text:
# ckgedit Configuration Options

Name Setting Default Value
guest_toolbar Display Toolbar to Guests true
guest_media Guest Can Link to Media Files true
default_fb Default File Browsing Access acl
openfb Open File Browsing false
smiley_as_text Display Douwiki smileys as text in editor false
editor_bak Save backup on Refresh false
create_folder Enable folder creation n
dwedit_ns Namespaces where DokuWiki Editor is activated none
acl_del Strict ACL delete false
auth_ci User login id is case insensitive false
nix_style Access data/media via userfiles (Windows) false
direction Set language direction nocheck
scayt_auto Scayt active at startup on
scayt_lang Set Scayt language American English
smiley_hack See note false
complex_tables Turn on complex tables parser. true
duplicate_notes Enable notes with same text false
other_lang Reset CKEditor language default
dw_priority Open with Dokuwiki Editor. See dw_users. Not available in farms branches. fck/ckeditor
color_options Remove Color options false
font_options Remove font options false
nofont_styling Display font styles in editor as plugin markup false
alt_toolbar Items to remove from CKEditor toolbar ""
extra_plugins Comma-delimited list of user-defined tool bar items to be added to toolbar ""
dw_users Group whose editor defaults to the Dokuwiki editor when dw_priority is set. If this group is not set, then all users get the Dokuwiki editor by default. When this option is given a value and dw_priority is set to true, then users can set the priority on an individual basis using the Update Profile link. See below. ""

## Notes

#### guest_toolbar

The default settings allow guests to have access to the toolbars and to the link and image tools. However, guests cannot upload, unless open_upload is set to true. Setting open_upload to true could be used to implement a completely open wiki, where anyone can edit and upload.

#### guest_media

If “Display Toolbar to Guests” is set to false, guests are presented with a toolbar consisting of two items, About and Source.

If the toolbar is allowed and “Guests can Upload” is false, then visitors will not be able to upload files to the server by means of the image and link tools. However, they will still be able to view the contents of your data/media directories. See also guest_toolbar

#### default_fb

The file browser is acl-compliant, but the administrator can turn off acl by changing this option to 'none'

#### openfb

Normally, the file browser opens in the the namespace of the page being edited or in the directory immediately above it, if the user has write/create permission in that directory. But if Open File Browsing is set to true, the user will be able to access the entire directory hierarchy; however, ACL permissions still will apply, unless they have been turned off. That means that the user will be able to read the contents of all directories for which he has Read permission but will not be able to upload to those directories for which he does not have upload permission. In the case of administrators, the browser will always open in the root directory.

#### smiley_as_text

This governs how Dokuwiki smileys appear in the editor window. At the initial insertion, they appear as text but after the first save they appear as images. Setting this option to true will cause Dokuwiki smileys always to show up as text in the editing window. They will of course still appear as images in the browser.

#### editor_bak

If true, a copy of the current state of the editing window will be saved to a meta file in the meta directory, with the same name as the document being edited but with a .ckgedit extension.

#### create_folder

If set to 'y', a folder creation button will appear at the bottom of the fle browser. Folder cannot be created by guests.

#### dwedit_ns

A comma separated list of files and namespace where the Dokuwiki editor is automatically loaded instead of the CKEditor. The code looks only for partial matches. So if you have “jack”, it will find “blackjack” and “jack_pine”.

#### acl_del

The filebrowser has been set up with a loose intepretation of the permission to delete files from a folder. By default it allows users with upload permission in a folder to delete files from that folder. This is not consistent with Dokuwiki's ACL rules which require delete permission. When this option is set to true deletes are consistent with the Dokuwiki ACLs.

#### auth_ci

If logins are case insensitive, that is you can login as both USER and user, set this to true.

#### nix_style

For Windows Servers (Vista and Later). This setting makes it possible to access data\media through ckgedit\fckeditor\userfiles, if links to media and file have been successfully created in userfiles. This option is helpful in some cases where the savedir has been moved.

Disable automatic creation of symbolic links in fckg/userfiles. This setting applies to installations, where ckgedit attempts to create symlinks.

#### direction

This option controls the language direction in the CKEditor. There are three opitons: (1) 'nocheck', which in effect does nothing and is essentially the same as 'ltr'; (2) 'dokuwiki', which changes the language direction to the direction set by Dokuwiki, based on the current language selection; (3) 'ltr', which sets left-to-right, and (4) 'rtl', which enables right-to-left. It is possible, with these options, to have your browser set to one direction and the FCKeditor to another.

#### scayt_auto

When set to “on” the SCAYT spell checker is immediately active when the editing window is opened. When set to “off”, you have to click on the spell-check toolbar button and select “enable SCAYT” to make SCAYT active.

#### scayt_lang

The default language is American English.

#### smiley_hack

This option applies only to the CKEditor smileys, not the Dokuwiki smileys. If you move to a new server, turn this option on until all pages with these smileys have been converted to the new server address. Turn it off when finished, otherwise it will keep re-writing URLs that have already been changed and needlessly using processing time. See the faq on smileys.

#### complex_tables

As of May 29/2016 this is set to true by default. It turns on the complex tables parser. While aimed at tables that use multiple column and row spans, it does not incur a perceptible performance hit for simple tables. When this option is turned off in the Configuration Manager, a checkbox will appear below the editing window enabling you to turn on the complex table parse on a per page basis. It is also possible to turn on the complex tables parser on a per page basis by placing the

macro at the top of the page. Some tables are too complex for the complex tables parser. For these tables there are several options:

1. create the table on a standard Dokuwiki page, using the Dokuwiki editor, and then include the table using the https://www.dokuwiki.org/plugin:include plugin.
2. or, save the table on the current page as an HTML Block.

Note: The complex tables parser is required if you are using font styles on the same page as tables.

#### duplicate_notes

When Dokuwiki encounters footnotes with identical texts, it merges the footnote references on a single line and displays the footnote text only once, instead of duplicating. For instance:

  1), 3), 7)

See http://www.dokuwiki.org/devel
Ckgedit needs to know if your users are creating these kinds of notes. If they do, then you must set this option to true; otherwise, the footnotes will become corrupted. With this option set to true, in the editor each of the duplicate footnotes will appear on a separate line, but when in the browser, they will appear as above.

#### winstyle

On linux systems, data/media is normally accessed through symbolic links in fckeditor/userstyles, which link to data/media. This option gives direct access to data/media. In order for it to work with apache servers, you must copy .htaccess.security from fckeditor/userfiles to data/media and rename it .htaccess. The reason for this is that Dokuwiki by default prevents direct access to your data. .htaccess.security relaxes this restriction with respect to the basic image formats: .gif, .jpg, .png. See security_and_the_media_directory.

#### other_lang

Select interface language for CKEditor: defaults to language set for browser. This choice is independent of the Dokuwiki interface language option.

#### dw_priority

By default, the editor opens with the CKEditor. Selecting this option will override the default behavior so that the Dokuwiki text-based editor will have priority. Users can still switch back and forth between the editors, but when the browser is closed and re-opened, the Dokuwiki editor will be selected. If the user logs off but does not close down the browser, the last editor to have been selected will open. This behavior can be changed using the dw_users setting either alone or in conjunction with the selection options under Update Profile.

When set to true, this option will cause the ckeditor's javascript to be loaded on start up, instead of when the editor is first opened. This speeds up the initial loading of the editor into the browser, because the javascript will have been saved in the browser's cache. Apart from icons and images, the ckeditor is implemented entirely in javascript. This should have minimal affect on visitors to the site because the ckeditor's javascript is not output until after the curret page has been sent to the browser.

#### Font Styling Options

color_options , font_options , nofont_styling
These options are covered on the page devoted to styling issues.

#### alt_toolbar

This setting provides a checkbox listing of Ckeditor toolbar items. To remove items from the toolbar, check their boxes. See ckgedit issues number 184.

#### extra_plugins

Use this setting to add new toolbar buttons for CKEditor plugins that are not included in the ckgedit distribution. The name(s) of the item(s) must be the name(s) that define the toolbar button, which is not necessarily the name of the plugin. An example extra plugin is included with the ckgedit distribution. This is the timestamp plugin; its button name is Timestamp. Therefore this setting must be Timestamp with the upper case T, and not timestamp. The language files for these plugins should conform to those found in timestamp; they should be included in <your_plugin/lang>, and an entry for each language file should be added to the lang property of the plugin file (see timestamp/plugin.js). The icons for these extra plugins will appear at the end of the toolbar.

#### dw_users

Sets the dw_users group for use with dw_priority. There is a hierarchy of priority settings.

1. If dw_priority has been set and no dw_users group has been supplied, then all users will get the dokuwiki editor as their default editor.
2. If the user has made a selection using under Update Profile, then the selected editor will be used.
3. If the user has not made a selection under Update Profile, then the dw_users group determines the choice of editor.
4. In all cases the editor can be switched by clicking the relevant button in below editor window.


text:
/ Community

# Blockmesh OS Pioneer Spacemesh Raises $15M in Series A Funding Led by Polychain Spacemesh, a community of academic researchers and open source developers developing a base layer protocol for a new blockchain infrastructure, announced today a Series A investment of$15 million, led by Polychain, the world's premier investor in cryptocurrency protocols. Among the additional prominent blockchain investors this round are MetaStable, Paradigm (Matt Huang and Fred Ehrsam’s new fund), Coinbase Ventures, Bain Capital, 1kx, Arrington XRP Capital, Danhua Capital, Gumi Crypto, Electric Capital, Collaborative Fund, Jack Herrick and others. They join Spacemesh seed investors: Slow Ventures, Dekrypt Capital, iAngels, BRM and Gigi Levy-Weiss.

