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# Outline Beamer Class Presentation Maker Homepage

Quick Jump: Example code / About / Download / More / Support

## Overview

The LaTeX beamer class is a very nice LaTeX class that allows you among other things to create slides for talks. However, writing all the LaTeX code can be very annoying and you may well spend more time writing LaTeX commands than content (although the beamer class tries to make it as easy as possible).

This small tool tries to make writing beamer class presentations more content-oriented and really easy to write by using a simple outline to describe the content. Just have a look at the following example, taken from the source code of the presentation that made me create this tool (sorry, it's german for now):

    Arten von Verschlüsselung
Hashes
Eigenschaften
Eingabe beliebiger Länge
Ausgabe fester Länge
sehr schnell
Bei kryptographisch sicheren Hashes:
Kleine Veränderungen der Eingabe ändern Ausgabe völlig
Gleichmäßige Verteilung der Ausgabe
Nichtumkehrbar (Einwegfunktion)
Kollisionsresistenz
zu einem Hash kein "passender" Eingabewert findbar
keine zwei Eingaben mit gleichem Hash findbar

This is basically all you have to write to create a full slide that looks like this:

If you decided to write the beamer class presentation manually, you would need to write this instead:

    \section{Arten von Verschlüsselung}
\subsection{Hashes}
\begin{frame}[fragile] \frametitle{Eigenschaften}
\begin{itemize}
\item Eingabe beliebiger Länge
\item Ausgabe fester Länge
\item sehr schnell
\item Bei kryptographisch sicheren Hashes:
\begin{itemize}
\item Kleine Veränderungen der Eingabe ändern Ausgabe völlig
\item Gleichmäßige Verteilung der Ausgabe
\item Nichtumkehrbar (Einwegfunktion)
\item Kollisionsresistenz
\begin{itemize}
\item zu einem Hash kein \glqq{}passender\grqq{} Eingabewert findbar
\item keine zwei Eingaben mit gleichem Hash findbar
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

This code gets automatically generated for you from the above outline by this perl script, you do NOT have to write this!
You can still use all LaTeX commands and advanced beamer class features as this script allows you to specify sections that get passed into the output unchanged (see readme).

## Examples

You can view the full outline source code of the above presentation (and of course use it as a template for your own presentations), compare it to the LaTeX code that gets generated from it (note that you never have to touch this latex code if you just use this tool!), and you can have a look at the resulting PDF presentation that pdflatex generates using the beamer class from the source.

Another (more current) example, showing the use of the @. operator, image inclusion and enhanced hyperlinks in footnotes, can be found here. This is a current lecture with the title "Paranoia für Fortgeschrittene" which was - like the above example - actually held using the slides shown here.

I decided to make the slides for my next presentation using the beamer class, as it creates a great design and portable PDF files. Before the first slide was finished, I was annoyed by all the LaTeX commands I had to enter and it came to my mind that the outline I already had made for structuring my thoughts already contained all the information needed to create the slides. The structure of sections and subsections, frame titles, items and subitems basically already was there - so why bother doing the stupid boring work of copy&pasting the outline and wrapping it with the LaTeX tags, this was work for a script, not a human. So I wrote that script, and finished my presentation quite quickly.

Later, I thought that others might want to use this script too, so I added features, made it easier to use, registered a SourceForge project and most importantly - spent hours writing documentation and this web site.

## Download - how to get this tool

There is a ZIP package containing all necessary files availible from the SourceForge File Release System, just click here. The package should work on both Windows and Linux and contains a README file, the script, an example, and a batch file that allows easy usage on windows.

You can see and get the most current version of the files from the SVN repository by clicking here. See the README.txt there for detailed instructions, have a look at the example above, and download the outlinebeamer.pl file. Once you have this file, a working installation of perl and a working LaTeX environment with the beamer class, you are ready to start. See the readme for details how to "install".

## More

Visit the SourceForge page for this project for some more information submitting bug reports, requesting new features etc.


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# Recent problems solved by 'solver91311'

