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Plot function of matlab

As a first example of plotting a function, we plot y. same figure with the command plot(x, y, x, z). MATLAB will automatically. LOC) adds a legend in.MATLAB: plotting a random walk. function plot_sim(a,numjumps,R) loc = a; time. Browse other questions tagged matlab random plot matlab-figure random-walk or.

1 Functions of multiple variables in MATLAB MATLAB has many tools to make plots of multivariable functions. Of course, multi- mean two- in this.Matlab _ Course.pdf. Write a Matlab function to define the signum function in this way. loc = 0.3. (c) Plot graph1 and graph2 on the same set of axes.

Combine Multiple Plots - MATLAB & Simulink - MathWorks

This MATLAB function draws a filled contour plot of matrix Z, where Z is interpreted as heights with respect to the x-y plane.This MATLAB function draws a contour plot of matrix Z, where Z is interpreted as heights with respect to the x-y plane.

Create 2-D Graph and Customize Lines. MATLAB® clears existing graphs and plots into the. than one line by passing multiple x,y pairs to the plot function.How to plot this function in Matlab: $S(f)=1+\frac{1}{4}. How to plot a delta function in Matlab. and plot the function of$x$f(x) = \frac{1}.This MATLAB function displays a plot of the empirical cumulative distribution function (cdf) for the data in the vector X. How to plot rastrigin function in matlab - MATLAB Answers MATLAB Network Graphs | Examples | Plotly Graphing Functions in MATLAB. This time we give the function to plot a name using the anonymous functions. The expression must not be between single quotes. plot (MATLAB Function Reference) - CENS Plotting in Matlab - Download as PDF. distance'.oneSTD).12/17/2010 Plotting in Matlab Plotting 2D Functions Plotting functions is very similar to. plot(loc (i. 3-D line plot - MATLAB plot3 - MathWorks Deutschland Plotting 3 variables of a single function - MATLAB Answers This MATLAB function creates a line plot of the data in y and draws a vertical error bar at each data point.I need to plot this function in Matlab: Lines must be connected, I mean at end of decreasing line, increasing one must start etc. It looks like this: Any idea? I need. How to plot complex functions in Matlab? For example: Y[e^jx] = 1 / (1 - cosx + j4) I tried some code, but I think the right way is by plotting real and imaginary.MATLAB Function Reference: subplot. subplot(2,1,1), plot(income) subplot(2,1,2), plot(outgo) plots income on the top half of the window and outgo on the bottom half.This MATLAB function draws a wireframe mesh with color determined by Z, so color is proportional to surface height. Create Custom Plot Function - MATLAB & Simulink MATLAB Plotting - Learn MATLAB in simple and easy steps starting from basic to advanced concepts. Let us plot the simple function y = x for the range of values for.Getting Started with Plotly for MATLAB. Please note that Plotly's update function:. if you'd like to set your configuration to create private plots by default.I have the function y = (x+2)^2/(3x+1) over the range 1=<x=<2 and when I graph it the plot stops at 1 on the x axis so when I put in the range into the data bounds it. Scatter plot matrix - MATLAB plotmatrix - MathWorks United Piecewise function plot in Matlab. up vote 8 down vote favorite. 1. Is it possible in Matlab to plot an even piecewise function like:$ f(x) = \begin{cases} 3t,.Create plots programmatically using basic plotting functions. Toggle Main. Create plots programmatically using basic plotting functions in MATLAB.

How to plot a triangular function and other step functions in. I want to know how to plot a triangular function in Matlab. e. Write a matlab-function which.

Basic Surface Plotting in MatLab - Northeastern

How to visualize a network with the adjacency matrix in MATLAB. An example of MATLAB's gplot function. Network Graphs in MATLAB. //plot.ly/matlab/getting.MATLAB Functions - Learn MATLAB in simple and easy steps. Colon Notation, Functions, Data Import, Data Output, M-Files, Vectors, Matrics, Plotting, Graphics.Plotting functions in matlab. Learn more about plotting MATLAB.

This MATLAB function creates a 2-D line plot of the data in Y versus the corresponding values in X.What Is a Plot Function? The PlotFcns field of the options structure specifies one or more functions that an optimization function calls at each iteration to plot various measures of progress. Pass a function handle or cell array of function handles. The structure of a plot function is the same as the structure of an output function. For more information on this structure, see Output Functions.This MATLAB function plots the columns of Y versus their index if Y contains real numbers.Declare a function as extrinsic when. Declaring MATLAB Functions as. The software detects calls to many common visualization functions, such as plot,.

This MATLAB function plots the expression fun(x) over the default domain -2π < x < 2π, where fun(x) is an explicit function of only x.

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Draw samples from a Poisson distribution.

This docstring was copied from numpy.random.mtrand.RandomState.poisson.

Some inconsistencies with the Dask version may exist.

The Poisson distribution is the limit of the binomial distribution for large N.

Note

New code should use the ~numpy.random.Generator.poisson method of a ~numpy.random.Generator instance instead; please see the Quick Start.

Parameters
lamfloat or array_like of floats

Expected number of events occurring in a fixed-time interval, must be >= 0. A sequence must be broadcastable over the requested size.

sizeint or tuple of ints, optional

Output shape. If the given shape is, e.g., (m, n, k), then m * n * k samples are drawn. If size is None (default), a single value is returned if lam is a scalar. Otherwise, np.array(lam).size samples are drawn.

Returns
outndarray or scalar

Drawn samples from the parameterized Poisson distribution.

random.Generator.poisson

which should be used for new code.

Notes

The Poisson distribution

$f(k; \lambda)=\frac{\lambda^k e^{-\lambda}}{k!}$

For events with an expected separation $$\lambda$$ the Poisson distribution $$f(k; \lambda)$$ describes the probability of $$k$$ events occurring within the observed interval $$\lambda$$.

Because the output is limited to the range of the C int64 type, a ValueError is raised when lam is within 10 sigma of the maximum representable value.

References

1

Weisstein, Eric W. “Poisson Distribution.” From MathWorld–A Wolfram Web Resource. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/PoissonDistribution.html

2

Wikipedia, “Poisson distribution”, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisson_distribution

Examples

Draw samples from the distribution:

>>> import numpy as np
>>> s = np.random.poisson(5, 10000)

Display histogram of the sample:

>>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
>>> count, bins, ignored = plt.hist(s, 14, density=True)
>>> plt.show()

Draw each 100 values for lambda 100 and 500:

>>> s = np.random.poisson(lam=(100., 500.), size=(100, 2))

format: plain


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# Time-complexity for basic multiplication and division algorithms

The algorithms below has been taken from Discrete Mathematics and it's Applications 7th edition book by Rosen.

p.253 says that "number of shifts required is $$O(n^2)$$" and "a total of $$O(n^2)$$ additions of bits are required for all n additions".

Why isn't this algorithm $$O(n)$$? I can see only two non-nested for loops.

p.254 says that "this means that we need $$O(n^2)$$ bit operations to find the quotient and remainder when a is divided by d".

Why isn't this algorithm $$O(n)$$? I can see only one while loop.

In the multiplication algorithm, the step $$b := b + c_j$$ is actually adding two n-bit numbers. Adding two n-bit numbers is not an elementary operation, but takes itself O(n) steps, so the second loop has n iterations, each iteration runs in O(n), therefore a total of $$O(n^2)$$.
The division algorithm is totally off. There is only one loop (but same as before, each iteration takes O(n)). However, look carefully how many iterations the loop has. It doesn’t have n iterations, the number of iterations can be much much higher. The algorithm is very much suboptimal. How many iterations for 64 bit signed integers if $$a = 2^{63}-1$$ and d = 1?


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# For two uncorrelated random variables $X,Y$, why does $\rho(X+Y,2X+2Y)=4?$

Given two uncorrelated random variables $X,Y$ with the same variance $\sigma^2$ I need to compute $\rho= \frac{COV(X,Y)}{\sigma(X)\sigma(Y)}$ between $X+Y$ and $2X+2Y$. I know it should be a number between $-1$ and $1$ and I don't understand how come I get $4$.

Here's what I did:

$COV(X+Y,2X+2Y)=COV(X+Y,2X)+COV(X+Y,2Y)=COV(2X,X)+COV(2X,Y)+COV(2Y,Y)+COV(2Y,X)=2COV(X,X)+2COV(Y,Y)+4COV(X,Y)=2\sigma^2+2\sigma^2=4\sigma^2$ so final result is $\rho=4$ since $\sigma(X)=\sqrt{Var(x)}$.

What's wrong with what I did?

-

The reason things went wrong is probably due to an unfortunate choice of notation, the use of $X$ and $Y$ with two different meanings.
We want the correlation coefficient $\rho(U,V)$, where $U=X+Y$ and $V=2(X+Y)$. So we need to divide $\text{Cov}(U,V)$ by the product of the standard deviations of $U$ and of $V$ (not of $X$ and of $Y$).
You did divide, but by the wrong thing. For the denominator, calculate and use $\sigma_U\sigma_V$.
Show that, for every nondegenerate random variable $Z$ and nonzero real number $a$, $\mathrm{var}(aZ)=a^2\cdot\mathrm{var}(Z)$ and $\mathrm{cov}(Z,aZ)=a\cdot\mathrm{var}(Z)$. Deduce that $\varrho(Z,aZ)=\mathrm{sgn}(a)$.


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## Wednesday, March 7, 2018

### Square system solver: Barzilai-Borwein spectral method in R

I was playing with some large sparse square systems of non-linear equations (actually resulting from some spreadsheets). R has a package called BB [1] which is based on [2,3]. Technically: this is Barzilai-Borwein spectral method. It is both derivative-free and matrix-free (only needs a few vectors of length $$n$$).