With PoW-based systems contributing to massive energy consumption and presenting scalability bottlenecks, and PoStake-based systems exhibiting the very centralization tendencies that blockchain initially set out to replace, Spacemesh’s Proof of Space Time (PoST) protocol is generating hope throughout the community. Long-time crypto community members are particularly excited by its promise of fairness, and the elimination of unfair advantage.

“At Polychain, we are excited to explore such a breakthrough innovation in blockchain protocols - especially one that comes from a team with such a great academic pedigree. Using storage as a resource, guaranteeing distribution and efficiency, and then pairing it with their intelligent cryptographic constructions for proofs of space, Spacemesh provides us with a more secure consensus algorithm. In short, they are pioneering proof of space as a viable alternative to proof of work,”

said Karthik Raju, Partner at Polychain.

“The mining arms race and hash rate concentration have unfortunately driven us to deviate from Satoshi’s original vision of building a fair native internet economy,"

said Dovey Wan, a prominent blockchain investor, who is also joining Spacemesh’s board of directors.

"Spacemesh prioritizes community over the privileged few. This is a team of world-class researchers and developers with a belief in meritocracy at their core. I’m very thrilled to partner with them to build a fair, open and efficient Web 3.0.”

Spacemesh essentially picks up where Bitcoin left off, allowing newcomers to contribute to the security of the cryptocurrency network via a universally available and untapped resource: hard drive storage space. Fairness is achieved by ensuring that the rewards reaped by participants will be relative to the resources they supplied.

According to Spacemesh co-founder Tomer Afek,

“This is absolutely necessary, if a decentralized system wishes to gain mass adoption of home miners - and in particular, the original bitcoin miners. As many of the fairness problems result from a race and the obtaining of unfair advantage by methods such as Asic Mining, achieving consensus without using any race is an important part of how we can mathematically prove fairness, and ensure the home miner’s profit margins.”

Spacemesh’s version of PoST allows anyone who wants to participate in the p2p network to join using its existing Personal Computer by proving that it has stored some amount of data over a period of time (e.g., one week). POST becomes the foundation of trustless identity freeing nodes from having to constantly perform energy consuming computations and from bonding stake. In addition, the race between nodes to submit a block to a chain is superseded by a utilizing mesh data structure (DAG).

According to Spacemesh co-founder Aviv Eyal,

“This is what helps to make Spacemesh race-free - parties don’t race each other to extend the public ledger, but rather, every honestly mined block is accepted into the ledger. This also greatly improves the throughput and energy efficiency of Spacemesh.”

Spacemesh has no plans to raise additional funds, and will use its current proceeds to fund the development of the Spacemesh protocol and programmable cryptocurrency. Additional information about Spacemesh is available on https://spacemesh.io . The project’s milestones, specs and code are available on https://github.com/spacemeshos .

For press inquiries please reach out to us via info@spacemesh.io .

format: plain


text:
# All Questions

57 questions
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583 views

### What is considered to be vi?

/bin/vi, as written by Bill Joy in the '70's is vi. And /usr/bin/vim, as written by Bram in the '90's, is vim. But we also have nvi (mostly the same), neovim (not even sure what this is), elvis (also ...
270 views

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479 views

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442 views

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119 views

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176 views

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114 views

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147 views

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There are lots of high-quality vi and vim questions on other Stack Exchange sites; for example, see all the questions tagged vim on SuperUser. Is it possible (and does it make sense) to migrate some ...
106 views

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151 views

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233 views

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59 views

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225 views

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168 views

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346 views

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How does one go about creating screencasts, like this one? Also see the related question: Should the use of screencasts be encouraged?
156 views

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134 views

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127 views

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137 views

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157 views

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73 views

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102 views

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326 views

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213 views

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245 views

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176 views

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379 views

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638 views

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157 views

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158 views

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68 views

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218 views

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310 views

### Prettify for Vimscript - suggestions?

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212 views

### How to create a Minimal, Complete, and Verifiable example?

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370 views

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85 views

### Are questions about bvi on-topic?

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118 views

### Proposal to update the “What topics can I ask about here?” section of help center

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100 views

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66 views

### Typing out <kbd> for every single keystroke is a PITA

Some Stack Exchange sites seem to have custom formatting shortcuts. For example Code Review has \\$ delimiters for cool MathJax expressions, which doesn't work on Stack Overflow. Since keystrokes will ...
557 views

### :wq, or, giving up mod status

I sent an email to the Stack Exchange team asking to resign my mod status. I've been active for almost five years, since the start of the private beta in February 2015. I feel that I've learned all ...
309 views

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167 views

### :wq! - Resigning as moderator

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125 views

### 2018 Community Moderator Election Results

Vi and Vim's first moderator election has come to a close, the votes have been tallied and the new moderator is: They'll be joining the existing crew shortly—please thank them for ...
167 views

### Announcing a Pro Tempore election

Summary: Vi and Vim will begin the nomination stage for a special election on September 10, 2018. For full details of the process, see the announcement on Meta Stack Exchange. The timeline goes ...
148 views

### Is something (or someone) automatically upvoting every new post?

These last few days (let's say maybe a week or two) I feel like every single new post (questions and answers) gets an upvote almost automatically only a few minutes after they are posted and no matter ...
123 views

### How does this site feel about code review questions?

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295 views

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Why was this question closed with "This question does not appear to be about Vi and Vim family of editors?" How much money has been raised for needy children in Uganda from Vim? It's about Vim it's ...
45 views

### Should there be a separate tag for each plugin?

Should we have a separate tag for each plugin, instead of a generic plugin tag to cover them all? If so, what should be the naming convention for such tags?


text:
# Man page 1 : makeindex

MAKEINDEX 1L "10 December 1991"

Cette page de documentation est issue d'une convertion automatique de developpez.com.
Les traductions proviennent des sites Debian, Linux Kernel et du projet Perkamon.
N'hésitez pas à laisser vos suggestions, avis ou commentaires : 12 commentaires .

Article lu   fois.

# 1. NAME▲

makeindex - a general purpose, formatter-independent index processor

# 2. SYNOPSIS ▲

makeindex [ -c ] [ -g ] [ -i ] [ -l ] [ -o ind ] [ -p num ] [ -q ] [ -r ] [ -s sfile ] [ -t log ] [ -L ] [ -T ] [ idx0 idx1 idx2 . . .]

# 3. DESCRIPTION ▲

The program makeindexis a general purpose hierarchical index generator; it accepts one or more input files (often produced by a text formatter such as TeX ( tex (1L)) or troff (1), sorts the entries, and produces an output file which can be formatted. The index can have up to three levels (0, 1, and 2) of subitem nesting. The way in which words are flagged for indexing within the main document is specific to the formatter used; makeindexdoes notautomate the process of selecting these words. As the output index is hierarchical, makeindexcan be considered complimentary to the awk (1)-based make.index (1L) system of Bentley and Kernighan, which is specific to troff (1), generates non-hierarchical indices, and employs a much simpler syntax for indicating index entries. For illustration of use with troffand TeX , see the section EXAMPLES below.

The formats of the input and output files are specified in a style file; by default, input is assumed to be a .idxfile, as generated by LX.

Unless specified explicitly, the base name of the first input file ( idx0 ) is used to determine the names of other files. For each input file name specified, a file of that name is sought. If this file is not found and the file name has no extension, the extension .idxis appended. If no file with this name is found, makeindexaborts.

If exactly one input file was given and no explicit style file was specified using -s , makeindexuses a file with the extension .mstas default style file (when present).

For important notes on how to select index keywords, see the document by Lamport cited below. As an issue separate from selecting index keywords, a systematic mechanism for placing index terms in a document is suggested in "Index Preparation and Processing" , a paper cited below.

# 4. OPTIONS ▲

-c
Compress intermediate blanks (ignoring leading and trailing blanks and tabs). By default, blanks in the index key are retained.

-g
Employ German word ordering in the index, in accord with rules set forth in DIN 5007. By default, makeindexemploys a word ordering in which precedence is: symbols, numbers, uppercase letters, lowercase letters. The sequence in German word ordering is: symbols, lowercase letters, uppercase letters, numbers. Additionally, this option enables makeindexto recognize the German TeX-commands {"a, "o, "u and "s} as {ae, oe, ue and ss} during the sorting of the entries. The quote character must be redefined in a style file (for example, redefine quote as '+'). If the quote character is not redefined, makeindexwill produce an error message and abort.

-i
Take input from stdin . When this option is specified and

-o is not, output is written to stdout .

-l
Letter ordering; by default, word ordering is used (see the ORDERING section).

• -o ind
Employ indas the output index file. By default, the file name is created by appending the extension .indto the base name of the first input file ( idx0 ).
• -p num
Set the starting page number of the output index file to be num(useful when the index file is to be formatted separately). The argument nummay be numerical or one of the following:
• any
The starting page is the last source page number plus 1.
• odd
The starting page is the first odd page following the last source page number.
• even
The starting page is the first even page following the last source page number.