 Geometry_proofs/602872: Assume that abcd is a rhombus. Prove that ac is prependicular to bd (let e be the point of intersection$1 solutions Answer 380488 by solver91311(17077) on 2012-04-24 12:24:30 (Show Source): You can put this solution on YOUR website! Draw the diagonals forming 4 triangles. Since it is a rhombus, it is also a parallelogram. The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other. AB congruent AD, defn of rhombus AE congruent AE, reflexive equality BE congruent DE, diagonals of parallelogram bisect each other Triangle ABE congruent triangle ADE by SSS Angle BED is a straight angle, hence measures 180 degrees. Angle AEB congruent Angle AED by CPCT measure of BED equals measure AEB + measure AED measure of BED equals 2 times measure AEB measure AEB is 90 QED. John My calculator said it, I believe it, that settles it  Exponential-and-logarithmic-functions/602881: What is x^2+10x-12000 factored?1 solutions Answer 380485 by solver91311(17077) on 2012-04-24 12:08:02 (Show Source): You can put this solution on YOUR website! The given trinomial cannot be factored over the rational numbers. Depending on your instructions you can either declare the trinomial to be prime, or factor it over the irrationals. If your instructor expects you to factor it over the irrationals, set the trinomial equal to zero and solve using the quadratic formula. You will obtain two roots, and . The factors of the trinomial are then and . John My calculator said it, I believe it, that settles it  Probability-and-statistics/602653: Below are the home states of 19 college professors. New Jersey Ohio Michigan Georgia Nebraska Wisconsin Ohio South Carolina Pennsylvania Michigan Georgia New Jersey Wisconsin Georgia Ohio Florida Georgia New Jersey South Carolina i. Make a frequency table using these 9 states: Florida Georgia Michigan Nebraska New Jersey Ohio Pennsylvania South Carolina Wisconsin My work: States Tally Frequency Florida | 1 Georgia |||| 4 Michigan || 2 Nebraska | 1 New Jersey ||| 3 Ohio ||| 3 Pennsylvania | 1 South Carolina || 2 Wisconsin || 2 ii. What is (are) the mode(s)? There are 3 (1s) and 3 (2s) iii. Does it make sense to talk about the average for this data? Why or why not? Really not sure how to come up with this answer iv. Using your frequency table draw a pie chart to display the distribution of home states by filling in the following table: Home State Frequency Percentage of total Measure of Central Angle (in degrees) Florida Georgia Michigan Nebraska New Jersey Ohio Pennsylvania South Carolina Wisconsin My Work: Home State Frequency Percentage of total Measure of Central Angle (in degrees) Florida 1 1/19*100=5.26% .0526*360=18.94 degrees Georgia 4 4/19*100=21.05% .2105*360=75.78 degrees Michigan 2 2/19*100=10.53% .1053*360=37.91 degrees Nebraska 1 1/19*100=5.26% .0526*360=18.94 degrees New Jersey 3 3/19*100=15.79% .1579*360=56.84 degrees Ohio 3 3/19*100=15.79% .1579*360=56.84 degrees Pennsylvania 1 1/19*100=5.26% .0526*360=18.94 degrees South Carolina 2 2/19*100=10.53% .1053*360=37.91 degrees Wisconsin 2 2/19*100=10.53% .1053*360=37.91 degrees Anyone know if this is correct? And can someone tell me how to figure out part iii.? 1 solutions Answer 380363 by solver91311(17077) on 2012-04-23 20:24:38 (Show Source): You can put this solution on YOUR website! The mean (or average) doesn't tell you anything meaningful about this data. The mode is a much more meaningful measure of central tendancy in this case, and the mode of this data (4 in Georgia) is going to stick right out when you create your pie chart because Georgia's piece of the pie will be larger than the others. In contrast to the mean for this data, the mode points to a specific data point where as there is no place that has an "average" number of college professors. John My calculator said it, I believe it, that settles it  Geometry_Word_Problems/602652: 1. The border around a square painting is 4cm wide. Each side of the painting is 40cm long. Find the area of the border. 2. A rectangular flower-bed measures 10m by 6m. It has a path 2m wide around it. Find the are of the path. 3. A rectangular piece of glass measures 60cm by 46cm. When it is placed on a table, it leaves a margin 4cm wide all round it. What is the area of the table-top NOT covered by the glass? 4. A rectangular carpet is placed on the floor of a room which measures 8m by 7m. It leaves a margin 1m wide around it. Find the area of the carpet.1 solutions Answer 380362 by solver91311(17077) on 2012-04-23 20:15:56 (Show Source): You can put this solution on YOUR website! The area of the whole thing is 48 times 48 cm. The area of just the picture is 40 times 40. Subtract the area of the picture from the area of the whole thing. John My calculator said it, I believe it, that settles it  Volume/602638: A cube has volume of 4,906 cm3. What is the lenght of each edge of the cube?1 solutions Answer 380361 by solver91311(17077) on 2012-04-23 20:14:03 (Show Source): You can put this solution on YOUR website! The cube root of 4906. But I'll bet you really meant to type 4096, in which case the edge of the cube is the cube root of 4096 which is 16. Centimeters, of course. John My calculator said it, I believe it, that settles it  Rational-functions/602642: What are some ways that adding radical expressions is similar to adding polynomial expressions? How are the two processes different? 