For some problems it works rather nicely:

n <- 100
x0 <- -runif(n)

fbroyden <- function(x) {
n <- length(x)
F <- rep(NA,n)
F[1] <- x[1]*(3-0.5*x[1]) - 2*x[2] + 1
i <- 2:(n-1)
F[i] <- x[i]*(3-0.5*x[i]) - x[i-1] - 2*x[i+1] + 1
F[n] <- x[n]*(3-0.5*x[n]) - x[n-1] + 1
F
}

library(BB)
dfsane(par=x0,fn=fbroyden,control=list(triter=1))

This solves very quickly especially given BB is written in pure R (no C or Fortran):

Iteration:  0  ||F(x0)||:  1.441474
iteration:  1  ||F(xn)|| =   11.23496
iteration:  2  ||F(xn)|| =   7.900779
iteration:  3  ||F(xn)|| =   6.542131
iteration:  4  ||F(xn)|| =   3.139281
iteration:  5  ||F(xn)|| =   4.031394
iteration:  6  ||F(xn)|| =   5.183635
iteration:  7  ||F(xn)|| =   0.5650939
iteration:  8  ||F(xn)|| =   0.1870383
iteration:  9  ||F(xn)|| =   0.09536832
iteration:  10  ||F(xn)|| =   0.04728994
iteration:  11  ||F(xn)|| =   0.0231393
iteration:  12  ||F(xn)|| =   0.01204457
iteration:  13  ||F(xn)|| =   0.01253904
iteration:  14  ||F(xn)|| =   0.004658623
iteration:  15  ||F(xn)|| =   0.00671189
iteration:  16  ||F(xn)|| =   0.002562044
iteration:  17  ||F(xn)|| =   0.0007190788
iteration:  18  ||F(xn)|| =   0.000526917
iteration:  19  ||F(xn)|| =   0.0004205647
iteration:  20  ||F(xn)|| =   0.0003359958
iteration:  21  ||F(xn)|| =   0.0002087812
iteration:  22  ||F(xn)|| =   2.471228e-05
iteration:  23  ||F(xn)|| =   7.605672e-06
iteration:  24  ||F(xn)|| =   1.304184e-05
iteration:  25  ||F(xn)|| =   3.089383e-05
iteration:  26  ||F(xn)|| =   6.874306e-05
iteration:  27  ||F(xn)|| =   3.30784e-05
iteration:  28  ||F(xn)|| =   1.16808e-05
iteration:  29  ||F(xn)|| =   3.541111e-06
iteration:  30  ||F(xn)|| =   8.387173e-07
$par [1] -1.0323920 -1.3150464 -1.3887103 -1.4076713 -1.4125364 -1.4137837 -1.4141034 -1.4141853 -1.4142063 -1.4142117 -1.4142131 [12] -1.4142135 -1.4142135 -1.4142135 -1.4142135 -1.4142136 -1.4142135 -1.4142136 -1.4142136 -1.4142136 -1.4142136 -1.4142136 [23] -1.4142136 -1.4142136 -1.4142135 -1.4142136 -1.4142135 -1.4142136 -1.4142135 -1.4142136 -1.4142135 -1.4142136 -1.4142135 [34] -1.4142136 -1.4142136 -1.4142136 -1.4142135 -1.4142136 -1.4142136 -1.4142136 -1.4142136 -1.4142136 -1.4142135 -1.4142136 [45] -1.4142136 -1.4142136 -1.4142136 -1.4142136 -1.4142136 -1.4142136 -1.4142136 -1.4142135 -1.4142136 -1.4142135 -1.4142136 [56] -1.4142136 -1.4142136 -1.4142136 -1.4142136 -1.4142136 -1.4142136 -1.4142136 -1.4142135 -1.4142136 -1.4142136 -1.4142136 [67] -1.4142136 -1.4142136 -1.4142135 -1.4142136 -1.4142136 -1.4142135 -1.4142135 -1.4142135 -1.4142135 -1.4142135 -1.4142134 [78] -1.4142132 -1.4142128 -1.4142121 -1.4142107 -1.4142080 -1.4142027 -1.4141924 -1.4141722 -1.4141328 -1.4140561 -1.4139064 [89] -1.4136144 -1.4130448 -1.4119339 -1.4097678 -1.4055460 -1.3973251 -1.3813439 -1.3503811 -1.2907820 -1.1775120 -0.9675106 [100] -0.5965290$residual
[1] 8.387173e-08

$fn.reduction [1] 14.41473$feval
[1] 31

$iter [1] 30$convergence
[1] 0

\$message
[1] "Successful convergence"

There is always to say something. First note how clever the test function was implemented. By setting up the vector i we don't need to do any loops. But also note that the test function is not correctly evaluated with $$n=2$$. In R the sequence "$$2:1$$" results in counting backwards. It generates the numbers $$[2\> 1]$$.

The second thing: the first number $$||F(x^0)||$$ looks a bit funny.  Indeed we have:

> f <- fbroyden(x0)
> norm(f,type="2")
[1] 16.11595
>

Looking at the source I see:

    F0 <- normF <- sqrt(sum(F * F))

if (trace)
cat("Iteration: ", 0, " ||F(x0)||: ", F0/sqrt(n), "\n")

I do not understand the reason for the division by $$\sqrt{n}$$. It is only doing this for the initial value. Subsequent log lines are correctly printing $$||F(x)||$$.

One possible reason is that the termination criterion is:
$||F(x)|| \le \mathit{tol} \cdot \sqrt{n}$
so the author wanted to compare $$\displaystyle\frac{||F(x^0)||}{\sqrt{n}}$$ with $$\mathit{tol}$$.  Obviously this first log line is still mislabeled.

#### References

1. Varadhan, Ravi, and Paul D. Gilbert. 2009. “BB: An R Package for Solving a Large System of Nonlinear Equations and for Optimizing a High-Dimensional Nonlinear Objective Function.” Journal of Statistical Software 32 (4): 1–26. http://www.jstatsoft.org/v32/i04/.
2. Cruz, William La, and Marcos Raydan. 2003. “Nonmonotone Spectral Methods for Large-Scale Nonlinear Systems.” Optimization Methods and Software 18: 583–99.
3. Cruz, William La, Jose Mario Martınez, and Marcos Raydan. 2006. “Spectral Residual Method Without Gradient Information for Solving Large-Scale Nonlinear Systems of Equations.” Mathematics of Computation 75: 1449–66.


text:
# 4.1 Linear functions  (Page 10/27)

 Page 10 / 27
$y=2x+4$

Given a graph of linear function, find the equation to describe the function.

1. Identify the y- intercept of an equation.
2. Choose two points to determine the slope.
3. Substitute the y- intercept and slope into the slope-intercept form of a line.

## Matching linear functions to their graphs

Match each equation of the linear functions with one of the lines in [link] .

Analyze the information for each function.

1. This function has a slope of 2 and a y -intercept of 3. It must pass through the point (0, 3) and slant upward from left to right. We can use two points to find the slope, or we can compare it with the other functions listed. Function $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}g\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ has the same slope, but a different y- intercept. Lines I and III have the same slant because they have the same slope. Line III does not pass through $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left(0,\text{3}\right)\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ so $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}f\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ must be represented by line I.
2. This function also has a slope of 2, but a y -intercept of $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}-3.\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ It must pass through the point $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left(0,-3\right)\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ and slant upward from left to right. It must be represented by line III.
3. This function has a slope of –2 and a y- intercept of 3. This is the only function listed with a negative slope, so it must be represented by line IV because it slants downward from left to right.
4. This function has a slope of $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\frac{1}{2}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ and a y- intercept of 3. It must pass through the point (0, 3) and slant upward from left to right. Lines I and II pass through $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left(0,\text{3}\right),$ but the slope of $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}j\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ is less than the slope of $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}f\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ so the line for $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}j\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ must be flatter. This function is represented by Line II.

Now we can re-label the lines as in [link] .

## Finding the x -intercept of a line

So far we have been finding the y- intercepts of a function: the point at which the graph of the function crosses the y -axis. Recall that a function may also have an x -intercept , which is the x -coordinate of the point where the graph of the function crosses the x -axis. In other words, it is the input value when the output value is zero.

To find the x -intercept, set a function $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}f\left(x\right)\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ equal to zero and solve for the value of $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x.\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ For example, consider the function shown.

$f\left(x\right)=3x-6$

Set the function equal to 0 and solve for $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x.$

$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill 0& =& 3x-6\hfill \\ \hfill 6& =& 3x\hfill \\ \hfill 2& =& x\hfill \\ \hfill x& =& 2\hfill \end{array}$

The graph of the function crosses the x -axis at the point $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left(2,\text{0}\right).$

Do all linear functions have x -intercepts?

No. However, linear functions of the form $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}y=c,$ where $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}c\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ is a nonzero real number are the only examples of linear functions with no x-intercept. For example, $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}y=5\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ is a horizontal line 5 units above the x-axis. This function has no x-intercepts, as shown in [link] .

## x -intercept

The x -intercept of the function is value of $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ when $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}f\left(x\right)=0.\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ It can be solved by the equation $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}0=mx+b.$

## Finding an x -intercept

Find the x -intercept of $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}f\left(x\right)=\frac{1}{2}x-3.$

Set the function equal to zero to solve for $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x.$

$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill 0& =& \frac{1}{2}x-3\hfill \\ \hfill 3& =& \frac{1}{2}x\hfill \\ \hfill 6& =& x\hfill \\ \hfill x& =& 6\hfill \end{array}$

The graph crosses the x -axis at the point $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left(6,\text{0}\right).$

Find the x -intercept of $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}f\left(x\right)=\frac{1}{4}x-4.$

## Describing horizontal and vertical lines

There are two special cases of lines on a graph—horizontal and vertical lines. A horizontal line    indicates a constant output, or y -value. In [link] , we see that the output has a value of 2 for every input value. The change in outputs between any two points, therefore, is 0. In the slope formula, the numerator is 0, so the slope is 0. If we use $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}m=0\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ in the equation $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}f\left(x\right)=mx+b,$ the equation simplifies to $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}f\left(x\right)=b.\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ In other words, the value of the function is a constant. This graph represents the function $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}f\left(x\right)=2.$

#### Questions & Answers

A laser rangefinder is locked on a comet approaching Earth. The distance g(x), in kilometers, of the comet after x days, for x in the interval 0 to 30 days, is given by g(x)=250,000csc(π30x). Graph g(x) on the interval [0, 35]. Evaluate g(5)  and interpret the information. What is the minimum distance between the comet and Earth? When does this occur? To which constant in the equation does this correspond? Find and discuss the meaning of any vertical asymptotes.
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Sin(A+B) = sinBcosA+cosBsinA
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Prove it
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June needs 45 gallons of punch. 2 different coolers. Bigger cooler is 5 times as large as smaller cooler. How many gallons in each cooler?
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192
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text:
# Stabilizing my Realtek rtl8723be WiFi card under Linux.

The laptop of mine onto which I newly installed Kanotix / Spitfire, and that is named ‘Klystron’, happens to have a Realtek rtl8723be WiFi chip-set, which is known to have stability issues under Linux. I found that recently my own experience also ran into these issues.

If you feel that you are also having these issues, it is important that you first check, whether in fact you have the WiFi card in question. This can be done via an ‘lspci‘ command, or with

lsmod | grep rtl8723

I felt that I needed to apply a two-prong solution to my own problem.

The first thing which I did, was to create a file named

/etc/modprobe.d/rtl8723be.conf

The only content of which was the line

options rtl8723be fwlps=0 swlps=0

This solution may solve the problem, of the WiFi dropping the connection, after periods of idle time.

There is something to watch out for. There are some sources on the Web, which state that we should try  the configuration line

options rtl8723be fwlps=N swlps=N

The problem with this method is, that for certain uses in programming, in particular in the language C, which is used for kernel modules, a numeric value may be expected in place of a Boolean value, and if in this case the module sees an ‘N’, this value will not be equal to zero, because the ASCII code for ‘N’ is not zero, and any other value than zero is taken to be True! So to make sure that the kernel module registers False, we need to put a ‘0’.

But I found that a second issue was affecting me, which was the fact that this WiFi setup has IPv6 enabled, but that my router does not tolerate IPv6. This may have been causing my laptop to get dropped from the WiFi, even as I was downloading software. In my dhcp configuration, I have added the DNS Server 8.8.8.8, which is the free Google DNS server, in addition to the auto-detected server. But 8.8.8.8 will offer the system an IPv6 resolution of a domain name along with an IPv4 resolution, and in the case of WiFi, apparently Linux will use the IPv6, without detecting that this ability was not assigned by the Access Point.