The last source page is obtained by searching backward in the log file for the first instance of a number included within paired square brackets ( [ . . . ] ). If a page number is missing or the log file is not found, no attempt will be made to set the starting page number. The source log file name is determined by appending the extension .logto the base name of the first input file ( idx0 ).

-q
Quiet mode; send no messages to stderr . By default, progress and error messages are sent to stderras well as to the transcript file.

-r
Disable implicit page range formation; page ranges must be created by using explicit range operators; see SPECIAL EFFECTS below. By default, three or more successive pages are automatically abbreviated as a range (e.g. 15).

• -s " sty"
Employ styas the style file (no default). The environment variable INDEXSTYLE defines the path where the style file should be found.
• -t " log"
Employ logas the transcript file. By default, the file name is created by appending the extension .ilgto the base name of the first input file ( idx0 ).
• -L
sort based on locale settings. Not available on all systems.
• -T
special support for Thai documents. Not available on all systems.

# 5. STYLE FILE ▲

The style file informs makeindexabout the format of the .idxinput files and the intended format of the final output file; examples appear below. This file can reside anywhere in the path defined by the environment variable INDEXSTYLE. The style file contains a list of < specifier , " attribute" > pairs. There are two types of specifiers: input and output. Pairs do not have to appear in any particular order. A line begun by %' is a comment. In the following list of specifiers and arguments, <string> is an arbitrary string delimited by double quotes (". . ."), <char> is a single letter embraced by single quotes ('. . .'), and <number> is a nonnegative integer. The maximum length of a <string> is 2048. A literal backslash or quote must be escaped (by a backslash). Anything not specified in the style file will be assigned a default value, which is shown at the head of the rightmost column.

## 5.1. INPUT STYLE SPECIFIERS ▲

• actual " <char>"
Symbol indicating that the next entry is to appear in the output file.
• arg_close " <char>"
'}' Closing delimiter for the index entry argument.
• arg_open " <char>"
'{' Opening delimiter for the index entry argument.
• encap " <char>"
'|' Symbol indicating that the rest of the argument list is to be used as the encapsulating command for the page number.
• escape " <char>"
'\\' Symbol which escapes the following letter, unless its preceding letter is escape . Note:

quote is used to escape the letter which immediately follows it, but if it is preceded by escape , it is treated as a ordinary character. These two symbols mustbe distinct.

• keyword " <string>"
"\\indexentry" Command which tells makeindexthat its argument is an index entry.
• level " <char>"
'!' Delimiter denoting a new level of subitem.
• page_compositor " <string>"
"-" Delimiter separating parts of a composite page number (see SPECIAL EFFECTS below).
• quote " <char>"
'"' Note:

quote is used to escape the letter which immediately follows it, but if it is preceded by escape , it is treated as a ordinary character. These two symbols mustbe distinct.

• range_close " <char>"
')' Closing delimiter indicating the end of an explicit page range.
• range_open " <char>"
'(' Opening delimiter indicating the beginning of an explicit page range.

## 5.2. OUTPUT STYLE SPECIFIERS ▲

• preamble " <string>"
"\\begin{theindex}\n" Preamble of output file.
• postamble " <string>"
"\n\n\\nd{theindex}\n" Postamble of output file.
• setpage_prefix " <string>"
"\n \\setcounter{page}{" Prefix of command which sets the starting page number.
• setpage_suffix " <string>"
"}\n" Suffix of command which sets the starting page number.
• group_skip " <string>"
"\n\n \\indexspace\n" Vertical space to be inserted before a new group begins.
0 Flag indicating treatment of new group headers, which are inserted when before a new group (symbols, numbers, and the 26 letters): positive values cause an uppercase letter to be inserted between prefix and suffix, and negative values cause a lowercase letter to be inserted (default is 0, which produces no header).
"" Header prefix to be inserted before a new letter begins.
"Symbols" Heading for symbols to be inserted if

"symbols" Heading for symbols to be inserted if

"Numbers" Heading for numbers to be inserted if

"numbers" Heading for numbers to be inserted if

• item_0 " <string>"
"\n \\item " Command to be inserted between two primary (level 0) items.
• item_1 " <string>"
"\n \\subitem " Command to be inserted between two secondary (level 1) items.
• item_2 " <string>"
"\n \\subsubitem " Command to be inserted between two level 2 items.

item_01
"\n \\subitem " Command to be inserted between a level 0 item and a level 1 item.

• item_x1 " <string>"
"\n \\subitem " Command to be inserted between a level 0 item and a level 1 item, where the level 0 item does not have associated page numbers.
• item_12 " <string>"
"\n \\subsubitem " Command to be inserted between a level 1 item and a level 2 item.
• item_x2 " <string>"
"\n \\subsubitem " Command to be inserted between a level 1 item and a level 2 item, where the level 1 item does not have associated page numbers.
• delim_0 " <string>"
", " Delimiter to be inserted between a level 0 key and its first page number (default: comma followed by a blank).
• delim_1 " <string>"
", " Delimiter to be inserted between a level 1 key and its first page number (default: comma followed by a blank).
• delim_2 " <string>"
", " Delimiter to be inserted between a level 2 key and its first page number (default: comma followed by a blank).
• delim_n " <string>"
", " Delimiter to be inserted between two page numbers for the same key in any level (default: comma followed by a blank).
• delim_r " <string>"
"--" Delimiter to be inserted between the starting and ending page numbers of a range.
• delim_t " <string>"
"" Delimiter to be inserted at the end of a page list. This delimiter has no effect on entries which have no associated page list.
• encap_prefix " <string>"
"\\" First part of prefix for the command which encapsulates the page number.
• encap_infix " <string>"
"{" Second part of prefix for the command which encapsulates the page number.
• encap_suffix " <string>"
"}". Suffix for the command which encapsulates the page number.
• line_max " <number>"
72 Maximum length of a line in the output, beyond which a line wraps.
• indent_space " <string>"
"\t\t" Space to be inserted in front of a wrapped line (default: two tabs).
• indent_length " <number>"
16 Length of

indent_space (default: 16, equivalent to 2 tabs).

• suffix_2p " <string>"
"" Delimiter to replace the range delimiter and the second page number of a two page list. When present, it overrides delim_r . Example: "f.".
• suffix_3p " <string>"
"" Delimiter to replace the range delimiter and the second page number of a three page list. When present, it overrides

delim_r and suffix_mp . Example: "ff.".

• suffix_mp " <string>"
"" Delimiter to replace the range delimiter and the second page number of a multiple page list (three or more pages). When present, it overrides delim_r . Example: "f.".

# 6. EXAMPLES ▲

## 6.1. TeX EXAMPLE ▲

The following example shows a style file called book.ist , which defines an index for a book which can be formatted independently of the main source:

Sélectionnez
preamble
"\\documentstyle[12pt]{book}
\\begin{document}
\\begin{theindex}
{\\small\n"
postamble
"\n\n}
\\nd{theindex}
\\nd{document}\n"

Assuming that a particular book style requires the index (as well as any chapters) to start from an odd page number, and that the input file is named foo.idx , the following command line produces output in file footmp.ind :

makeindex -s book.ist -o footmp.ind -p odd foo

Here a non-default output file name is used to avoid clobbering the output for the book itself (presumably foo.dvi , which would have been the default name for the index output file!).

## 6.2. TROFF EXAMPLE ▲

A sample control file for creating an index, which we will assume resides in the file sample.ist :

Sélectionnez
\fCkeyword "IX:"
preamble
".\\\" start of index output
\".\\\" enter two column mode
.2C
.SH
INDEX
.XS
INDEX
.XE
.R
.ps 9p
.vs 11p
.de I1
..
.de I2
.."
postamble "\n.\\\" end of index output"
setpage_prefix "\n.nr % "
setpage_suffix ""
group_skip "\n.sp 1.0"
item_0 "\n\n"
item_1 "\n.I1\n"
item_2 "\n.I2\n"
item_01 "\n.I1\n"
item_x1 "\n.I1\n"
item_12 "\n.I2\n"
item_x2 "\n.I2\n"
delim_0 ", "
delim_1 ", "
delim_2 ", "
delim_r "-"
delim_t "."
encap_prefix "\"
encap_infix ""
encap_suffix "\"
indent_space ""
indent_length 0\fP

The local macro package may require modification, as in this example of an extension to the

-ms macros (note that at some sites, this macro should replacea pre-existing macro of the same name):