1 solutions Answer 380359 by solver91311(17077) on 2012-04-23 20:09:12 (Show Source): You can put this solution on YOUR website! In order to add radicals, they have to be the same, just like the variables in a polynomial. You can add 1 fernblatz plus 2 fernblatzes to get 3 fernblatzes, but you can't add 1 fernblatz and 1 horbesnort because they are two different things. You can add Just like you can add but you can't add Just like you can't add John My calculator said it, I believe it, that settles it  Linear_Equations_And_Systems_Word_Problems/602640: A person invested$17,000 for one year,part at 10%, part at 12%, part at 15%. The total annual income from these investments was $2,110. The amount of money invested at 12% was$1,000 less than the amount invested at 10% and 15% combined. Find the amount invested at each rate.1 solutions Answer 380358 by solver91311(17077)   on 2012-04-23 20:03:20 (Show Source): You can put this solution on YOUR website! Solve the 3X3 system. Recommend the substitution method to eliminate y first. Then solve for z in terms of x and solve the rest by substitution as well. John My calculator said it, I believe it, that settles it
 Money_Word_Problems/602639: a couple inherit $40000 and deposi it in a fixed term deposit that pays 4.5% p.a. compounded quarterly. They withdraw the money as soon as they have over$45000. how long did they keep the money in that account?1 solutions Answer 380356 by solver91311(17077)   on 2012-04-23 19:54:12 (Show Source): You can put this solution on YOUR website! Solve for John My calculator said it, I believe it, that settles it
 Money_Word_Problems/602612: suppose you invest $1500 in an acount paying 4.75% annual interest. what is the account balance after 25 years with the interest compounded annualy, semiannually, quarterly and monthly1 solutions Answer 380348 by solver91311(17077) on 2012-04-23 19:29:20 (Show Source): You can put this solution on YOUR website! Don't forget that is expressed as a decimal Plug in your numbers. For annual compounding, , for semiannual, , for quarterly, , and for monthly, . John My calculator said it, I believe it, that settles it  Sequences-and-series/602616: One sequence is 7,11,15,19,23... Second sequence is 1,10,19,28,37 - the number 19 is in both sequences. If both sequences continue, what is the next number that is in both sequences?1 solutions Answer 380347 by solver91311(17077) on 2012-04-23 19:23:26 (Show Source): You can put this solution on YOUR website! In the first one the common difference is 4. In the second one the common difference is 9 John My calculator said it, I believe it, that settles it  Angles/602499: if m angle 2 = 74 degrees then what does m angle 6 =1 solutions Answer 380346 by solver91311(17077) on 2012-04-23 19:15:20 (Show Source): You can put this solution on YOUR website! Did you actually read the part of the instructions for posting that says "We don't have your book or your homework assignment or anything except what you tell us"? How do you expect anyone to answer you with no other information but what you provided? Use your head for something besides a hat rack. John My calculator said it, I believe it, that settles it  Radicals/602529: I would be very happy if you would help me solve this equation: 18 over 6 divided by sqrt(2)1 solutions Answer 380307 by solver91311(17077) on 2012-04-23 17:30:19 (Show Source): You can put this solution on YOUR website! I would be very happy to try to help you solve whatever equations you have, but what you have expressed is NOT an equation. Equations have two expressions, one on either side of an equals sign. You have one expression and no equals sign. Expressions, in and of themselves, do not have a "solution". John My calculator said it, I believe it, that settles it  percentage/602520: Hello 350 is what percent of 1250? Thank you1 solutions Answer 380303 by solver91311(17077) on 2012-04-23 17:21:52 (Show Source): You can put this solution on YOUR website! Divide 350 by 1250. Multiply the answer by 100. John My calculator said it, I believe it, that settles it  Linear-equations/602525: write the equation of the line in slope-intercept form m=-5/4,y-intercept(0,-3/41 solutions Answer 380302 by solver91311(17077) on 2012-04-23 17:19:53 (Show Source): You can put this solution on YOUR website! The slope intercept form is: where is the slope and is the -coordinate of the -intercept. John My calculator said it, I believe it, that settles it  Graphs/602522: Solve the conjunction -6 _< 3 +x<4. Thank you. 1 solutions Answer 380300 by solver91311(17077) on 2012-04-23 17:17:18 (Show Source): You can put this solution on YOUR website! Just add -3 to each part of the compound inequality. John My calculator said it, I believe it, that settles it  Trigonometry-basics/602425: Verify that the equation is an