pretty clear that the system is also used for naming other things, like shapes (septagon, octagon, duodecahedron, etc). Seems like it would be a pretty useful article to have. Because while no one in their right minds would really use the huge number names outside of trying to impress someone with thier trivia knowledge, if you do encounter a 63 faced regular solid, you'll want to know its name and you probably will actually use it. Not that encountering such shapes is common, but it isn't outside the realm of possibility. Fieari 19:56, 17 Mar 2005 (UTC)

If there's an algorithmic pattern here, the table isn't sufficient to know it, even for the numbers below a centillion. The prefix for +3 is either "tre" (when attached to decillion) or "tres" (when attached to vigintillion or trigintillion). So is word #43 going to be trequadragintillion or tresquadragintillion? OK, maybe word #10-19 are archaic exceptions, and only #20-39 should be considered to establish the pattern. But then we get stuck at #47: septemquadragintillion or septenquadragintillion? (Neither one has any Google hits.)

And if we go beyond a centillion, there seems to be a problem with additive vs multiplicative prefixes. #103 is listed as trescentillion, while #300 is listed as trecentillion; these would seem to be homonyms. Worse yet, the pattern so far suggests that #106 must be sescentillion, and this is exactly what the table specifies as the name for #600. Unless the latter was supposed to be sesgintillion instead. If these names are sourced somewhere, does the source say anything that would resolve these issues? Joule36e5 (talk) 03:14, 13 June 2009 (UTC)

The system is described at http://mrob.com/pub/math/largenum.html#conway-wechsler, for which I just added a citation. According to this system, #106 is sexcentillion, while #600 is sescentillion. —Anders Kaseorg (talk) 09:53, 19 September 2012 (UTC)

## Authorities in the table

I think that instead of the current system of ticks and crosses in a variable length list, it would be better to have a narrow column for each source (number them and put a key where the abbreviation list is currently, so the column only has to be 1 or 2 character wide) and put a mark (x perhaps) for each source that sites a particular word and leave blank the ones that don't. I would do this now but don't have time. Thryduulf 10:38, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I've now reworked the table as I proposed above, and added the entries for dictionary.com. Thryduulf 11:48, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

## Usage in science

Shouldn't this article have a bit of text about the fact that none of these words are used in science because of their ambiguous nature?

## Merge with Power numbers

I think that the power numbers page should be merged into this one, or possibly deleted. It's only a few people that are updating that page, and it seems to simply duplicate information found here and in other names of large numbers. I didn't want to go ahead and do anything yet, because I'm not sure, though. Quentin mcalmott 21:36, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

I concur. Clay Barnes 12:35, 24 August 2005 (PST)

"Power numbers" is a low-quality article with no source citations at all. It is a miscellaneous collection of word with no indication of where they came from and whether they are in any real use. The phrase "Power numbers" is not a term in real use, as far as I know. The article is a miscellaneous collection of numbercruft. I would hate to see it merged with this page. This page was once similar to "power numbers" and I've put a lot of work into trying to make sure that it only deals with "real" number names, that is names some degree of actual acceptance, as opposed to being mental exercises in creating names. Anyone can create "vanity" names like "googolminex." I think Power numbers should simply be nominated for deletion. Dpbsmith (talk) 00:12, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

P. S. It would make more sense to merge it with Other names of large numbers, since that too is a catchall, miscellaneous list. Dpbsmith (talk) 00:13, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

• I would agree with the merge, but this page is already quite large. How about renaming "Power numbers" to something like "Table of numbers by power"? -- Reinyday, 16:00, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
Power numbers should not, IMHO, be merged at all, because the information in it is much poorer than the information in the other related articles.
It could redirect to List of numbers#English names for powers of 10.
Actually, I believe I'm going to be bold and do it now.
I'm not going to merge the words that are in Power numbers but not presently in List of numbers#English names for powers of 10. I take strong exception to non-words like "Millitricentihexagintiquadrillion" being merged anywhere, unless someone can come up with a source citation showing actual use, and the burden of proof should be on the person who wants to put this in.WP:NOT says, "Articles about words formed on a predictable numeric system (such as "septenquinquagintillion") are not encyclopedic unless they are defined on good authority, or genuinely in use." If someone wanted to write a paragraph describing some well recognized system for assigning names like Millitricentihexagintiquadrillion, and wanted to use that as an example of how the system works, fine, but we can't just have it in an article based on our own authority that there is such a word and that that is what it means is. People that want those words in List of numbers#English names for powers of 10 can add them one by one citing sources. Dpbsmith (talk) 17:02, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
The word 'millitricentihexagintiquadrillion' may not be wikiable, but the system by which it is formed most certainly is. It forms part of a legitimate and scholarly survey of the relative virtues of different numbering systems. IMHO it's a problem with the Wikipedia authorities (oxymoron) that original materials are not permitted. Surely, this makes Wikipedia nothing more than an act of plagiarism. Also, that some kinds of words are not permitted. But why should 'quadrillion' not be permitted, when 'butane' is? Both are formed from word fragments according to a grammatical system. Neuralwarp (talk) 17:07, 22 April 2010 (UTC)
• AGREE : Wikipedia should have one page dealing with number scales, showing all the systems, both actual and proposed, and including the SI prefixes. This would require merger of maybe 5 articles, and would leave another article about interesting numbers of other kinds (pi, e, primes, hypercubics, and so on). Neuralwarp (talk) 16:58, 22 April 2010 (UTC)

## Usage of Commas

Commenting on:

>> Throughout this article, exponential or scientific notation is used. 10^6 could also be written as the number 1 followed by six 0s, 1,000,000; 10^9 could be written as 1,000,000,000, and so on. <<

In ISO 31-0#Numbers it is stated:

Numbers consisting of long sequences of digits can be made more readable by separating them into groups, preferably groups of three, separated by a small space. ISO 31-0 specifies that such groups of digits should never be separated by a comma or point, as these are reserved for use as the decimal sign.

At no point (pun not intended) is the comma designated as a thousands separator, and should not be used as such here.

ISO 31-0 applies to science and technology, not necessarily wikipedia; is there any kind of Wikipedia:policy out there we can reference in this regard? I imagine it has been discussed before. Peyna 14:42, 14 September 2005 (UTC)
I agree with Peyna. Public use of the comma notation pre-dates the ISO standard. Also, the space would not be an appropriate character to use as it too has a reserved meaning. An alternative to commas, dots or spaces would be to use an underscore character. This is the case in some computer programming languages (e.g. Oberon). Neuralwarp (talk) 17:12, 22 April 2010 (UTC)

I'm virtually certain that I've seen an apostrophe-like glyph used as a thousands separator, as in " 1'000'000 ". Whether such notation is no longer used, I don't know; it might still be in use in some European locales. (Note to self: Check translations of this article!)

When printed (even bound books) tables of multi-digit numbers were commonplace (e.g. Vega's book of logarithms), digits were typeset with spaces every fifth digit. Regards, Nikevich 20:55, 16 January 2012 (UTC)

Is the information on how many google hits each particular number receives really worth keeping? It just makes the article real cluttered and might even amount to original research. Peyna 22:37, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

I understand your point. Yes, it's somewhere in the hazy border of between original research. But it is also somewhere on the hazy border of citing sources.
Let me explain why this material is there. This page was and is subject to constant problems from people adding various invented names for large numbers, names that are basically neologisms created for the purpose of illustrating various creative ways in which one could devise names for unimaginably large numbers which have no practical use. These run the gamut from print-published material from the likes of Donald Knuth to conlang-like curiosities posted on individual websites.
The purpose of the table and the section, which has been fairly successful, is to draw a clear, convincing bright line between what might be called "real" names and "concocted" names. The purpose of the Google hit counts is to provide some objective indication of the frequency of usage of the various words. I know some people who hate Google hit counts on principle, but they are much better than no evidence at all, and they show very clearly how even the dictionary numbers fall into three categories: those up to quintillion, which are really used; the ones from the ones from undeceillion to novemdecillion, which are really obscure; and the ones from sextillion to decillion, which are in between.
I'm not sure what the difference between the page counts and article counts is supposed to be, or who put it there or why.
It would probably make more sense to change this column to something like "Relative frequency of use," with, say, "trillion" being set to 100, and then put a note at the bottom saying that the source of the relative frequency is Google hits. What do you think? Dpbsmith (talk) 15:43, 14 September 2005 (UTC)
Yeah, I think the Google hits make a convenient way to check for some kind of legitimacy; but to see it on the main page is a bit out of place. Something like that is better suited for the talk page, as a way to determine whether or not it is worth of mention on the page.
That said, your suggestion is probably the best way of dealing with this presently; or even just list them in order of frequency of use from high to low without assigning a number, especially since the number of Google hits provides at best a somewhat accurate relative ranking of frequency of use, but it's absolute frequency numbers could be subject to a lot more problems. (In other words, it probably gets them in the right "order" but the "strength" assigned to each could wildly fluctuate). Peyna 16:28, 14 September 2005 (UTC)

Isn't a googleplex a google to the power of a google? -Jawr256

• Nope. First, it's spelled "googolplex." Second, Kasner and Newman's Mathematics and the Imagination defined it as "one followed by a googol zeroes," i.e. ten to the power of a googol. Dpbsmith (talk) 13:28, 9 December 2005 (UTC)

## Links, and something else

I removed the statement immediately under the table which stated that undecillion, duodecillion, etc. are not included in dictionaries. They're in my Merriam-Webster's dictionary and listed (and checked as appearing in some of the dictionaries cited) in the chart. Also, why are many of the numbers (such as undecillion) linked to an article for "undecillion" then redirected back to the same article? I'm going to remove these links.Rt66lt 05:20, 10 December 2005 (UTC)

## Whole possible range of names of large numbers in short

Million 1 Billion 2 Trillion 3 Quadrillion 4 Quintillion 5 Sextillion 6 Septillion 7 Octillion 8 Nonillion 9

Decillion 10 Vigintillion 20 Trigintillion 30 Quadragintillion 40 Quinquagintillion 50 Sexagintillion 60 Septuagintillion 70 Octogintillion 80 Nonagintillion 90

Centillion 100 Bicentillion 200 Tercentillion 300 Quadricentillion 400 Quinquacentillion 500 Sexacentillion 600 Septuacentillion 700 Octocentillion 800 Nonacentillion 900

Millillion 1000

#### Missing billiard?

In french, 10^15 is called a billard. I am surprised that it is not included in the list. Is there a reason for this or is it just missing?--Powo 08:12, 10 January 2006 (UTC)