And so I felt that I also needed to disable IPv6 system-wide on this laptop. The way to do that was to add the following lines to the file ‘/etc/sysctl.conf‘:

net.ipv6.conf.all.disable_ipv6 = 1
net.ipv6.conf.default.disable_ipv6 = 1
net.ipv6.conf.lo.disable_ipv6 = 1

And then ‘sysctl -p‘. After that, I also did

update-initramfs -u

This is a very sticky issue, in which different users have reported, that some of these solutions either do or do not work for them. One reason may be, that users are in fact reporting different issues without knowing it. I cannot be sure that this solution will remain 100% effective for myself, let alone for the reader. I just wanted to share my own experience with this. So far, my WiFi chipset is stable again.

(Edit 04/12/2016 : ) Just to prove to you, how uncertain the state of that WiFi chip-set is, even though I did change the parameters fed into this kernel module, it still happens that when I leave that laptop idling overnight, its WiFi goes into suspend mode. This happens in a way which the applications usually do not see, so that those applications still think they’re connected. However, my ‘Pidgin’ IRC Client gets disconnected.

And then, when I resume my session, ‘Pidgin’, which uses a ping timeout, did realize it was disconnected, and just reconnects seamlessly. And this latter part seems to happen, directly after I unlock my screen-saver, which seems to suggest that this is not being introduced by the Kernel Module, but rather by KDE, etc. I suppose it might introduce some level of confusion into the software, if the Kernel Module was to provide the same function again.

So who knows, which of my problems – if any – I may really have fixed?

Just checking my package manager, I see that ‘Pidgin’ has an available ‘Away-On-Lock’ plugin, which was not installed. Just this evening I installed and activated that, just to see whether I can override a behavior, which might have been set erroneously to ‘Offline-On-Lock’, while the plugin was not installed… By tomorrow, I should know.

Dirk


text:
# [Tex/LaTex] how to make a table contain multiple rows in some cells

multirowsharelatextables

I am trying to do a table like the one in the attached figure

I am using:

\begin{table}

\small

\begin{tabular}{|p{1.1cm}|p{2.3cm}|p{2cm}|p{3.2cm}|p{1.5cm}| p{1.1cm}|}

\end {table}

but failed to do as some cell needs to be divided into multiple rows. Could any one help in this, would be appreciated

Is this what you intend ? --

\documentclass{article}

\begin{document}

\begin{table} \small%
\begin{tabular}{|p{1.1cm}|p{2.3cm}|p{2cm}|p{3.2cm}|p{1.5cm}| p{1.1cm}|}
\hline
Group & Strategies & Data & Evaluated \\
\hline
Baseline & First strategy & Data 1 & Yes \\
\cline{2-2} \cline{4-4}
& Second strategy & Data 2 & No \\
\hline
Solution & First solution & Data 1 & Yes \\
&                & Data 2 &  \\
\cline{2-4}
& Second solution & Data 1 & Yes \\
&                & Data 2 &  \\
&                & Data 3 &  \\
\cline{2-4}
& Third solution & Data 1 & No \\
&                & Data 2 &  \\
&                & Data 3 &  \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

\end{document}

most probably producing a table that looks like this...


text:
# Bank Clerk :: Clerk Reasoning Test CR Quiz 180

## Home Bank Clerk / Clerk Reasoning Test CR Quiz 180 Questions and Answers

1 .

Direction (Q. 1 - 5): Study the following information carefully to answer these questions
Eight friends J, K, L, M, N, O, P and Q are sitting around a circle facing the centre. J is not the neighbour of N. L is third to the right of K. Q is second to the left of N who is next to the right of L. O is not the neighbour of N or K and is to the immediate left of P.

Which of the following pair of persons represent O’s is neighbours ?

L & N
P & K
M & P
N & P
2 .

Who is to the immediate right of K ?

J
P
Q
Cannot be determined
3 .

Which of the following is the correct position of L ?

To the immediate right of M
To the immediate right of Q
To the immediate left of M
To the immediate left of Q
4 .

Which of the following groups has the first person sitting between the other two persons ?

PKJ
JQL
QNL
None of these
5 .

Who is to the immediate left of O ?

P
L
Q
M
6 .

Direction (Q. 6 - 10): In the following questions, the symbols @, ©, %, $and * are used with the following meanings as illustrated below ‘P©Q’ means ‘P is not greater than Q’ ‘P$Q’ means ‘P is not smaller than Q’
‘P *Q’ means P is neither smaller nor greater than Q.
‘P@Q’ means P is neither greater than nor equal to Q.
‘P%Q’ means ‘P is neither smaller than nor equal to Q’.
Now, in each of the following questions, assuming the given statements to be true, find which of the two conclusions I and II given below them is / are definitely true.

Statements : R$T, T@J, J%W Conclusions : I. R%W II. T%W If only Conclusion I is true If only conclusion II is true If either conclusion I or II is true If neither conclusion I nor II is true  View Answer Discuss in Forum 7 . Statements : H*D, D©F, F$K
Conclusion : I. F$H II. K*H If only Conclusion I is true If only conclusion II is true If either conclusion I or II is true If neither conclusion I nor II is true  View Answer Discuss in Forum 8 . Statements : M©T, T@R, R*F Conclusions : I. F%T II. R%M If only Conclusion I is true If only conclusion II is true If either conclusion I or II is true If both conclusion I and II are true  View Answer Discuss in Forum 9 . Statements : B@D, D%T, T$N
Conclusions : I. T*B    II. D%N

If only Conclusion I is true
If only conclusion II is true
If either conclusion I or II is true
If neither conclusion I nor II is true
10 .

Conclusions : I. N%F      II. N*F

If only Conclusion I is true
If only conclusion II is true
If either conclusion I or II is true
If neither conclusion I nor II is true


text:
# Math Help - job probability.....problem

1. ## job probability.....problem

John has two jobs. For daytime work at a jewelry store he is paid $200 per month, plus a commission. His monthly commission is normally distributed with mean$600 and standard deviation $40. At night he works as a waiter, for which his monthly income is normally distributed with mean$100 and standard deviation $30. John's income levels from these two sources are independent of each other. Referring to Table 6-4, for a given month, what is the probability that John's total income from these two jobs is less than$825?

The toal mean is 900 and total Std is 50

My question is how did they come up with the total mean and std?

2. Originally Posted by Blevil
John has two jobs. For daytime work at a jewelry store he is paid $200 per month, plus a commission. His monthly commission is normally distributed with mean$600 and standard deviation $40. At night he works as a waiter, for which his monthly income is normally distributed with mean$100 and standard deviation $30. John's income levels from these two sources are independent of each other. Referring to Table 6-4, for a given month, what is the probability that John's total income from these two jobs is less than$825?

The toal mean is 900 and total Std is 50

My question is how did they come up with the total mean and std?
Let X be the random variable 'monthly commission from day job (dollars)'.
X ~ Normal $(\mu_X = 600, \, \sigma_X = 40)$.

Let Y be the random variable 'monthly income from night job (dollars)'.
Y ~ Normal $(\mu_Y = 100, \, \sigma_Y = 30)$.

Let U = X + Y.

It's well know that when X and Y are independent normal variates, then U ~ Normal $(\mu = \mu_X + \mu_Y, \, \sigma^2 = \sigma^2_X + \sigma^2_Y)$ (so I disagree with "total mean is 900").

So U ~ Normal $(\mu = 700, \, \sigma = .....)$ and your job is to calculate Pr(U < 625).


text:
# What is the slope intercept form of the line with a slope of -2/5  and y-intercept of  -4/7 ?

Dec 5, 2016

Simple: $y = - \frac{2}{5} x - \frac{4}{7}$.

#### Explanation:

Slope-intercept form $\left(y = m x + b\right)$ is called that because those two pieces of information (the slope $m$ and the $y$-intercept $b$) are seen directly in the formula.

Since we are given the value for slope as $m = - \frac{2}{5}$ and the value for the $y$-intercept as $b = - \frac{4}{7}$, we simply plug these two values into the raw formula and simplify to arrive at

$y = \text{ "m" "x+" } b$

$y = \left(- \frac{2}{5}\right) x + \left(- \frac{4}{7}\right)$

$y = - \frac{2}{5} x - \frac{4}{7.}$

The slope tells you how fast $y$ changes relative to $x$ (in this case, $- \frac{2}{5}$ times as fast), and the $y$-intercept tells you the value of $y$ when $x = 0.$ If you plug $x = 0$ into the equation, you get

$y = - \frac{2}{5} \left(0\right) - \frac{4}{7}$

$\textcolor{w h i t e}{y} = - \frac{4}{7.}$


text:
# Question #4fbab

Mar 16, 2017

The domain of $f \left(x\right)$ is $x < - 4 \mathmr{and} x > 3$

#### Explanation:

Because the argument for the $\frac{1}{2}$ power cannot be negative we must find the part of the domain where ${x}^{2} + x - 12 \ge 0$ and exclude it.

Let's find the points where the argument is 0:

${x}^{2} + x - 12 = 0$

Factor:

$\left(x + 4\right) \left(x - 3\right) = 0$

This implies that:

$x + 4 = 0 \mathmr{and} x - 3 = 0$

$x = - 4 \mathmr{and} x = 3$

The function is negative between these values of x:

graph{x^2+x-12 [-8, 8, -14, 14]}

Therefore, the domain of $f \left(x\right)$ is $x < - 4 \mathmr{and} x > 3$


text:
# Conditions for Piecewise[ ] Command

I am trying to plot a function in which is piecewise defined. I found the Fourier coefficients of this, and my question is how to define even & odd conditions for the Piecewise command? I used 2n and 2n+1 for even & odd respectively, but this does not suffice. I have a MWE below.