identity: sin^4 - cos^4 = 2sin^2 - 1 Also please show the steps if you can. It will be a lot of help since I'm not at all good with Math. Thank you! :)1 solutions Answer 380225 by solver91311(17077) on 2012-04-23 13:58:19 (Show Source): You can put this solution on YOUR website! Factor the difference of two squares in the LHS: Note that the right-hand factor in the LHS is just the Pythagorean Identity: Then, using the Pythagorean identity again in the form , substitute: Combine terms in the LHS: John My calculator said it, I believe it, that settles it  Mixture_Word_Problems/602423: If 5 quarts are needed to paint, how many gallons and quarts should I buy?1 solutions Answer 380222 by solver91311(17077) on 2012-04-23 13:47:04 (Show Source): You can put this solution on YOUR website! There are 4 quarts in a gallon. John My calculator said it, I believe it, that settles it  Exponential-and-logarithmic-functions/602419: logx + log(x-3)=1 can you help me find the answer to this question so that i can have a better understanding of what logarithms are?1 solutions Answer 380221 by solver91311(17077) on 2012-04-23 13:44:50 (Show Source): You can put this solution on YOUR website! Logarithms are exponents. Remember the sum of the logs is the log of the product: If the base is not specified, the base is assumed to be 10, hence using the definition of logarithms from above: Anything raised to the 1 power is just that thing, hence: Put the quadratic into standard form and solve. Hint: it factors. John My calculator said it, I believe it, that settles it  Geometry_Word_Problems/602413: The diameter of a construction pipe is 3ft . If the pipe is 17ft long, what is its volume? (Use the value 3.14 for 2 , and round your answer to the nearest cubic foot. Be sure to include the correct unit in your answer.)1 solutions Answer 380220 by solver91311(17077) on 2012-04-23 13:38:32 (Show Source): You can put this solution on YOUR website! A pipe is a cylinder. The volume of a cylinder is given by Remember that the diameter is twice the radius. John My calculator said it, I believe it, that settles it  Polynomials-and-rational-expressions/602416: How do i solve (3x-6)(2x+3)=01 solutions Answer 380219 by solver91311(17077) on 2012-04-23 13:35:09 (Show Source): You can put this solution on YOUR website! Use the Zero Product Rule, to wit: or John My calculator said it, I believe it, that settles it  Probability-and-statistics/602411: What are the odds in favor of drawing a club from an ordinary deck of cards?1 solutions Answer 380218 by solver91311(17077) on 2012-04-23 13:32:09 (Show Source): You can put this solution on YOUR website! The odds in favor of anything is the ratio of the number of possible ways for the event to occur to the number of ways that it could possibly not occur. There are 52 cards in a deck and 13 of them are clubs. John My calculator said it, I believe it, that settles it  Graphs/602412: Please show me how to do this...given the expotential modelP(t)=200E^t/4 determine the values of this expotential function for the t values of -10,-5,0,-5 and 10 use the values to sketch the graph 1 solutions Answer 380217 by solver91311(17077) on 2012-04-23 13:29:40 (Show Source): You can put this solution on YOUR website! Replace with each of the given values and then use your calculator to find the value of the function in each case. Create five ordered pairs of the form using the given and calculated values. Plot the points and draw a smooth curve through them. By the way, it is a lower case meaning the base of the natural logs, thus John My calculator said it, I believe it, that settles it  Trigonometry-basics/602392: Hi. Please help me prove that this equation is an identity because I really don't know what to do. Thank you! (cot B / sec B - tan B) - (cos B / sec B + tan B) = sin B + csc B1 solutions Answer 380216 by solver91311(17077) on 2012-04-23 13:23:02 (Show Source): You can put this solution on YOUR website! The LCD in the LHS is the product of the two denominators. The two denominators are a conjugate pair, hence the product is the difference of two squares. Apply the LCD: Use the fact that tangent is sine over cosine, cotangent is the reciprocal of tangent, secant is the reciprocal of cosine, and cosecant is the reciprocal of sine to write: Simplify the LHS numerator: Combine the fractions in the LHS denominator: Use the Pythagorean identity in the LHS denominator: Finally, apply cosecant is the reciprocal of sine John My calculator said it, I believe it, that settles it  Linear_Equations_And_Systems_Word_Problems/601725: system of three equations you are given$144.00, in one, five and ten dollar bills. There are 35 bills. The number of ten-dollar bills is two more than the number of five-dollar bills. How many bills of each type are there?1 solutions Answer 379973 by solver91311(17077)   on 2012-04-21 18:51:10 (Show Source): You can put this solution on YOUR website! Let represent the number of 1s, represent the number of 5s, and represent the number of 10s, then: Solve the system. John My calculator said it, I believe it, that settles it