I guess that's because this is an English encyclopaedia. Why include the French word (and if we do include it, we should also include the Greek and the Russian and the Chinese etc.) -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 12:29, 10 January 2006 (UTC)
It is, however, of interest with regard to the article on long and short scales.
Can you personally confirm that "billiard" is in real, everyday use in French-speaking countries to mean 1015?
I ask, because English dictionaries and reference sources often say that "milliard" is an English word meaning 109 but in fact it is very, very, very rarely used. I've gotten conflicting answers on the French use of the word "billion;" there's no doubt that 'when it is used it means 1012. But when you ask the question the other way around—what do French-speakers call the quantity 1012?—a native-French-speaking Wikipedian has told me that billion is hardly used at all and the normal locution is "mille milliards."
What word is used in French for the game called Billiards in English? Dpbsmith (talk) 13:12, 10 January 2006 (UTC)
I don't know about French, but in Dutch biljard is used for 10^15 and miljard for 10^9. Miljard is used a lot, biljard not that much but that's just because numbers of that magnitude do not occur very often. Billiards is called biljard. -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 13:37, 10 January 2006 (UTC)
"Mille milliard" or "billion"? I reaccon people who use mille milliards do this either because they forgot the meaning of the word billion, or because it is confusing due to the fact that its got a different meaning in english (typically true in scientific circles...). Billion = 10^12 would therefore be used exclusively by litterate french speakers, probably in non scientific circles... I am tera-times sorry if this is slitely confusing... ;)--Powo 16:55, 10 January 2006 (UTC)
Why 1 is "million"? I think 1 should be "unillion", since (in Latin) 1 = "un", 2 = "bi", 3 = "tri", 4 = "quad", 5 = "quin", 6 = "sex", 7 = "sept", 8 = "oct", 9 = "nona".
A lot of those names actally come from the French (which, in turn, does borrow from the Latin). The French regarded "million" as a "big thousand," based on their word for thousand, "Mil." Black Yoshi (Yoshi! | Yoshi's Eggs) 16:01, 11 June 2018 (UTC)

## Si Prefix

Would it be helpful to add the si prefixes in the table? --Salix alba (talk) 17:55, 21 January 2006 (UTC)

## No existence of "trigintillion"? I beg to differ!

The articles says, "It can be argued that a number such as a "trigintillion" has no existence in the physical world. There simply is not a trigintillion of anything, and no practical need for such a name." I don't think this is actually true for trigintillion or any other number, no matter how high. For example, the volume of the universe is 2000 trigintillion cubic micrometers ([2] and [3]). I know that's arbitrary, but is correct and there are other possible meanings for that number. Thus, I feel this line should be removed. Thoughts? Superm401 - Talk 00:56, 27 January 2006 (UTC)

i agree , surely these "monster numbers" have some relevance in the realms of theoretical physics and the like ? t ali 29/01/06

but surely we should measure everything in terms of the Planck's constant, what size would the universe be then? --Salix alba (talk) 10:44, 1 February 2006 (UTC)
Although I think Superm401 is being overliteral, I'm not going to object to the excision of the sentence. My main concern is trying to keep this page reasonably free from neologisms, protologisms and, in general, words that have been invented but not used widely by real people who were trying to use them to describe the actual number of something—as opposed to demonstrating how a hypothetical number could be given.
I certainly would agree that trigintillion is a neologism. However, the sentence as written was simply false; that is all I wanted to demonstrate. I have no intention of adding my statistic to the article or attempting to argue that trigintillion or similar numbers are in common use. Superm401 - Talk 21:46, 3 February 2006 (UTC)
Saying there is "not a trigintillion of anything" is too strong. It also shows my age. That was derived from a talk I heard Philip Morrison give some decades ago. The universe has gotten bigger since then. Dpbsmith (talk) 10:55, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

I have removed the sentence, "Trigintillion, often cited as a word in discussions of names of large numbers, is not included in any of them, nor are any of the names that can easily be created by extending the naming pattern (unvigintillion, duovigintillion, duoquinquagintillion, etc.)." Trigintillion would seem like a very logical name for 1093 as triginta is Latin for thirty, so the name can obviously thus be easily created and used for this particular large number and the section on Extensions of the standard dictionary numbers uses this word just fine.--Champaign (talk) 09:11, 8 January 2009 (UTC).

Note from Champaign (talk): My edit was reverted by Spacepotato with this edit summary: 09:13, 8 January 2009 Spacepotato (talk|contribs) (32,208 bytes) ("Trigintillion" isn't in the cited dictionaries. It's in this article, but this article is not a dictionary.)

Ok. I concede your point. However, the sentence reads in its entirety:

Trigintillion, often cited as a word in discussions of large numbers, in not included in any of them [dictionary numbers], nor in the names that can easily be created by extending the naming pattern (unvigintillion, duovigintillion, duoquinquagintillion, etc.). [strong emphasis and italics added]

Extending the naming pattern accordingly (by the way the third item on the list of examples should be trevigintillion and not "duoquinquagintillion," which would correspond to duoquinquaginta, the Latin for 52, and to 10159 numerically in short scale...well, perhaps the writer was jumping numbers, but no matter), one would unavoidably end up at novemvigintillion or 1090 and this number times 1000 (1093) can have no other name "by extending the naming pattern," except trigintillion. Also, while it may be true that it is not a dictionary number, I have never heard this number name come up anywhere "in discussions of names of large numbers" I've ever had, which brings up another point: what source could be cited to support the assertion that trigintillion is "often cited as a word in discussions" like these? I figured, why even bring up trigintillon at all whether it's a dictionary number or not? I don't think the word is notable and I defy anyone to please show me a source that says it is. Anyway, I would like to give one week from writing this for someone to please show me a good reason why this sentence is relavent to this article. After that, if such is either not forthcoming or insufficient, I shall see no other alternative but to remove the entire sentence. --Champaign (talk) 10:02, 11 January 2009 (UTC)
You have misquoted the sentence in question. It reads:

Trigintillion, often cited as a word in discussions of names of large numbers, is not included in any of them, nor are any of the names that can easily be created by extending the naming pattern (unvigintillion, duovigintillion, duoquinquagintillion, etc.).

This means that (a) trigintillion is not in the cited dictionaries and (b) other words, such as duovigintillion, which can be created by extending the naming pattern are not in the cited dictionaries. The sentence does not say that trigintillion cannot be created by extending the naming pattern, since, as you point out, it can.
Spacepotato (talk) 19:47, 11 January 2009 (UTC)

## Other names of large numbers

I have listed other names of large numbers on AfD (Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Other_names_of_large_numbers), people watching this page might want to comment on it. The preceding unsigned comment was added by R.Koot (talk • contribs) .

## Conway numbers

What does the "Conway number" system look like?? Georgia guy 16:53, 20 February 2006 (UTC)

To Whom It May Concern:

I saw your Large Number Denominations (LND) beyond Centillion they are not correct since they can not extend themselves far enough to reach even a Googolplex 10^(10^100) or the Googoltriplex 10^(10^(10^100)). Yes, my LND's can easily name numbers beyond these named numbers and beyond. I am John Candelaria the guy that made into the Guinness Record Books in 1985 through 1990 for devising an LND system of self perpetuating number names that made it into the GBR books. Then they decided to change their priorities from educational information to records of physical feats. So they just selved these type of records for the physical type of records. Anyway, if you would like to see how these number names are actually arrange in order to reach the mega numbers please e-mail me at this address <John_Candelaria@dot.ca.gov.>

For example, here are some LND names to taste, the 21st LND period is Viginti-million (10^66 US), not primo-vigintillion or unvigintillion. As for the hundred period LND's they begin with Ducentillion (10^603 US), Trecentillion (10^903 US), ..., Decingentillion (10^3003), not millillion, yet)... Thus,the millillion has been delayed back a thousandfold of LND's to its rightful millionth LND period place. They all work out by the following mathematical formula of if you know the LND period, you just enter it as 3(period)+3 = gives the number of zeros and the reverse by dividing the no. of zeros by 3 - 1 gives the LND period number name... I hope by touching on a few of these LND's it is clearer to see how the rest are formed...

Dear Sir,

One of the reasons why lexicographers of dicionaries have not shown a complete LND listing is because they are not sure themselves how to illustrate LND's between the 20th and the hundredth period LND. As such, I have already shown the Webster's people how to devise the best way to extend-on the LND system. By recycling the number naming analogy from the previous listing of number names. I even showed Donald E. Knuth of Stanford University years ago, and he also agreed that it was the best LND listing he has ever seen. An wholly rational LND system is proven out by its ability to extend itself beyond the googol, googolplex and Googoltriplex, ...Whithout running into any abiguious LND's. Otherwise the only thing one has listed is a short lived scheme of names that are doomed.

Yes, even Isaac Asimov before he died, wrote me back to tell me that my LND system made his head swim endlessly, and before Carl Sagan died my LND system left him speechless, probably because they were beyond his billions and billions and billions...ad infinitums. There's my proof...and then some..."I have saved the best for last by holding back another LND that extends the US/Brit. LND system of number names even further than ever before, which many people know about including the Guinness authorities, etc. It is known as the "MilliONEillion", note how it can be easily extended on and on... By ascending the internal "ONE" from "ONE" to "TWO", "THREE", "FOUR", etc...and so on... What we now have is a self perpetuting LND system of LND's that can extend indefinitely. Of course the LND names will still slowly expand out wider and wider, but not as quickly as before. The US/Brit. system of number names never had this potential before, until I showed the lexicographers how to do it in one of their main periodical reference magazines called "The Journal of Recreational Linguistics, Word Ways". —Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.31.97.254 (talkcontribs)

• If you want these in the article, please give some verifiable source citations that show that your names are accepted and in actual reasonably-widespread use. Many people have devised theoretical systems for naming large numbers, but as far as I know, so far, none of them have made it into dictionaries or are used in scientific writing. Dpbsmith (talk) 17:32, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

## Extensions of the standard dictionary numbers--sources requested

I would like to see good, verifiable source references for the numbers above vigintillion, which is, as far as I know, the largest number name to appear in any dictionary.

If none are forthcoming, eventually I intend to remove the portion of the table dealing with numbers larger than a vigintillion, per the verifiability policy. I'm not going to do this instantly, and I will be looking for references myself, but it's about time to start providing sources or removing unsourced material in this article. Dpbsmith (talk) 17:37, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

• The dictionary of numbers names http://home.comcast.net/~igpl/NWM.html mentions those numbers. I've added that source. TreeFrogz 23:24, 7 March 2006 (UTC)
• That's just a personal website, and, regrettably, it does not cite its sources. I'm not going to do anything in a hurry, but I don't think I accept that as a reputable source within the meaning of the verifiability policy. Dpbsmith (talk) 02:08, 10 March 2006 (UTC) P. S. With regard to your edit comment, "How is reference to a dictionary unreliable?", obviously R. Koot does not accept that site as a real dictionary, nor do I. Wikipedia:Reliable sources says "A personal website or blog may be used only as a primary source, i.e., when we are writing about the subject or owner of the website," but actually the big problem with that page is not that it's a personal page, but that it says nothing whatsoever about how it was compiled or by whom or where they got their information. If it were, say, a page maintained by a mathematics professor at a university and it cited sources, I'd accept it even if I couldn't (or didn't want to bother to check those sources directly. Dpbsmith (talk) 10:59, 10 March 2006 (UTC)
• Asimov wrote an article, I believe called "T-Formation", which claimed that a googol could be referred to as "ten duotrigintillion", implying that he was familiar with the system which is there currently (below the centillion level anyway). Ben Standeven 05:46, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

Asimov later saw that the actual number name for a googol is a large compound number name as "10 triginti-billion" (=10^100), not 10 duotrigintillion. Why because the Latin numeral names are arranged backwarks. Translated over to English it is like saying "10 twothirty" and we are are talking about the US system of consistent number names...Otherwise, we are talking about a doomed system of strange names, but not the names of consistent numbers that's for sure.