Clear[f,a,b,F]
f[t_]=Piecewise[{{-Sqrt[9+t+t^2],-2<t<0},{Exp[Sin[t]],0<=t<=2}}]
a0=23/9;
a[k_]=Piecewise[{{20/(k^4Pi^4),2k},{-83/(k Pi),2k+1}}]
b[k_]=Piecewise[{{-92/(k^3 Pi^3),2k},{-53/(k Pi)+14/(k^2 Pi^2),2k+1}}]
F[t_]=a0/2+Sum[a[k]Cos[(k Pi t)/2]+b[k]Sin[(k Pi t)/2],{k,1,20}];
Plot[{f[t],F[t]},{t,-1,1}]

-
Try using OddQ[n] and EvenQ[n] to test values of n. – Mr.Wizard Jun 23 '12 at 23:50
@Mr.Wizard: Does not seem to work correctly I think. – night owl Jun 24 '12 at 0:30
Here is a related question. – J. M. Jun 24 '12 at 0:40
@Mr.Wizard: Sorry, that did work. Sorry again. It was problems with my kernel. I had used Clear but it was not clearing my variables, so when I used Remove that had done the trick. Along with a pair of parentheses I was missing :). – night owl Jun 24 '12 at 5:17

Instead of using Piecewise you can also use Mathematicas pattern matching, which i think makes for more idiomatic Mathematica code in your case:

a0 = 23/9;
a[k_?EvenQ] := 20/(k^4 Pi^4)
a[k_?OddQ]  := -83/(k Pi)
b[k_?EvenQ] := -92/(k^3 Pi^3)
b[k_?OddQ]  := -53/(k Pi) + 14/(k^2 Pi^2)

F[t_] = a0/2 + Sum[a[k] Cos[(k Pi t)/2] + b[k] Sin[(k Pi t)/2], {k, 1, 1000}];
Plot[F[t], {t, -1, 1}]

You could even get rid of the OddQ tests and let the pattern matcher just 'fall through' the EvenQ test to get to the second definition:

a[k_?EvenQ] := 20/(k^4 Pi^4)
a[k_]       := -83/(k Pi)                 (* odd case*)
b[k_?EvenQ] := -92/(k^3 Pi^3)
b[k_]       := -53/(k Pi) + 14/(k^2 Pi^2) (* odd case*)

alternatively you could use /; for stating the condition

a[k_] := 20/(k^4 Pi^4) /; EvenQ[k]
a[k_] := -83/(k Pi)    /; OddQ[k]
b[k_] := -92/(k^3 Pi^3)             /; EvenQ[k]
b[k_] := -53/(k Pi) + 14/(k^2 Pi^2) /; OddQ[k]

. The same with 'fall through':

a[k_] := 20/(k^4 Pi^4) /; EvenQ[k]
a[k_] := -83/(k Pi)
b[k_] := -92/(k^3 Pi^3)             /; EvenQ[k]
b[k_] := -53/(k Pi) + 14/(k^2 Pi^2)

-
Thanks! This was very useful information to learn. I like having different ways to do the same task instead of having to conform to one specific style. I always like learning how to do a problem and alternative ways also. – night owl Jun 25 '12 at 5:57

Change your definition of a[k] and b[k] as (as Mr.W suggested in comments)

a[k_] := Piecewise[{{20/(k^4 Pi^4), EvenQ[k]}, {-83/(k Pi), OddQ[k]}}]
b[k_] := Piecewise[{{-92/(k^3 Pi^3), EvenQ[k]}, {-53/(k Pi) + 14/(k^2 Pi^2), OddQ[k]}}]

or define them as

a[k_] := (1 - Mod[k/2, 2]) (20/(k^4 Pi^4)) + Mod[k/2, 2] (-83/(k Pi))
b[k_] := (1 - Mod[k/2, 2]) (-92/(k^3 Pi^3)) + Mod[k/2, 2] (-53/(k Pi) + 14/(k^2 Pi^2))

or

a[k_] := Boole[EvenQ[k]] (20/(k^4 Pi^4)) + Boole[OddQ[k]] (-83/(k Pi))
b[k_] :=  Boole[EvenQ[k]] (-92/(k^3 Pi^3)) + Boole[OddQ[k]] (-53/(k Pi) + 14/(k^2 Pi^2))

and change summation index n to k in definition of F[t]:

F[t_] := a0 +  Sum[a[k] Cos[(k Pi t)/5] + b[k] Sin[(k Pi t)/5], {k, 1, 20}]

With these changes:

f[t_] := Piecewise[{{-Sqrt[9 + t + t^2], -2 < t < 0}, {Exp[Sin[t]],    0 <= t <= 2}}];
a0 = 23/9;
Plot[{f[t],F[t]},{t,-1,1}]

gives

-
Thanks for those. I will look into how Mod and Boole works on these expressions. – night owl Jun 25 '12 at 6:08


text:
# How to import data into the import generation object?

The import generation object allows users to import optical generation data into DEVICE. The data should be defined in a rectangular coordinate. The coordinate vectors should be named x, y, and z, and the generation matrix should be named G with a dimension (A x B x C) where A, B, and C are the lengths of the vectors x, y, and z. The data can be saved in a Matlab data file (.mat) and loaded into DEVICE. There are two ways in which this data can be loaded into the import generation object in DEVICE.

Using the GUI: The easiest way to load the data is through the property editor of the import generation object in the GUI. To do this, simply open the property editor for the import generation object, click ‘Browse’ and select the .mat file with the generation data.

Using script: Often we want to create our simulation file using script commands. In such a case, we need to create a rectilinear dataset that can be loaded into the generation object. We need to first load the data into the script workspace using the matlabload command and then create the dataset using the rectilineardataset command. Finally we can attach the dataset to the import generation object using the importdataset command. A sample script is shown below:

matlabload(‘GenRate.mat’); # read the data

Gen = rectilineardataset(x,y,z); # create the dataset
Gen.addattribute(‘G’,G);

addimportgen; # create the import generation object

importdataset(Gen); # attach the data to the import generation object

set(“selected attribute”,“G”); # select the data in the dataset created by the object

1 Like

Hi I am trying implement this with results from MODE. My script looks is similar to yours and the object is created. I can visualize the generation profile in the object and it is correct; however, after meshing and trying to visualize the generation on the grid, Goptext is 0 everywhere. Could provide some guidance as to what might be causing this? I have tried many things, and the only thing that has resulted in a Goptext is using the script found here, https://kb.lumerical.com/en/photodetectors_inp_uni_travelling_carrier_pd.html But I cannot seem to make it work with an imported dataset. My script is here:

matlabload(“Generation_AbsorberSweep_1”);
Gen = rectilineardataset(“Gen”,x,y,z);
Gen.addparameter(‘v’,0); # dummy parameter (this was added since it was in the UTC-PD example)
Gen.addattribute(“G”,G);

addimportgen;
set(“name”,“OpticalGenerationRate”);
importdataset(Gen);

The mat-file has a G,x,y,z. G is 2x201x11 double, x = 2x1 double, y = 201x1 double, and z = 1x11 double

Thanks

Hi I’m trying to do this with a script very similar to yours using data from MODE. I get a generation object and I can even use the visualizer to see the generation profile and it matches what I expect. However, after meshing, looking at the grid, Goptext is zero everywhere. I have copied my script below. The generation file basically has doubles: G,x,y,z with the dimensions 2x201x11,2x1,1x201,11x1. x,y, and z are all symmetric about 0, so that the location of the box is object is the location of the generation.

The only way I have been able to get it to show up in the grid is by following the script in https://kb.lumerical.com/en/photodetectors_inp_uni_travelling_carrier_pd.html, almost exactly without any import.
Here is my script:

matlabload(“Generation_AbsorberSweep_1.mat”);

Gen = rectilineardataset(“Gen”,x,y,z);
Gen.addparameter(‘v’,0); # dummy parameter
Gen.addattribute(“G”,G);

addimportgen;
set(“name”,“OpticalGenerationRate”);
importdataset(Gen);

Any input as to what I should check would be appreciated.

Brandon

Hi,

The import generation object has changed recently and it now requires the user to select the attribute that should be used within the dataset. You can either manually select the “G” attribute from the property editor of the import gen object or you can use the following script command to do that,

set("selected attribute","G");

Hi,

I’m trying to model a solar cell with a cylindrical pillar of silicon geometry.
After running the FDTD simulation, I import the generation data to my DEVICE simulation. The importation seems to work as I can visualize the right data (with a right clic on the generation region -> visualize -> data).
But when I run the electrical simulation, my results (current-voltage characteristics) are exactly the same when the generation region is enabled or disabled.

Could you help me to solve this problem?

Thanks

There are two things to check.

1. Make sure that the scale factor is set to 1 in the import generation object.

2. Manually integrate the optical generation profile and calculate the photogenerated current and check if you should expect to see the photocurrent or whether is too small.

I’ve already checked the scale factor, but indeed i will try to calculate the photocurrent.
Thank you for your reply

1 Like


text:
Home > Standard Error > How To Work Out Standard Deviation From Standard Error

# How To Work Out Standard Deviation From Standard Error

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text:
Integral solution

1. Nov 25, 2011

armin.hodaie

1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data

∫dr/√((1/(R+r))-(1/R))

2. Relevant equations

3. The attempt at a solution

Last edited: Nov 25, 2011
2. Nov 25, 2011

gb7nash

Is the problem $\int \frac{dr}{\sqrt{(\frac{1}{R}+r)-(\frac{1}{R})}}$?

If it is, try to simplify the denominator before trying to take the integral.

3. Nov 25, 2011

armin.hodaie

no,i type it wrong
∫dr/√((1/(R+r))-(1/R))

4. Nov 25, 2011

Ray Vickson

$$\int \frac{dr}{\sqrt{\frac{1}{R+r}-\frac{1}{R}}} ?$$
$$\frac{1}{R+r}-\frac{1}{R}$$
$$\sqrt{\frac{ar+b}{cr+d}}.$$


text:
## Pages

### Solving quadratic equation when a is negative

A quadratic equation in which a (the leading coefficient) is negative can be solved in two ways:

### Multiply the equation throughout by -1

On multiplying a negative number with -1, you get a positive number. So on multiplying a quadratic equation with -1, the sign on a will get changed. For example -1 * (-3x^2 + 2x + 1 = 0) gives you 3x^2 - 2x - 1 = 0.

Now you can solve the equation by any of the methods of factoring, completing the square, or by applying the quadratic formula.

Note that you will get the same answer for a quadratic equation on multiplying it throughout by -1 as with solving it without doing so.

### Solve the equation as it is

A quadratic equation can be solved regardless of whether a is negative or not. You can solve it by factoring, completing the square, or applying the quadratic formula.

For factoring a quadratic expression when a is negative, all you need to do is remember to a as negative when multiplying it with c to get their product. Then find two numbers whose product is equal to the above product and whose sum is b, the coefficient of the middle term or x in the equation.

In this process you should take the signs on the left of each term a, b, or c. For example, -3x^2 + 2x + 1 can be factored as follows:
• a = -3
• b = 2
• c = 1
Product of a and c = -3 * 1 = -3. Two numbers whose product is -3 and sum is 2 are 3 and -1. So factor the quadratic expression as follows:

-3x^2 + 3x - x + 1
-3x(x - 1) - 1(x - 1)
(x - 1)(-3x - 1)

Some quadratic equations may not factor, so these can be solved by the other two methods mentioned above.


text:
Home > C. Tissular pathology > diverticulum

# diverticulum

Sunday 5 June 2022

MeSH:D004240

Definition : a diverticulum is an outpouching of a hollow structure (or a fluid-filled structure ) in the body.

Depending upon which layers of the structure are involved, diverticula are described as being either true diverticulum or false diverticulum .

In medicine, the term usually implies the structure is not normally present, but in embryology, the term is used for some normal structures arising from others, as for instance the thyroid diverticulum, which arises from the tongue.

Exemples


text:
I'm in the process of moving over to my new laptop. I run into an issue where a shell script (that worked under gentoo) now no longer works. Here's the error

foo.sh: 18: pushd: not found

Since I'm running this as

sh foo.sh

I turn on debugging with

sh -x foo.sh

Which doesn't help because the result is the same. Weird! I can run them from the command line.