Sélectionnez
.\" IX - index words to stderr
.de IX
.ie '\\n(.z'' .tm IX: \\$1 \\$2 \\$3 \\$4 \\$5 \\$6 \\$7 \\$8 \\$9 {\\n(PN} .. (note that the string {\\n(PN} is separated from the rest of the line by a tab. If your local macro package does not contain this extension, just include those lines at the beginning of your file. Here is a simple troff (1) input file, which we will assume is named sample.txt : Sélectionnez This is a sample file to test the makeindex(1L) program, and see .rs how well it functions in the troff(1) environment. Note that index entries are indicated by the .IX macro, which causes the following text to be written to stdoutalong with the current page number. ## 6.3. CREATING THE INDEX FILE IN THE BOURNE SHELL ▲ To create an input file for makeindex , in the Bourne shell environment, do the equivalent at your site of the command: Sélectionnez psroff -ms -Tpsc -t sample.txt > /dev/null 2> sample.tmp Some sites will require ditroffinstead of psroff . To filter out any genuine error messages, invoke grep (1): grep '^IX: ' sample.tmp > sample.idx ## 6.4. CREATING THE INDEX FILE USING UCSF ENHANCED TROFF/TRANSPORT ▲ With UCSF Enhanced troff/TRANSPORT, the -I option of psroff (1L) can produce both formatter output and an index file: psroff -ms -I sample.inp -Tpsc sample.txt If it is wished to suppress the formatter output: Sélectionnez psroff -ms -I sample.inp -Tpsc -t sample.txt > /dev/null ## 6.5. COMPLETING THE INDEX ▲ Any of the above procedures leaves the input for makeindexin sample.inp . The next step is to invoke makeindex : makeindex -s sample.ist sample.idx This leaves troff (1)-ready output in the file sample.ind . # 7. ORDERING ▲ By default, makeindexassumes "word ordering" ; if the -l option is in effect, "letter ordering"is used. In word ordering, a blank precedes any letter in the alphabet, whereas in letter ordering, it does not count at all. This is illustrated by the following example: word order letter order sea lion seal seal sea lion Numbers are always sorted in numeric order. For instance, 9 (nine), 123 10 (ten), see Derek, Bo Letters are first sorted without regard to case; when words are identical, the uppercase version precedes its lowercase counterpart. A special symbol is defined here to be any character not appearing in the union of digits and the English alphabetic characters. Patterns starting with special symbols precede numbers, which precede patterns starting with letters. As a special case, a string starting with a digit but mixed with non-digits is considered to be a pattern starting with a special character. # 8. SPECIAL EFFECTS ▲ Entries such as Sélectionnez \indexentry{alpha}{1} \indexentry{alpha!beta}{3} \indexentry{alpha!beta!gamma}{10} in the input file will be converted to Sélectionnez \item alpha, 1 \0\0\0\subitem beta, 3 \0\0\0\0\0\0\subsubitem gamma, 10 in the output index file. Notice that the level symbol (!') is used above to delimit hierarchical levels. It is possible to make an item appear in a designated form by using the actual () operator. For instance, \fC\\it alpha\/}}{1}\fP will become \item {\it alpha\/}, 1 after processing. The pattern preceding is used as sort key, whereas the one following it is written to the output file. Note that two appearances of the same key, one with and one without the actual operator, are regarded as distinctentries. The item, subitem, and subsubitem fields may have individual sort keys: Sélectionnez \indexentry{aa@{\it aa\/}!bb@{\it bb\/}!cc@{\it cc\/}}{1} This will be converted to Sélectionnez \item {\it aa}, 1 \0\0\0\subitem {\it bb}, 3 \0\0\0\0\0\0\subsubitem {\it cc}, 10 It is possible to encapsulate a page number with a designated command using the encap (|') operator: \indexentry{alpha|bold}{1} will be converted to \item alpha, \bold{1} where, with a suitable definition for TeX, \bold{n} will expand to {\bf n}. In this example, the three output attributes associated with page encapsulation encap_prefix , encap_infix , and encap_suffix , correspond to backslash, left brace, and right brace, respectively. This mechanism allows page numbers to be set in different fonts. For example, the page where the definition of a keyword appears can be in one font, the location of a primary example can be in another font, and other appearances in yet a third font. The encap operator can also be used to create cross references in the index: \indexentry{alpha|see{beta}}{1} will become \item alpha, \see{beta}{1} in the output file, where \see{beta}{1} will expand to {\it see\/} beta Note that in a cross reference like this the page number disappears. A pair of encap concatenated with range_open (|(') and range_close (|)') creates an explicit page range: Sélectionnez \indexentry{alpha|(}{1} \indexentry{alpha|)}{5} will become \item alpha, 15 Intermediate pages indexed by the same key will be merged into the range implicitly. This is especially useful when an entire section about a particular subject is to be indexed, in which case only the range opening and closing operators need to be inserted at the beginning and end of the section. Explicit page range formation can also include an extra command to set the page range in a designated font: Sélectionnez \indexentry{alpha|(bold}{1} \indexentry{alpha|)}{5} will become \item alpha, \bold{1--5} Several potential problems are worth mentioning. First, entries like Sélectionnez \indexentry{alpha|(}{1} \indexentry{alpha|bold}{3} \indexentry{alpha|)}{5} will be interpreted as \item alpha, \bold{3}, 1--5 but with a warning message in the transcript about encountering an inconsistent page encapsulator. An explicit range beginning in a Roman page number and ending in Arabic is also considered an error. In this instance, (if possible) the range is broken into two subranges, one in Roman and the other in Arabic. For instance, Sélectionnez \indexentry{alpha|(}{i} \indexentry{alpha}{iv} \indexentry{alpha}{3} \indexentry{alpha|)}{7} will be turned into \item alpha, i--iv, 3--7 with a warning message in the transcript file complaining about an illegal range formation. Every special symbol mentioned in this section may be escaped by the quote operator ("'). Thus \indexentry{alpha"@beta}{1} will actually become \fC\item , 1\fP as a result of executing makeindex . The quoting power of quote is eliminated if it is immediately preceded by escape (\'). For example, \indexentry{f\"ur}{1} becomes \item f\"ur, 1 which represents an umlaut-accented u' to the TeX family of processors. A page number can be a composite of one or more fields separated by the delimiter bound to page_compositor (-'), e.g., II-12 for page 12 of Chapter II. Page numbers may contain up to ten fields. Since version 2.11 of makeindex , the quote operator may quote anycharacter in the range 1 . . . 255. Character 0 is excluded because it is used internally in the makeindexsource code as a string terminator. With this change, sort keys can be created for all eight-bit characters except 0. The sorting order is Sélectionnez punctuation characters (in ASCII order), digits, control characters (1 . . . 31), space (32), letters (ignoring case), characters 127 . . . 255. Here is an example showing the indexing of all printable ASCII characters other than letters and digits, assuming the default TeX format. For convenience, the page number references are the corresponding ASCII ordinal values. Sélectionnez \indexentry{" @" (space)}{32} \indexentry{"!@"! (exclamation point)}{33} \indexentry{""@"" (quotation mark)}{34} \indexentry{"#@"\# (sharp sign)}{35} \indexentry{"$@"\$(dollar sign)}{36} \indexentry{"%@" (percent sign)}{37} \indexentry{"&@"\ (ampersand)}{38} \indexentry{"<@"$<$(left angle bracket)}{60} \indexentry{"=@"= (equals)}{61} \indexentry{">@"$>$(right angle bracket)}{62} \indexentry{"?@"? (query)}{63} \indexentry{"@@"@ (at sign)}{64} \indexentry{"[@"[ (left square bracket)}{91} \indexentry{"\@"\verb=\= (backslash)}{92} \indexentry{"]@"] (right square bracket)}{93} \indexentry{"^@"\verb=^= (caret)}{94} \indexentry{"_@"\verb=_= (underscore)}{95} \indexentry{"@"\verb=~= (grave accent)}{96} \indexentry{"{@"\"{ (left brace)}{123} \indexentry{"|@"\verb="|= (vertical bar)}{124} \indexentry{"}@"\"} (right brace)}{125} \indexentry{"~@"\verb=~= (tilde)}{126} Characters in the actual fields following the character which have special significance to TeX must be represented as control sequences, or as math mode characters. Note particularly how the entries for the at sign, left and right braces, and the vertical bar, are coded. The index file output by makeindexfor this example looks like this: Sélectionnez \begin{theindex} \item ! (exclamation point), 33 \item " (quotation mark), 34 \item \# (sharp sign), 35 \item \$ (dollar sign), 36
\item  (percent sign), 37
\item \ (ampersand), 38
\item $<$ (left angle bracket), 60
\item = (equals), 61
\item $>$ (right angle bracket), 62
\item ? (query), 63
\item @ (at sign), 64
\item [ (left square bracket), 91
\item \verb=\= (backslash), 92
\item ] (right square bracket), 93
\item \verb=^= (caret), 94
\item \verb=_= (underscore), 95
\item \verb=~= (grave accent), 96
\item \ (left brace), 123
\item \verb=|= (vertical bar), 124
\item \ (right brace), 125
\item \verb=~= (tilde), 126
\indexspace
\item   (space), 32
\nd{theindex}

# 9. FILES ▲

• makeindex
executable file
• $TEXMFMAIN/tex/plain/misc/idxmac.tex TeX macro file used by makeindex •$TEXMFMAIN/tex/latex/base/makeidx.sty
TeX macro file used by makeindex

ditroff(1L), latex(1L), make.index (1L), qsort(3), tex(1L), troff(1L)

"UCSF Enhanced troff/TRANSPORT An Overview" , R. P. C. Rodgers and Conrad Huang, LSMB Technical Report 90-2, UCSF School of Pharmacy, San Francisco, 1990.

"Index Preparation and Processing" , Pehong Chen and Michael A. Harrison, "Software: Practice and Experience" , 19 (9), 897(en915, September 1988.

"Automating Index Preparation" , Pehong Chen and Michael A. Harrison. Technical Report 87/347, Computer Science Division, University of California, Berkeley, 1987 (a LX document supplied with makeindex ).