The existence or non-existence of serious sources for these Long scale or Short scale number words is irrelevant. No ordinary reader will understand them anyway. Readers who do not understand 10100 supplemented by an explanation like "1 followed by 100 zeros" will not be helped by these unusual number names. So why use them at all?--Niels Ø 20:42, 18 March 2006 (UTC)

Extension of this table past decillion seems to me like original research. Admittedly it's kind of fun to do this, but, whether or not there are other such lists (from reliable sources), if these numbers are not used in practice, they're irrelevant. --Ant 14:47, 8 January 2007 (UTC)

I went ahead and removed "googolplexian" (supposedly ${\displaystyle 10^{\mathrm {googolplex} }}$) from the table. I haven't heard of this term before, and no reliable source was given for it. If someone can find a reliable source that uses this term (for example, a printed book or a peer-reviewed academic paper), then it can go back in. —Bkell (talk) 05:14, 27 January 2008 (UTC)

Just thought I would mention I found this article when I actually needed to use the word for 1015 and did not know it's word[4].

Thanks for the informative article.

## Original research concerns

From the article:

Frequency of usage determined by the number of Google hits on pages in English on the web, as of September, 2005.

That is unacceptable. We can't be performing original research to try and determine the relative frequency of usage of various names for numbers, and even if that were allowed, doing it using a Google Search is an absurd methodology. Unless anyone has any compelling reasons for this original research not to be removed, it needs to be removed. --Cyde↔Weys 20:47, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

I found that field to be doubious too. HighInBC 02:37, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

## Googolduplex vs Googolplexian

When doing a search on Google, "Googolplexian" is far more common than "googolduplex" for 10^googolplex. Which should we mention here on Wikipedia? Andros 1337 18:47, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

• For which terms can you cite a source meeting reliable source guidelines? I don't believe either term has any real usage but I'm willing to be convinced otherwise. Dpbsmith (talk) 20:29, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

## Confusion - Clarification needed?

I am certainly confused with these names, as these large numbers are quoted, as it is never specified if the user talks of long or short numbers, and a distinction is clearly necessary for disambiguation (if you like the expression) and I wish that an international conference on mathematics or the sort would decide how to make certain we understand what the author talks about.

In a simpleminded way I would say prefix the US & Modern British naming with a B, like BBillion or ABillion (American Billion) for example, or the long system with an E for European. Alternatively s and l could be used, but without either confusion will reign 86.197.31.139 14:01, 14 September 2006 (UTC)

Something akin to this, invented at the US NIST, has come into use for multiples of power of two that are close to powers of 1,000. Examples are "kibibits", kib (1,024 bits), "mebibytes", MiB (1,048,576 bytes), etc. A small "i" between the power-of-1,000 prefix and the unit of measurement shows the use of this system; it's common in computer work. I apologize for not giving a reference; my energy is limited. Regards, Nikevich 21:08, 16 January 2012 (UTC)

It's not NIST, and it's not commonly used. Please provide evidence. — Arthur Rubin (talk) 22:08, 17 January 2012 (UTC)

## Hudelson proposal

Matt Hudelson - an assistant professor in the Department of Pure and Applied Mathematics at Washington State University - has proposed the following scheme for names of huge numbers.
The term "k-oogol" is used to indicate 10^(10^k).
So a one-oogol would be 10^(10^1) = 10 10 = somewhere between an American "billion" and "trillion". (André Joyce was the Franco-American mathematician-cum-creative-writer who coined the word "oogol")
A two-oogol would be 10^(10^10) = 10 100 = one googol. (The word "googol" was coined in 1920 by nine-year-old Milton Sirotta, nephew of Jewish American mathematician Edward Kasner. Kasner popularized the concept in his book Mathematics and the Imagination.) (Erm, but isn't that a ten-oogol? --220.255.7.155 (talk) 02:53, 19 June 2009 (UTC))
A five-oogol would be 10^(10^5)=10 100000
Matt Hudelson also proposed that we should use the construction "k-plex" to indicate raising 10 to the k.
So, a oogolplex is 10 oogol and a googolplex is 10 googol and a googolplexplex is 10 googolplex etc. Thus, 100 is also a twoplex, which makes a googol a twoplexplex and a googolplex a twoplexplexplex. Thus, a k-oogol is also a k-plexplex. Finally, he also suggested that we use the Greek and/or Latin prefixes, so instead of writing plexplex, we write duplex, and plexplexplex should be triplex, etc.

No sources are given. Is there is a published source for this? This material should be reinserted in the article only if it is accompanied by a citation of a published source. Dpbsmith (talk) 20:13, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

http://www.math.wsu.edu/faculty/hudelson/moser.html  Does not seem appropriate. All the best: Rich Farmbrough, 08:26, 7 September 2017 (UTC).

Under the subheading "Usage of names of large numbers" there appears a contradiction:

He concluded that it would take less than "one thousand myriad myriad eighth numbers" (1075) grains of sand to pack the universe solid with sand. This much sand would fill a volume larger than our galaxy, the Milky Way, but smaller than the group of galaxies it is part of, the Local Group (which would take about one million times as many grains of sand to fill).

So, would this much fill the universe, or just a volume larger than the Milky Way? Yahadreas 18:05, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

We think now that the Universe is bigger than Archimedes thought it was. Spacepotato 20:21, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

## Grillion

is it a real number? - —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.100.48.178 (talkcontribs)

No. - PatricknoddyTALK (reply here)|HISTORY 23:25, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

## Merge proposal

What do you think of merging with "long and short scales" ? Mdotley 20:46, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

Withdrawn, per discussion on the other talk page. Mdotley 00:21, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

## Big Numbers

Forgive me, I know wiki policy is against discussing the issue as a forum, but if anyone knows anything interesting... I'm interested in how the world names these big numbers, and when and how names of numbers are released to the public. The largest number I know of is a googolplex, or a 1 followed by a googol 0s. Does anyone know anything higher than that? --LtWinters 02:11, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

If they did, it would certainly be in the article. :-) Mdotley 03:14, 25 May 2007 (UTC)

## What's a googolexgoo?

One of my friends told me the word for googol^googol was "googolexgoo", but there is no reference to that on the internet. What is it actually called, I couldn't find it on the page. (Ztobor 21:50, 14 June 2007 (UTC))

Your friend was messing with you. Mdotley 04:53, 30 June 2007 (UTC)

## What's the point of these links?

I was looking up "decillion" in Wikipedia, and ended up on "Names of large numbers". I found a link on the word "decillion" on this page, clicked it, and ended up on....."Names of large numbers"! What is the point for a link to send you to the page you are on already? (Under redundant, see redundant.)

[My original reason to look this up was to find out why the number is decillion instead of dekillion ("deci-" usually means one-tenth, while "deka-" means tenfold (i.e., decimeter vs. dekameter)). Any thoughts?]

Paploo 14:22, 19 June 2007 (UTC)

[It's because deci- is latin prefix, used in both large numbers and in mesuring words. Deka-, though, is a Greek (I think...) prefix, and thus not used in large numbers.] Chagi 14:02, 13 October 2007 (UTC)

## Graham's, Moser's numbers

I'm far from an expert on this topic, so I leave it to someone else, but shouldn't both Graham's and Moser's numbers be listed here? They are larger than anything on the list, even Skewes' number. If they shouldn't be listed, then I would imagine that Skewes' shouldn't either. All three of these "name numbers" are not actually normal cardinals, but specific, large numbers used in math/science, of which there are probably many more. Clemenjo 02:06, 10 August 2007 (UTC)

## So... What The Biggest US Number with on-word-name?

and what about the UK..? and... is there a full arranged list of all thus? at first i thought this is:

but then i understood there is much larger numbers as googolplusplexplus...

thanks. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.139.227.111 (talk) 14:06, August 27, 2007 (UTC)

## Removing Skewe's Number and Graham's Number from list of dictionary names

Although Skewe's Number was added with checkmarks claiming it to be in AHD4, OED2, and OED2new, a quick check shows it is not, in fact, in AHD4. Graham's Number was added without any checkmarks. I don't think these are "standard dictionary names." Dpbsmith (talk) 15:27, 21 November 2007 (UTC)

## Scale?

Would it be at all worthwhile to have examples of something with a similar scale to numbers listed on this page? For instance, a Rubik's Cube has quintillions of patterns on the short scale, and related puzzles lie within a few orders of magnitude of larger numbers on the scale. Just a thought. Hellbus (talk) 23:37, 20 August 2008 (UTC)

See Orders of magnitude (numbers). Spacepotato (talk) 23:59, 20 August 2008 (UTC)
Thanks. Hellbus (talk) 02:34, 21 August 2008 (UTC)

## OK, here goes. Snipping large "extensions" section that's been unreferenced for over three years

I'm going to see what happens if I the plug on this, although I expect some vigorous discussion. This section has been in the article for a very, very long time but there's never been any indication at all of where these extensions came from, let alone evidence of any real use anywhere. Dpbsmith (talk) 17:07, 29 September 2008 (UTC)

## Extensions of the standard dictionary numbers

{{Refimprovesect|date=June 2006}} {{Original research|section|date=January 2007}}

This table illustrates several systems for naming large numbers, and shows how they can be extended past decillion.

Traditional British usage assigned new names for each power of one million (the long scale): 1,000,000 = 1 million; 1,000,0002 = 1 billion; 1,000,0003 = 1 trillion; and so on. It was adapted from French usage, and is similar to the system that was documented or invented by Chuquet.

Traditional American usage (which, oddly enough, was also adapted from French usage but at a later date), and modern British usage, assigns new names for each power of one thousand (the short scale.) Thus, a billion is 1000 × 10002 = 109; a trillion is 1000 × 10003 = 1012; and so forth. Due to its dominance in the financial world (and by the US-dollar) this was adopted for official United Nations documents.

Traditional French usage has varied; in 1948, France, which had been using the short scale, reverted to the long scale.

The term milliard is unambiguous and always means 109. It is almost never seen in American usage, rarely in British usage, and frequently in European usage. The term is sometimes attributed to a French mathematician named Jacques Peletier du Mans circa 1550 (for this reason, the long scale is also known as the Chuquet-Peletier system), but the Oxford English Dictionary states that the term derives from post-Classical Latin term milliartum, which became milliare and then milliart and finally our modern term.

With regard to names ending in -illiard for numbers 106·n+3, milliard is certainly in widespread use in languages other than English, but the degree of actual use of the larger terms is questionable. For example, as of 2004, Google searches on French-language pages for trillion, quadrillion, and quintillion return 6630, 312, and 127 hits respectively, whilst searches for trilliard and quadrilliard return only 102 and 7 hits respectively. However, one has to take into account that these large numbers are not often needed and that scientists almost always use scientific notation. In German the terms "Milliarde", "Billiarde" etc. are out of question.

The naming procedure for large numbers is based on taking the number n occurring in 103n+3 (short scale) or 106n (long scale) and concatenating Latin roots for its units, tens, and hundreds place, together with the suffix -illion. In this way, numbers up to 103·999+3 = 103000 (short scale) or 106·999 = 105994 (long scale) may be named. The choice of roots and the concatenation procedure is that of the standard dictionary numbers if n is 20 or smaller, and, for larger n (between 21 and 999), is due to John Horton Conway and Richard Guy. Since the system of using Latin prefixes will become ambiguous for numbers with exponents of a size which the Romans rarely counted to, like 106,000,258, Conway and Guy have also proposed a consistent set of conventions which permit, in principle, the extension of this system to provide English names for any integer whatsoever.[1]

Names of reciprocals of large numbers do not need to be listed here, because they are regularly formed by adding -th, e.g. quattuordecillionth, centillionth, etc.