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# if demand curve is p=100-2q then find the qty the consumer would purchase at a price Rs. 10

if demand curve is p=100-2q then find the qty the consumer would purchase at a price Rs. 10
Related Questions in Demand and Supply
• Demand and Supply and Elasticity (Solved) September 17, 2015

Attached is my assignment that I need help with. There are four tabs, each with a couple problems on them. I need to be able to show my work/excel formulas on these problems in order to...

Solution Preview :
Answers Ch 2 # 3 QD = 500 - 5PX + 0.5I + 10PY - 2PZ (a) Based on the above demand curve, X is a normal good because its quantity demanded is inversely related to its price and positively...
• demand, supply and equiibrum prices (Solved) May 06, 2015

The demand curve is given by QD = 500 - 5PX + 0.5I + 10 PY - 2PZ where QD = quantity demanded of good X PX = price of good X I = consumer income, in...

Solution Preview :
Solution: a. X is a normal goods and there will be a possitive relation between the quanity demand and income b. X and Y are the substitute as ther allways a possitive relation between the...
• The demand curve for ice cream in a small town has been stable for the past... (Solved) January 05, 2015

the supply curve to the left. The equilibrium price in that month increased to $4, and customers bought only 200 portions in the month. With these data draw a graph of a linear... Solution Preview : Price elasticity of demand is a measure used in economics to show the responsiveness, or elasticity, of the quantity demanded of a good or service to a change in its price. More precisely,... • urgent (Solved) March 21, 2012 the demand curve is given by Qp = 500 - 5Px + 0.5I + 10 Py - 2Pz where Qp = quantity demanded of good X Px = price of good X I = consumer income, in... Solution Preview : Qp = 500 - 5Px + 0.5I + 10Py - 2Pz where Qp = quantity demanded of good X Px = price of good X I = consumer income, in thousands Py = Price of good Y Pz = Price of good Z with increaase in • How many people would cross the bridge if there were no toll? (Solved) July 24, 2014 of consumer surplus associated with a bridge toll of$5? d. The toll-bridge operator is considering an increase in the toll to \$7.At this higher price , how many people...

Solution Preview :
a)The demand curve is linear and downward sloping. The vertical intercept is 15 and the horizontal intercept is 30. b)At a price of zero, the quantity demanded would be 30. c)If the toll is...


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Seminar Calendar
for Model Theory events the next 12 months of Sunday, January 1, 2017.

.
events for the
events containing

Questions regarding events or the calendar should be directed to Tori Corkery.
    December 2016           January 2017          February 2017
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa   Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa   Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
1  2  3    1  2  3  4  5  6  7             1  2  3  4
4  5  6  7  8  9 10    8  9 10 11 12 13 14    5  6  7  8  9 10 11
11 12 13 14 15 16 17   15 16 17 18 19 20 21   12 13 14 15 16 17 18
18 19 20 21 22 23 24   22 23 24 25 26 27 28   19 20 21 22 23 24 25
25 26 27 28 29 30 31   29 30 31               26 27 28

Friday, January 27, 2017

Model Theory and Descriptive Set Theory Seminar
4:00 pm   in 345 Altgeld Hall,  Friday, January 27, 2017
 Del Edit Copy
Submitted by anush.
 Anush Tserunyan (UIUC Math)On "Structurable equivalence relations" by R. Chen and A. Kechris: IntroductionAbstract: For a class $\mathcal{K}$ of countable relational structures, a countable Borel equivalence relation $E$ is said to be $\mathcal{K}$-structurable if there is a Borel way to put a structure from $\mathcal{K}$ on each $E$-equivalence class. The paper of Chen and Kechris [arXiv link] studies the global structure (including Borel homomorphisms and reductions) of the classes of $\mathcal{K}$-structurable equivalence relations for various $\mathcal{K}$. In this introductory talk, we will give some background and survey the main results of the paper.

Friday, February 3, 2017

Model Theory and Descriptive Set Theory Seminar
4:00 pm   in 345 Altgeld Hall,  Friday, February 3, 2017
 Del Edit Copy
Submitted by anush.
 Anush Tserunyan (UIUC Math)On "Structurable equivalence relations" by R. Chen and A. Kechris: Universal equivalence relations (2nd talk)Abstract: In our previous talk, we stated the first main result of the paper: a characterization of the elementary classes of countable equivalence relations. In this second talk, we prove that every elementary class admits a $\sqsubseteq_B^i$-universal equivalence relation. This implies one direction of the aforementioned characterization.

Friday, February 10, 2017

Model Theory and Descriptive Set Theory Seminar
4:00 pm   in 345 Altgeld Hall,  Friday, February 10, 2017
 Del Edit Copy
Submitted by anush.
 Anush Tserunyan (UIUC Math)On "Structurable equivalence relations" by R. Chen and A. Kechris: Characterization of elementary classes (3rd talk)Abstract: In our previous talk, we proved that any elementary class of equivalence relations admits an invariantly injective universal element. This completes one direction of the characterization of elementary classes. In this third talk, we will prove the other direction of the characterization, as well as discuss other results of the paper if time permits.

Friday, February 17, 2017

Model Theory and Descriptive Set Theory Seminar
4:00 pm   in 345 Altgeld Hall,  Friday, February 17, 2017
 Del Edit Copy
Submitted by anush.
 Erik Walsberg (UIUC Math)"Strong theories of ordered abelian groups" by A. Dolich and J. Goodrick: Introduction

Friday, February 24, 2017

Model Theory and Descriptive Set Theory Seminar
4:00 pm   in 345 Altgeld Hall,  Friday, February 24, 2017
 Del Edit Copy
Submitted by anush.
 Aristotelis Panagiotopoulos (UIUC Math)On "Structurable equivalence relations" by R. Chen and A. Kechris: Structurability by structures with TDC (4th talk)Abstract: In this talk, we prove a theorem of A. Marks included in the current paper. It says that every aperiodic countable Borel equivalence relation can be $\mathcal{A}$-structured for any countable structure $\mathcal{A}$ with trivial definable closure (TDC). Examples include the rationals, the random graph, and the rational Urysohn sphere.