"MakeIndex: An Index Processor for LX" , Leslie Lamport, February 1987 (a LX document supplied with makeindex ).

"Tools for Printing Indices" , Jon L. Bentley and Brian W. Kernighan, "Electronic Publishing Origination, Dissemination, and Design" , 1(1), 3(en18, June 1988 (also available as: Computing Science Technical Report No. 128, AT&T Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, NJ 07974, 1986).

# 11. AUTHOR ▲

Pehong Chen, Chen & Harrison International Systems, Inc. Palo Alto, California, USA <>.
Manual page extensively revised and corrected, and troff (1) examples created by Rick P. C. Rodgers, UCSF School of Pharmacy <>.

# 12. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ▲

Leslie Lamport contributed significantly to the design. Michael Harrison provided valuable comments and suggestions. Nelson Beebe improved on the portable version, and maintains the source distribution for the TeX Users Group. Andreas Brosig contributed to the German word ordering. The modification to the

-ms macros was derived from a method proposed by Ravi Sethi of AT&T Bell Laboratories. The LOGand CONTRIBfiles in the makeindexsource distribution record other contributions.

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Sciencemadness Discussion Board » Non-chemistry » Legal and Societal Issues » SAFETY ISSUES (Unique Issues & Answers) Select A Forum Fundamentals   » Chemistry in General   » Organic Chemistry   » Reagents and Apparatus Acquisition   » Beginnings   » Responsible Practices   » Miscellaneous   » The Wiki Special topics   » Technochemistry   » Energetic Materials   » Biochemistry   » Radiochemistry   » Computational Models and Techniques   » Prepublication Non-chemistry   » Forum Matters   » Legal and Societal Issues

Author: Subject: SAFETY ISSUES (Unique Issues & Answers)
quicksilver
International Hazard

Posts: 1820
Registered: 7-9-2005
Location: Inches from the keyboard....
Member Is Offline

Mood: ~-=SWINGS=-~

SAFETY ISSUES (Unique Issues & Answers)

I don't know if this thread will have any following but I am interested in some of the techniques & equipment that folks have developed and followed throughout the years to maintain safety in the persuit of chemistry as a hobby. I also think this would be a great place for those who have a problem and are seeking a solution to ask....someone may have had the same challenge.
An example is the use of a fume hood. Since many cannot afford such a contrivance often experiments have been preformed out doors. But then we have to contend with UV light possably interfering with the proposed experiment. (and in some cases neighbors thinking we are making drugs, etc). I have found no easy solution to this. The shade still has some UV in it but someone must have found a way to deal with the whole problem without spending the cost of a good used car.
Another issue (for me anyway) is the cost factor in buying gloves. I finally found a source of good Nitrile gloves in the USA (Lowes), they sell them in the Paint Dept. for a reasonable cost. Up until that time I was using cheap rubber disposable gloves and since I have very large hands, it was a real pain in the ass..
I was wondering if others had unique ideas about safety issues and ways that they solved their challenges.....I still wish I had a fume hood and didn't have to work outside so much but it's better than a big glup of NO.
I did purchase a used small refrigerator from a guy who moved out of a dorm at the local University. It was $10 well spent. THAT was a great investment. - Solved a lot of problems. chromium National Hazard Posts: 284 Registered: 27-6-2005 Member Is Offline Mood: reactive You can do more in your room if you have good fan and leave windows open. If you have fireplace or furnace you can use this as fume hood. It works rather well if temperature in room is higher than outside. You can go to microscale for many experiments. My first experiment - reacting soda and vinegar almost 20 years ago was done with jam jars that were almost full. After this i have continuously moved to smaller vessels. Now i do most experiments with three types of test tubes ( with 15ml, 4ml and 1ml volumes if half-filled ). I have pipettes for 0.05ml precision and scales to 0.1g so i can measure reactants precisely enough. I can measure boiling point of less than 2ml of liquid and i have selfmade reflux for two bigger types of test tubes as well as glass tubes for distilling and collecting gases. Going to microscale is trully rewarding in my opinion. Organikum resurrected Posts: 2265 Registered: 12-10-2002 Location: Europe Member Is Offline Mood: lonely Always close containers with inflammable stuff. Have a wet towel around. Don´t panic. /ORG Irgendwas is ja immer vulture Forum Gatekeeper Posts: 3330 Registered: 25-5-2002 Location: France Member Is Offline Mood: No Mood Short wavelength UV is not a problem because glass stops this. Processing your gasses through washing bottles can eliminate the need for a fumehood if quantities and gasflow are well controlled. Most important thing still is planning. If you know what you're dealing with you probably know what can go wrong and how to contain the situation. One shouldn't accept or resort to the mutilation of science to appease the mentally impaired. neutrino International Hazard Posts: 1583 Registered: 20-8-2004 Location: USA Member Is Offline Mood: oscillating Buy gloves online. They are cheap and of good quality. My current solution for the fume hood problem: work outside at night with a breeze. IrC International Hazard Posts: 2710 Registered: 7-3-2005 Location: Eureka Member Is Offline Mood: Discovering  Quote: Originally posted by vulture Most important thing still is planning. If you know what you're dealing with you probably know what can go wrong and how to contain the situation. This is the number one consideration for me. I investigate each chemical thoroughly as to properties and hazards, as well as any possible chemicals which will be created. Chemistry is not a subject for cavalier experimentation. The only problem is the price of a Sax volume is too high and MSDS's are about the most useless things ever written. Pim's seem to contain more information and the research done in them is more realistic. Once I had a disagreement with 12AX7 about cadmium, and my data for this was from a pim where the information contained real world cases such as in this instance the guy who died after soldering with a brazing torch using silver solder. The solder contained a fairly low cadmium content but the autopsy suggested the temperatures formed cadmium oxide and this was responsible for the death. I suggest you spend 90 percent of your time in research of every issue when you are planning an experiment. I believe you can never be too safe. Arsine was discovered by a researcher in a circumstance where this was his last experiment, and history is full of such examples. Magpie lab constructor Posts: 5939 Registered: 1-11-2003 Location: USA Member Is Offline Mood: Chemistry: the subtle science. Ouch! And I was just considering asking for an oxyacetylene cutwelder for Christmas specifically for the purpose of silver soldering. The single most important condition for a successful synthesis is good mixing - Nicodem The_Davster A pnictogen Posts: 2861 Registered: 18-11-2003 Member Is Offline Mood: . I am now taking more safety precautions now than in the past. In the past I have gotten away with a lot of stuff that I would not do now. I also do much more safety research than before. About that arsine incident, I almost did an experiment which would create stibine unintentionally! I am so glad I did not heat the rxn vessel! I only learned of stibine after halting the experiment and learning of it accidentally while searching for something only semi-related a while later. Very little info on it other than that it is toxic...don't let nascent hydrogen get near antimony! However now with more chems and more to lose I am much more paranoid about doing stuff in view of the neighbours, leading me to do more experiments indoors. When I need serious ventilation I either do the experiment outdoors around midnight, in the garage and just open the door when fumes build up(for irritant fumes, not severly toxic ones), or with my improvised fume hood which is essentially computer fans mounted onto ends of a dryer hose and one end sealed to a window, and the other end has a small translucent box in which I can set a small fume-emmiting rxn vessel. I have no problem working with and releasing small ammounts of chlorine inside with the windows open though, and only when manipulation has minimum chance of releasing it. [Edited on 17-11-2005 by rogue chemist] IrC International Hazard Posts: 2710 Registered: 7-3-2005 Location: Eureka Member Is Offline Mood: Discovering I never knew about that one and I have pounds of antimony granules. Going to be researching stibine for a while. On the fume thing, I found that Home Depot has two inline fans designed to go into round ducts to help boost the airflow in a large central air. One is 6 inch at 250 cubic feet per minute and the other is an 8 incher at 500 cfm. I settled on the 6 inch as they also sold a hole cutter for a wall which was 6 inches in diameter. Looked several hours over a few trips and cannot find any tool to make a perfect 8 inch hole through a wall, and it sucks as now I realize the 250 cfm is about half what I need. The fan is a typical phonograph type motor so there is no spark danger other than the power switch and this can be sealed, relocated, or an explosion proof type. The second consideration was for the outside was a 6 inch dryer vent with flap, and here again they had none in 8 inches. The pipe on the dryer vent accepts the outflow end of the 6 inch fan pipe perfectly and I sealed the whole thing and painted it the color of the outside wall. It blends into the wall so well you nearly run into it walking around outside and is so quiet I can barely hear it running. Before I put it together I bought a piece of very fine screen and epoxied it to the end of the pipe outlet under the flapper so there is no interference with the flapper, eliminating any chance of bugs coming in through it and the flapper stops any breeze from coming in as well. The whole thing is near perfect and very simple to put together, and you could leave the fan pipe sticking out just enough on the inside to connect a flexible dryer vent pipe (non metal type best) between it and a fume hood box which can be removed when the bench is used for other purposes. Also when not used they have a white vent looking thing at Home Depot which bolts to the wall and makes a nice cover for the wall with a good appearance. I think I explained the whole thing poorly but if you go there and see the pieces I mentioned you will instantly see how it all puts together for this purpose. I know they did not have this in mind when they designed the parts but it all goes together so well. The only thing is of course the pipes are aluminum but I do not see why the fan assembly could not be reinstalled into a plastic pipe if the need arose. The first hit on stibine was at Niosh and I saw a pocket guide on chemical hazards you can download for free and run locally. I don't know how good it is but I thought I would give a link: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/ Quote from the page: "Download NPG Download a stand-alone HTML version of the NPG compressed as a ZIP file. The ZIP file contains a condensed version of the NPG. All non-Pocket Guide links were removed so that this set of files acts as a "stand-alone" database. These files can be used with a standard web browser or on some mobile devices. npg-only.exe (2 MB), (Self-extracting zip file for Windows)" [Edited on 17-11-2005 by IrC] Magpie lab constructor Posts: 5939 Registered: 1-11-2003 Location: USA Member Is Offline Mood: Chemistry: the subtle science. Nice going IrC. I just love Home Depot - bought most of the stuff for my lab there. You should be able to get reasonably good round holes using a keyhole saw, jig saw, or maybe even a reciprocating saw for the larger holes. Usually they don't have to be perfect as you have caulk and flanges to cover the imperfections. The outlet appearance was a real challenge for me. Criteria for professional installations prescribe a stack that is 8 foot (2.7m) minimum above the roof line. Well, now wouldn't that be a real conversation piece! I was going to cut a hole in my roof but my wife protested and I'm glad she did. Instead I used the existing 12" x 17" gable vent. It was perfect : camoflage, bug screen, and louver to keep the rain out. And my blower is only 44 dB so noise level is pretty low. The single most important condition for a successful synthesis is good mixing - Nicodem woelen Super Administrator Posts: 7743 Registered: 20-8-2005 Location: Netherlands Member Is Offline Mood: interested In the past I used to do my experiments at all kinds of places in and around the house. That practice I abandoned three years ago, when I moved to a new house with my family. Right now, I have a small room (2.5 x 2.5 m2) in the attic of my house with hot and cold running water. I installed a standard kitchen fume exhaust, normally used for removing food preparation smells and so on, but here it is used for venting away toxic fumes. Making this small room has cost me appr.$1000 total for the small kitchen, for soft concrete blocks to make the walls and for the kitchen fume exhaust. Because it is under the roof, there was no problem for the outlet of the fume exhaust.