For additional details, see Billion (disambiguation) and long and short scales.

Base -illion (short scale) Value USA and Modern British
(short scale)
(long scale)
(long scale)
1 106 Million Million Million
2 109 Billion Thousand million Milliard
3 1012 Trillion Billion Billion
4 1015 Quadrillion Thousand billion Billiard
5 1018 Quintillion Trillion Trillion
6 1021 Sextillion Thousand trillion Trilliard
9 1030 Nonillion Quintillion Quintillion
10 1033 Decillion Thousand quintillion Quintilliard
11 1036 Undecillion Sextillion Sextillion
12 1039 Duodecillion Thousand sextillion Sextilliard
13 1042 Tredecillion Septillion Septillion
14 1045 Quattuordecillion Thousand septillion Septilliard
15 1048 Quindecillion Octillion Octillion
16 1051 Sexdecillion Thousand octillion Octilliard
17 1054 Septendecillion Nonillion Nonillion
18 1057 Octodecillion Thousand nonillion Nonilliard
19 1060 Novemdecillion Decillion Decillion
20 1063 Vigintillion Thousand decillion Decilliard
21 1066 Unvigintillion Undecillion Undecillion
22 1069 Duovigintillion Thousand undecillion Undecilliard
23 1072 Tresvigintillion Duodecillion Duodecillion
24 1075 Quattuorvigintillion Thousand duodecillion Duodecilliard
25 1078 Quinquavigintillion Tredecillion Tredecillion
26 1081 Sesvigintillion Thousand tredecillion Tredecilliard
27 1084 Septemvigintillion Quattuordecillion Quattuordecillion
28 1087 Octovigintillion Thousand quattuordecillion Quattuordecilliard
29 1090 Novemvigintillion Quindecillion Quindecillion
30 1093 Trigintillion Thousand quindecillion Quindecilliard
31 1096 Untrigintillion Sexdecillion Sexdecillion
32 1099 Duotrigintillion Thousand sexdecillion Sexdecilliard
33 10102 Trestrigintillion Septendecillion Septendecillion
34 10105 Quattuortrigintillion Thousand septendecillion Septendecilliard
35 10108 Quinquatrigintillion Octodecillion Octodecillion
36 10111 Sestrigintillion Thousand octodecillion Octodecilliard
37 10114 Septentrigintillion Novemdecillion Novemdecillion
38 10117 Octotrigintillion Thousand novemdecillion Novemdecilliard
39 10120 Noventrigintillion Vigintillion Vigintillion
40 10123 Quadragintillion[2] Thousand vigintillion Vigintilliard
50 10153 Quinquagintillion Thousand quinquavigintillion Quinquavigintilliard
60 10183 Sexagintillion Thousand trigintillion Trigintilliard
70 10213 Septuagintillion Thousand quinquatrigintillion Quinquatrigintilliard
100 10303 Centillion Thousand quinquagintillion Quinquagintilliard
101 10306 Uncentillion Unquinquagintillion Unquinquagintillion
102 10309 Duocentillion Thousand unquinquagintillion Unquinquagintilliard
103 10312 Trescentillion Duoquinquagintillion Duoquinquagintillion
110 10333 Decicentillion Thousand quinquaquinquagintillion Quinquaquinquagintilliard
121 10366 Unviginticentillion Unsexagintillion Unsexagintillion
130 10393 Trigintacentillion Thousand quinquasexagintillion Quinquasexagintilliard
140 10423 Quadragintacentillion Thousand septuagintillion Septuagintilliard
150 10453 Quinquagintacentillion Thousand quinquaseptuagintillion Quinquaseptuagintilliard
160 10483 Sexagintacentillion Thousand octogintillion Octogintilliard
170 10513 Septuagintacentillion Thousand quinquaoctogintillion Quinquaoctogintilliard
180 10543 Octogintacentillion Thousand nonagintillion Nonagintilliard
190 10573 Nonagintacentillion Thousand quinquanonagintillion Quinquanonagintilliard
200 10603 Ducentillion Thousand centillion Centilliard
300 10903 Trecentillion Thousand quinquagintacentillion Quinquagintacentilliard
400 101203 Quadringentillion Thousand ducentillion Ducentilliard
600 101803 Sescentillion Thousand trecentillion Trecentilliard
700 102103 Septingentillion Thousand quinquagintatrecentillion Quinquagintatrecentilliard
1000 103003   Thousand quingentillion Quingentilliard
Value USA and Modern British
(short scale)
(long scale)
(long scale)
10100 Googol (Ten duotrigintillion) Googol (Ten thousand sexdecillion) Googol (Ten sexdecilliard)
${\displaystyle 10^{10^{100}}\,\!}$ Googolplex Googolplex Googolplex

References

1. ^ Cite error: The named reference a was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
2. ^ Often misspelled quardragintillion.

## Twoplexlex

"Conway and Guy [15] have suggested that N-plex be used as a name for 10N."

Wouldn't that make googol a hundredplex? But then a hundred is really a twoplex. So a googol would become a twoplexplex? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.118.170.35 (talk) 02:26, 1 February 2009 (UTC)

## Abbreviations?

Where can I find abbreviations for these numbers? Thanks. SharkD (talk) 22:37, 28 February 2009 (UTC)

## The "standard dictionary numbers" table

Interestingly, the table of standard dictionary numbers includes two numbers that, according to that table itself, are evidently not standard dictionary numbers. The only reference given for "billiard" and "trilliard" is Russ Rowlett's webpage, which obviously is not a "standard dictionary". I am removing these two on the assumption that the table is indeed meant to list numbers that are standardly listed in (real) dictionaries. --Jmk (talk) 14:14, 8 April 2009 (UTC)

## Alternative systems merge

List of numbers#Proposed systematic names for powers of 10 and Names of large numbers#Proposal for new naming system cover (or should) cover the same material. I think they should be merged here, and some of the discussion on the English/British/European systems for powers of two be merged to Long and short scales. The notability tag reflects WP:UNDUE (why his system, and not the -yllion or other systems? — Arthur Rubin (talk) 16:01, 5 May 2009 (UTC)

See #Table from List of numbers above in 2004(!). It doesn't look as if it's been done. — Arthur Rubin (talk) 16:04, 5 May 2009 (UTC)

## Why has cenuntillion been deleted?

This article used to include other numbers, such as a cenuntillion (10^306), etc, but these have been removed. Any ideas why? --Rebroad (talk) 12:38, 15 November 2009 (UTC)

10^306 is included in the article. --Jmk (talk) 10:01, 18 November 2009 (UTC)

## Centillion

Its seems, based on this article, that a centillion is more than everything but less than infinity. I'm not questioning this, just checking is this widely accepted in the sciences? Sean7phil (talk) 19:17, 16 November 2009 (UTC)

Very funny. No, centillion is not "more than everything", nor does this article say so. It is just the largest of the numbers commonly found in dictionaries (the first table of this article). Even this article lists numbers bigger than centillion. --Jmk (talk) 10:00, 18 November 2009 (UTC)

Are these names of numbers really well written in the table? From this table results that "sescentillion" is in long scale either 1 000 000 ^ 106 (100+6) or 1 000 000 ^ 600 (6×100). --95.48.31.26 (talk) 21:54, 23 January 2010 (UTC)

How do you arrive to that conclusion? The table has sescentillion only in the short scale column, and gives its numerical value as 10^1803. Do you think there is something wrong with this? --Jmk (talk) 09:28, 24 January 2010 (UTC)
The system is described at http://mrob.com/pub/math/largenum.html#conway-wechsler, for which I just added a citation. According to this system, #106 is sexcentillion, while #600 is sescentillion. —Anders Kaseorg (talk) 09:53, 19 September 2012 (UTC)

## Why was "Millillion" deleted?

Why was the "Millillion" line deleted from the Extensions of Standard Dictionary Numbers table? (I've already added it back in, but still, it baffles me...) -- Black Yoshi (talk) 21:26, 10 May 2010 (UTC)

I assume that's a joke ... - DavidWBrooks (talk) 23:05, 10 May 2010 (UTC)
I can assure you it's not...for reference, here you go: [5] Black Yoshi (talk) 13:35, 16 May 2010 (UTC)
If you're going to add the questionable "Millillion" as 103003 to the table, at least fill in the long scale names. — Arthur Rubin (talk) 15:27, 3 August 2010 (UTC)
Note that the reference given above by Black Yoshi only says this: "Some popular non-dictionary sources have made reference to millillion and milli-millillion" and gives as a primary source for the word a "Professor Henckle" in the early 1900s, adding "No-one seems to know who "Henkle" was". To me, this means somebody somewhere once dreamed up this term but it hasn't ever been used by anybody - which is exactly the sort of "hey, this sounds cool!" word we don't want to clog this article with. - DavidWBrooks (talk) 15:35, 3 August 2010 (UTC)
: The source says Henkle published it properly in the 9th volume of The Ohio Educational Monthly (now called

Ohio schools): [1]. He published regularly there and if you research him further you find a obituary in the The Indiana School Journal [2]: "Prof. William Downs Henkle, who died at his home in Salem, Ohio, November 21, 1881: Mr. Henkle was born in Springfield, Ohio. October 8, 1828. ... In Ohio he was successively Professor of Mathematics in the Lebanon Normal School, Superintendent of Lebanon Public schools. Superintendent of Salem public schools. State School Commissioner, and Editor and Proprietor of " Notes and Queries " and "Ohio Educational Monthly." He was also an active member of the National Educational Association, and since 1875 is efficient Secretary. BeniBela (talk) 15:37, 19 February 2016 (UTC)

## Extensions of the standard dictionary numbers

Any particular reason why the three additions to the 'Extensions of the standard dictionary numbers' were deleted? They were based on the Conway Wechsler notation (ref. 13), which BTW is the source of the entire table. Chasrob (talk) 00:37, 29 July 2010 (UTC)

To expand, the table in the 'Extensions of the standard dictionary numbers' section is derived from the Latin by Professor John H. Conway of Princeton and mathematician Richard Guy in their book 'The Book of Numbers' (ref. 13 in the article).
In the 2006 edition of the book, they extended the notation past N=999, still using Latin bases. Therefore the 1000th zillion (N=1000) is millinillion, and the 1,000,000th is millinillinillion, according to their interpretation: their interpretation of Latin cardinal numbers is what the whole of the table is based on in the first place.
Another analysis of their method--http://mrob.com/pub/math/largenum.html#conway-wechsler Chasrob (talk) 04:26, 5 August 2010 (UTC)

## aide memoire

I do not think that a complete reversion of my edit is appropriate:

I changed the paragraph from this:

• An easy way to find the value of the above numbers in the short scale is to take the number indicated by the prefix (such as 2 in billion, 4 in quadrillion, 18 in octodecillion, etc.), add one to it, and multiply that result by 3. For example, in a trillion, the prefix is tri, meaning 3. Adding 1 to it gives 4. Now multiplying 4 by 3 gives us 12, which is the power to which 10 is to be raised to express a short-scale trillion in scientific notation: one trillion = 1012.