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# what is the temperature equilibrium for a copper conductor conducting 4000 Amps

I have a copper conductor with a total resistance of 1 miliohm and a passing current of 4000 Amps.

I want to know what the temperature equilibrium is for a conductor in the electrical grid (conductor is located inside medium voltage switchgear). At what point is the temperature it creates equal to the temperature it loses to the environment?

The cable is inside a container full of oil (used for cooling). as said before it has a total resistance of 1 miliohm and a current of 4000 Amps passes through the conductor. the cable has a diameter of 2.5cm the temperature of the environment is 20 degrees. time can be considered infinite for the cable cannot be turned off.

when will the temperature stabilize? has my conductor melted before it could reach that point?

• You know the voltage across it and hence the power dissipation. So the question comes down to, at what temperature rise does your chosen cooling system remove 16kW? Look at some 16kw heaters for examples. 7kW and water cooling gives a pretty feeble hot shower, 10kw is OK, so liquid cooling (pumped, with a decent way of dumping heat) looks doable. – Brian Drummond Mar 23 '18 at 12:54
• Is this DC current? – Carl Witthoft Mar 23 '18 at 13:00
• @CarlWitthoft "the electrical grid" and "medium voltage" implies no. – Brian Drummond Mar 23 '18 at 13:01
• That 20C. Is that the temperature of the bulk oil, or the temperature the oil maintains at the copper conductor surface? – Neil_UK Mar 23 '18 at 15:58
• @Neil_UK 20C is the start temperature of the copper, the oil. and the atmosphere outside the installation (i suppose some heat will be dissipated to the air once the casing of the installation starts warming up). – Doonz Apr 19 '18 at 13:01

If you know the viscocity, thermal conductivity and thermal expansivity of the oil, it should be possible to solve the free convection equations from first principles, and so work out at what temperature the power generated in the copper from $I^2R$ heating (the easy bit) equals the power lost to the convecting oil (the very hard bit).

However, fun though it may be to set up those flow equations, this is normally done empirically in practice, by measuring temperature rise against current of scale models, and extrapolating from those.

If you do want help solving those flow equations for oil, then you'd be better off on the physics site, it's in no way an electrical problem.

• The problem states "the temperature of the environment is 20 degrees", i.e. convection flow etc. doesn't have to be solved just thermal conduction inside the Cu conductor. So basically the problem is solving the radial diffusion equation (a PDE that can be reduced to 1 dimension in space) with constaint T=20 @ r=2.5cm. – Curd Mar 23 '18 at 10:40
• @Curd good question, is the 20C the temperature of the bulk oil, or the temperature the oil maintains at the copper surface? – Neil_UK Mar 23 '18 at 15:58

This does not answer your question in total, but takes a stab at the second part:

has my conductor melted before it could reach that point?

A copper "wire" with 2.5 cm diameter and 1 m$\Omega$ is around 29 m long. The power dissipation is 16.000 W.

With this we can calculate the temperature rise per second without cooling:

$$16000 \text{W}/(\pi*(2,5\text{cm}/2)^2*29\text{m}*(3.45\text{J}/(1\text{cm}^3*1\text{K}))) = 0.32 \frac{\text{K}}{\text{s}}$$

So even without cooling the copper will heat rather slowly and will reach melting temperature only after about an hour or so. I'm neglecting here, that the temperature rise will change the resistivity, but for a first guess to see if something will go wrong very fast it should be good enough.

Basically you have to solve the inhomogeneous Heat equation, in general a PDE in 3-dimensional space and time:

$\frac{\partial}{\partial t}u(\boldsymbol{x},t) - a\Delta u(\boldsymbol{x}, t) = p(\boldsymbol{x}, t)$

where
$u(\boldsymbol{x},t)$ is temperature at place $\boldsymbol{x}$ at time $t$,
$p(\boldsymbol{x}, t)$ is power dissipation density at place $\boldsymbol{x}$ at time $t$,
and $a$ is thermal coefficient of conduction.

In your case the general PDE can be simplified much because of following facts:

• $\frac{\partial}{\partial t}... = 0$ because of equilibrium condition
• $p(\boldsymbol{x}, t)$ is a constant over space and time
• the constraints $u(\rho)=20°C$ @ $\rho$=2.5cm are radially symmetric, i.e. space dependency can be reduced to one dimension, the radius $\rho$ (see Laplacian $\Delta$ for cylindrical coordinates)

So what will be left is solving a simple 1-dimensional ordinary differential equation.

As a solution you will get a temperature vs. radius function. Maximum will be at $\rho=0$. This will be the temperature you are interested in.