---------------------------------------------

I also do my experiments on a microscale and even fairly toxic gases can be vented away under the kitchen fume exhaust. So, the combination of kitchen fume exhaust and microscale experimenting allows me to do almost everything I want.

I also made a special provision, which allows me to make nice pictures of my experiments (see on my website for examples) with good lighting conditions. I all combined this with the kitchen fume exhaust and that makes a fairly safe and convenient place for me to experiment and to take pictures of them.

Larger experiments, where more toxic gases are produced, I do outside. I'm lucky to have a house with a large garden, surrounded by trees and so on, so I do not have the risk of people watching me and thinking that I'm preparing drugs (at least, in summer ).

The only thing, which I cannot do, is larger syntheses, which require the setup of larger distillations, heating of flasks, with all kinds of tubing, wires and so on. That sometimes restricts me in my possibilities, but as long as we have small children walking around my current setup fits well.

The art of wondering makes life worth living...
Want to wonder? Look at https://woelen.homescience.net
Fleaker
International Hazard

Posts: 1243
Registered: 19-6-2005
Member Is Offline

Mood: nucleophilic

1.) Before every reaction, compile a list of all possible products, not just from the reaction itself, but from the products reacting with the surroundings.
3.) Use the right glove. Some materials stop certain chemicals while others will end them rapidly. Same goes with gas masks.
4.) When working with flammables, make sure to do it away from any heat or ignition source (I have a picture of a diethyl ether distillation where a nice blue propane pilot flame is visible...smart work eh?)
5.) When working with explosives, take into account the sensitivity (light, heat, friction, impact, etc.). Same goes with storing, one should never store a friction sensitive energetic material in a screw off cap.
6.) Have proper emergency plans in case something goes horrifically wrong (some times you have to call the authorities).
7.) Read the MSDS before you open the bottle.
8.) Excercise commonsense (i.e. don't make excessively poisonous, or reactive/unstable compounds unless you a.) live alone at least, b.) have your will already made out
)
thalium
Hazard to Others

Posts: 123
Registered: 2-11-2004
Location: Bottom of Hell
Member Is Offline

Mood:

Put labels on every bottle/box, with all the needed warning signs, write clearly what's inside, wear gloves/gas mask/goggles/lab coat, don't let "unauthorised people" mess around with your stuff, good ventilation, and every other thing that fleaker said

I don\'t believe in ghosts but they believe in me

Hell was full so I came back..
Chris The Great
National Hazard

Posts: 463
Registered: 29-10-2004
Member Is Offline

Mood: No Mood

Plan plan plan! Don't wing it! Things go so much better when you take the time to plan it out and decide exactly what you are going to do, how you're going to do it, what might go wrong, what you will do when it goes wrong etc.

I have learned that by winging many experiments.

Also, test any apparatus that will have poison gas in it to be leak free. It is not a good time to discover that the apparatus leaks after you have mixed together the acid and TCCA to generate the required 2 moles of chlorine.

I learned that from experience as well.

 Sciencemadness Discussion Board » Non-chemistry » Legal and Societal Issues » SAFETY ISSUES (Unique Issues & Answers) Select A Forum Fundamentals   » Chemistry in General   » Organic Chemistry   » Reagents and Apparatus Acquisition   » Beginnings   » Responsible Practices   » Miscellaneous   » The Wiki Special topics   » Technochemistry   » Energetic Materials   » Biochemistry   » Radiochemistry   » Computational Models and Techniques   » Prepublication Non-chemistry   » Forum Matters   » Legal and Societal Issues


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# ShapeWorks Studio Analyze Module

After optimization is complete, you may analyze the data in Studio using the Analysis module. There are several panels available in the Analysis Module.

## View Panel

The View panel contains all of the options for controlling the analyis viewer options.

### Group

The Group mode allows for group comparison to quantify and visualize population-level differences. Each group_<value> column from the project can be selected and the differences between any two values (i.e., group identifiers) in the groups can be displayed by selecting the group values in the left and right dropdown boxes. A group difference display showing vectors and a colormap of distance can be shown using the "Diff -->" button.

Additionally an LDA chart is generated for group differences:

### Samples

The Samples tab of the view panel allows you to view all of the samples in your cohort, view a single sample by index, or view the median sample.

### PCA

The PCA tab of the View panel shows reconstructed shapes (surface meshes) along PCA modes of variation. Modes of variations are shape parameters learned/discovered from your data that describes shape variations. You can control the location along the PCA mode with the Standard Deviation slider. The extent of this slider is configurable in Preferences. Values displayed:

Lambda - This shows the PCA loading of current position of the slider. The middle of the slider, at the mean value, will be 0. The extent of lambda is defined by the number of standard deviations of the slider as described above. At standard deviation of 1.0, it will be the square root of the mode's eigenvalue.

Eigenvalue - This shows the eigenvalue of the currently selected mode. This is a unitless measure of how much variance is explained by this mode. The modes are sorted in decreasing order of eigenvalue, corresponding to the most variance explained first.

### Show Difference to Mean

This checkbox allows for visualization from any surface to the mean. Arrow glyphs can be shown to display the difference as well.

## Metrics Panel

The Metrics panel shows the Compactness, Specificity, and Generalization charts. These are interactive charts with hover menus and the ability to zoom, pan, etc.

## Surface Reconstruction Panel

The surface reconstruction panel provides options for the surface reconstruction method. There are three surface reconstruction methods available depending on the data you supply.

Legacy - If an older XML file with only particle files is supplied, then only this option is available. This is the fallback option since it requires only the particles.

Mesh Warping Based - Mesh warping based method that utilizes the mean mesh. You must have either meshes supplied or image based (distance transforms).

Distance Transform Based - Surface reconstruction based on distance transforms. Project must have distance transforms.

Below is an example of the difference in using this option.

## Particles Panel

The Particles Panel enabled the display of "good/bad particles" in ShapeWorks Studio. A maximum angle parameter is given (default 45 degrees). When a particle's surface normal across subjects (averaged) exceeds this angle, the particle will be marked "bad" and shown in red. Good particles are shown in green. This can help in identifying problems with correspondence as it is typically expected that surface normals for given particles should be similar across subjects.


text:
Introduction:

62 years since Eugene Wigner’s highly influential essay on the unreasonable effectiveness of mathematics in the natural sciences, I think it may be time for a re-appraisal. On balance, with important theoretical advances in algorithmic information theory and Quantum Computation it appears that the remarkable effectiveness of mathematics in the natural sciences is quite reasonable.

By effectiveness, I am specifically referring to Wigner’s observation that mathematical laws have remarkable generalisation power.

An information-theoretic perspective:

What I have retained from my discussions with physicists and other natural scientists is that the same mathematical laws with remarkable generalisation power are also constrained by Occam’s razor. Given two computable theories, Einstein explicitly stated that a physicist ought to choose the simplest theory that yields negligible experimental error:

It can be scarcely denied that the supreme goal of all theory is to make the irreducible basic elements as simple and as few as possible without having to surrender the adequate representation of a single datum of experience.-Einstein(1933)

In fact, from an information-theoretic perspective the remarkable generalisation power of mathematical laws in the natural sciences is a direct consequence of the effectiveness of Occam’s razor.