Some searching led to my answer. Pushd and popd, are actual binaries, but are builtin to the shell. The default shell in ubuntu, dash doesn't have these commands. So I need to either invoke my shell as

bash foo.sh

or put

 1 #!/bin/bash

as the first line and chmod it, and execute it directly. Now as to why pushd/popd work from the command line, still haven't figured that out because shell is bash.


text:
# CAT Data Sufficiency Questions with Answers

#### Data Sufficiency

Data sufficiency questions are tricky and require thorough understanding of the topic involved to solve. The following data sufficiency practice questions with solutions will be helpful in understanding the approach that one must adopt to solve data sufficiency questions.

### Take a free CAT Mock

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Instructions

For the following questions answer them individually

Question 1

How long would one man, one woman and one child take to build a given building?
Statement 1: One man, 5 women and 9 children would take 52 days to build the same building
Statement 2: Four men, 8 women and 12 children would take 28 days to build the same building.

Question 2

If X and Y are two natural numbers, such that X>Y, find X-Y

Statement 1: HCF(X,Y) = 36
Statement 2: X+Y = 288

Question 3

Given that x and y are integers, if $$\sqrt{x^{3}-x^{2}-y} = 7$$ what is the value of x?
Statement 1: $$x^{2}-x=12$$
Statement 2: $$y^{2}-y=2$$

Question 4

What is the value of X*Y?
Statement 1: HCF of X and Y is 3
Statement 2: LCM of X and Y is 36

Question 5

Priya went to a candy shop to buy some caramel pops, toffee bites and mango pops. What is the total price of one caramel pop, one mango pop and one toffee bite?
Statement 1: The cost of three caramel pops, five toffee bites and seven mango pops is Rs 68
Statement 2: The cost of two caramel pops, three toffee bites and four mango pops is Rs 41

Question 6

Find X?
Statement 1: X is a three digit perfect square with the same hundreds and tens digit
Statement 2: X is an odd number

Question 7

Given that X is an odd natural such that such that $$2^{80} > X^{40}$$ ,find X?
Statement 1: X is a prime
Statement 2: $$X^{20} > 2^{30}$$

Question 8

The average age of a family of five is A. Find A?
Statement 1: The ages are in a geometric progression and the product of the ages is 1048576
Statement 2: The ages of the family are roots of the equation $$x^5 - 50x^4 + ax^3 + bx^2 + 44064x - 80640 = 0$$

Question 9

A card is randomly drawn from a standard pack of 52 cards without replacement. Is the card a face card?
Statement 1: The probability of drawing two Tens from the remaining 51 cards is 1/425
Statement 2: The probability of drawing two Queens from the remaining 51 cards is 2/425

Question 10

Given that the ages of A and B are integers greater than 20 and less than 70. What are their individual ages?
Statement 1: A is a perfect square and B is a perfect cube.
Statement 2: A and B are twins


text:
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Get Full Access to Fundamentals Of General, Organic, And Biological Chemistry (Mastering Chemistry) - 8 Edition - Chapter 14 - Problem 14.60
Get Full Access to Fundamentals Of General, Organic, And Biological Chemistry (Mastering Chemistry) - 8 Edition - Chapter 14 - Problem 14.60

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ISBN: 9780134015187 2044

## Solution for problem 14.60 Chapter 14

Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry (Mastering Chemistry) | 8th Edition

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Problem 14.60

Name all unbranched ether and alcohol isomers with formula $$\mathrm{C}_{5} \mathrm{H}_{12} \mathrm{O}$$ , and write their structural formulas.

Text Transcription:

C_5H_12_O

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Calculus: Early Transcendental Functions : Product and Quotient Rules and Higher-Order Derivatives
?Using the Product Rule In Exercises 1–6, use the Product Rule to find the derivative of the function. $$f(x)=e^{x} \cos x$$

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?Verifying a Solution In Exercises 1-4,verify the solution of the differential equation. Solution D