to this:

• An easy way to find the value of the above numbers in the short scale is to take the number indicated by the prefix (such as 2 in billion, 4 in quadrillion, 18 in octodecillion, etc.), add one to it, to give the number of commas needed to write the number, and multiply that by 3 to give the number of zeros. For example, in a trillion, the prefix is tri, meaning 3. Adding 1 gives four commas needed to write a trillion and multiplying by 3 gives 12, the number of zeros needed, or the power to which 10 is to be raised to express a short-scale trillion in scientific notation: 1012.
• A similar aid is available for powers of 2, that uses the approximation that 210=1000 (1,000=one comma). 240 = 4 commas or a trillion, and 245 = a trillion times 25 or 32 trillion. To find the interpolating powers of two you can count off on your fingers

( Martin | talkcontribs 01:56, 10 January 2011 (UTC))

I'm sorry, Martin, but your edits seemed to me to be based almost entirely in what's called assuming good faith; such edits are highly looked down upon here unless they are based on material which can be found elsewhere on the Internet. I'm sorry if you found my action inappropriate, but it had to happen. Black Yoshi (talk) 02:21, 10 January 2011 (UTC)

## Prof. not Dr.

Einstein was a Professor not a Doctor. However, the quoted passage in The googol family section refers to him as Dr. I have added a [sic] with a ref note regarding this to show this error. As the original text refers to him as Dr. it is not prudent to change the text and, as such, [sic] (denoting an error in quoted text) is the most appropriate form. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Kendroche (talkcontribs) 22:12, 25 July 2011 (UTC)

He didn't become a professor until 1911. Dbfirs 17:23, 1 October 2011 (UTC)
Einstein was a doctor, having received his Ph.D. from the University of Zurich in 1905. Therefore it does not seem wrong to me to refer to him as Dr. Einstein. I've removed the "[sic]" and the footnote. —Bkell (talk) 17:46, 1 October 2011 (UTC)

## Separators for large integers; Arabic-locale numbers

I do hope I haven't missed discussions of these topics, but have not noticed them yet. European practice in general, perhaps completely, is to use the full stop (period) as a thousands separator, and a comma as the radix (nearly always decimal) point. Any good calculator offers this option. It might be better, although a bit more clumsy, to refer to "thousands separator" instead of "comma" in this article. A good search-and-replace with a text editor would simplify the task; hardly need to say that.

In South Asia, their separator scheme differs; see South Asian numbering system. As well, note the terms "crore" and "lakh", which appear in English-language publications, including news articles. I'd suggest at least a link to that article.

In locales that use Arabic script and one of the two sets of numerals* commonly associated with that script, the way they write large numbers and decimal fractions differs, although I don't know all pertinent details. Unlike text, their multi-digit numbers are written left-to-right. In one system, a 5 is represented (surprise!) by a dot just above the writing line, like an English/European period (full stop). Therefore, a decimal point cannot be a period/full stop. I'm reasonably sure that they separate large integers as we do, with separator marks every three digits to the left of the decimal-position separator ("point¨). *See Wikipedia article Hindu-Arabic numeral system.

Regards, Nikevich 00:01, 17 January 2012 (UTC)

## Didn't "googol" become "Google"?

I'm reasonably sure that "googol" (Kasner and Newman) is the origin of the very-well-known company name. I'm almost 76, and read Kasner and Newman in high-school days (loved it!). I had assumed that "googol" was pronounced "goo-gall", roughly equal accent on its syllables. Afaik, Google simply re-spelled "googol".

Regards, Nikevich 00:01, 17 January 2012 (UTC)

The Google company may have taken their name from the number, but the number is still "googol." Black Yoshi (Yoshi! | Yoshi's Eggs) 18:51, 17 January 2012 (UTC)

## Authorities in Standard dictionary numbers

The table "Standard dictionary numbers" cites the authorities AHD4, RHD2 and UM for billiard. Can somebody verify the AHD4 (American Heritage Dictionary) and RHD (Random House Dictionary) citations? The online version of AHD [6] does not say anything about billiard being a number. As for UM (Russ Rowlett's web page), I doubt it even counts as a "standard dictionary". --Jmk (talk) 19:59, 8 May 2012 (UTC)

Interestingly, billiard appeared with four citations (AHD4, OED2, RHD2, UM) in this edit by a one-off IP in May 2010. OED2 was later removed as bogus in December 2011. I think this casts doubt on the AHD4 and RHD2 citations as well. In fact, the RHD2 citation was already challenged on this talk page, based on this. Somebody have these in their bookshelf? --Jmk (talk) 20:18, 8 May 2012 (UTC)

Similarly, googolplexplex was added in this edit (March 2012). I seriously doubt the claimed citations. It is as if they were simply copied from the previous line (googolplex). Random House citation implausible because of this. American Heritage citation implausible because of this. UM (Ross Rowlett) citation is evidently false. I am removing googolplexplex from the "Standard dictionary numbers". --Jmk (talk) 09:04, 10 May 2012 (UTC)

I checked RHD2. Quite expectedly it had neither billiard (as number) nor googolplexplex. So those citations were pure baloney. — For the record, I verified that RHD2 does have all the other numbers currently listed in the "Standard Dictionary Numbers" table, including centillion which for some reason does not currently cite RHD2. --Jmk (talk) 18:38, 15 May 2012 (UTC)

For the record: RHD2 does not have any of the words added in this edit: billiard (as number), trilliard, quadrilliard nor quintilliard. I just checked. In other words, the user who cited RHD2 for those was simply making it up. Faking the citation. (I'm pretty confident it was not just RHD2, but the same edit contained other fake citations as well.) I'm not sure what kind of policy en-wiki has for such cases. --Jmk (talk) 10:38, 16 June 2012 (UTC)

Any edit with fake (as opposed to possibly mistaken) citations should be reverted as a whole. It is considered serious vandalism. — Arthur Rubin (talk) 14:37, 16 June 2012 (UTC)

## Two Alternative Proposals for New Names

In class notes, I always used the "Calculator Notation" that many use here: E.g., 1E6, 1E9, 1E12, etc. These could be given very simple names; in fact, they could be merely spoke out -- e.g., "One ee twelve."

Another idea would be to base the numbers on SI prefixes -- perhaps "megoid" (1E6), "gigoid" (1E9), etc. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 142.177.58.58 (talk) 23:08, 18 May 2012 (UTC)

## Millinovenonagintanongentillion?

I decided to deduce the number's name for myself using this as a guide. With ${\displaystyle 10^{6000}=10^{3*1999+3}}$, it's the "1999" that determines the number's name. "1"x1000's => "milli", "9"x100's => "nongenti" "9"x10's "nonaginta" "9"x1's => "nove". So this does result in "milli-nove-nonaginta-nongenti-llion", as claimed. Although it may be correct, I disagree with the article including number names (like this) that were synthesized by editors. Were the other number names "synthesized" as well, or can they be found in a reliable source? (I could not find "millinovenonagintanongentillion" mentioned anywhere on the internet, except on pages that copy content from wikipedia.) Does this article even mention, or describe, the "Conway-Wechsler" system that is being used to deduce the names for these numbers? Justin W Smith (talk) 03:30, 13 August 2012 (UTC)

As was noted when the edit was made, the line was simply added to fill out the table for millinillion in the long form. The short form was added to complete the table line. The claim that it was "synthesized" is reductio ad absurdum.Chasrob (talk) 17:54, 13 August 2012 (UTC)
I suppose you realize that reductio ad absurdum is (e.g., proof by contradiction) is a completely valid proof technique, but I don't see how it applies to what I said. Do you mean "straw man"? Justin W Smith (talk) 19:09, 13 August 2012 (UTC)

## Quindecillion vs Quinquadecillion

Which source are you referring to, Black Yoshi? I believe that the table lists numbers from the "Conway-Wechsler" system, and my edit is correct with regards to that. Also have a look at the listing of large numbers in the standard dictionary. All the numbers constructed from the system are in brackets.Smk65536 (talk) 04:58, 10 June 2013 (UTC)

Nope. That was the "traditional" system, not the Conway system. — Arthur Rubin (talk) 05:08, 10 June 2013 (UTC)
Never mind. We need to have the same name in row 15 in the first column (short scale) and row 29 of the second column (long scale / traditional British), though. — Arthur Rubin (talk) 05:22, 10 June 2013 (UTC)
I was referring to this page, slightly further down than the link points to. There, the Chuquet extension table lists the number as either "quin..." or "quinqua..."; however, the Conway-Wechsler table lists the prefix as "quin-". Therefore, since this article seems to be based on C-W names, I feel the number should be listed as "quindecillion." After all, that's what it's listed as in the long-scale column, as Arthur said, so it should be listed as such in the short-scale column. Black Yoshi (Yoshi! | Yoshi's Eggs) 19:26, 10 June 2013 (UTC)

## Sept-Hept & Undec-Hendec

I'd like to request a revision to the table of Septillion and Undecillion as I believe these names are incorrect. The numerical system in these cases is supposed to follow the Greek system, especially when it comes to naming. While the rest in the table follow perfectly these two do not.

The Greek for 7 is Epta and 11 Endeca, in mathematics where it begins with E ie shapes, an H is then added so the numbers would become Heptillion and Hendecillion. Is there any objection to this revision, I'm unable to find any reference material to refute this. Projectmayhem666 (talk) 14:06, 7 November 2014 (UTC)

## This is a list of all numbers ever created on earth so far by Justin chan

Hiding personal list
The following discussion has been closed. Please do not modify it.

10^0 = one
10^3 = thousand
10^6 = million
10^9 = billion
10^12 = trillion
10^18 = quintillion
10^21 = sexillion
10^24 = septillion
10^27 = octillion
10^30 = nonillion
10^33 = decillion
10^36 = undecillion
10^39 = duodecillion
10^42 = tredecillion
10^45 = quattuordecillion
10^48 = quindecillion
10^51 = sexdecillion
10^54 = septdecillion
10^57 = octodecillion
10^60 = novemdecillion
10^63 = vigintillion
10^66 = unvigintillion
10^69 = duovigintillion
10^72 = trevigintillion
10^75 = quattuorvigintillion
10^78 = quinvigintillion
10^81 = sexvigintillion
10^84 = septvigintillion
10^87 = octovigintillion
10^90 = novemvigintillion
10^93 = trigintillion
10^96 = untrigintillion
10^99 = duotrigintillion
10^100 = googol

10^102 = tretrigintillion
10^105 = quattuortrigintillion
10^108 = quintrigintillion
10^111 = sextrigintillion
10^114 = septtrigintillion
10^117 = octotrigintillion
10^120 = novemtrigintillion
10^153 = quinquagintillion
10^156 = unquinquagintillion
10^159 = duoquinquagintillion
10^162 = trequinquagintillion
10^165 = quattuorquinquagintillion
10^168 = quinquinquagintillion
10^171 = sexquinquagintillion
10^174 = septquinquagintillion
10^177 = octoquinquagintillion
10^180 = novemquinquagintillion
10^183 = sexagintillion trigintilliard
10^186 = unsexagintillion untrigintillion
10^189 = duosexagintillion untrigintilliard
10^192 = tresexagintillion duotrigintillion
10^195 = quattuorsexagintillion
10^198 = quinsexagintillion
10^201 = sexsexagintillion
10^204 = septsexagintillion
10^207 = octosexagintillion
10^210 = novemsexagintillion
10^213 = septuagintillion
10^216 = unseptuagintillion
10^219 = duoseptuagintillion
10^222 = treseptuagintillion
10^225 = quattuorseptuagintillion
10^228 = quinseptuagintillion
10^231 = sexseptuagintillion
10^234 = septseptuagintillion
10^237 = octoseptuagintillion
10^240 = novemseptuagintillion
10^243 = octogintillion
10^246 = unoctogintillion
10^249 = duooctogintillion
10^252 = treoctogintillion
10^255 = quattuoroctogintillion
10^258 = quinoctogintillion
10^261 = sexoctogintillion
10^264 = septoctogintillion
10^267 = octooctogintillion
10^270 = novemoctogintillion
10^273 = nonagintillion
10^276 = unnonagintillion
10^279 = duononagintillion
10^282 = trenonagintillion
10^285 = quattuornonagintillion
10^288 = quinnonagintillion
10^291 = sexnonagintillion
10^294 = septnonagintillion
10^297 = octononagintillion
10^300 = novemnonagintillion
10^303 = centillion
Centummillion or uncentillion 306
duocentillion 309
trecentillion 312
quattuorcentillion 315
quinquacentillion 318
sexcentillion 321
septencentillion 324
octocentillion 327
novencentillion 330
decicentillion 333
undecicentillion 336
duodecicentillion 339
tredecicentillion 342
quattuordecicentillion 345
Centumsedecillion or Sedecicentillion 351
septendecicentillion 354
octodecicentillion 357
novendecicentillion 360
viginticentillion 363
Primo-vigesimo-centillion or unviginticentillion 366
duoviginticentillion 369
tresviginticentillion 372
quattuorviginticentillion 375
quinquaviginticentillion 378
sesviginticentillion 381
septemviginticentillion 384
octoviginticentillion 387
centumvigintinonillion, centumundetrigintillion or novemviginticentillion 390
Trigintacentillion 393
Untrigintacentillion 396
Duotrigintacentillion 399
Trestrigintacentillion 402
quattuortrigintacentillion 405
quinquatrigintacentillion 408
sestrigintacentillion 411
septentrigintacentillion 414
octotrigintacentillion 417
Noventrigintacentillion or bentaggoogol 420
quinquagintacentillion 453
unquinquagintacentillion 456
duoquinquagintacentillion 459
tresquinquagintacentillion 462
quattuorquinquagintacentillion 465
quinquaquinquagintacentillion 468
sesquinquagintacentillion 471
septenquinquagintacentillion 474
octoquinquagintacentillion 477
novenquinquagintacentillion 480
sexagintacentillion 483
unsexagintacentillion 486
duosexagintacentillion 489
tresexagintacentillion 492
quattuorsexagintacentillion 495
quinquasexagintacentillion 498
sesexagintacentillion 501
septensexagintacentillion 504
octosexagintacentillion 507
novensexagintacentillion 510
septuagintacentillion 513
unseptuagintacentillion 516
duoseptuagintacentillion 519
treseptuagintacentillion 522
quattuorseptuagintacentillion 525
quinquaseptuagintacentillion 528
seseptuagintacentillion 531
septenseptuagintacentillion 534
octoseptuagintacentillion 537
novenseptuagintacentillion 540
octogintacentillion 543
unoctogintacentillion 546
duooctogintacentillion 549
tresoctogintacentillion 552
quattuoroctogintacentillion 555
quinquaoctogintacentillion 558
sexoctogintacentillion 561
septemoctogintacentillion 564
octooctogintacentillion 567
novemoctogintacentillion 570
nonagintacentillion 573
unnonagintacentillion 576
duononagintacentillion 579
trenonagintacentillion 582
quattuornonagintacentillion 585
quinquanonagintacentillion 588
senonagintacentillion 591
septenonagintacentillion 594
octononagintacentillion 597
Undeducentillion or Novenonagintacentillion 600
Ducentillion 603
unducentillion 606
duoducentillion 609
treducentillion 612
quattuorducentillion 615
seducentillion 621
Septenducentillion 624
octoducentillion 627
Novenducentillion or tentaggoogol 630
deciducentillion 633
undeciducentillion 636
duodeciducentillion 639
tredeciducentillion 642
quattuordeciducentillion 645
sedeciducentillion 651
septendeciducentillion 654
octodeciducentillion 657
novendeciducentillion 660
Vigintiducentillion (eleventyillardplex?) 663
unvigintiducentillion 666
duovigintiducentillion 669
tresvigintiducentillion 672
quattuorvigintiducentillion 675
quinquavigintiducentillion 678
sesvigintiducentillion 681
septemvigintiducentillion 684
octovigintiducentillion 687
novemvigintiducentillion 690
Trecentillion 903
untrecentillion 906
duotrecentillion 909
trestrecentillion 912
quattuortrecentillion 915
quinquatrecentillion 918
sestrecentillion 921
septentrecentillion 924
octotrecentillion 927
noventrecentillion 930
decitrecentillion 933
undecitrecentillion 936
duodecitrecentillion 939
tredecitrecentillion 942
Trecentiquattuordecillion or quattuordecitrecentillion 945
sedecitrecentillion 951
septendecitrecentillion 954
octodecitrecentillion 957
novendecitrecentillion 960
vigintitrecentillion 963
unvigintitrecentillion 966
duovigintitrecentillion 969
tresvigintitrecentillion 972
quattuorvigintitrecentillion 975
quinquavigintitrecentillion 978
sesvigintitrecentillion 981
septemvigintitrecentillion 984
octovigintitrecentillion 987
novemvigintitrecentillion 990
trigintatrecentillion 993
untrigintatrecentillion 996
duotrigintatrecentillion 999
trestrigintatrecentillion 1002
quattuortrigintatrecentillion 1005
quinquatrigintatrecentillion 1008
sestrigintatrecentillion 1011
septentrigintatrecentillion 1014
1octotrigintatrecentillion 1017
noventrigintatrecentillion 1020
quinquagintatrecentillion 1053
unquinquagintatrecentillion 1056
duoquinquagintatrecentillion 1059
tresquinquagintatrecentillion 1062
quattuorquinquagintatrecentillion 1065
quinquaquinquagintatrecentillion 1068
sesquinquagintatrecentillion 1071
septenquinquagintatrecentillion 1074
octoquinquagintatrecentillion 1077
novenquinquagintatrecentillion 1080
sexagintatrecentillion 1083
unsexagintatrecentillion 1086
duosexagintatrecentillion 1089
tresexagintatrecentillion 1092
quattuorsexagintatrecentillion 1095
quinquasexagintatrecentillion 1098
sesexagintatrecentillion 1101
septensexagintatrecentillion 1104
octosexagintatrecentillion 1107
novensexagintatrecentillion 1110
septuagintatrecentillion 1113
unseptuagintatrecentillion 1116
duoseptuagintatrecentillion 1119
treseptuagintatrecentillion 1122
quattuorseptuagintatrecentillion 1125
quinquaseptuagintatrecentillion 1128
seseptuagintatrecentillion 1131
septenseptuagintatrecentillion 1134
octoseptuagintatrecentillion 1137
novenseptuagintatrecentillion 1140
octogintatrecentillion 1143
unoctogintatrecentillion 1146
duooctogintatrecentillion 1149
tresoctogintatrecentillion 1152
quattuoroctogintatrecentillion 1155
quinquaoctogintatrecentillion 1158
sexoctogintatrecentillion 1161
septemoctogintatrecentillion 1164
octooctogintatrecentillion 1167
novemoctogintatrecentillion 1170
nonagintatrecentillion 1173
unnonagintatrecentillion 1176
duononagintatrecentillion 1179
trenonagintatrecentillion 1182
quattuornonagintatrecentillion 1185
quinquanonagintatrecentillion 1188
senonagintatrecentillion 1191
septenonagintatrecentillion 1194
octononagintatrecentillion 1197
novenonagintatrecentillion 1200
Quingentillion 1503
unquingentillion 1506
duoquingentillion 1509
tresquingentillion 1512
quattuorquingentillion 1515
quinquaquingentillion 1518
sesquingentillion 1521
septenquingentillion 1524
octoquingentillion 1527
novenquingentillion or Megafugafour 1530
deciquingentillion 1533
undeciquingentillion 1536
duodeciquingentillion 1539
tredeciquingentillion 1542
quattuordeciquingentillion 1545
sedeciquingentillion 1551
septendeciquingentillion 1554
octodeciquingentillion 1557
novendeciquingentillion 1560
vigintiquingentillion 1563
unvigintiquingentillion 1566
duovigintiquingentillion 1569
tresvigintiquingentillion 1572
quattuorvigintiquingentillion 1575
quinquavigintiquingentillion 1578
sesvigintiquingentillion 1581
septemvigintiquingentillion 1584
octovigintiquingentillion 1587
novemvigintiquingentillion 1590
trigintaquingentillion 1593
untrigintaquingentillion 1596
duotrigintaquingentillion 1599
trestrigintaquingentillion 1602
quattuortrigintaquingentillion 1605
quinquatrigintaquingentillion 1608
sestrigintaquingentillion 1611
septentrigintaquingentillion 1614
octotrigintaquingentillion 1617
noventrigintaquingentillion 1620
quinquagintaquingentillion 1653
Uunquinquagintaquingentillion 1656
duoquinquagintaquingentillion 1659
tresquinquagintaquingentillion 1662
quattuorquinquagintaquingentillion 1665
quinquaquinquagintaquingentillion 1668
sesquinquagintaquingentillion 1671
septenquinquagintaquingentillion 1674
octoquinquagintaquingentillion 1677
novenquinquagintaquingentillion 1680
sexagintaquingentillion 1683
unsexagintaquingentillion 1686
duosexagintaquingentillion 1689
tresexagintaquingentillion 1692
quattuorsexagintaquingentillion 1695
quinquasexagintaquingentillion 1698
sesexagintaquingentillion 1701
septensexagintaquingentillion 1704
octosexagintaquingentillion 1707
novensexagintaquingentillion 1710
septuagintaquingentillion 1713
unseptuagintaquingentillion 1716
duoseptuagintaquingentillion 1719
treseptuagintaquingentillion 1722
quattuorseptuagintaquingentillion 1725
quinquaseptuagintaquingentillion 1728
seseptuagintaquingentillion 1731
septenseptuagintaquingentillion 1734
octoseptuagintaquingentillion 1737
novenseptuagintaquingentillion 1740
octogintaquingentillion 1743
unoctogintaquingentillion 1746
duooctogintaquingentillion 1749
tresoctogintaquingentillion 1752
quattuoroctogintaquingentillion 1755
quinquaoctogintaquingentillion 1758
sexoctogintaquingentillion 1761
septemoctogintaquingentillion 1764
octooctogintaquingentillion 1767
novemoctogintaquingentillion 1770
nonagintaquingentillion 1773
unnonagintaquingentillion 1776
duononagintaquingentillion 1779
trenonagintaquingentillion 1782
quattuornonagintaquingentillion 1785
quinquanonagintaquingentillion 1788
senonagintaquingentillion 1791
septenonagintaquingentillion 1794
octononagintaquingentillion 1797
novenonagintaquingentillion 1800
Sescentillion 1803
unsescentillion 1806
duosescentillion 1809
tresescentillion 1812
quattuorsescentillion 1815
quinquasescentillion 1818
sesescentillion 1821
septensescentillion 1824
octosescentillion 1827
novensescentillion 1830
decisescentillion 1833
undecisescentillion 1836
duodecisescentillion 1839
tredecisescentillion 1842
quattuordecisescentillion 1845
sedecisescentillion 1851
septendecisescentillion 1854
octodecisescentillion 1857
novendecisescentillion 1860
vigintisescentillion 1863
unvigintisescentillion 1866
duovigintisescentillion 1869
tresvigintisescentillion 1872
quattuorvigintisescentillion 1875
quinquavigintisescentillion 1878
sesvigintisescentillion 1881
septemvigintisescentillion 1884
octovigintisescentillion 1887
novemvigintisescentillion 1890
trigintasescentillion 1893
untrigintasescentillion 1896
duotrigintasescentillion 1899
trestrigintasescentillion 1902
quattuortrigintasescentillion 1905
quinquatrigintasescentillion 1908
sestrigintasescentillion 1911
septentrigintasescentillion 1914
octotrigintasescentillion 1917
noventrigintasescentillion 1920
quinquagintasescentillion 1953
unquinquagintasescentillion 1956
duoquinquagintasescentillion 1959
tresquinquagintasescentillion 1962
quattuorquinquagintasescentillion 1965
quinquaquinquagintasescentillion 1968
sesquinquagintasescentillion 1971
septenquinquagintasescentillion 1974
octoquinquagintasescentillion 1977
novenquinquagintasescentillion 1980
sexagintasescentillion 1983
unsexagintasescentillion 1986
duosexagintasescentillion 1989
tresexagintasescentillion 1992
quattuorsexagintasescentillion 1995
quinquasexagintasescentillion 1998
sesexagintasescentillion 2001
septensexagintasescentillion 2004
octosexagintasescentillion 2007
novensexagintasescentillion 2010
septuagintasescentillion 2013
unseptuagintasescentillion 2016
duoseptuagintasescentillion 2019
treseptuagintasescentillion 2022
quattuorseptuagintasescentillion 2025
quinquaseptuagintasescentillion 2028
seseptuagintasescentillion 2031
septenseptuagintasescentillion 2034
octoseptuagintasescentillion 2037
novenseptuagintasescentillion 2040
octogintasescentillion 2043
unoctogintasescentillion 2046
duooctogintasescentillion 2049
tresoctogintasescentillion 2052
quattuoroctogintasescentillion 2055
quinquaoctogintasescentillion 2058
sexoctogintasescentillion 2061
septemoctogintasescentillion 2064
octooctogintasescentillion 2067
novemoctogintasescentillion 2070
nonagintasescentillion 2073
unnonagintasescentillion 2076
duononagintasescentillion 2079
trenonagintasescentillion 2082
quattuornonagintasescentillion 2085
quinquanonagintasescentillion 2088
senonagintasescentillion 2091
septenonagintasescentillion 2094
octononagintasescentillion 2097
novenonagintasescentillion 2100
Septingentillion 2103
unseptingentillion 2106
duoseptingentillion 2109
treseptingentillion 2112
quattuorseptingentillion 2115
quinquaseptingentillion 2118
seseptingentillion 2121
septenseptingentillion 2124
octoseptingentillion 2127
novenseptingentillion 2130
deciseptingentillion 2133
undeciseptingentillion 2136
duodeciseptingentillion 2139
tredeciseptingentillion 2142
quattuordeciseptingentillion 2145
sedeciseptingentillion 2151
septendeciseptingentillion 2154
octodeciseptingentillion 2157
novendeciseptingentillion 2160
vigintiseptingentillion 2163
unvigintiseptingentillion 2166
duovigintiseptingentillion 2169
tresvigintiseptingentillion 2172
quattuorvigintiseptingentillion 2175
quinquavigintiseptingentillion 2178
sesvigintiseptingentillion 2181
septemvigintiseptingentillion 2184
octovigintiseptingentillion 2187
novemvigintiseptingentillion 2190
trigintaseptingentillion 2193
untrigintaseptingentillion 2196
duotrigintaseptingentillion 2199
trestrigintaseptingentillion 2202
quattuortrigintaseptingentillion 2205
quinquatrigintaseptingentillion 2208
sestrigintaseptingentillion 2211
septentrigintaseptingentillion 2214
octotrigintaseptingentillion 2217
noventrigintaseptingentillion 2220
quinquagintaseptingentillion 2253
unquinquagintaseptingentillion 2256
duoquinquagintaseptingentillion 2259
tresquinquagintaseptingentillion 2262
quattuorquinquagintaseptingentillion 2265
quinquaquinquagintaseptingentillion 2268
sesquinquagintaseptingentillion 2271
septenquinquagintaseptingentillion 2274
octoquinquagintaseptingentillion 2277
novenquinquagintaseptingentillion 2280
sexagintaseptingentillion 2283
unsexagintaseptingentillion 2286
duosexagintaseptingentillion 2289
tresexagintaseptingentillion 2292
quattuorsexagintaseptingentillion 2295
quinquasexagintaseptingentillion 2298
sesexagintaseptingentillion 2301
septensexagintaseptingentillion 2304
octosexagintaseptingentillion 2307
novensexagintaseptingentillion 2310
septuagintaseptingentillion 2313
unseptuagintaseptingentillion 2316
duoseptuagintaseptingentillion 2319
treseptuagintaseptingentillion 2322
quattuorseptuagintaseptingentillion 2325
quinquaseptuagintaseptingentillion 2328
seseptuagintaseptingentillion 2331
septenseptuagintaseptingentillion 2334
octoseptuagintaseptingentillion 2337
novenseptuagintaseptingentillion 2340
octogintaseptingentillion 2343
unoctogintaseptingentillion 2346
duooctogintaseptingentillion 2349
tresoctogintaseptingentillion 2352
quattuoroctogintaseptingentillion 2355
quinquaoctogintaseptingentillion 2358
sexoctogintaseptingentillion 2361
septemoctogintaseptingentillion 2364
octooctogintaseptingentillion 2367
novemoctogintaseptingentillion 2370
nonagintaseptingentillion 2373
unnonagintaseptingentillion 2376
duononagintaseptingentillion 2379
trenonagintaseptingentillion 2382
quattuornonagintaseptingentillion 2385
quinquanonagintaseptingentillion 2388
senonagintaseptingentillion 2391
septenonagintaseptingentillion 2394
octononagintaseptingentillion 2397
novenonagintaseptingentillion 2400
Octingentillion 2403
unoctingentillion 2406
duooctingentillion 2409
tresoctingentillion 2412
quattuoroctingentillion 2415
quinquaoctingentillion 2418
Sexoctingentillion 2421
septemoctingentillion 2424
octooctingentillion 2427
novemoctingentillion 2430
decioctingentillion 2433
undecioctingentillion 2436
duodecioctingentillion 2439
tredecioctingentillion 2442
quattuordecioctingentillion 2445
sedecioctingentillion 2451
septendecioctingentillion 2454
octodecioctingentillion 2457
novendecioctingentillion 2460
vigintioctingentillion 2463
unvigintioctingentillion 2466
duovigintioctingentillion 2469
tresvigintioctingentillion 2472
quattuorvigintioctingentillion 2475
quinquavigintioctingentillion 2478
sesvigintioctingentillion 2481
septemvigintioctingentillion 2484
octovigintioctingentillion 2487
novemvigintioctingentillion 2490
trigintaoctingentillion 2493
untrigintaoctingentillion 2496
duotrigintaoctingentillion 2499
trestrigintaoctingentillion 2502
quattuortrigintaoctingentillion 2505
quinquatrigintaoctingentillion 2508
sestrigintaoctingentillion 2511
septentrigintaoctingentillion 2514
octotrigintaoctingentillion 2517
noventrigintaoctingentillion 2520
quinquagintaoctingentillion 2553
unquinquagintaoctingentillion 2556
duoquinquagintaoctingentillion 2559
tresquinquagintaoctingentillion 2562
quattuorquinquagintaoctingentillion 2565
quinquaquinquagintaoctingentillion 2568
sesquinquagintaoctingentillion 2571
septenquinquagintaoctingentillion 2574
octoquinquagintaoctingentillion 2577
novenquinquagintaoctingentillion 2580
sexagintaoctingentillion 2583
unsexagintaoctingentillion 2586
duosexagintaoctingentillion 2589
tresexagintaoctingentillion 2592
quattuorsexagintaoctingentillion 2595
quinquasexagintaoctingentillion 2598
sesexagintaoctingentillion 2601
septensexagintaoctingentillion 2604
octosexagintaoctingentillion 2607
novensexagintaoctingentillion 2610
septuagintaoctingentillion 2613
unseptuagintaoctingentillion 2616
duoseptuagintaoctingentillion 2619
treseptuagintaoctingentillion 2622
quattuorseptuagintaoctingentillion 2625
quinquaseptuagintaoctingentillion 2628
seseptuagintaoctingentillion 2631
septenseptuagintaoctingentillion 2634
octoseptuagintaoctingentillion 2637
novenseptuagintaoctingentillion 2640
octogintaoctingentillion 2643
unoctogintaoctingentillion 2646
duooctogintaoctingentillion 2649
tresoctogintaoctingentillion 2652
quattuoroctogintaoctingentillion 2655
quinquaoctogintaoctingentillion 2658
sexoctogintaoctingentillion 2661
septemoctogintaoctingentillion 2664
octooctogintaoctingentillion 2667
novemoctogintaoctingentillion 2670
nonagintaoctingentillion 2673
unnonagintaoctingentillion 2676
duononagintaoctingentillion 2679
trenonagintaoctingentillion 2682
quattuornonagintaoctingentillion 2685
quinquanonagintaoctingentillion 2688
senonagintaoctingentillion 2691
septenonagintaoctingentillion 2694
octononagintaoctingentillion 2697
novenonagintaoctingentillion 2700
Nongentillion 2703
unnongentillion 2706
duonongentillion 2709
trenongentillion 2712
quattuornongentillion 2715
quinquanongentillion 2718
senongentillion 2721
septenongentillion 2724
octonongentillion 2727
novenongentillion 2730
decinongentillion 2733
undecinongentillion 2736
duodecinongentillion 2739
tredecinongentillion 2742
quattuordecinongentillion 2745
sedecinongentillion 2751
septendecinongentillion 2754
octodecinongentillion 2757
novendecinongentillion 2760
vigintinongentillion 2763
unvigintinongentillion 2766
duovigintinongentillion 2769
tresvigintinongentillion 2772
quattuorvigintinongentillion 2775
quinquavigintinongentillion 2778
sesvigintinongentillion 2781
septemvigintinongentillion 2784
octovigintinongentillion 2787
novemvigintinongentillion 2790
trigintanongentillion 2793
untrigintanongentillion 2796
duotrigintanongentillion 2799
trestrigintanongentillion 2802
quattuortrigintanongentillion 2805
quinquatrigintanongentillion 2808
sestrigintanongentillion 2811
septentrigintanongentillion 2814
octotrigintanongentillion 2817
noventrigintanongentillion 2820
quinquagintanongentillion 2853
unquinquagintanongentillion 2856
duoquinquagintanongentillion 2859
tresquinquagintanongentillion 2862
quattuorquinquagintanongentillion 2865
quinquaquinquagintanongentillion 2868
sesquinquagintanongentillion 2871
septenquinquagintanongentillion 2874
octoquinquagintanongentillion 2877
novenquinquagintanongentillion 2880
sexagintanongentillion 2883
unsexagintanongentillion 2886
duosexagintanongentillion 2889
tresexagintanongentillion 2892
quattuorsexagintanongentillion 2895
quinquasexagintanongentillion 2898
sesexagintanongentillion 2901
septensexagintanongentillion 2904
octosexagintanongentillion 2907
novensexagintanongentillion 2910
septuagintanongentillion 2913
unseptuagintanongentillion 2916
duoseptuagintanongentillion 2919
treseptuagintanongentillion 2922
quattuorseptuagintanongentillion 2925
quinquaseptuagintanongentillion 2928
seseptuagintanongentillion 2931
septenseptuagintanongentillion 2934
octoseptuagintanongentillion 2937
novenseptuagintanongentillion 2940
octogintanongentillion 2943
unoctogintanongentillion 2946
duooctogintanongentillion 2949
tresoctogintanongentillion 2952
quattuoroctogintanongentillion 2955
quinquaoctogintanongentillion 2958
sexoctogintanongentillion 2961
septemoctogintanongentillion 2964
octooctogintanongentillion 2967
novemoctogintanongentillion 2970
nonagintanongentillion 2973
unnonagintanongentillion 2976
duononagintanongentillion 2979
Trenonagintanongentillion 2982
quattuornonagintanongentillion 2985
quinquanonagintanongentillion 2988
Senonagintanongentillion 2991
septenonagintanongentillion 2994
octononagintanongentillion 2997
nongentinonagentanonillion or undemillillion or googood or
novenonagintanongentillion 3000
Millillion 3003
Millilliardilliardplex (british or american?) 6003
sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion 19683
Myrillion 30003