The Law of Conservation of Information:

From an information-theoretic perspective, a Universe where Occam’s razor is generally applicable is one where information is generally conserved. This law of conservation of information which dates back to von Neumann essentially states that the von Neumann entropy is invariant to Unitary transformations. This is meaningful within the framework of Everettian Quantum Mechanics as a density matrix may be assigned to the state of the Universe. This way information is conserved as we run a simulation of the Universe forwards or backwards in time.

It follows that the Law of Conservation of information has the non-trivial implication that fundamental physical laws are generally time-reversible. Moreover, given that Occam’s razor has an appropriate formulation within the context of algorithmic information theory as the Minimum Description Length principle, this information-theoretic analysis generally presumes that the Universe itself may be simulated by a Universal Turing Machine.

The Physical Church-Turing thesis:

The research of David Deutsch(and others) on the Physical Church-Turing thesis explains how a Universal Quantum computer may simulate the laws of physics. This is consistent with the general belief that Quantum Mechanics may be used to simulate all of physics so the most important contributions to the Physical Church-Turing thesis have been via theories of quantum computation.

More importantly, the Physical Church-Turing thesis provides us with a credible explanation for the remarkable effectivenss of mathematics in the natural sciences.

What is truly remarkable:

If we view the scientific method as an algorithmic search procedure then there is no reason, a priori, to suspect that a particular inductive bias should be particularly powerful. This much was established by David Wolpert in his No Free Lunch theorems [10].

On the other hand, the history of the natural sciences indicates that Occam’s razor is remarkably effective. The effectiveness of this inductive bias has recently been used to explain the generalisation power of deep neural networks [11].

References:

1. Eugene Wigner. The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences. 1960.

2. David Deutsch. Quantum theory, the Church–Turing principle and the universal quantum computer. 1985.

3. Peter D. Grünwald. The Minimum Description Length Principle . MIT Press. 2007.

4. A. N. Kolmogorov Three approaches to the quantitative definition of information. Problems of Information and Transmission, 1(1):1–7, 1965

5. G. J. Chaitin On the length of programs for computing finite binary sequences: Statistical considerations. Journal of the ACM, 16(1):145–159, 1969.

6. R. J. Solomonoff A formal theory of inductive inference: Parts 1 and 2. Information and Control, 7:1–22 and 224–254, 1964.

7. Michael Nielsen. Interesting problems: The Church-Turing-Deutsch Principle. 2004. https://michaelnielsen.org/blog/interesting-problems-the-church-turing-deutsch-principle/

8. Marcus Hutter et al. (2007) Algorithmic probability. Scholarpedia, 2(8):2572.

9. The Evolution of Physics, Albert Einstein & Leopold Infeld, 1938, Edited by C.P. Snow, Cambridge University Press

10. Wolpert, D.H., Macready, W.G. (1997), “No Free Lunch Theorems for Optimization”, IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation 1, 67.

11. Guillermo Valle Pérez, Chico Camargo, Ard Louis. Deep Learning generalizes because the parameter-function map is biased towards simple functions. 2019.


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# Is there a general dilogarithm formula for the Cheeger--Chern--Simons class?

I'm looking for a generalization of the calculation of the hyperbolic volume and Chern--Simons invariant for $\operatorname{SL}(2,\mathbb C)$ representations in terms of the Rogers dilogarithm.

Recall that for a complex Lie group $G$, we have the Cheeger--Chern--Simons class $\hat c_2:H_3(G,\mathbb Z)\to\mathbb C/\mathbb Z$ (that's the group homology of $G$ in the discrete topology, with coefficients in $\mathbb Z$). If $G=\operatorname{SL}(2,\mathbb C)$, there is a nice explicit formula for this map, which is important in the calculation of hyperbolic volume. We'll now describe it briefly.

Recall that the pre-Bloch group $\mathcal P(\mathbb C)$ is the free abelian group on symbols $[z]$ for $z\in\mathbb C\setminus\{0,1\}$ modulo a certain "five-term relation". There is a map $\mathcal P(\mathbb C)\to\wedge^2\mathbb C$ given by $[z]\mapsto z\wedge(1-z)$, and we define the Bloch group $\mathcal B(\mathbb C)$ to be the kernel of this map. Then $\mathcal B(\mathbb C)$ is isomorphic to $H_3(\operatorname{SL}(2,\mathbb C),\mathbb Z)$ (ignoring small 2- or 3-torsion). There is a natural map from $\mathcal P(\mathbb C)$ to $\mathbb C$ given by the Rogers dilogarithm function (which satisfies the same five-term relation), and this restricted to $\mathcal B(\mathbb C)$ is exactly the Cheeger--Chern--Simons class. [I'm lying a bit here; actually we need to use the extended Bloch group due to Neumann]. This description of $H_3(\operatorname{SL}(2,\mathbb C),\mathbb Z)$ is related to the Suslin complex for $\operatorname{SL}(2,\mathbb C)$ acting on $\mathbb P^1(\mathbb C)$.

Question: are there similar explicit formulas for $\hat c_2$ for other groups $G$? At best, I'd like a formula which works for any semisimple $G$, including exceptional groups, but even just giving something that works for $G=\operatorname{SL}(n,\mathbb C)$ would be greatly appreciated!

-
Garoufalidis, D. Thurston, and Zickert are working on a related question. math.columbia.edu/~walterfest/abstracts/Zickert.html –  Ian Agol Jul 21 '11 at 3:35


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In the meantime, our AI Tutor recommends this similar expert step-by-step video covering the same topics.

YZ

# \begin{array}{l}{\text { a. Solve the system }} \\ {u=3 x+2 y, \quad v=x+4 y} \\ {\text { for } x \text { and } y \text { in terms of } u \text { and } v . \text { Then find the value of the }} \\ {\text { Jacobian } \partial(x, y) / \partial(u, v) .} \\ {\text { b. Find the image under the transformation } u=3 x+2 y} \\ {v=x+4 y \text { of the triangular region in the } x y \text { -plane bounded }}\\{\text { by the } x \text { -axis, the } y \text { -axis, and the line } x+y=1 . \text { Sketch the }} \\ {\text { transformed region in the } u v \text { -plane. }}\end{array}

## Final answer shown in solution

### Discussion

You must be signed in to discuss.
##### Heather Z.

Oregon State University

##### Kristen K.

University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

Lectures

Join Bootcamp

### Video Transcript

{'transcript': "So first we have new Equus to two X minus three way and agree Eco's well, im on his ex. It's a soft exploit for you, B We're gonna have executes two connective. You plus three. And why? Because nectar you plus two b So the geico been is next. 12312 The answer is thinking one. And for the region we know that in the orders for playing, we have executed three with Transforms to you plus three weeks in for three x zero It's gonna goes to you plus three equals zero in the White House to ex transformed to vehicle Ciro. Why? Because Jax plus one chance for him to be equals one. So at the last, at last, we're gonna have a program. Oh, no. Where are you? You will be playing. So it's gonna basically look at this. Here is one. And, uh, next three. Whoa. Here's 30 This is 01 and this is 00 It's a little grand, Mr. Region"}

YZ
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

#### Topics

Limits

Integrals

Multiple Integrals

##### Heather Z.

Oregon State University

##### Kristen K.

University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

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text:
# Why does xelatex need fontspec to output non-ASCII characters?

I thought the point of XeTeX was to allow Unicode to work out of the box (in addition to leveraging system fonts). So how come the following does not output anything unless I use the fontspec package?

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{fontspec}  % must be present
\begin{document}
éʡ
\end{document}

The first character is U+00E7 (present in Latin-1) and the second is U+02A1.

XeTeX allows easy access to system fonts, but none of the standard formats (here the LaTeX format) load these. Indeed, it's not possible to save system fonts into a format: they have to be loaded when used. As such, when you run xelatex you get almost the same preloaded code as you do with latex or pdflatex (there are a few changes to deal with assigning codes to an extended set of characters). The standard TeX fonts don't have coverage of all of Unicode, so the characters you want to print are simply not available.

It's not absolutely necessary to use fontspec to use system fonts with XeLaTeX: you can load the font directly using the \font primitive, which is extended by XeTeX. However, using fontspec makes life a lot easier. With the standard settings, fontspec will load the Latin Modern font, which includes a lot wider glyph coverage than LaTeX 'out of the box'. It's important to note that you will see only see the glyphs that the font includes: a classic issue is that most western fonts don't cover Chinese, etc., so you need an appropriate font here.

No, you don't have to use fontspec, but you must change the default Computer Modern fonts. CM fonts do not contain these characters, use a Unicode font instead.

Example:

\documentclass{article}
\font\1="Times New Roman" % For windows
\begin{document}
\1
éʡ
\end{document}

You need a font that have the characters you want since, unlike most desktop applications, XeTeX does not do automatic font fall back when a requested character is missing from the current font (for good reasons). One of the side effects of loading fontspec is that is makes Latin Modern fonts the default which has wider Unicode coverage than the original Computer Modern fonts, but there is no (and unlikely there will ever be) font that covers the whole Unicode.