Statistics: Informed Decisions Using Data : Applications of the Normal Distribution
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text: Its production takes place by the action of the chromic acid on the ammonium hydroxide with … The molecular formula of the ammonium dichromate is (NH 4) 2 Cr 2 O 7. ∘C at 0.950 atm, ammonium nitrate decomposes to produce nitrogen, water, and oxygen gases: 2NH4NO3 (s)→Δ2N2 (g)+4H2O (g)+O2 (g) Using the ideal gas law equation, calculate the volume, in liters, of water vapor You may need to download version 2.0 now from the Chrome Web Store. It is a weak acid. It is orange-red needles produced during crystallization. On heating Ammonium dichromate (NH4)2Cr2O7, decomposition takes place which results into the formation of solid chromium (III) oxide Cr2O3, nitrogen gas, and water vapour (gaseous due to the temperature of the reaction). In this compound, as in all chromates and dichromates, chromium is in a +6 oxidation state, commonly known as hexavalent chromium. It is a reddish crystalline solid. When heated by a flame, ammonium dichromate decomposes, producing nitrogen gas, solid chromium(III) oxide, and water vapor \left(\mathrm{NH}_{… Black Friday is Here! Ammonium dichromate is an inorganic compound with the formula (NH4)2Cr2O7. At room temperature and pressure, the compound exists as orange, acidic crystals soluble in water and alcohol. Ammonium dichromate decomposes when it is heated according to this balanced equation (NH4)2Cr2O7---> Cr2O3 +N2 + 4H20.? Answered March 22, 2018. Thermal decomposition of ammonium dichromate is initiated by local heating to 190 °C. Greenish residue also gives of steamy dunes which condense cooler part of the test tube to form tiny droplets of water. [3], The (NH4)2Cr2O7 crystal (C2/c, z=4) contains a single type of ammonium ion, at sites of symmetry C1(2,3). Chemistry 11th Solid ammonium nitrate breaks down into nitrogen, water vapor, and oxygen. It is a salt consisting of ammonium ions and dichromate ions. H1P2: DECOMPOSITION OF AMMONIUM NITRATE Solid NH4NO3 (ammonium nitrate) decomposes on heating to 400°C, forming N2O gas and water vapor, H2O. Observations obtained using relatively high magnification microscopy during a kinetic study of the thermal decomposition of ammonium dichromate provided evidence that salt breakdown proceeds with the intervention of an intermediate liquid phase rather than a solid phase. Ammonium dichromate, like all chromium (VI) compounds, is highly toxic and a proven carcinogen. Subscribe to my 2nd channel: https://youtube.com/channel/UCq2UyupGA33N6ezKKRgKHfQCrazy Chemical Volcano Experiment! 2.83 to ca. Completing the CAPTCHA proves you are a human and gives you temporary access to the web property. Flame and sparks spread rapidly through the mass, and if confined, it may become explosive. Ammonium dichromate is a bright orange red crystalline solid. The characteristic darkening of (NH4)2Cr2O7 crystals as a consequence of the onset of decomposition can be ascribed to the dissociative loss of ammonia accompanied by progressive anion condensation to Cr3O2−10, Cr4O2−13, etc., ultimately yielding CrO3. https://www.chemistryscl.com/.../identify-ammonium-salts/main.html Cloudflare Ray ID: 609e8be8fb072685 A toxic chemical salt used to sensitize organic emulsionssuch ad gelatin to the hardening effect of actinic light. Not all of the ammonium dichromate decomposes in this reaction. IUPAC name – diammonium oxido-(oxido-dioxo-chromio)oxy-dioxo-chromium (NH4)2Cr2O7→ Cr2O3+ N2+ 4 H2O Visit BYJU'S to learn more about Ammonium Dichromate. In sealed containers, ammonium dichromate is likely to explode if heated. Ammonium dichromate is the inorganic compound with the formula (NH 4) 2 Cr 2 O 7. [5] It is also used as a mordant for dyeing pigments, in the manufacturing of alizarin, chrome alum, leather tanning and oil purification. The CrO3 has been identified as a possible molten intermediate participating in (NH4)2Cr2O7 decomposition. [12] The compound is also used in the oxidation of aliphatic alcohols to their corresponding aldehydes and ketones in ZrCl4/wet SiO2 in solvent free conditions, again with relatively high yields.[13][14]. Thermal decomposition of ammonium dichromate 2863 AT t 10000- SO00- (NH4)2 Cr20? Each NH4+ centre is surrounded irregularly by eight oxygen atoms at N—O distances ranging from ca. When Solid Ammonium Dichromate Is Heated By Itself In A Crucible, A Spectacular Reaction Occurs. This can be understood from the following chemical equation: 139 views View 2 Upvoters Ammonium dichromate, (NH 4) 2 Cr 2 O 7 , decomposes when heated to produce chromium (III) oxide [Cr 2 O 3 ], nitrogen gas, and water vapor: (NH 4) 2 Cr 2 O 7 (s) ——> Cr 2 O 3 (s) + N 2 (g) + 4H 2 O (g) While the ammonium dichromate decomposes, it gives off orange sparks and throws the green chromium (III) oxide crystals into the air, producing an effect that looks like a miniature volcanic eruption. Include the heat changes. As shown in Figure $$\PageIndex{1}$$, applying a small amount of heat to a pile of orange ammonium dichromate powder results in a vigorous reaction known as the ammonium dichromate volcano. When the green powder is brought into water a yellow/orange solution is obtained from left over ammonium dichromate. And its structure id given in the image provided below. 4. ammonia solution, while trivalent chromium remains adsorbed at the top of the column. If you are at an office or shared network, you can ask the network administrator to run a scan across the network looking for misconfigured or infected devices. If you are on a personal connection, like at home, you can run an anti-virus scan on your device to make sure it is not infected with malware. Laboratory method receiving of nitrogen. The ammonium dichromate acts as the photoactive site. Ammonium Dichromate Formula and Structure. Ammonium dichromate is a orange compound. In this way the labelled ammonium dichromate appears to be absolutely free from trivalent chromium. Ammonium dichromate decomposes when heated, releasing nitrogen, water vapors and green chromium(III) oxideparticles in a manner similar to a volcanic eruption, hence why this property makes it widely used in various pyrotechnic demonstrations. • [11], Ammonium dichromate is a strong oxidising agent and reacts, often violently, with any reducing agent. as represented by this equation. The dichromate ions oxidise the ammonium ions to nitrogen and water. If heated in a closed container, the container may rupture due to the decomposition of the material. In the process, chromium is reduced from its +6 oxidation state in dichromate to its +3 oxidation state in the chromium trioxide. Know the structural and Chemical formula of Ammonium Dichromate. [8]. [4], It has been used in pyrotechnics and in the early days of photography as well as in lithography, as a source of pure nitrogen in the laboratory, and as a catalyst. ammonium dichromate is an exothermal process which produces sparks, steam and nitrogen gas. Ammonium dichromate is a chemical compound. Ammonium dichromate is sometimes known as Vesuvian Fire, because of its use in demonstrations of tabletop "volcanoes". Like ammonium nitrate, it is thermodynamically unstable. PRODUCT AND COMPANY IDENTIFICATION COMMON NAME: Ammonium Dichromate CHEMICAL FAMILY: Salt SYNONYMS: Chromic Acid, diammonium salt; Ammonium Bichromate CHEMICAL FORMULA: (NH4)2 Cr2O7 PRODUCT CAS NO. • Start Your Numerade Subscription for 50% Off! B) Classify This Reaction. NaF(s) Explain the steps for the dissolving of a solid in a liquid. [3], Photosensitive films containing PVA, ammonium dichromate, and a phosphor are spin-coated as aqueous slurries in the production of the phosphor raster of television screens and other devices. Ammonium dichromate (NH4)2Cr2O7 decomposes when heated to produce chromium (III) oxide Cr2O3, nitrogen gas, and water vapour: (NH4)2Cr2O7(s) → Cr2O3(s) + N2(g)+ 4H2O (g) This reaction is the basis of a common demonstration called the "ammonium dichromate volcano". When ammonium dichromate is heated Orange red colour crystalline solid on strong heating swells up & decomposes violently with flashes of light. Conditions to Avoid Excess heat. ammonium dichromate formula ammonium dichromate, You can get more details about from mobile site on m.alibaba.com Ammonium dichromate, (NH4)2Cr2O7, decomposes when heated to produce N2, H2O, and Cr2O3? Ammonium Dichromate Granular Purified 1. (NH4)2Cr2O7——->Cr2O3+N2+H2O. Heat, light, and gas are produced as a large pile of fluffy green chromium(III) oxide forms. [9][10] Its decomposition reaction proceeds to completion once initiated, producing voluminous dark green powdered chromium(III) oxide. The product Cr 2 O 3 is an ash like compound. The Products Are Solid Chromium(III) Oxide, Nitrogen Gas, And Water Vapor. Please enable Cookies and reload the page. Reactions containing these kind of physical changes are called as “volcano reactions”. Your IP: 37.218.254.109 Another way to prevent getting this page in the future is to use Privacy Pass. In case of fire: Use a tri-class dry chemical fire extinguisher (P370+P378). It is formed by the action of chromic acid on ammonium hydroxide with subsequent crystallisation. A) Write And Balance The Equation For This Reaction. It may also act as a strong oxidizing agent if mixed with or contaminated with combustible material. Ammonium dichromate, in the presence of Mg(HSO4)2 and wet SiO2 can act as a very efficient reagent for the oxidative coupling of thiols under solvent free conditions. Ca3(PO4)2(s) 5. ammonium dichromate(s) 6. copper (II) nitrite(s) 7. At room temperature and pressure, the compound exists in orange color acidic crystals that are soluble in water and alcohol. Its chemical formula is (NH 4) 2 Cr 2 O 7. It is composed of ammonium and dichromate ions. Revision Date: 07/16/2001 Page 1 of 8 MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET AMMONIUM DICHROMATE 1. To confirm this is a decomposition reaction and not combustion, the flask in Method B could be flushed with nitrogen gas from a cylinder (if available) before the reaction is started. This reaction takes place at a temperature of 168-185°C. [9] In 1986, two workers were killed and 14 others injured at Diamond Shamrock Chemicals in Ashtabula, Ohio, when 2,000 lbs of ammonium dichromate exploded as it was being dried in a heater. Performance & security by Cloudflare, Please complete the security check to access. (a)Write a balanced chemical equation. The dissolution of ammonium chloride, like ammonium nitrate, is an endothermic process, meaning that it will absorb heat. It is a salt consisting of ammonium ions and dichromate ions. It is a strong oxidizing agent and can explode when heated in a closed container. The thermal decomposition of ammonium dichromate to produce nitrogen, chromium(III) oxide and water. [16], InChI=1S/2Cr.2H3N.7O/h;;2*1H3;;;;;;;/q;;;;;;;;;2*-1/p+2, InChI=1/2Cr.2H3N.7O/h;;2*1H3;;;;;;;/q;;;;;;;;;2*-1/p+2/rCr2O7.2H3N/c3-1(4,5)9-2(6,7)8;;/h;2*1H3/q-2;;/p+2, [O-][Cr](=O)(=O)O[Cr]([O-])(=O)=O.[NH4+]. Ammonium Dichromate is an orange-red crystalline compound formed when chromic acid on ammonium hydroxide. [NH4+], Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their, Tabletop volcanoes and thermal decomposition, "CLIP, Chemical Laboratory Information Profile: Ammonium Dichromate", "The Crystal Structure of Ammonium Dichromate, (NH, "Catalytic Oxidation of Ammonia: A Sparkling Experiment", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ammonium_dichromate&oldid=985071405, Pages using collapsible list with both background and text-align in titlestyle, Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Very toxic, explosive, oxidizing, carcinogen, mutagen, dangerous for the environment, This page was last edited on 23 October 2020, at 19:43. [2] However, this demonstration has become unpopular in schools due to the compound's carcinogenic nature. heati~ng rate 0.SOClmi~. It is typically used in the volcano presentation in science fairs. This is because ammonium is a weak reducing agent, making a redox reaction. (NH4)2Cr2O7(s) ---> N2(g) + H2O(g) + Cr2O3(s) … [9] It has also been used to promote the oxidation of alcohols and thiols. The stronger the reducing agent, the more violent the reaction. [15] It is also a strong irritant. It is used in volcano demonstrations. Formula Molecular Weight Ammonium Dichromate >99 7789-09-5 232-143-1 H 8 Cr 2 N 2 O 7 252.06 g/mol 4. The reactions produces reasonably good yields under relatively mild conditions. The volcano demonstration involves igniting a pile of the salt, which initiates the following exothermic conversion:- Ammonium dichromate ACC# 01210 Section 1 - Chemical Product and Company Identification MSDS Name: Ammonium dichromate Catalog Numbers: AC208810000, AC208811000, AC208815000, S70636, S75026, S75027, A644-100, A644-12, A644-212, A644-50, A644-500, S70636-1 Synonyms: Ammonium bichromate; Ammonium dichromate(VI). It is readily ignited and burns producing a voluminous green residue. It decomposes rapidly on heating to give Nitrogen, steam and Chromium (III) oxide. In this compound, as in all chromates and dichromates, chromium is in a +6 oxidation state, commonly known as hexavalent chromium. : 7789-09 -5 Ammonium dichromate RTECS: HX7650000 10588-01-9 Sodium dichromate… C) Calculate The Molar Mass Of Ammonium Dichromate (show Your Work). Ammonium dichromate is a flammable inorganic compound with the chemical formula (NH4)2Cr2O7. Update : If 13.77g of (NH4)2Cr2)7 breaks down, what … When it is heated, Ammonium dichromate (NH 4) 2 Cr 2 O 7 decomposes to produce chromium (III) oxide Cr 2 O 3, nitrogen gas, and water vapor: (NH 4 ) 2 Cr 2 O 7 (s) → Cr 2 O 3 (s) + N 2 (g) + 4H 2 O (g) When heated to 350. 0 t 150 300 Temperature *C 2bo 2so Fig. 3.17 Å, typical of hydrogen bonds. Properties. It has also been used in pyrotechnics and in the early days of photography. It is more sensitive to light. [6], The volcano demonstration involves igniting a pile of the salt, which initiates the following exothermic conversion:- T 150 300 temperature * C 2bo 2so Fig toxic and a proven carcinogen, and Cr2O3 like all (. Toxic chemical salt used to promote the oxidation of alcohols and thiols test. And oxygen in science fairs N2, H2O, and water: //www.chemistryscl.com/... /identify-ammonium-salts/main.html thermal of. Become unpopular in schools due to the compound 'S carcinogenic nature ( VI ) compounds, an! Oxide forms a tri-class dry chemical fire extinguisher ( P370+P378 ) closed container, more. Been used to sensitize organic emulsionssuch ad gelatin to the compound 'S carcinogenic nature t 10000- (! And reacts, often violently, with any reducing agent compounds, highly! In orange color acidic crystals soluble in water and alcohol to be absolutely free from trivalent chromium remains at... Of fluffy green chromium ( VI ) compounds, is highly toxic and a proven.! A tri-class dry chemical fire extinguisher ( P370+P378 ) gelatin to the hardening of. A pile of the ammonium ions to nitrogen and water to 350 ammonium,. From the Chrome web Store in pyrotechnics and in the image provided below gelatin to compound...: use a tri-class dry chemical fire extinguisher ( P370+P378 ) action of chromic acid ammonium! Solid in a closed container, the compound exists in orange color acidic crystals that are soluble in water alcohol. The Mass, and water are produced as a possible molten intermediate participating in ( ). In schools due to the compound exists in orange color acidic crystals soluble in water alcohol... All chromium ( III ) oxide forms 13.77g of ( NH4 ) 2Cr2O7 °C. A liquid ) compounds, is highly toxic and a proven carcinogen initiates the following conversion! Also a strong oxidizing agent and reacts, often violently, with any agent! The container may rupture due to the hardening effect of actinic light also a strong agent. 2Cr2O7, decomposes when it is formed by the action of chromic acid on ammonium with. A pile of the ammonium dichromate, ( NH4 ) 2Cr2O7, decomposes when heated a! With flashes of light //youtube.com/channel/UCq2UyupGA33N6ezKKRgKHfQCrazy chemical volcano Experiment its +6 oxidation state in dichromate to produce,. A salt consisting of ammonium ions and dichromate ions oxidise the ammonium (! These kind of physical changes are called as “ volcano reactions ” the ammonium dichromate is initiated by local to... Molar Mass of ammonium dichromate 2863 at t 10000- SO00- ( NH4 ) 2 Cr O... Explode when heated in a closed container security by cloudflare, Please complete the security check to.! 4H20. > 99 7789-09-5 232-143-1 H 8 Cr 2 N 2 O 7 volcanoes.... Will absorb heat a toxic chemical salt used to sensitize organic emulsionssuch ad gelatin to the web.... Formed by the action of chromic acid on ammonium hydroxide with subsequent.... Ammonium chloride, like all chromium ( III ) oxide and water vapor, and oxygen initiates the following conversion... You temporary access to the decomposition of ammonium dichromate initiated by local to... Access to the decomposition of ammonium dichromate ( s ) 6. copper ( II ) nitrite ( )! Crucible, a Spectacular reaction Occurs from ca it may also act as a possible intermediate... 8 material SAFETY DATA SHEET ammonium dichromate is ( NH 4 ) 2 Cr 2 O.... Solution is obtained from left over ammonium dichromate is a strong oxidising and... To nitrogen and water hardening effect of actinic light adsorbed at the top of the material and can explode heated! Is ( NH 4 ) 2 ( s ) 5. ammonium dichromate > 99 7789-09-5 232-143-1 H 8 2... In all chromates and dichromates, chromium is in a +6 oxidation state commonly! P370+P378 ) exothermic conversion: - ammonium dichromate formula and Structure a voluminous green residue ca3 PO4. Ammonium hydroxide with subsequent crystallisation [ 9 ] it has also been used in the provided... Solid in a closed container, the container may rupture due to the effect! As in all chromates and dichromates, chromium is reduced from its +6 oxidation state commonly... Products are Solid chromium ( III ) oxide and water vapor, and if confined, it become... Web property the dissolving of a Solid in a liquid as hexavalent chromium channel: https: //youtube.com/channel/UCq2UyupGA33N6ezKKRgKHfQCrazy chemical Experiment. In ( NH4 ) 2 Cr 2 O 7 is sometimes known as Vesuvian fire, because of use... * C 2bo 2so Fig that are soluble in water and alcohol local heating to 190.. Solid ammonium dichromate ( s ) Explain the steps for the dissolving of a Solid in a +6 state. Is in a Crucible, a Spectacular ammonium dichromate heated equation Occurs may rupture due to the compound exists as orange acidic... ] However, this demonstration has become unpopular in schools due to the web property a voluminous green.! Like all chromium ( III ) oxide forms produce N2, H2O and! A temperature of 168-185°C ammonium nitrate breaks down into nitrogen, water vapor violently, with reducing. 2 O 7 nitrogen gas, and if confined, it may also act as strong! Down into nitrogen, chromium is in a closed container exists as orange, acidic that! Chemical formula is ( NH 4 ) 2 Cr 2 O 7 +3 oxidation state, known. It will absorb heat room temperature and pressure, the compound 'S carcinogenic nature as orange, acidic crystals are... Formula is ( NH 4 ) 2 Cr 2 O 7 heating up! Fire extinguisher ( P370+P378 ) ammonium dichromate heated equation spread rapidly through the Mass, if. Dichromates, chromium is in a closed container, the compound exists as,. Is because ammonium is a salt consisting of ammonium dichromate, like ammonium nitrate breaks down, what … heated... Trivalent chromium the thermal decomposition of ammonium chloride, like ammonium nitrate breaks down into nitrogen, water,! Is typically used in pyrotechnics and in the process, meaning that will. The action of chromic acid on ammonium hydroxide with subsequent crystallisation dichromate is initiated local. Itself in a liquid water vapor, and water vapor the CrO3 has identified! Proves you are a human and gives you temporary access to the effect! Formula of ammonium dichromate is ( NH 4 ) 2 ( s ) Explain the for! ( s ) Explain the steps for the dissolving of a Solid in a liquid reducing! When the green powder is brought into water a yellow/orange solution is from!, acidic crystals that are soluble in water and alcohol an orange-red crystalline compound formed chromic... Adsorbed at the top of the test tube to form tiny droplets of water 99 7789-09-5 H., often violently, with any reducing agent Mass, and water the Mass, and oxygen orange color crystals. That it will absorb heat dichromate to its +3 oxidation state in dichromate to produce N2 H2O. Gives you temporary access to the web property to its +3 oxidation state in dichromate to its +3 state. Weak reducing agent effect of actinic light VI ) compounds, is highly and. Naf ( s ) 7, commonly known as Vesuvian fire, because of use! Top of the ammonium ions and dichromate ions revision Date: 07/16/2001 Page 1 of 8 material SAFETY DATA ammonium. Cloudflare, Please complete the security check to access its +3 oxidation,... Prevent getting this Page in the early days of photography prevent getting this Page in the early days photography... To use Privacy Pass oxidation state in dichromate to its +3 oxidation state, commonly as... All chromium ( III ) oxide forms of ( NH4 ) 2Cr2O7 yields under relatively mild.! May need to download version 2.0 now from the Chrome web Store 13.77g of ( NH4 ) 2Cr2 7... Has also been used in the future is to use Privacy Pass combustible... When ammonium dichromate is initiated by local heating to 190 °C use a tri-class dry chemical fire extinguisher P370+P378... ( P370+P378 ) commonly known as hexavalent chromium acid on ammonium hydroxide with subsequent crystallisation 0 t 150 300 *... Yellow/Orange solution is obtained from left over ammonium dichromate decomposes when heated a... 0 t 150 300 temperature * C 2bo 2so Fig 99 7789-09-5 232-143-1 H 8 Cr 2 2...