Googolplex (10googol)
Graham's number (number of zeroes requires power tower)

may edit as u please I just want to inform people about this! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.9.101.219 (talk) 04:11, 16 December 2014 (UTC)

## Error for chart on rules for numbers when n>20

The chart explaining how to produce very large numbers has: NX Centi

Which if correct, leads to: Trexcentillion instead of Trescentillion as indicated in the examples below those rules.

I assume that X should be an S ?

You're partially correct. An S needs to be added there, but the X needs to stay for such numbers as sexcentillion. Black Yoshi (Yoshi! | Yoshi's Eggs) 01:02, 9 December 2015 (UTC)
Oh, I get it now, it's specifically called out on "The Conway-Wechsler System" with this rule: "For the special case of tre, the letter s should be inserted if the following part is marked with either an s or an x." and in the current version of the document we have: “tre” changes to “tres” and “se” to “ses” or “sex”. I wasn't taking this literally enough, in that it ALWAYS becomes tres. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.156.236.84 (talk) 08:46, 11 December 2015 (UTC)

## Quin or Quinqua

There is a note on http://mrob.com/pub/math/largenum.html#conway-wechsler that says: (NOTE: The original Conway-Wechsler system specifies quinqua for 5, not quin.) which implies that quin should now be used for Quinvigintillion and Quintrigintillion in the example tables for n=25 and n=35. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.156.236.84 (talk) 09:22, 11 December 2015 (UTC)

## 10^306

This article says that 10306 is an Uncentillion, but in the link [7], 10306 is a Cenuntillion. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 49.216.165.94 (talk) 16:18, 8 April 2016 (UTC)

## Memory aide

I have removed a four-paragraph section that tried to tell people how to remember the names of the various numbers. Aside from not being very well done, it violates [[8]] - "an article should not read like a "how-to" style owner's manual, cookbook, advice column (legal, medical or otherwise) or suggestion box. This includes tutorials ... " - DavidWBrooks (talk) 19:06, 10 April 2016 (UTC)

## Milliard vs. Billion

Has anyone idea why on earth would US. remove the Milliard 10^9 and replace it with Billion that is 10^12. Its rediculuous that the Billion has a different value based on your location. Does it have something to do with you national debt?Dmitri 152 (talk) 08:24, 9 May 2016 (UTC)

It has to do with the number scale certain parts of the world use; see long and short scales for more information. Black Yoshi (Yoshi! | Yoshi's Eggs) 08:34, 9 May 2016 (UTC)

## Sesquillion

Why has there been no mention of 'sesquillion'? This is found in dictionaries as much as 'milliard', probably more so. As it comes from 'sesqui' which means one and a half, chemists should recognise it as it is used for sesqui-terpenes with 15 carbon atoms. If you have a million^1.5 then you get 10^9 which is what 1 sesquillion is. I think this should be added as an alternative to milliard. I do not know if there is a term for two and a half which would relate to 10^15. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.27.119.162 (talk) 22:19, 22 May 2017 (UTC)

A cursory Google search shows that not to be the case. The only two hits I got which defined the number are a wiki and a Google site, neither of which can be considered reliable sources. Other than that, it seems to be used in the same vein as "zillion," namely defining some large undefined amount. Black Yoshi (Yoshi! | Yoshi's Eggs) 23:51, 22 May 2017 (UTC)

I think you are mixing up 'squillion' with 'sesquillion', as you are right in that the former is used like 'zillion'. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.27.119.162 (talk) 08:25, 23 May 2017 (UTC)

## Quadrillion-Hold Hats-Propose Change Name

Unless I am overlooking something, Quadrillion is respresented as:

Quadrillion 1,000,000,000,000,000 (15 zeros)

1,000 Trillion = 1 Quadrillion

Trillion 1,000,000,000,000 (12 zeros)

Action #1

Propose changing the name from:

To

"Centrillion" or "Centillion"

Primarily due to 15 zeros having 5 "000" places, after leading "1,".

        {1},{2},{3},{4},{5}

Quadrillion 1,000,000,000,000,000 (15 zeros)

Cent represents 5.

"Centrillion" "Centillion" makes much more logical sense from math rules / laws perspective one make conclude.

Action #2

Not to confuse issue, mainly proposing name change from "Quadrillion" -> "Centrillion" or "Centillion" but based on this logic, "Trillion" probably should have been called "Quadrillion" due to 4 "000" places post leading "1,".

     {1},{2},{3},{4}

Trillion 1,000,000,000,000 (12 zeros)

The above notation could be called "Quadrillion" but again, mainly proposing "Action #1" and personally would leave "Trillion" as is. May be too confusing for multiple modifications this drastic.

A) Agree with proposed "Action #1"?

B) Agree with proposed "Action #2"?

C) Why or Why Not?

D) The BIG question in my mind if others agree with both or 1 proposed...HOW would one go about modifying? CajunJas (talk) 07:29, 4 June 2017 (UTC)

This article is not naming numbers as we see fit, it tells readers what the numbers are called. So while your idea is intriguing, it does not belong here. You are welcome, of course, to create a separate website and make the argument, trying to convince others; if the idea truly spreads then perhaps it could be referenced here. - DavidWBrooks (talk) 13:17, 4 June 2017 (UTC)

## Crore and lakh

We should include these. All the best: Rich Farmbrough, 08:31, 7 September 2017 (UTC).

You shouldn't refer to the "see also" as a part of the article itself. It's just section with related links.
davronova.a. 22:40, 19 May 2018 (UTC)

Sure it's a part of the article itself, just as footnotes are part of a research paper and headlines are part of a newspaper article. Decisions about what does and doesn't belong int he See Also is determined by the rest of the article, by the subject matter - the See Also needs to be related enough so that it is worthy of inclusion in the article. - DavidWBrooks (talk) 02:34, 20 May 2018 (UTC)

## A suggestion of large number names

Why use centillion, not hectillion, for 10303? In SI prefix, "centi-" is 10−2, and "hecto-" is 102, and the number is "100-illion", not "0.01-illion"!!! Thus should be hectillion, not centillion.

A suggestion of larger number names is: (in American scale, or short scale)

hectillion = 10303

kilillion = 103003

megillion = 103×106+3

gigillion = 103×109+3

terillion = 103×1012+3

petillion = 103×1015+3

exillion = 103×1018+3

zettillion = 103×1021+3

yottillion = 103×1024+3

xonillion = 103×1027+3

wecillion = 103×1030+3

## "none" - plural or singular?

There is an editorial dispute about whether to follow "none of ..." with "is" or "are". There's no set answer, as this discussion from Writers Digest demonstrates (http://www.writersdigest.com/editor-blogs/questions-and-quandaries/grammar/is-none-singular-or-plural) - I prefer to use what sounds best, which usually means the plural. - DavidWBrooks (talk) 14:25, 18 August 2018 (UTC)

It actually depends on what the "none" refers to. If you're referring to a large amount of something (e.g. sand, dirt), then you'd use the singular ("None of the sand was able to pass through the No.200 sieve"). If you're referring to a large number of objects (say, planets, stars), then you'd use the plural ("we have several billion stars in our galaxy and none of them, save our sun, have planets around them that support life, that we know of"). Black Yoshi (Yoshi! | Yoshi's Eggs) 17:07, 4 October 2018 (UTC)
That's not a hard and fast rule, although I was taught it. It's similar to using "more than" vs. "over" - that difference was once peddled as an absolute rule but now even AP has rejected it. Go with what sounds best. - DavidWBrooks (talk) 17:49, 4 October 2018 (UTC)

## Latin names?

e.g. “4” is “quattuor” and “10” is “dec”, thus “14” is “quattuordecillion”, and “7” is “septem” thus “17” is “septendecillion”, however, “2” is “bis”, why “12” is not “bisdecillion” (but duodecillion)? “duo” is GREEK of 2... — Preceding unsigned comment added by Xayahrainie43 (talkcontribs) 21:29, 29 August 2018 (UTC)

"Bis" (archaically "duis") means "twice", "duo" means "two" in Latin. 12 in Latin is "duodecim". Burzuchius (talk) 13:06, 31 August 2018 (UTC)

## Semi-protected edit request on 16 September 2018

MikutronixX3535 (talk) 22:13, 16 September 2018 (UTC)

Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. Sakura CarteletTalk 23:15, 16 September 2018 (UTC)

## Semi-protected edit request on 19 September 2018

I want to edit that! MikutronixX3535 (talk) 23:02, 19 September 2018 (UTC)

You can edit this page when you become autoconfirmed (usually after four days and 10 edits). Any changes you make will need to be supported by citations to Reliable Sources. RudolfRed (talk) 00:30, 20 September 2018 (UTC)

## 10^51

10^51 is called sexdecillion in the first table and sedecillion in the second. The latter is more correct, since it comes from sedecim = 16. Should the table be corrected? 109.246.123.214 (talk) 20:30, 3 October 2018 (UTC)

Done. I've fixed it in the first table to comply with Conway and Guy's system as described later in the article. Black Yoshi (Yoshi! | Yoshi's Eggs) 17:00, 4 October 2018 (UTC)