• Hmm. Isn't Unifont precisely that (a font covering all of unicode?) – Clément Aug 6 '16 at 5:05
• @Clément: Unifont covers only Basic Multilingual Plane, that is only a part of Unicode (though the most commonly used one), and it does not provide much for good typography. Actually you can’t have more than 0xFFFF glyphs in an OpenType/TrueType font, so by definition no modern font format can cover all of Unicode. – Khaled Hosny Oct 2 '16 at 23:15


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# Time Series Cross Sectional Analysis and Forecasting With R

cty time tl

Argentina 2009_Q4 3

Argentina 2010_Q1 2

Argentina 2010_Q2 7

Argentina 2010_Q3 7

Argentina 2010_Q4 10

Argentina 2011_Q1 7

Argentina 2011_Q2 7

Argentina 2011_Q3 1

Argentina 2011_Q4 7

Argentina 2012_Q1 5

The data set has around 40 countries with each country having quarterly data for 5 years. As I am new to R, can someone assist me with how to perform a cross sectional time series ARIMA/ARMA models etc. and forecast in R? Some basic codes to prepare the data, to perform analysis and forecast for this series as an example would be helpful.

• I would say that 20 observations is not so much for time series analysis. How about using some form of panel regression? – Analyst Aug 26 '14 at 9:21
• I think you understood it wrong. I have in total (40 countries * 5years * 4 quartes) observations. But still can you please elaborate on the Panel Regression? I only have column "tl" as the only data row. I mean what will I regress on? – Anjali Aug 28 '14 at 6:34

I had a similar question and the answers there were quite helpful. You might want to read this.

I would summarise it here for you. If your dataset is called df and you want to forecast for each of the 40 countries separately, then you can do so by using either of the packages- dplyr or data.table along with forecast:

library(dplyr) library(forecast) model_fits <- group_by(df, cty) %>% do(fit=auto.arima(.\$tl))

OR

library(data.table) library(forecast) temp <- setDT(temp)[, list(AR = list(auto.arima(tl))), by = cty]

• Thank you for you kind response Shraddha! What if I dont want to use auto.arima? I want to fit model by each country and then forecast also by each country. Do I have to write any loop for that? – Anjali Aug 28 '14 at 6:34
• May be I don't completely understand what you asked, but if you do not want to use auto.arima and want to be able to manually play around with the AR, I and MA terms and do it for each country, I don't really see a way to fit it in for loop..moreover, auto.arima does that for you anyway by checking AIC levels and selecting the best model of all.. – Shraddha Aug 28 '14 at 8:15
• have you looked into the hts package in R? If your dataset has hierarchical structure then that might be useful.. – Shraddha Aug 28 '14 at 8:22


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# Welcome to MWiki

## Theorem of the month

### Universal multistep theorem

For $\displaystyle{ n \in {}^{\nu}\mathbb{N}_{\le p}, k, m, p \in {}^{\nu}\mathbb{N}^{*}, d_{\curvearrowright B} x \in\, ]0, 1[, x \in [a, b] \subseteq {}^{\omega}\mathbb{R}, y : [a, b] \rightarrow {}^{\omega}\mathbb{R}^q, f : [a, b] \times {}^{\omega}\mathbb{R}^{q \times n} \rightarrow {}^{\omega}\mathbb{R}^q, g_k(\curvearrowright B x) := g_{\acute{k}}(x) }$ and $\displaystyle{ g_0(a) = f((\curvearrowleft B)a, y_0, ... , y_{\acute{n}}) }$, the Taylor series of the initial value problem $\displaystyle{ y^\prime(x) = f(x, y((\curvearrowright B)^0 x), ... , y((\curvearrowright B)^{\acute{n}} x)) }$ of order $\displaystyle{ n }$ implies

$\displaystyle{ y(\curvearrowright B x) = y(x) - d_{\curvearrowright B}x\sum\limits_{k=1}^{p}{i^{2k} g_{p-k}((\curvearrowright B) x)\sum\limits_{m=k}^{p}{\widehat{m!}\binom{\acute{m}}{\acute{k}}}} + \mathcal{O}((d_{\curvearrowright B} x)^{\grave{p}}).\square }$

### Goldbach’s theorem

Every even whole number greater than 2 is the sum of two primes.

#### Proof:

Induction over all prime gaps until the maximally possible one each time.$\displaystyle{ \square }$

### Foundation theorem

Only the postulation of the axiom of foundation that every nonempty subset $\displaystyle{ X \subseteq Y }$ contains an element $\displaystyle{ x_0 }$ such that $\displaystyle{ X }$ und $\displaystyle{ x_0 }$ are disjoint guarantees cycle freedom.

#### Proof:

Set $\displaystyle{ X := \{x_m : x_0 := \{\emptyset\}, x_{\omega} := \{x_1\} }$ and $\displaystyle{ x_{\acute{n}} := \{x_n\} }$ for $\displaystyle{ m \in {}^{\omega}\mathbb{N} }$ and $\displaystyle{ n \in {}^{\omega}\mathbb{N}_{\ge 2}\} }$ .$\displaystyle{ \square }$


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# Why does (Layered)GraphPlot lose labels and renumber vertices?

I define a graph of numbers as vertices, but also labeled, like g=Graph[{Labeled[1 \[DirectedEdge] 5, "text1"]…},VertexLabels -> {79 -> "text2",…}]. This is immediately plotted in the output, and that plot is labeled correctly (both vertices and edges, the original numbers used for vertices don't even show up). Then when I plot it with LayeredGraphPlot[g, VertexLabeling -> Tooltip,EdgeLabeling -> Automatic], the numbers showing up as vertex label tooltips are neither the defined labels, nor even the original vertex numbers, but integers (not even in an obvious order). This makes it the plot very misleading and hard to parse. What goes wrong here, and how to do it better?

If I ask for EdgeLabeling too, the edge labels don't show up, so the plot lost them as well. Why?

This behavior is the same with more basic GraphPlot or the more specific LayeredGraphPlot.

See this toy example:

g = Graph[{Labeled[1 \[DirectedEdge] 5, "text1"]},
VertexLabels -> {1 -> "text2", 5 \[DirectedEdge] "text3"}]
LayeredGraphPlot[g, VertexLabeling -> Tooltip,
EdgeLabeling -> Automatic]

• Can you give a complete example please? – Szabolcs Jul 16 '15 at 11:59
• @Szabolcs Point taken, now you have the working example. – László Jul 16 '15 at 14:21
• This is likely because *GraphPlot functions are the old way to visualize a graph, from before when Mathematica got a Graph datatype. I'd consider them deprecated. Originally they just took a pair-list or a rule-list, not a Graph. They've been updated to support Graph, but it seems the conversion loses both labels and names, and keeps only vertex indices. You can either convert on your own (Rule@@@EdgeList[g] will be accepted by GraphPlot), or you can use the new way to visualize the graph, SetProperty[g, GraphLayout -> "LayeredEmbedding"]. – Szabolcs Jul 16 '15 at 15:42
• Sorry, no time to dig into this ... that's why this is only a comment. In short, I think the only reason GraphPlot functions are still around is backwards compatibility... – Szabolcs Jul 16 '15 at 15:42
• Yes, you're right LayeredGraphPlot used to give nicer output ... I'd try converting the graph manually to a format supported by LayeredGraphPlot. – Szabolcs Jul 16 '15 at 18:34

g = Graph[{Labeled[1 -> 5, "text1"]},
VertexLabels -> {1 -> "text2", 5 -> "text3"}]

You can use the undocumented option "VertexNames" to add vertex labels in LayeredGraphPlot. Somehow, edge labels are lost when the first argument of LayeredGraphPlot is a graph object:

LayeredGraphPlot[g, VertexLabeling -> All, EdgeLabeling -> True,
"VertexNames" -> {"text2", "text3"}]

Using a list of {edge, edgelabel} pairs in the first argument we get the desired result:

LayeredGraphPlot[{Rule @@ #, PropertyValue[{g, #}, EdgeLabels] /. $Failed -> ""} & /@ EdgeList[g], VertexLabeling -> True, EdgeLabeling -> True, "VertexNames" -> {"text2", "text3"}]  Another example: SeedRandom[1] {vlbls, elbls} = RandomWord["Noun", #] & /@ {8, 12}; rg = RandomGraph[{8, 12}]; eLbl = Association[# -> elbls[[EdgeIndex[rg, #]]] & /@ EdgeList[rg]]; vLbl = Association[# -> vlbls[[VertexIndex[rg, #]]] & /@ VertexList[rg]]; g0 = SetProperty[rg, { EdgeLabels -> {e_ :> eLbl[e]}, VertexLabels -> {v_ :> Placed[Framed[vLbl[v], Background -> White], Center]}, ImageSize -> 700}]  LayeredGraphPlot[{Rule @@ #, PropertyValue[{g0, #}, EdgeLabels] /.$Failed -> ""} & /@ EdgeList[g0],
VertexLabeling -> All, EdgeLabeling -> True, "VertexNames" -> vlbls, ImageSize -> 700]

Of course, using Graph with the option GraphLayout -> {"LayeredDigraphEmbedding", "Orientation" -> Top} we get the desired result much more conveniently without the need for LayeredGraphPlot:

SetProperty[g0,
GraphLayout -> {"LayeredDigraphEmbedding", "Orientation" -> Top}]

Note: In version 12.0, LayeredGraphPlot is updated with many changes and the above method does not work. To access the legacy version of GraphPlot use the function GraphComputationLayeredGraphPlotLegacy`.