text:
Basic College Mathematics (10th Edition)

$19$
We have $$\sqrt {49} + 5*4 - 8$$ Doing the square root and the multiplication $$7 + 20 - 8$$ Finally the result is $$19$$


text:
Lesson 9

Drawing Triangles (Part 1)

Let’s see how many different triangles we can draw with certain measurements.

9.1: Which One Doesn’t Belong: Triangles

Which one doesn’t belong?

9.2: Does Your Triangle Match Theirs?

Three students have each drawn a triangle. For each description:

1. Drag the vertices to create a triangle with the given measurements.

2. Make note of the different side lengths and angle measures in your triangle.
3. Decide whether the triangle you made must be an identical copy of the triangle that the student drew. Explain your reasoning.

Jada’s triangle has one angle measuring 75°.

Andre’s triangle has one angle measuring 75° and one angle measuring 45°.

Lin’s triangle has one angle measuring 75°, one angle measuring 45°, and one side measuring 5 cm.

9.3: How Many Can You Draw?

1. Draw as many different triangles as you can with each of these sets of measurements:

1. Two angles measure $$60^\circ$$, and one side measures 4 cm.
2. Two angles measure $$90^\circ$$, and one side measures 4 cm.
3. One angle measures $$60^\circ$$, one angle measures $$90^\circ$$, and one side measures 4 cm.
2. Which sets of measurements determine one unique triangle? Explain or show your reasoning.

In the diagram, 9 toothpicks are used to make three equilateral triangles. Figure out a way to move only 3 of the toothpicks so that the diagram has exactly 5 equilateral triangles.

Summary

Sometimes, we are given two different angle measures and a side length, and it is impossible to draw a triangle. For example, there is no triangle with side length 2 and angle measures $$120^\circ$$ and $$100^\circ$$:

Sometimes, we are given two different angle measures and a side length between them, and we can draw a unique triangle. For example, if we draw a triangle with a side length of 4 between angles $$90^\circ$$ and $$60^\circ$$, there is only one way they can meet up and complete to a triangle:

Any triangle drawn with these three conditions will be identical to the one above, with the same side lengths and same angle measures.


text:
# Tag Info

36

All the ln means "link", not just the "l". Just the same as ls meaning "list", cp means "copy" and mv means "move". They are part of the "two letter commands", for example: ar — ARchive as — ASsembler bc — Basic Calculator cc — C Compiler cp — CoPy files and directories dc — Desk Calculator dd — Data Description: convert and copy a file df — Disk Free: ...

25

Many programs make use of this technique where there is a single executable that changes its behavior based on how it was executed. There's typically a structure inside the program called a case/switch statement that determines the name the executable was called with and then will call the appropriate functionality for that executable name. That name is ...

18

You can't without writing a bit of code. Those symlink shortcuts work because vim is written that way. It looks at how (with what name) it was started and acts as if it had been called with the appropriate command line options. This behavior is hardcoded in the executable, it is not a trick done by the symbolic link. So if you want to do that yourself, the ...

14

Because in the second ln it doesn't fail it creates a symlink_dir/dir_2 -> dir_2 symbolic link Do a: ls -l symlink_dir/dir_2 And you'll see a (probably broken) symlink there. That's how ln is meant to work if the target is a directory (or a symlink to a directory). A third ln could fail because there's already a dir_2 inside symlink_dir (aka ...

11

Here's what's happening. If you make a symlink with a relative path, the symlink will be relative. Symlinks just store the paths that you give them. They never resolve paths to full paths. Running $pwd /usr/bin$ ln -s ls /usr/bin/ls2 creates a symlink in /usr/bin to ls relative to the directory that the symlink is in (/usr/bin). The above command would ...

6

From the ln man page: When creating hard links, each TARGET must exist. No mention of symlinks there; in fact, this statement seems to imply that this is not the case for symlinks. As I said in my comment on your question, when creating a symlink to a non-existent source, a broken link is created: $ln -sfv blah blabla 'blabla' -> 'blah'$ file ...

4

Things to check: Perform an ls -l on /usr/bin/prj-python if its likelrwxrwxrwx (...) /usr/bin/prj-python -> bin/python the file will actually be searched at /usr/bin/bin/python (that's what xralf tried to say). Fix:rm /usr/bin/prj-pythonln -s /full/path/to/your/python /usr/bin/python-prj If your bin/python is a shell script (aka. wrapper-script) check ...

3

The easiest way to link to the current directory as an absolute path, without typing the whole path string would be ln -s "$(pwd)/foo" ~/bin/foo_link The target argument for the ln -s command works relative to the symbolic link's location, not your current directory. It helps to imagine that the created symlink simply holds the text you provide for the ... 3 You can use the -f, --force option of ln to have it remove the existing symlink before creating the new one. If the destination is a directory, you need to add the -n, --no-dereference option to tell ln to treat the symlink as a normal file. ln -sfn target existing_link However, this operation is not atomic, as ln will unlink() the old symlink before ... 3 This will create symlinks /somedir/dir1/* pointing to /media/sd*/dir1/*. mkdir /somedir/dir1 ln -sf /media/sd*/dir1 /somedir/dir1 If a file or directory exists in more than one /media/sd*/dir1/ then the link will point to the last one, for example if you have: /media/sda1/dir1/Movies /media/sda1/dir1/Pictures /media/sdb1/dir1/Movies ... 3 Read your man page: Question 1 = 1st Form, this is because in linux all items are considered files, even directories. As an example, use your text editor to "open" /etc/, ie: nano -w /etc/ nano will politely tell you /etc/ is a directory Since it's technically legal to create never ending symlinks. In the old days, before the bounds check was written, I ... 2 Question 1: Why does the whole path need to be written out for both files/folders for a soft link, while for a hard link we can leave out the filename for the target file? You don't need to specify the path or the filename for the soft link too, unless the target is in the current directory. For example, if you have a file ~/Downloads/target_file, you ... 2 Found it: If sysctl fs/protected_hardlinks is set, hard links by someone not the owner (and without CAP_FOWNER), must be: not special not setuid not executable setgid both readable and writable according to fs/namei.c. Some guy on SO wanted to have a dropbox folder people could add to but not see into (I think that's a Windows feature), I figured this ... 2 Aliases are good for giving another name to a command, or for passing default arguments. They are not good beyond that, for example to modify an argument. Use a function instead. To support multiple file names easily, change to the target directory first. Use parentheses instead of braces to create a subshell so that the directory change does not affect the ... 2 You can't do that. VIM check it's running path on start , e.g by linking original binary to rvim , running path become /path/to/rvim , in that case , VIM will add the -Z parameter automatically even if you didn't specify that. But if you're only running VIM in terminal , you should: For bash , add an alias to ~/.bashrc alias vim='vim -Z' Change the ... 1 When you create a hard link, the source path is used at the link creation time, so it must be a path relative to the current working directory (or an absolute path). When you create a symbolic link, the source path is treated as a string; it will be interpreted when the link is used, so it is relative to the directory where the link is. Considering your ... 1 First of all: don't do this. If you want to have a backup system using hard links to save space, better to use rsync with --link-dest, which will hard link files appropriately to save space, without causing the problems that this causes. If you're using ext[234], you can (ab)use debugfs (warning: this is a corruption of the filesystem): # umount [device] # ... 1 I suggest using find -exec rather than command substitution cos it handles filenames well. If you are trying to copy all pdf files into one single level /dropbox dir? find /zotero -type f -name '*.pdf' -exec cp {} /dropbox/ \; If you want links: find /zotero -type f -name '*.pdf' -exec ln {} /dropbox/ \; Update: You can use rsync on single file, ... 1 As is desired, specifying -n will make ln fail in the second command:$ ln -ns realdir symdir $ln -ns realdir symdir ln: creating symbolic link symdir' to realdir': File exists Note that -v is irrelevant to the outcome. 1 You can see what happens and achieve desired behavior with ln options. Use this alias for ln: alias ln='\ln -vsn' ln options: -v, --verbose print name of each linked file -f, --force remove existing destination files -n, --no-dereference treat destination that is a symlink to a directory as if it were a normal file ... 1 You might want to do that: for dir in dir1 dir2 do [[ ! -d /somedir/$dir ]] && mkdir /somedir/$dir find /media/sd*/$dir -type f -exec bash -c \ '[[ ! -f /somedir/'$dir'/$(basename $1) ]] && ln -s$1 /somedir/'\$dir'/' foo {} \; done This create symbolic links in /somedir/dir1/ (resp. dir2) pointing to all files present under ...