• And take into account the change in Cu resistivity with temperature (admittedly a small factor) – Carl Witthoft Mar 23 '18 at 12:59
• @Carl Witthoft: that will make the problem much more difficult, because then p(x, t) will also be depending on x. Also if current is AC and skin effect has to be considered.... – Curd Mar 23 '18 at 13:06
• This answer assumes that heat conductance is the dominant transport mechanism, which seems unlikely seeing as oil is a very poor heat conductor. Convection, as discussed by Neil_UK, would be much more important – which is the reason oil is used for cooling. – leftaroundabout Mar 23 '18 at 14:50
• @leftaroundabout: That's not unlikely at all if the oil is pumped around the conductor; nobody says that there is only convection. If 4000A are going through a conductor of 2.5cm diameter it is more likely that you don't rely on convection-only cooling. Also: otherwise this would be rather a flow simulation question and a lot of information would be missing... also there wouldn't be any convection if temerature stays as low as 20°C! – Curd Mar 23 '18 at 15:00
• @Curd what you're describing there is convection too – if it's driven by a pump or by thermal expansion, at any rate it's a fundamentally different mechanism from heat conductance. – leftaroundabout Mar 23 '18 at 15:22

1 miliohm and a passing current of 4000 Amps.

P = I^2 * R ==> P = (4000)^2 * 0.001 ==> P = 16,000,000 * 0.001 ==> P = 16,000W

So you have a 16kW heater, inside an oil cooled switchgear unit, with an ambient temperature of 20C.

The missing part of the problem is the heat carrying and dissipation capacity of the cooling solution. A 16kW heater is not that big a deal, a consumer wall heater is 10% of that, and a garage heater is 25% of that, so as long as enough oil is moved by convection or pumps I doubt you'll reach the melting point of the copper - that would require insulation, as a copper bar of that style would probably dissipate that much heat into air just fine without melting.

If you can describe the heat carrying and dissipation of the switchgear then a better solution can be calculated, but with the information provided we can only calculate this far, and make guesses about the rest.


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# Question #329ae

Feb 29, 2016

$9.5 \cdot {10}^{7}$

#### Explanation:

So $1 \cdot {10}^{8}$ is bigger than $5 \cdot {10}^{6}$
$\to$ take ${10}^{6}$ as common from both
$\to$ now ${10}^{6} \left(1 \cdot {10}^{2} - 5\right)$
$\to$ ${10}^{6} \left(100 - 5\right)$
$\to$ $95 \cdot {10}^{6}$
now write it in standard form
$9.5 \cdot {10}^{7}$
PS: the dot is the multiplication sign


text:
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### Proceedings Paper

Theory and method of microstructure DOE as substitution for aspheric surface
Author(s): Tao Ma; Guoguang Yang; Jian Bai; Xiyun Hou; Yibing Shen
Format Member Price Non-Member Price
PDF \$14.40 \$18.00

Paper Abstract

On the basis of Fresnel diffraction theory, surface microstructure of diffractive optical element (DOE) based on sphere using for aspheric surface was presented in this paper according to the same performance of introducing aspericity into optical system. Spherical DOE uses sphere taking the main focusing power and diffractive microstructure compensating the phase difference from aspheric surface to reference sphere. Thus, spherical DOE has the advantage of avoiding the difficulties of fabrication and measurement of aspheric surface and constructing the DOE microstructure in larger range than the DOE based on planar surface with the limitation of the critical dimension. An important aspect of this method is how to obtain the best fitting reference sphere to aspheric surface. The reference wavelength and the critical dimension were introduced into the limiting condition as the choosing criterion of the best fitting reference sphere. With this method all the lens surface of optical systems can be fabricated as sphere. The theory and method was proved and emulated with computer. Microstructure DOE based on sphere as substitution for aspheric surface is feasible in practice.

Paper Details

Date Published: 7 February 2005
PDF: 7 pages
Proc. SPIE 5636, Holography, Diffractive Optics, and Applications II, (7 February 2005); doi: 10.1117/12.576251
Show Author Affiliations
Tao Ma, Zhejiang Univ. (China)
Guoguang Yang, Zhejiang Univ. (China)
Jian Bai, Zhejiang Univ. (China)
Xiyun Hou, Zhejiang Univ. (China)
Yibing Shen, Zhejiang Univ. (China)

Published in SPIE Proceedings Vol. 5636:
Holography, Diffractive Optics, and Applications II
Yunlong Sheng; Dahsiung Hsu; Chongxiu Yu; Byoungho Lee, Editor(s)


text:
# If everyone on Earth jumped at the same time, is it possible to steer the Earth?

Newton's third law states that in every action, there is a equal and opposite reaction.

When we jump, we exert a force on the ground and the resultant force upwards propels us up into the air. However, the Earth's gravitational force pulls us down onto the Earth. As there is an equal and opposite reaction, we are also pulling the Earth to ourselves.

That said, is it theoretically possible to steer the Earth if all humans jumped at the exact same time?

Not really, because the effect is too small.

Let's say there are 8 billion people on Earth and each of them has a mass of $$100$$ kg. That makes the total mass of humans $$8 \times 10^{11}$$ kg. For comparison, the mass of the Earth is about $$6 \times 10^{24}$$ kg - 13 orders of magnitude larger.

It would be a bit like asking "if a flea on your body jumped in one direction, could it push you?" Furthermore, the flea's effect on your body is larger than our effect on Earth.

To jump up, all the humans would need to exert a force on the earth, true. But if the humans were equally distributed around the earth, these forces would cancel out.

To have an effect, humans could go to one side of the earth and all jump at the same time.

What would happen then?

The earth would be pushed sideways and deviate from it's course (a tiny amount) for about a second until all the humans landed again.

But the centre of mass of the earth (including humans) would never change course - either during the journey that the humans took to get to one side, or during the jumping and landing.

So the short answer is that it's not possible to steer the earth.

Where were you thinking of going?

• It was just radical thinking. Just wanted to see what would happen is all. – Nigel Tan Apr 8 at 8:55
• Interesting thought, some might wonder whether the orbit of the planet could be adjusted to combat global warming. One thing not mentioned was that before the jump, everyone would have to bend their legs slightly, bringing people closer to the earth, and the earth would be raised up towards the people, (if they were at one side) - but the combined centre of mass stays in one place. By everyone sitting down this effect could last longer than jumping up, but again the centre of mass is unchanged. To truly steer the earth we would have to eject a mass off it permanently e.g. using a rocket. – John Hunter Apr 8 at 9:31


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## Engineering Mechanics: Statics & Dynamics (14th Edition)

Published by Pearson

# Chapter 3 - Equilibrium of a Particle - Section 3.3 - Coplanar Force Systems - Problems - Page 98: 1

#### Answer

$F_2=9.60kN$ $F_1=1.83kN$

#### Work Step by Step

First we will sum the forces horizontally $(\rightarrow +) \sum \overrightarrow{F}_{x} =0$ $F_2\sin70^{\circ}+F_1\cos60^{\circ}−5\cos30^{\circ}−4/5(7)=0$ Now we will sum the forces vertically $(\uparrow +) \sum \overrightarrow{F}_{y} =0$ $F_2\cos70^{\circ}+5\sin30^{\circ}−F_1\sin60^{\circ}−3/5(7)=0$ Solving the system of two equations, we obtain : $F_2=9.60kN$ $F_1=1.83kN$

After you claim an answer you’ll have 24 hours to send in a draft. An editor will review the submission and either publish your submission or provide feedback.


text:
homechevron_rightStudychevron_rightMathchevron_rightGeometry

Equilateral triangle

This online calculator calculates characteristics of the equilateral triangle: the length of the sides, the area, the perimeter, the radius of the circumscribed circle, the radius of the inscribed circle, the altitude (height) from single known value

Articles that describe this calculator

Equilateral triangle

Digits after the decimal point: 2
The length of the sides

The area

The perimeter

The radius of the circumscribed circle

The radius of the inscribed circle

The altitude (height)

PLANETCALC, Equilateral triangle


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# Problems to be turned in: 1. An experiment has four equiprobable outcomes, S (1,2,3,4). We define...

###### Question:

Problems to be turned in: 1. An experiment has four equiprobable outcomes, S (1,2,3,4). We define three events: A 1,2). B (2,3) and C-(,3). Are A, B and C independent? Justify your answer.

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Example 7-5-5 - Maple Help

Chapter 7: Triple Integration

Section 7.5: Spherical Coordinates

Example 7.5.5

 Sketch the region inside the unit sphere centered at the origin, and outside the cone $z=\sqrt{{x}^{2}+{y}^{2}}$, and above the plane $z=0$.


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# Why I can't optimize AUC curve with Stochastic Gradient Descent?

I am reading in different papers that it is impossible to optimize AUC in term of gradient descent, due to its non differentiability. I can't find any reference about this issue with a better explication and I can't understand why we can't compute AUC through mini batches. Who can explain me a little bit more?

• For starters, using AUC (ranking-based) loss functions results in a non-convex optimization, with plenty of local maxima. Usually people re-transform the loss function with a surrogate that is convex.See here for example: arxiv.org/pdf/1208.0645v4.pdf – Alex R. Feb 1 '17 at 18:52
• For another thing, the optimum wouldn't be unique. All that would matter is the rank ordering. For example, estimating logistic regression coefficients, a logit probability of $.01+.01x$would produce the same AUC as $1000+1000x$. With a single predictor, all that would be identified is the sign of the coefficient. With multiple predictors, their sizes relative to each other might be identified, but there would be no unique solution – not_bonferroni Feb 1 '17 at 20:52

For another thing, the optimum wouldn't be unique. All that would matter is the rank ordering. For example, estimating logistic regression coefficients, a logit probability of $.01+.01x$ would produce the same AUC as $1000+1000x$. With a single predictor, all that would be identified is the sign of the coefficient. With multiple predictors, their sizes relative to each other might be identified, but there would be no unique solution