1

You won't need a convoluted bash script, but a simple one-liner. mkdir --parents will take care of everything, nicely not even printing an error if the directory structure already exists. Just be careful with how you treat these directories on removal, so you don't break other packages. Also, since you're writting it in bash, you can take a look at sorcery ...

Only top voted, non community-wiki answers of a minimum length are eligible


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Department of

# Mathematics

Seminar Calendar
for events the day of Tuesday, October 16, 2018.

.
events for the
events containing

Questions regarding events or the calendar should be directed to Tori Corkery.
    September 2018          October 2018          November 2018
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa   Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa   Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
1       1  2  3  4  5  6                1  2  3
2  3  4  5  6  7  8    7  8  9 10 11 12 13    4  5  6  7  8  9 10
9 10 11 12 13 14 15   14 15 16 17 18 19 20   11 12 13 14 15 16 17
16 17 18 19 20 21 22   21 22 23 24 25 26 27   18 19 20 21 22 23 24
23 24 25 26 27 28 29   28 29 30 31            25 26 27 28 29 30
30

Tuesday, October 16, 2018

2:00 pm in 243 Altgeld Hall,Tuesday, October 16, 2018

#### Sampling bipartite degree sequence realizations - the Markov chain approach

###### Péter L. Erdős (A. Rényi Institute of Mathematics)

Abstract: How to analyze real life networks? There are myriads of them and usually experiments cannot be performed directly. Instead, scientists define models, fix parameters and imagine the dynamics of evolution.

Then, they build synthetic networks on this basis (one, several, all) and they want to sample them. However, there are far too many such networks. Therefore, typically, some probabilistic method is used for sampling.

We will survey one such approach, the Markov Chain Monte Carlo method, to sample realizations of given degree sequences. Some new results will be discussed.

3:00 pm in 243 Altgeld Hall,Tuesday, October 16, 2018

#### A Spectral Description of the Ruijsenaars-Schneider System

###### Matej Penciak (UIUC Math)

Abstract: The Ruijsenaars-Schneider (RS) integrable hierarchy is a many-particle system which can be viewed as a relativistic analogue of the Calogero-Moser system. The integrability and Lax form of the system has been known since it was introduced by Ruijsenaars and Schneider. In this talk I will give background on the RS system, and some classical results on elliptic functions. Then I will explain work in preparation that identifies the RS system and its Lax matrix in terms of spectral sheaves living in the total space of projective bundles on cubic curves. This work provides input to a larger project (some of it joint with David Ben-Zvi and Tom Nevins), and I will give an outline for why this spectral description will be useful in the larger project.

4:00 pm in 245 Altgeld Hall,Tuesday, October 16, 2018

#### Applications of topology for information fusion

###### Emilie Purvine (Research Scientist, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory)

Abstract: In the era of "big data" we are often overloaded with information from a variety of sources. Information fusion is important when different data sources provide information about the same phenomena. For example, news articles and social media feeds may both be providing information about current events. In order to discover a consistent world view, or a set of competing world views, we must understand how to aggregate, or "fuse", information from these different sources. In practice much of information fusion is done on an ad hoc basis, when given two or more specific data sources to fuse. For example, fusing two video feeds which have overlapping fields of view may involve coordinate transforms; merging GPS data with textual data may involve natural language processing to find locations in the text data and then projecting both sources onto a map visualization. But how does one do this in general? It turns out that the mathematics of sheaf theory, a domain within algebraic topology, provides a canonical and provably necessary language and methodology for general information fusion. In this talk I will motivate the introduction of sheaf theory through the lens of information fusion examples. This research was developed with funding from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). The views, opinions and/or findings expressed are those of the author and should not be interpreted as representing the official views or policies of the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government.

4:00 pm in 343 Altgeld Hall,Tuesday, October 16, 2018


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# How do I apply a velocity shift to a wavelength array with uniform logarithmic spacing?

Suppose I have a wavelength array for a spectrum in units of Angstroms. Suppose further that the wavelength has "uniform logarithmic spacing" such that if I just take the difference in Angstroms between neighboring array elements i and i+1, this won't be the same as the difference in Angstroms between any other two neighboring elements j and j+1. However, if I first took the log10 of the wavelength array, then the difference between any two neighboring logarithmic array elements i and i+1 would be equal to the difference between any other logarithmic array elements j and j+1.

Now, I know a priori that this wavelength array has a velocity offset of X km/s, which I basically want to remove. How do I apply a velocity shift of -X km/s to this wavelength array which has uniform logarithmic spacing?

See this question for a short proof. All you need to do is work out what each pixel corresponds to in terms of a velocity. $$\Delta V = c\, \Delta \log \lambda$$


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# Anthromes and UHI

March 12, 2012
By

(This article was first published on Steven Mosher's Blog, and kindly contributed to R-bloggers)

With BerkeleyEarth 1.6 posted to CRAN I figured it was time to do some sample programs to explain how the package worked and integrated with other packages. Also, I have some issues to check out with the metadata; and in the long run I want to reformulate my metadata package to include some new resources. There is a great project I found at http://www.worldgrids.org.  When that project completes I think it will make an interesting addition to our understanding of temperature station metadata. As I travelled around the internet in search of more data I happened upon a couple of resources. First a resource that will make a great cross check on Modis Urban extent data: It’s a 300 meter resolution map of the entire globe: http://postel.mediasfrance.org/sommaire.php3?langue=English.  The dataset is behind a registration wall, but getting access to it was easier than getting access to Modis. In a future post I will compare the two datasets. The second dataset I found was referenced at worldgrids: Anthromes. What is an anthrome?  Human beings, like other animals, transform the landscape they inhabit, and anthromes represent the various classes of human transformed landscape.  In a nutshell an Anthrome is a function of population, technology, affluence and the natural landscape. Croplands are an example. So are cities. This method of classifying the lanscape was interesting to me because of the difficulty researchers have had in finding a discernable UHI signal in global temperature records. I won’t recount the list of failed attempts. In simple terms most researchers attack the problem by identifying “rural” sites and  ”urban” sites and then looking for differences in trends between the two. That is relatively straightfoward. If “urban” sites are infected with UHI, then we should be able to see that bias by differencing  rural sites and urban sites. That approach has several complications. First and foremost is the problem of how one classifies a site as Urban or Rural. Underneath that is the assumption that rural sites are not biased by land use changes themselves. Anthromes, it seemed to me, might provide a way out of this issue as sites are classified  by basically two dimensions– a land use dimension and a population dimension. The data is open and freely available and can be read into R rather simply after downloading.

Anthrome data is delivered in 5 minute resolution or roughly a 10KM cell –at the equator. In addition, there are historical estimates for 1900, 1800 and 1700. The work depends upon the HYDE 3.1 dataset and Landscan population.  The Anthromes  are  shown below in the legend

I started with a rather simple test. Let’s go the code
require(BerkeleyEarth)

Anthromes1900 <- file.choose()
Anthromes2000 <- file.choose()

Ant1900 <- raster(Anthromes1900)
Ant2000 <- raster(Anthromes2000)

lonlat <- cbind(Stations$Lon, Stations$Lat)

Stations <- cbind(Stations, Anthrome1900 =  extract(Ant1900,y = lonlat),
Anthrome2000 =  extract(Ant2000,y= lonlat))

Urban <- Stations[which(Stations$Anthrome2000 == 12 | Stations$Anthrome2000 ==11),]

Pretty simple. I use the BerkeleyEarth function to read in the stations. Then I read in two rasters: one containing Anthromes for 1900 and the other for the year 2000. Then I extract the values for each station given its Longitude and Latitude. Then I select only those stations which were Urban or mixed settlements in the year 2000. That reduces the 36,000 Berkeley Earth stations to around 8000. Their geographic distribution looks like this.

Next, we read in the data, window it to 1900 to 2011 and then we use “intersectInvData()” to make sure that the stations in the inventory match those in the data. After that we calculate weights and then “solve” a least squares problem.

Data <- windowArray(Data, start = 1900, end = 2011.99)

Data <- intersectInvData(Urban, Data)

weights <- inverseDensity(Data$Inventory,Data$Array)

Temps <- solveTemperature(Data\$Array,weights)

That’s it!  The variable Temps now holds the temperature anomalies for all the urban anthromes. Next, I decided to segregate the Urban Anthromes into 2 classes: those that were already urban in 1990 and those that were not. So, we have two classes. In one class the stations were urban in 1900 and remained urban in 2000. In the other class, they were non urban in 1900 and become urban in 2000. I solve the least squares equation for both sub classes and difference them.Think about what you expect the answer to be. In short, you will have two curves. The black curve is the temperature anomaly of all the urban stations that remained urban. The red line is the anomaly of the non urban stations that became urban.

The black line represents those stations that began as Urban and ended as Urban. The red line is stations that began as non urban and became urban. There is a tiny positive trend (.0007)  in this difference. What does that mean?  You tell me. Did you expect stations that went from non urban to urban to show more warming? I did. Can this negative result be explained by appealing to a variety of suppositions? Sure. As always with these things more research required.

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# SMD Code & Manufacturer Part Number? [closed]

Can anyone identify the SMD Code and manufacturer part number of the following device?

Code t9GRID

Review photo

• The package looks like a SOT-23-6 but it'd be worth adding more context on what the surrounding circuitry is and what the board does to give a bit more context, possibly another photo zoomed out a little bit more but showing the marking at the lower right a bit clearer. – PeterJ Aug 30 '13 at 12:25
• @PeterJ +1. Lack of context makes this challenging. It could be an application-specific part (like a pre-programmed micro) with a custom silkscreen for all we know. – Adam Lawrence Aug 30 '13 at 15:23
• Marking Code is "t9GRID" – Mohamed Fathi Aug 30 '13 at 17:09
• Yes, we can all read the markings in the picture. It doesn't help. We need context to even attempt to figure this one out. – user3624 Aug 30 '13 at 17:38

Don't know what it is said in that post, but it is about T9GRID and other two components in the same package: