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# Gang Wang

According to our database1, Gang Wang authored at least 514 papers between 1990 and 2019.

Collaborative distances:

Book
In proceedings
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## Bibliography

2019
The Construction Method of BeiDou Satellite Navigation Measurement Error System.
Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, 2019

A Multiobjective Integer Linear Programming Model for the Cross-Track Line Planning Problem in the Chinese High-Speed Railway Network.
Symmetry, 2019

Patch-based fuzzy clustering for image segmentation.
Soft Comput., 2019

Noise-robust line detection using normalized and adaptive second-order anisotropic Gaussian kernels.
Signal Processing, 2019

Pose Estimation for Straight Wing Aircraft Based on Consistent Line Clustering and Planes Intersection.
Sensors, 2019

Aircraft Pose Estimation Based on Geometry Structure Features and Line Correspondences.
Sensors, 2019

A Single Shot Framework with Multi-Scale Feature Fusion for Geospatial Object Detection.
Remote Sensing, 2019

Context Aggregation Network for Semantic Labeling in Aerial Images.
Remote Sensing, 2019

Online latent semantic hashing for cross-media retrieval.
Pattern Recognition, 2019

Toward Cloud-Assisted Industrial IoT Platform for Large-Scale Continuous Condition Monitoring.
Proceedings of the IEEE, 2019

Research and development project risk assessment using a belief rule-based system with random subspaces.
Knowl.-Based Syst., 2019

A Group of CFL-Dependent Flux-Limiters to Control the Numerical Dissipation in Multi-stage Unsteady Calculation.
J. Sci. Comput., 2019

A Digital Mode-Matching Control System Based on Feedback Calibration for a MEMS Gyroscope.
J. Sensors, 2019

Multiscale Edge Detection Using First-Order Derivative of Anisotropic Gaussian Kernels.
Journal of Mathematical Imaging and Vision, 2019

Superpixel Segmentation Based on Anisotropic Edge Strength.
J. Imaging, 2019

Conditional distributivity for uni-nullnorms with continuous and Archimedean underlying t-norms and t-conorms.
Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, 2019

Event-triggered control for active vehicle suspension systems with network-induced delays.
J. Franklin Institute, 2019

A Chinese Restaurant Game for Distributed Cooperative Caching in Small Cell Networks.
TIIS, 2019

Keyword guessing attacks on a public key encryption with keyword search scheme without random oracle and its improvement.
Inf. Sci., 2019

Dynamic trust evaluation model based on bidding and multi-attributes for social networks.
IJHPCN, 2019

Web Text Categorization Based on Statistical Merging Algorithm in Big Data Environment.
IJACI, 2019

A Generalized Construction of Codebook Asymptotically Meeting the Welch Bound.
IEICE Transactions, 2019

A Generalized Construction of Asymptotically Optimal Codebooks.
IEICE Transactions, 2019

Distributivity and conditional distributivity for uni-nullnorms.
Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 2019

Identifying Adverse Drug Events From Social Media Using An Improved Semisupervised Method.
IEEE Intelligent Systems, 2019

MAC Protocols for Wireless Mesh Networks with Multi-beam Antennas: A Survey.
CoRR, 2019

ChainSplitter: Towards Blockchain-based Industrial IoT Architecture for Supporting Hierarchical Storage.
CoRR, 2019

Semantic Correlation Promoted Shape-Variant Context for Segmentation.
CoRR, 2019

Unpaired Image Captioning via Scene Graph Alignments.
CoRR, 2019

2D LiDAR Map Prediction via Estimating Motion Flow with GRU.
CoRR, 2019

Deterministic constructions of compressed sensing matrices based on codes.
Cryptography and Communications, 2019

Deterministic constructions of compressed sensing matrices based on optimal codebooks and codes.
Applied Mathematics and Computation, 2019

Stability conditions of switched nonlinear systems with unstable subsystems and destabilizing switching behaviors.
Applied Mathematics and Computation, 2019

Task Assignment of the Improved Contract Net Protocol under a Multi-Agent System.
Algorithms, 2019

A New Evolutionary Machine Learning Approach for Identifying Pyrene Induced Hepatotoxicity and Renal Dysfunction in Rats.
IEEE Access, 2019

QoE and Cost for Wireless Networks With Mobility Under Spatio-Temporal Traffic.
IEEE Access, 2019

Compliance Analysis for Flow Effector Actuator Based on Serial Compliant Mechanism With Double Guide Ends.
IEEE Access, 2019

Docking Strategy for a Space Station Container Docking Device Based on Adaptive Sensing.
IEEE Access, 2019

Analysis Method of the Capture Tolerance Capability for an Orthogonally Distributed Satellite Capture Device.
IEEE Access, 2019

A PSO and BFO-Based Learning Strategy Applied to Faster R-CNN for Object Detection in Autonomous Driving.
IEEE Access, 2019

New Rapid and Robust Color Image Watermarking Technique in Spatial Domain.
IEEE Access, 2019

Tracking the Splitting and Combination of Group Target With $\delta$ -Generalized Labeled Multi-Bernoulli Filter.
IEEE Access, 2019

Performance Analysis of Massive MIMO Two-Way Relay Systems with SWIPT.
Proceedings of the 89th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, 2019

SWIPT in MIMO AF Relay Systems with Direct Link.
Proceedings of the 89th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, 2019

Characterizing Pixel Tracking through the Lens of Disposable Email Services.
Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, 2019

Low Complexity Decoding Scheme for LDPC Codes Based on Belief Propagation Algorithm.
Proceedings of the Wireless and Satellite Systems, 2019

Two-Erasure Codes from 3-Plexes.
Proceedings of the Network and Parallel Computing, 2019

Three-Dimensional Graphene as Sensing Element for Intraocular Pressure Monitoring.
Proceedings of the 2019 9th International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering (NER), 2019

SMChain: a scalable blockchain protocol for secure metering systems in distributed industrial plants.
Proceedings of the International Conference on Internet of Things Design and Implementation, 2019

Dilated Convolutional Networks Incorporating Soft Entity Type Constraints for Distant Supervised Relation Extraction.
Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, 2019

Polygon-Net: A General Framework for Jointly Boosting Multiple Unsupervised Neural Machine Translation Models.
Proceedings of the Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 2019

2D LiDAR Map Prediction via Estimating Motion Flow with GRU.
Proceedings of the International Conference on Robotics and Automation, 2019

Integration of Flipped Classroom and Problem Based Learning Model and its Implementation in University Programming Course.
Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computer Science & Education, 2019

Threat Models and Security of Phase-Change Memory.
Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics, 2019

Image Captioning with Two Cascaded Agents.
Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2019

GAugur: Quantifying Performance Interference of Colocated Games for Improving Resource Utilization in Cloud Gaming.
Proceedings of the 28th International Symposium on High-Performance Parallel and Distributed Computing, 2019

Modeling Local Dependence in Natural Language with Multi-Channel Recurrent Neural Networks.
Proceedings of the Thirty-Third AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 2019

2018
A Virtual Multi-Terminal Current Differential Protection Scheme for Distribution Networks With Inverter-Interfaced Distributed Generators.
IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, 2018

Deep Context-Sensitive Facial Landmark Detection With Tree-Structured Modeling.
IEEE Trans. Image Processing, 2018

Hierarchical Spatial Sum-Product Networks for Action Recognition in Still Images.
IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Techn., 2018

Time-Dependent Behavior of a Circular Symmetrical Tunnel Supported with Rockbolts.
Symmetry, 2018

Probabilistic teleportation via multi-parameter measurements and partially entangled states.
Quantum Information Processing, 2018

Gaussian field consensus: A robust nonparametric matching method for outlier rejection.
Pattern Recognition, 2018

Resource allocation for M2M-enabled cellular network using Nash bargaining game theory.
Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications, 2018

A fast algorithm for the spectral radii of weakly reducible nonnegative tensors.
Numerical Lin. Alg. with Applic., 2018

A new algorithm of blind color image watermarking based on LU decomposition.
Multidim. Syst. Sign. Process., 2018

A reverse hysteresis effect of graphene transistors with amorphous silicon gate dielectric.
Microelectronics Reliability, 2018

Microstructures and properties of Bi10Ag high temperature solder doped with Cu element.
Microelectronics Reliability, 2018

Lifetime estimation of IGBT modules for MMC-HVDC application.
Microelectronics Reliability, 2018

Automatic grading of prostate cancer in digitized histopathology images: Learning from multiple experts.
Medical Image Analysis, 2018

Weak Galerkin Finite Element Methods for the Simulation of Single-Phase Flow in Fractured Porous Media.
J. Sci. Comput., 2018

Stabilization of unknown nonlinear systems with T-S fuzzy model and dynamic delay partition.
Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, 2018

Dynamic mode extrapolation to improve the efficiency of dual time stepping method.
J. Comput. Physics, 2018

On Security of a Secure Channel Free Public Key Encryption with Conjunctive Field Keyword Search Scheme.
ITC, 2018

Maximum Non-Gaussianity Estimation Revisit: Uniqueness Analysis from the Perspective of Constrained Cost Function Optimization.
IJPRAI, 2018

An Intrusion Detection Model Based On Danger Theory for Wireless Sensor Networks.
Int. J. Online Eng., 2018

Pharmacovigilance from social media: An improved random subspace method for identifying adverse drug events.
I. J. Medical Informatics, 2018

Performance of NOMA-based coordinated direct and relay transmission using dynamic scheme.
IET Communications, 2018

Deterministic Constructions of Compressed Sensing Matrices Based on Affine Singular Linear Space over Finite Fields.
IEICE Transactions, 2018

Optimal Design of Notch Filter with Principal Basic Vectors in Subspace.
IEICE Transactions, 2018

Design of a broadband Ka-band MMIC LNA using deep negative feedback loop.
IEICE Electronic Express, 2018

A trace map comparison algorithm for the discrete fracture network models of rock masses.
Computers & Geosciences, 2018

Rigorous or tolerant: The effect of different reputation attitudes in complex networks.
Future Generation Comp. Syst., 2018

An Entropy-Based Knowledge Measure for Atanassov's Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets and Its Application to Multiple Attribute Decision Making.
Entropy, 2018

Unconventional Deformation Behaviours of Nanoscaled High-Entropy Alloys.
Entropy, 2018

A new random subspace method incorporating sentiment and textual information for financial distress prediction.
Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 2018

Deterministic construction of compressed sensing matrices with characters over finite fields.
Discrete Math., Alg. and Appl., 2018

Subspace code based on flats in affine space over finite fields.
Discrete Math., Alg. and Appl., 2018

Nanotechnology: The New Features.
CoRR, 2018

Modeling Local Dependence in Natural Language with Multi-channel Recurrent Neural Networks.
CoRR, 2018

Context-Aware Deep Spatio-Temporal Network for Hand Pose Estimation from Depth Images.
CoRR, 2018

Revisiting Email Spoofing Attacks.
CoRR, 2018

Modelling and Estimation for Uncertain Systems with Transmission Delays, Packet Dropouts, and Out-of-Order Packets.
Complexity, 2018

Detecting Depression Using an Ensemble Logistic Regression Model Based on Multiple Speech Features.
Comp. Math. Methods in Medicine, 2018

A Unity3D-based interactive three-dimensional virtual practice platform for chemical engineering.
Comp. Applic. in Engineering Education, 2018

SSEL-ADE: A semi-supervised ensemble learning framework for extracting adverse drug events from social media.
Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, 2018

Distributed Compressed Sensing of Microseismic Signals Through First Break Time Extraction and Signal Alignment.
IEEE Access, 2018

Determination Method of Capture for an Orthogonal Distributed Satellite Capture Device.
IEEE Access, 2018

High-Efficiency, Broadband Converter From A Rectangular Waveguide TE10 Mode to A Circular Waveguide TM01 Mode for Overmoded Device Measurement.
IEEE Access, 2018

Modified CS-based downlink channel estimation with temporal correlation in FDD massive MIMO systems.
Proceedings of the 2018 Wireless Telecommunications Symposium, 2018

An improved pilot reuse based estimation method for general channel environment in FDD massive MIMO systems.
Proceedings of the 27th Wireless and Optical Communication Conference, 2018

Transient Fault Detection and Recovery Mechanisms in μC/OS-II.
Proceedings of the Software Analysis, Testing, and Evolution, 2018

A Tetrahedron-Based Heat Flux Signature for Cortical Thickness Morphometry Analysis.
Proceedings of the Medical Image Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention - MICCAI 2018, 2018

Development and Evaluation of Two Learning-Based Personalized Driver Models for Pure Pursuit Path-Tracking Behaviors.
Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, 2018

Model Predictive Enhanced Adaptive Cruise Control for Multiple Driving Situations.
Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, 2018

An Extensible Search Engine Platform for Efficiency Research.
Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Parallel & Distributed Processing with Applications, 2018

An Improved Earliest-Delivery Routing Algorithm in Double-layered Satellite Delay Tolerant Networks.
Proceedings of the 2018 International Symposium on Networks, Computers and Communications, 2018

Interference and Link Budget Analysis in Integrated Satellite and Terrestrial Mobile System.
Proceedings of the 2018 International Symposium on Networks, Computers and Communications, 2018

Uniform Entropy Theory Based on Fingerprint Recognition.
Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Computational Intelligence and Design, 2018

Minimally Invasive Pseudo-continuous Blood Glucose Monitoring: Results from In-Vitro and In-Vivo Testing of the eTac.
Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, 2018

An Automated Point Set Registration Framework for Multimodal Retinal Image.
Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, 2018

Spatially Coherent Matching for Robust Registration.
Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, 2018

Retention analysis based on a logistic regression model: A case study.
Proceedings of the 15th IEEE International Conference on Networking, Sensing and Control, 2018

Optimization of parallel turnings using particle swarm intelligence.
Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Advanced Computational Intelligence, 2018

An Energy-Efficient Objective Optimization Model for Dynamic Management of Reliability and Delay in WSNs.
Proceedings of the Algorithms and Architectures for Parallel Processing, 2018

Spatio-Temporal Traffic with Mobility in Poisson Networks.
Proceedings of the IEEE Globecom Workshops, 2018

Graininess-Aware Deep Feature Learning for Pedestrian Detection.
Proceedings of the Computer Vision - ECCV 2018, 2018

Progressive Attention Guided Recurrent Network for Salient Object Detection.
Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2018

2017
The Design and Construction of the Joule Balance NIM-2.
IEEE Trans. Instrumentation and Measurement, 2017

IEEE Trans. Communications, 2017

Wearable Microsystem for Minimally Invasive, Pseudo-Continuous Blood Glucose Monitoring: The e-Mosquito.
IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits and Systems, 2017

Shifting Trends in Bimodal Phytoplankton Blooms in the North Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans From Space With the Holo-Hilbert Spectral Analysis.
IEEE J Sel. Topics in Appl. Earth Observ. and Remote Sensing, 2017

Azimuth High Resolution for a Conically Scanned Pencil-Beam Scatterometer Using Rotating Azimuth Doppler Discrimination.
IEEE J Sel. Topics in Appl. Earth Observ. and Remote Sensing, 2017

An improved fuzzy algorithm for image segmentation using peak detection, spatial information and reallocation.
Soft Comput., 2017

Towards a Holistic Cortical Thickness Descriptor: Heat Kernel-Based Grey Matter Morphology Signatures.
NeuroImage, 2017

Improved fuzzy clustering algorithm with non-local information for image segmentation.
Multimedia Tools Appl., 2017

An improved color image watermarking algorithm based on QR decomposition.
Multimedia Tools Appl., 2017

A novel blind color image watermarking based on Contourlet transform and Hessenberg decomposition.
Multimedia Tools Appl., 2017

Fuzzy correspondences guided Gaussian mixture model for point set registration.
Knowl.-Based Syst., 2017

High-level background prior based salient object detection.
J. Visual Communication and Image Representation, 2017

Finite-time sliding mode tracking control for active suspension systems via extended super-twisting observer.
J. Systems & Control Engineering, 2017

Automatical Knowledge Representation of Logical Relations by Dynamical Neural Network.
J. Intelligent Systems, 2017

Stability analysis of stochastic coupled systems on networks without strong connectedness via hierarchical approach.
J. Franklin Institute, 2017

Chaotic behavior of discrete-time linear inclusion dynamical systems.
J. Franklin Institute, 2017

TIIS, 2017

New Construction of Short Certificate-Based Signature against Existential Forgery Attacks.
TIIS, 2017

On the Localization Algorithm of Wireless Sensor Network and Its Application.
Int. J. Online Eng., 2017

An embedded gate graphene field effect transistor with natural Al oxidization dielectrics and its application to frequency doubler.
IEICE Electronic Express, 2017

Equivalent circuit model of through-silicon-via in slow wave mode.
IEICE Electronic Express, 2017

Design of a low-insertion-phase-shift MMIC attenuator integrated with a serial-to-parallel converter.
IEICE Electronic Express, 2017

How e-WOM and local competition drive local retailers' decisions about daily deal offerings.
Decision Support Systems, 2017

Towards the Adoption of Anti-spoofing Protocols for Email Systems.
CoRR, 2017

A Novel Neural Network Model Specified for Representing Logical Relations.
CoRR, 2017

An adaptive threshold determination method of feature screening for genomic selection.
BMC Bioinformatics, 2017

Efficient designated server identity-based encryption with conjunctive keyword search.
Annales des Télécommunications, 2017

A novel stability criterion for fuzzy hyperbolic time-delay system based on dynamic delay partitioning approach.
Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence, 2017

PITR: An Efficient Single-Failure Recovery Scheme for PIT-Coded Cloud Storage Systems.
Proceedings of the 36th IEEE Symposium on Reliable Distributed Systems, 2017

Detecting TCP-Based DDoS Attacks in Baidu Cloud Computing Data Centers.
Proceedings of the 36th IEEE Symposium on Reliable Distributed Systems, 2017

A close-loop EMG model for continuous joint movements estimation of a rehabilitation robot.
Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics, 2017

A human-like longitudinal decision model of intelligent vehicle at signalized intersections.
Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Real-time Computing and Robotics, 2017

A Multi-frame Image Speckle Denoising Method Based on Compressed Sensing Using Tensor Model.
Proceedings of the Machine Learning and Intelligent Communications, 2017

Channel Estimation Based on Approximated Power Iteration Subspace Tracking for Massive MIMO Systems.
Proceedings of the Machine Learning and Intelligent Communications, 2017

Proceedings of the Machine Learning and Intelligent Communications, 2017

Machine Learning Based Key Performance Index Prediction Methods in Internet of Industry.
Proceedings of the Machine Learning and Intelligent Communications, 2017

Short Term Prediction Models of Mobile Network Traffic Based on Time Series Analysis.
Proceedings of the Machine Learning and Intelligent Communications, 2017

Low-Complexity Signal Detection Scheme Based on LLR for Uplink Massive MIMO Channel.
Proceedings of the Machine Learning and Intelligent Communications, 2017

A learning model for personalized adaptive cruise control.
Proceedings of the IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, 2017

A Method of Constructing Scenario Information Model Based on Power Operation Scene.
Proceedings of the Information Technology and Intelligent Transportation Systems, 2017

Throughput Analysis of the Cache-Enabled Device-to-Device Communication and Small Base Stations Assisting in Cellular Networks.
Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Internet of Things (iThings) and IEEE Green Computing and Communications (GreenCom) and IEEE Cyber, 2017

Adaptive Neural Network Control for Constrained Robot Manipulators.
Proceedings of the Advances in Neural Networks - ISNN 2017 - 14th International Symposium, 2017

Communication with partial noisy feedback.
Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications, 2017

Better deep visual attention with reinforcement learning in action recognition.
Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, 2017

Context-resilient capacity-achieving rateless code for OFDM channels with frequency diversity.
Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Conference on Computer Communications Workshops, 2017

Snow water equivalent monitoring from dual-frequency scatterometer on WCOM.
Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2017

AutoGrowCut - Automatic image segmentation by salient labeling.
Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Natural Computation, 2017

Convolutional neural networks for posed and spontaneous expression recognition.
Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, 2017

Blob Reconstruction Using Unilateral Second Order Gaussian Kernels with Application to High-ISO Long-Exposure Image Denoising.
Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, 2017

A novel MAC protocol for wireless network using multi-beam directional antennas.
Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Computing, 2017

Humidification apparatus and data analysis for supersonic condensation of moist gas.
Proceedings of the IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference, 2017

Inferring Venue Visits from GPS Trajectories.
Proceedings of the 25th ACM SIGSPATIAL International Conference on Advances in Geographic Information Systems, 2017

Edge Detection Based on the Fusion of Multiscale Anisotropic Edge Strength Measurements.
Proceedings of the Advances in Fuzzy Logic and Technology 2017 - Proceedings of: EUSFLAT-2017 - The 10th Conference of the European Society for Fuzzy Logic and Technology, September 11-15, 2017, Warsaw, Poland IWIFSGN'2017, 2017

Transmission delay performance in telemedicine: A case study.
Proceedings of the 2017 39th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), 2017

SIRS Model and Stability Based on Open Cyber Ecosystem.
Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Cyber-Enabled Distributed Computing and Knowledge Discovery, 2017

The Comparisons of Different Hierarchical Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks.
Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Computational Science and Engineering, 2017

Detecting Depression in Speech Under Different Speaking Styles and Emotional Valences.
Proceedings of the Brain Informatics - International Conference, 2017

Eye movement pattern and mental retardation in depression.
Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine, 2017

Ensemble-based depression detection in speech.
Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine, 2017

2016
An Accurate Frame Error Rate Approximation of Coded Diversity Systems.
Wireless Personal Communications, 2016

Optimum Energy- and Spectral-Efficient Transmissions for Delay-Constrained Hybrid ARQ Systems.
IEEE Trans. Vehicular Technology, 2016

Ground Moving Target Indication in SAR Images With Symmetric Doppler Views.
IEEE Trans. Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2016

A Framework of Target Detection in Hyperspectral Imagery Based on Blind Source Extraction.
IEEE J Sel. Topics in Appl. Earth Observ. and Remote Sensing, 2016

Tracking Mobile Sinks via Analysis of Movement Angle Changes in WSNs.
Sensors, 2016

Absolute Position Sensing Based on a Robust Differential Capacitive Sensor with a Grounded Shield Window.
Sensors, 2016

Two Algorithms for the Detection and Tracking of Moving Vehicle Targets in Aerial Infrared Image Sequences.
Remote Sensing, 2016

Investigation into sand mura effects of a-IGZO TFT LCDs.
Microelectronics Reliability, 2016

Adaptive robust motion control of a fast forging hydraulic press considering the nonlinear uncertain accumulator model.
J. Systems & Control Engineering, 2016

High-performance IPv6 address lookup in GPU-accelerated software routers.
J. Network and Computer Applications, 2016

Stability analysis and stabilization for fuzzy hyperbolic time-delay system based on delay partitioning approach.
Neurocomputing, 2016

Accurate 3-D parameterised modelling of complex milling cutter with fir-slots for rotor-groove machining.
IJMR, 2016

Transformed periodic orbit mechanism of low frequency oscillations in power systems.
I. J. Circuit Theory and Applications, 2016

On Buffer-Aided Multiple-Access Relay Channel.
IEEE Communications Letters, 2016

Efficient resource allocation for passive optical fronthaul-based coordinated multipoint transmission.
EURASIP J. Wireless Comm. and Networking, 2016

Bounds on subspace codes based on totally isotropic subspaces in unitary spaces.
Discrete Math., Alg. and Appl., 2016

CoRR, 2016

On Buffer-Aided Multiple-Access Relay Channel.
CoRR, 2016

Decision Making Based on Cohort Scores for Speaker Verification.
CoRR, 2016

Exploring digital library usage for getting information from the ELM perspective: The moderating effect of information need.
Aslib J. Inf. Manag., 2016

Quantum entropy based tabu search algorithm for BS energy saving problem in SDWN architecture.
Proceedings of the 19th International Symposium on Wireless Personal Multimedia Communications, 2016

Research on Cost-Sensitive Method for Boundary Region in Three-Way Decision Model.
Proceedings of the Rough Sets - International Joint Conference, 2016

A Learning-Based System for Monitoring Electrical Load in Smart Grid.
Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Computing, 2016

Asynchronous delivery oriented efficient resource allocation in TWDM-PON enabled fronthaul.
Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Online Conference on Green Communications, 2016

Efficient Perceptual Region Detector Based on Object Boundary.
Proceedings of the MultiMedia Modeling - 22nd International Conference, 2016

Minimax anti-jammer design for FHSS/QPSK satellite communication systems.
Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Military Communications Conference, 2016

Gathering Event Detection by Stereo Vision.
Proceedings of the Advances in Visual Computing - 12th International Symposium, 2016

Minimally invasive pseudo-continuous blood glucose monitoring: Results from in-vitro and in-vivo testing of the e-Mosquito.
Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, 2016

Representing logical relations automatically by Probabilistic Logical Dynamical Neural Network.
Proceedings of the 2016 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, 2016

Visual data completion via local sensitive low rank tensor learning.
Proceedings of the 2016 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, 2016

Dual Frequency Polarized Scatterometer for global snow observation.
Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2016

Estimating the number of endmembers from hyperspectral image using noncentral chi-squared distribution model.
Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2016

Convolutional Neural Network Application on Leaf Classification.
Proceedings of the Intelligent Computing Theories and Application, 2016

Leaf Classification Utilizing a Convolutional Neural Network with a Structure of Single Connected Layer.
Proceedings of the Intelligent Computing Theories and Application, 2016

Tolerance-Based Group Scoring Scheme Promotes Cooperation in Public Goods Game.
Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE 14th Intl Conf on Dependable, 2016

Alterations in Emotional and Salience Responses to Positive Stimuli in Major Depressive Disorder.
Proceedings of the Brain Informatics and Health - International Conference, 2016

Research About Alpha EEG Asymmetry and Self-consciousness in Depression.
Proceedings of the Brain Informatics and Health - International Conference, 2016

Decision making based on cohort scores for speaker verification.
Proceedings of the Asia-Pacific Signal and Information Processing Association Annual Summit and Conference, 2016

Identifying Product Defects from User Complaints: A Probabilistic Defect Model.
Proceedings of the 22nd Americas Conference on Information Systems, 2016

Crowd Wisdom: The Impact of Opinion Diversity and Participant Independence on Crowd Performance.
Proceedings of the 22nd Americas Conference on Information Systems, 2016

2015
Size- and current-density-controlled tunable wavelength in gan-based leds for potential dense wavelength-division multiplexing application.
IEEE Wireless Commun., 2015

Topological Interference Management for Hexagonal Cellular Networks.
IEEE Trans. Wireless Communications, 2015

Relationships Among Minimum Requirements, Facebook Likes, and Groupon Deal Outcomes.
ACM Trans. Management Inf. Syst., 2015

Coils and the Electromagnet Used in the Joule Balance at the NIM.
IEEE Trans. Instrumentation and Measurement, 2015

The Improvement of Joule Balance NIM-1 and the Design of New Joule Balance NIM-2.
IEEE Trans. Instrumentation and Measurement, 2015

Embedding color image watermark in color image based on two-level DCT.
Signal, Image and Video Processing, 2015

Impact of Early and Late Visual Deprivation on the Structure of the Corpus Callosum: A Study Combining Thickness Profile with Surface Tensor-Based Morphometry.
Neuroinformatics, 2015

Joint-Rerank: a novel method for image search reranking.
Multimedia Tools Appl., 2015

A novel cortical thickness estimation method based on volumetric Laplace-Beltrami operator and heat kernel.
Medical Image Analysis, 2015

General Split Equality Equilibrium Problems with Application to Split Optimization Problems.
J. Optimization Theory and Applications, 2015

Consensus stabilization of stochastic multi-agent system with Markovian switching topologies and stochastic communication noise.
J. Franklin Institute, 2015

Wavelet analysis on developable surface base on area preserving projection.
IJWMIP, 2015

A local wavelet transform on the torus T2.
IJWMIP, 2015

Image denoising based on edge detection and prethresholding Wiener filtering of multi-wavelets fusion.
IJWMIP, 2015

Modelling and realisation of multi-sensors mission planning problem based on fuzzy chance-constrained bi-level programming in anti-TBM combat.
IJWMC, 2015

A parallel algorithm for viewshed analysis in three-dimensional Digital Earth.
Computers & Geosciences, 2015

Error-correcting codes in attenuated space over finite fields.
Finite Fields and Their Applications, 2015

Dynamic switching off algorithms for pico base stations in heterogeneous cellular networks.
EURASIP J. Wireless Comm. and Networking, 2015

A New Construction of Multisender Authentication Codes with Simultaneous Model from Singular Symplectic Geometry over Finite Fields.
Ars Comb., 2015

Further results on exponential stability for impulsive switched nonlinear time-delay systems with delayed impulse effects.
Applied Mathematics and Computation, 2015

Reduced-backhaul coordinated beamforming for massive MIMO heterogeneous networks.
Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, 2015

Distributed energy-efficient design for coordinated multicell downlink transmission.
Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, 2015

Visual Tracking by Assembling Multiple Correlation Filters.
Proceedings of the Advances in Multimedia Information Processing - PCM 2015, 2015

Learning query and image similarities with listwise supervision.
Proceedings of the 17th IEEE International Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing, 2015

Click-through-based Deep Visual-Semantic Embedding for Image Search.
Proceedings of the 23rd Annual ACM Conference on Multimedia Conference, MM '15, Brisbane, Australia, October 26, 2015

Maximally Visual-Homogeneous Region Detector for Large Scale Image Retrieval.
Proceedings of the 5th ACM on International Conference on Multimedia Retrieval, 2015

Proceedings of the 34th IEEE Military Communications Conference, 2015

Multi-scale Heat Kernel Based Volumetric Morphology Signature.
Proceedings of the Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention - MICCAI 2015 - 18th International Conference Munich, Germany, October 5, 2015

MBDMAC: A MAC Protocol for Multi-beam Directional Antennas in Wireless Networks.
Proceedings of the 12th IEEE International Conference on Mobile Ad Hoc and Sensor Systems, 2015

Time Domain Reflectometry Calculation Model of Landslides Slippage.
Proceedings of the Information Technology and Intelligent Transportation Systems, 2015

Proceedings of the 13th IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics, 2015

Fusion of Contour Feature and Edge Texture Information for Palmprint Recognition.
Proceedings of the Advances in Image and Graphics Technologies - 10th Chinese Conference, 2015

An unfocused SAR design to improve azimuth resolution of dual-frequency full-polarized scatterometer.
Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2015

Resource allocation for device-to-device communications as an underlay using nash bargaining game theory.
Proceedings of the International Conference on Information and Communication Technology Convergence, 2015

Secure TWRC system based on channel quantized PNC.
Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Telecommunications, 2015

Maximum non-Gaussianity estimation revisit: Uniqueness analysis from the perspective of constrained cost function optimization.
Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Computation, 2015

Energy-aware real-time scheduling on Heterogeneous Multi-Processor.
Proceedings of the 49th Annual Conference on Information Sciences and Systems, 2015

Multiple CFO compensation for IFDMA in high-speed wireless communications.
Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Communications and Networking in China, 2015

Two-way amplify-forward MIMO relay systems using MMSE pre-equalization.
Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Communications and Networking in China, 2015

Joint LDPC and Physical Layer Network Coding for Two-way Relay Channels with different frequency offsets.
Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Communications and Networking in China, 2015

Adaptive link selection and power allocation buffer-aided relay networks with multiple sources.
Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Communications and Networking in China, 2015

Multiuser detection in noise enhanced eigenvector subspace for large scale MIMO communications.
Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Communications and Networking in China, 2015

Structural Feature Measurement Using Fast VO Model for Blurred Palmprint Recognition.
Proceedings of the Biometric Recognition - 10th Chinese Conference, 2015

A Palmprint Recognition Algorithm Based on GIDBC.
Proceedings of the Biometric Recognition - 10th Chinese Conference, 2015

Morphologic and Functional Connectivity Alterations in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder.
Proceedings of the Brain Informatics and Health - 8th International Conference, 2015

2014
On the Network Sharing of Mixed Network Coding and Routing Data Flows in Congestion Networks.
IEEE Trans. Vehicular Technology, 2014

Color image blind watermarking scheme based on QR decomposition.
Signal Processing, 2014

Privacy and integrity preserving skyline queries in tiered sensor networks.
Security and Communication Networks, 2014

Higher dimensional bipartite composite systems with the same density matrix: separable, free entangled, or PPT entangled?
Quantum Information Processing, 2014

Recent Frequent Item Mining Algorithm in a Data Stream Based on Flexible Counter Windows.
JSW, 2014

Energy Efficiency and Spectral Efficiency Tradeoff in Type-I ARQ Systems.
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 2014

Network Anti-interference Technology Based on Hybrid Optimization Algorithm.
JNW, 2014

Water Demand Forecast in the Baiyangdian Basin with the Extensive and Low-Carbon Economic Modes.
J. Applied Mathematics, 2014

Bounds on Subspace Codes Based on Subspaces of Type (m, 1) in Singular Linear Space.
J. Applied Mathematics, 2014

A calibration method of kinematic parameters for serial industrial robots.
Industrial Robot, 2014

Construction of the Multi-Wavelets on some Smooth Plane Curves via Length-Preserving Projection.
IJWMIP, 2014

Combined orthogonal physical-layer network coding over fading two-way relay channels.
Int. J. Communication Systems, 2014

Design of Double Codebook Based on 3D Dual Polarized Channel for Multiuser MIMO System.
EURASIP J. Adv. Sig. Proc., 2014

Balance Control Method of biped robot Based on FRP feedback Mechanism and ZMP.
Control and Intelligent Systems, 2014

Δ-convergence theorems for multi-valued nonexpansive mappings in hyperbolic spaces.
Applied Mathematics and Computation, 2014

An adaptive scheme for data forwarding in software defined network.
Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Wireless Communications and Signal Processing, 2014

A Novel Component Carrier Selection and Collision Avoidance Scheme in Femtocell Networks.
Proceedings of the IEEE 79th Vehicular Technology Conference, 2014

QoS-Based Web Service Composition by GA Using Consumer Decision-Making Function.
Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering, 2014

Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics, 2014

Door recognition and deep learning algorithm for visual based robot navigation.
Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics, 2014

A Novel Image Signature based on Local Representative Pattern Mining.
Proceedings of the International Conference on Internet Multimedia Computing and Service, 2014

Boost the efficiency of spectrum sensing using synchronized random demodulation.
Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Digital Signal Processing, 2014

An accurate frame error rate approximation of coded diversity systems with non-identical diversity branches.
Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications, 2014

Novel ML estimation of m parameter of the noisy Nakagami-m channel.
Proceedings of the International Workshop on High Mobility Wireless Communications, 2014

Delay constrained optimal power allocation in high-speed railway scenarios.
Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE GLOBECOM Workshops, Austin, TX, USA, December 8-12, 2014, 2014

A Visualization Representation Method Based on GIS & RIA and Its Application in Interactive Power Utilization Field.
Proceedings of the IEEE 12th International Conference on Dependable, 2014

Antenna design by using MOEA/D-based optimization techniques.
Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Symposium on Computational Intelligence for Communication Systems and Networks, 2014

An approximate algorithm of controller configuration in multi-domain SDN architecture.
Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Communications and Networking in China, 2014

Shift of Brain-State during Recovery from Discomfort Induced by Aversive Pictures.
Proceedings of the Brain Informatics and Health - International Conference, 2014

A signal-to-noise ratio based multiple thresholds cooperative spectrum sensing scheme.
Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, 2014

Test and Repair Flow for Shared BISR in Asynchronous Multi-processors.
Proceedings of the 20th IEEE International Symposium on Asynchronous Circuits and Systems, 2014

Recognizing People in Social Context.
Proceedings of the Human-Centered Social Media Analytics, 2014

2013
Collision-Tolerant Media Access Control for Asynchronous Users over Frequency-Selective Channels.
IEEE Trans. Wireless Communications, 2013

Reinforced Similarity Integration in Image-Rich Information Networks.
IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng., 2013

Mutual Inductance Measurement of the Superconducting Coil for the Joule Balance.
IEEE Trans. Instrumentation and Measurement, 2013

Modeling the Biological Nanopore Instrument for Biomolecular State Estimation.
IEEE Trans. Contr. Sys. Techn., 2013

An efficient relay node selection scheme to improve the performance of P2P-based VoIP applications in Chinese internet.
Multimedia Tools Appl., 2013

IEEE 1588 based time synchronization system for a seafloor observatory network.
Journal of Zhejiang University - Science C, 2013

Design of liveness-enforcing supervisors with simpler structures for deadlock-free operations in flexible manufacturing systems using necessary siphons.
J. Intelligent Manufacturing, 2013

A Game-Theoretic Analysis of Multiple Protocol Data Flows in Hierarchical M2M Communication Networks.
IJDSN, 2013

Design of Competitive Web Services Using QFD for Satisfaction of QoS Requirements.
IEICE Transactions, 2013

Replacing Network Coordinate System with Internet Delay Matrix Service (IDMS): A Case Study in Chinese Internet.
CoRR, 2013

Four properties for complex potentials in power series form.
Applied Mathematics and Computation, 2013

Comment on "What about the asymptotic Behavior of the Intrinsic Mode Functions as the Sifting times Tend to infinity?".

The uniqueness of the instantaneous frequency Based on Intrinsic Mode Function.

A method of realistic leaves modeling based on point cloud.
Proceedings of the 12th ACM International Conference on Virtual Reality Continuum and Its Applications in Industry, 2013

The prospect of smart cars: Intelligent structure and human-machine interaction.
Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics, 2013

A novel lane changing algorithm with efficient method of lane detection.
Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics, 2013

A portable telemedicine monitoring information system based on mobile internet networks.
Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics, 2013

A Heat Kernel Based Cortical Thickness Estimation Algorithm.
Proceedings of the Multimodal Brain Image Analysis - Third International Workshop, 2013

Online automatic measurement of deflection for automobile based on digital image.
Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Vehicular Electronics and Safety, 2013

Dynamics of Neuronal Responses in the Inferotemporal Cortex Associated with 3D Object Recognition Learning.
Proceedings of the Neural Information Processing - 20th International Conference, 2013

The Implementation of Trajectory Planning in Real DEM Maps Based on MILP.
Proceedings of the 3rd IFAC International Conference on Intelligent Control and Automation Science, 2013

Attitude Stabilization for a Quadrotor Helicopter Using a PD Controller.
Proceedings of the 3rd IFAC International Conference on Intelligent Control and Automation Science, 2013

Modeling fashion.
Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, 2013

An ANN Based Approach for Gait Prediction of a Lower-Limb Exoskeleton with Plantar Pressure Sensors.
Proceedings of the Intelligent Robotics and Applications - 6th International Conference, 2013

Energy and spectral efficient transmissions of coded ARQ systems.
Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Communications, 2013

Localization with Doppler biased TOAS: An ill-conditioned problem.
Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2013

Semidistributed Virtual Network Mapping Algorithms Based on Minimum Node Stress Priority.
Proceedings of the Algorithms and Architectures for Parallel Processing, 2013

Electronic circuit fault diagnosis methods based on improved Support Vector Machines.
Proceedings of the IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference, 2013

Compressive blind mixing matrix recovery algorithm based on gradient ascent.
Proceedings of the IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference, 2013

A random demodulation hardware system with automatic synchronization function.
Proceedings of the IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference, 2013

A Multi-dimensional Packet Classification Algorithm Based on Hierarchical All-Match B+ Tree.
Proceedings of the 10th IEEE International Conference on High Performance Computing and Communications & 2013 IEEE International Conference on Embedded and Ubiquitous Computing, 2013

Grassland NDVI Response to Climate Factors in Different Vegetation Regionalizations in China.
Proceedings of the Geo-Informatics in Resource Management and Sustainable Ecosystem, 2013

Application Camera Links on Xilinx FPGA.
Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery, 2013

Efficiency of Command and Control in Cyberspace: Visit from the Perspective of Complexity Theory.
Proceedings of the 2013 International Conference on Cyber-Enabled Distributed Computing and Knowledge Discovery, 2013

The Change of Resting EEG in Depressive Disorders.
Proceedings of the Brain and Health Informatics - International Conference, 2013

Generated Fast of the Aircraft Carrier Dimensions in Preliminary Design.
Proceedings of The Eighth International Conference on Bio-Inspired Computing: Theories and Applications, 2013

QoS-Based Service Composition under Various QoS Requirements.
Proceedings of the 20th Asia-Pacific Software Engineering Conference, 2013

The effect of pulse shaping on the performance of physical-layer network coding with time synchronization errors.
Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Information, 2013

Coherent detecting and mapping scheme in two-way relay channels with 2FSK modulated physical-layer network coding.
Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Information, 2013

Combined orthogonal physical-layer network coding (COPNC) for asymmetric two-way relay channels.
Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Information, 2013

An improved Hadamard measurement matrix based on Walsh code for compressive sensing.
Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Information, 2013

A Physical-network-coding-based amplify and forward cooperation scheme.
Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Information, 2013

2012
Conformal Hyperthermia of Superficial Tumor With Left-Handed Metamaterial Lens Applicator.
IEEE Trans. Biomed. Engineering, 2012

Boosting for transfer learning from multiple data sources.
Pattern Recognition Letters, 2012

Culture modulates brain activity during empathy with anger.
NeuroImage, 2012

DRTEMBB: Dynamic Recommendation Trust Evaluation Model Based on Bidding.
Journal of Multimedia, 2012

The Semi-blind Source Extraction Algorithm for Array Radar Signal.
JCP, 2012

Iteration Coupling Simulation of Random Waves and Wave-Induced Currents.
J. Applied Mathematics, 2012

Numerical Simulation of Solitary Wave Induced Flow Motion around a Permeable Submerged Breakwater.
J. Applied Mathematics, 2012

The Existence of Solutions for a Fractional 2m-Point Boundary Value Problems.
J. Applied Mathematics, 2012

Local Wavelet Transform on the Smooth Surface of Rotation Class.
IJWMIP, 2012

Towards Dynamic and Scalable High-Speed IP Address Lookup Based on B+ Tree.
IEICE Transactions, 2012

A testability-aware low power architecture.
Proceedings of the IEEE 25th International SOC Conference, 2012

Find you wherever you are: geographic location and environment context-based pedestrian detection.
Proceedings of the ACM multimedia 2012 workshop on Geotagging and its applications in multimedia, 2012

Joint-rerank: a novel method for image search reranking.
Proceedings of the International Conference on Multimedia Retrieval, 2012

Improved Min-Sum-Plus-Correction-Factor Algorithm using stopping node for LDPC decoding.
Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Signal Processing and Information Technology, 2012

Reliability modeling of protection system based on phase-type distribution.
Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe, 2012

A revised low power test architecture.
Proceedings of the International Symposium on Communications and Information Technologies, 2012

The De-nosing Algorithm of ECG Signal Based on Wavelet Packet.
Proceedings of the Advances on Digital Television and Wireless Multimedia Communications, 2012

Web Image Organization and Object Discovery by Actively Creating Visual Clusters through Crowdsourcing.
Proceedings of the IEEE 24th International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence, 2012

An algorithm for fatigue pattern detection based on parallel Gabor and 1-nearest neighbor.
Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Digital Image Processing, 2012

Physical layer implementation of network coding in two-way relay networks.
Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Communications, 2012

Frequency-domain on-off accumulative transmission over frequency-selective fading channels.
Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Communications, 2012

Balance Control of a Variable Centroid Inverted Pendulum Robot.
Proceedings of the Intelligent Autonomous Systems 12, 2012

Dynamic Recommendation Trust Evaluation Model Based on Mobile E-Commerce.
Proceedings of the 14th IEEE International Conference on High Performance Computing and Communication & 9th IEEE International Conference on Embedded Software and Systems, 2012

Cross-layer design of energy efficient coded ARQ systems.
Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE Global Communications Conference, 2012

An improved Kalman filter algorithm base on quaternion correlation in object tracking.
Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery, 2012

Multi-strategic Approach of Fast Composition of Web Services.
Proceedings of the Web Technologies and Applications - 14th Asia-Pacific Web Conference, 2012

An Analysis of Nonlinear Acceleration Coefficients Adjustment for PSO.
Proceedings of the Artificial Intelligence and Computational Intelligence, 2012

2011
A New Approach to Sensor Node Localization Using RSS Measurements in Wireless Sensor Networks.
IEEE Trans. Wireless Communications, 2011

A Semidefinite Relaxation Method for Energy-Based Source Localization in Sensor Networks.
IEEE Trans. Vehicular Technology, 2011

Orientation dependency of intrinsic optical signal dynamics in cat area 18.
NeuroImage, 2011

An Application Research on the Workflow-based Large-scale Hospital Information System Integration.
JCP, 2011

Strategies Combination of Multi-strategy Ontology Mapping based on Entropy Decision-making.
JCP, 2011

Hardenability and distortion control of steel parts in High Pressure Hydrogen Quenching.
IJMR, 2011

Logo recognition based on membership degree and closeness degree of fuzzy sets.
IJMIC, 2011

An Energy-Aware Distributed Unequal Clustering Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks.
IJDSN, 2011

An improved CE/SE scheme and its application to dilute gas-particle flows.
Computer Physics Communications, 2011

Dynamically Modeling Semantic Dependencies in Web Forum Threads.
Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence, 2011

QoS-Enabled Dynamic Resource Management in Multi-Cell OFDMA-Based Systems.
Proceedings of the 73rd IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, 2011

Exploit TIVs to Find Faster Paths.
Proceedings of the IEEE 10th International Conference on Trust, 2011

A statistical parametric method for the extraction of stimulus dependent activity from intrinsic optical signals.
Proceedings of the 2011 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, 2011

Classification of UDP traffic from P2P applications.
Proceedings of the 17th IEEE International Conference on Networks, 2011

A novel method for RNA secondary structure prediction.
Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Natural Computation, 2011

A framework of VI-based ranking and recommendation of web services.
Proceedings of the 6th International Conference for Internet Technology and Secured Transactions, 2011

A Knowledge Adoption Model Based Framework for Finding Helpful User-Generated Contents in Online Communities.
Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Systems, 2011

Evolutionary Computation of Multi-Band Antenna Using Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm Based on Decomposition.
Proceedings of the Information Computing and Applications, 2011

Optimal design of high-power, mid-high frequency transformer.
Proceedings of the International Conference on Electronic and Mechanical Engineering and Information Technology, 2011

Collaborative Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio System - Performance Analysis of Weighted Gain Combining.
Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Communication Networks and Services Research Conference, 2011

Fast kernel machines for image categorization.
Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Information, 2011

2010
Joint relay assignment and power allocation for cooperative communications.
Wireless Networks, 2010

Noise Estimation Using Mean Square Cross Prediction Error for Speech Enhancement.
IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems, 2010

A novel learning approach to multiple tasks based on boosting methodology.
Pattern Recognition Letters, 2010

Study on the Drift of Modulated Phase in Interference Fiber Optic Gyroscope.
JCP, 2010

Energy saving in cluster-based wireless sensor networks through cooperative MIMO with idle-node participation.
Journal of Communications and Networks, 2010

An Energy-Aware Geographic Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks.
Int. J. Software and Informatics, 2010

Using MMSE to improve session variability estimation.
IJBM, 2010

Fuzzy hyperbolic neural network with time-varying delays.
Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 2010

Methodology Research of Ontology Building in Semantic Web.
Computer and Information Science, 2010

On Intrinsic Mode Function.

iRIN: image retrieval in image-rich information networks.
Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on World Wide Web, 2010

Multiple carrier frequency offsets compensation for the uplink of interleaved OFDMA.
Proceedings of the International Conference on Wireless Communications and Signal Processing, 2010

A type of TWTA predistortion linearizer for space telecommunication applications.
Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Wireless Communications, 2010

On Diversity Combining with Unknown Channel State Information and Unknown Noise Variance.
Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, 2010

A Recommendation Trust Model Based on E-commerce Transactions Content-Similarity.
Proceedings of the 2010 International Conference on Machine Vision and Human-machine Interface, 2010

Joint power allocation and relay assignment for max-min fairness in cooperative networks.
Proceedings of the 15th IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications, 2010

Using phoneme recognition and text-dependent speaker verification to improve speaker segmentation for Chinese speech.
Proceedings of the INTERSPEECH 2010, 2010

Bionic bladder based depth control for bionic underwater robots.
Proceedings of the 8th IEEE International Conference on Control and Automation, 2010

Diagnosis of bearing incipient faults using fuzzy logic based methodology.
Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery, 2010

Hierarchical Construction of Teaching Faculty in Computer Organization and Design.
Proceedings of the CSEDU 2010 - Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Computer Supported Education, Valencia, Spain, April 7-10, 2010, 2010

Automatic Generation of Semantic Fields for Annotating Web Images.
Proceedings of the COLING 2010, 2010

On the sampling of web images for learning visual concept classifiers.
Proceedings of the 9th ACM International Conference on Image and Video Retrieval, 2010

Nonlinear PSO - Convergence analysis and parameter adjustment schemes.
Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Bio-Inspired Computing: Theories and Applications, 2010

2009
Efficient convex relaxation methods for robust target localization by a sensor network using time differences of arrivals.
IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, 2009

A Novel Operating System on Chip with Information Security Support for Embedded System.
JSW, 2009

JCM, 2009

Topology control for delay-constraint data collection in wireless sensor networks.
Computer Communications, 2009

An efficient semi-blind source extraction algorithm and its applications to biomedical signal extraction.
Science in China Series F: Information Sciences, 2009

Location-Independent Topology Control and Implementation for Wireless Sensor Networks.
Proceedings of the 10th ACIS International Conference on Software Engineering, 2009

Proceedings of the International Conference on Scalable Computing and Communications / Eighth International Conference on Embedded Computing, 2009

The virtual prototype design and simulation of amphibious bio-crab robot with variable posture.
Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics, 2009

Spanner-Aware Relay Node Placement in Wireless Ad Hoc Sensor Networks.
Proceedings of the MSN 2009, 2009

Performance of cooperative relaying with ARQ in wireless sensor networks.
Proceedings of the 34th Annual IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks, 2009

Consistent Message Ordering in Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks.
Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Parallel and Distributed Processing with Applications, 2009

Experimental study on neighbor selection policy for Phoenix Network Coordinate system.
Proceedings of the International Conference on Ultra Modern Telecommunications, 2009

Virtual Prototype Modeling and Fast Dynamic Simulation of the Complete Integrated Sea Trial System for Deep-Ocean Mining.
Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Modeling and Simulation, 2009

Efficient semidefinite relaxation for energy-based source localization in sensor networks.
Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2009

The input-aware dynamic adaptation of area and performance for reconfigurable accelerator.
Proceedings of the ACM/SIGDA 17th International Symposium on Field Programmable Gate Arrays, 2009

Learning Support Service for Distance Learning Curriculum of Information Security.
Proceedings of the 2009 International Conference on Frontiers in Education: Computer Science & Computer Engineering, 2009

An Exploration Program for Undergraduate Research Training.
Proceedings of the 2009 International Conference on Frontiers in Education: Computer Science & Computer Engineering, 2009

Serial Application Accelerating with Pipelined Configuration Slicing on Dynamic Reconfigurable Hardware.
Proceedings of the 2009 International Conference on Embedded Systems & Applications, 2009

eNSTM: a Nested Software Transactional Memory Framework for MPSoC System.
Proceedings of the 2009 International Conference on Embedded Systems & Applications, 2009

Study on NN in Coal Mine Wireless Sensor Networks Link Communication Quality Measurement.
Proceedings of the CSIE 2009, 2009 WRI World Congress on Computer Science and Information Engineering, March 31, 2009

Left Ventricular Strain Analysis from Cine MRI.
Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on BioMedical Engineering and Informatics, 2009

A Performance Model for Run-Time Reconfigurable Hardware Accelerator.
Proceedings of the Advanced Parallel Processing Technologies, 8th International Symposium, 2009

2008
Extraction of Desired Signal Based on AR Model with Its Application to Atrial Activity Estimation in Atrial Fibrillation.
EURASIP J. Adv. Sig. Proc., 2008

Impact of transmit power on throughput performance in wireless ad hoc networks with variable rate control.
Computer Communications, 2008

An autonomic provisioning framework for outsourcing data center based on virtual appliances.
Cluster Computing, 2008

Atrial fibrillatory signal estimation using blind source extraction algorithm based on high-order statistics.
Science in China Series F: Information Sciences, 2008

Performance of Soft Decision Metrics and Diversity Combining with Imperfect Channel Estimation.
Proceedings of the 68th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, 2008

A Study of Classification Algorithm for Data Mining Based on Hybrid Intelligent Systems.
Proceedings of the Ninth ACIS International Conference on Software Engineering, 2008

Delay-constraint topology control in wireless sensor networks format.
Proceedings of the 5th International ICST Conference on Heterogeneous Networking for Quality, 2008

Exploring knowledge of sub-domain in a multi-resolution bootstrapping framework for concept detection in news video.
Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Multimedia 2008, 2008

The Practice of Remote Education on Information Security.
Proceedings of the 9th International Conference for Young Computer Scientists, 2008

Bayesian estimation of transition probabilities in hybrid systems via convex optimization.
Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2008

A Model of Service Scheduling Based on Market Mechanism and Semantic.
Proceedings of the Advances in Grid and Pervasive Computing, 2008

An Optimal Association Rule Mining Algorithm Based on Knowledge Grid.
Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery, 2008

Object image retrieval by exploiting online knowledge resources.
Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR 2008), 2008

Semi-supervised Classification Using Local and Global Regularization.
Proceedings of the Twenty-Third AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 2008

2007
WebTraceMiner: a web service for processing and mining EST sequence trace files.
Nucleic Acids Research, 2007

Design and development of Distributed Virtual Geographic Environment system based on web services.
Inf. Sci., 2007

New criteria of global exponential stability for a class of generalized neural networks with time-varying delays.
Neurocomputing, 2007

IT Autopilot: A flexible IT service management and delivery platform for small and medium business.
IBM Systems Journal, 2007

Research and Implement of Classification Algorithm on Web Text Mining.
Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Semantics, 2007

A Model of Service Selection Based on Semantic and Collaboration.
Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Semantics, 2007

Study of Grid Resource Discovery Based on Mobile Agent.
Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Semantics, 2007

PORE: Positive-Only Relation Extraction from Wikipedia Text.
Proceedings of the Semantic Web, 2007

Enhancing Relation Extraction by Eliciting Selectional Constraint Features from Wikipedia.
Proceedings of the Natural Language Processing and Information Systems, 2007

Appliance-Based Autonomic Provisioning Framework for Virtualized Outsourcing Data Center.
Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Autonomic Computing (ICAC'07), 2007

An Improvement of Coleman Model of Trust: Using FNHMS to Manage Reputation in Multi-agent Systems.
Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence and International Conference on Intelligent Agent Technology, 2007

A Sub-pixel Multifractal Method for the Image Segmentation.
Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery, 2007

Application of Fuzzy CMAC to Filament Tension Control.
Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery, 2007

OPTIMOL: automatic Online Picture collecTion via Incremental MOdel Learning.
Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR 2007), 2007

An Enhanced Dynamic and Distributed Domain-Based Handoff Scheme for Mobile IPv6.
Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Computer and Information Technology (CIT 2007), 2007

2006
An improved look-up table predistortion technique for HPA with memory effects in OFDM systems.
TBC, 2006

Enhanced NURBS modeling and visualization for large 3D geoengineering applications: An example from the Jinping first-level hydropower engineering project, China.
Computers & Geosciences, 2006

The novel generating algorithm and properties of hybrid-P-ary generalized bridge functions.
Science in China Series F: Information Sciences, 2006

A Knowledge Grid Architecture Based on Mobile Agent.
Proceedings of the 2006 International Conference on Semantics, 2006

Multimodal error correction for continuous handwriting recognition in pen-based user interfaces.
Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces, 2006

Development and Research of Intelligent Transportation Systems in China's Tenth Five-Year Plan.
Proceedings of the IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference, 2006

New Criteria of Global Exponential Stability for a Class of Generalized Neural Networks with Time-Varying Delays.
Proceedings of the Advances in Neural Networks - ISNN 2006, Third International Symposium on Neural Networks, Chengdu, China, May 28, 2006

A Signal-Dependent Quadratic Time Frequency Distribution for Neural Source Estimation.
Proceedings of the Advances in Neural Networks - ISNN 2006, Third International Symposium on Neural Networks, Chengdu, China, May 28, 2006

Local Stability Analysis of Maximum Nongaussianity Estimation in Independent Component Analysis.
Proceedings of the Advances in Neural Networks - ISNN 2006, Third International Symposium on Neural Networks, Chengdu, China, May 28, 2006

An Extended Online Fast-ICA Algorithm.
Proceedings of the Advances in Neural Networks - ISNN 2006, Third International Symposium on Neural Networks, Chengdu, China, May 28, 2006

Stochastic Stability of the Discrete-time Kalman Filter.
Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Intelligent Systems Design and Applications (ISDA 2006), 2006

Global exponential stability of generalized neural networks with time-varying delays.
Proceedings of the International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS 2006), 2006

A neural recording system for monitoring shark behavior.
Proceedings of the International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS 2006), 2006

A modified high-radix scalable Montgomery multiplier.
Proceedings of the International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS 2006), 2006

Analyzing XML Parser Memory Characteristics: Experiments towards ImprovingWeb Services Performance.
Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Conference on Web Services (ICWS 2006), 2006

Adaptive Persistence Utilizing Motion Compensation for Ultrasound Images.
Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR 2006), 2006

Workpiece Recognition by the Combination of Multiple Simplified Fuzzy ARTMAP.
Proceedings of the Neural Information Processing, 13th International Conference, 2006

Fuzzy CMAC with Online Learning Ability and Its Application.
Proceedings of the Advances in Natural Computation, Second International Conference, 2006

The Construction of Evaluation Framework for Virtual Geographic Environment.
Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Artificial Reality and Telexistence, 2006

The Cooperation Behaviors of Multiple Intelligent Virtual Agents Based on the Situation Calculus.
Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Artificial Reality and Telexistence, 2006

Using Dependent Regions for Object Categorization in a Generative Framework.
Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR 2006), 2006

Fuzzy Petri Net-Based Evaluation to the Process of ERP Implementation.
Proceedings of The 1st IEEE Asia-Pacific Services Computing Conference, 2006

Identity Matching Based on Probabilistic Relational Models.
Proceedings of the Connecting the Americas. 12th Americas Conference on Information Systems, 2006

2005
Self-adaptive FastICA Based on Generalized Gaussian Model.
Proceedings of the Advances in Neural Networks - ISNN 2005, Second International Symposium on Neural Networks, Chongqing, China, May 30, 2005

Small satellite constellation for disaster monitoring in China.
Proceedings of the IEEE International Geoscience & Remote Sensing Symposium, 2005

Estimating wheat grain protein content from ground-based hyperspectral data using a improved detecting method.
Proceedings of the IEEE International Geoscience & Remote Sensing Symposium, 2005

Global Convergence of FastICA: Theoretical Analysis and Practical Considerations.
Proceedings of the Advances in Natural Computation, First International Conference, 2005

Global Exponential Stability of a Class of Generalized Neural Networks with Variable Coefficients and Distributed Delays.
Proceedings of the Advances in Intelligent Computing, 2005

An Agile Method of Modeling Business Process Simulation for Virtual Enterprises.
Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Conference on e-Business Engineering (ICEBE 2005), 2005

2004
Internet searching and browsing in a multilingual world: An experiment on the Chinese Business Intelligence Portal (CBizPort).
JASIST, 2004

Crime Data Mining: A General Framework and Some Examples.
IEEE Computer, 2004

Automatically detecting deceptive criminal identities.
Commun. ACM, 2004

UWB microwave imaging for early breast cancer detection: effect of two synthetic antenna array configurations.
Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Systems, 2004

The Modularization of VRML Language in 3D Dynamic On-Line Geospatial Courses.
Proceedings of the International Conference on Software Engineering Research and Practice, 2004

A New Method for Robust Stability Analysis of a Class of Recurrent Neural Networks with Time Delays.
Proceedings of the Advances in Neural Networks, 2004

The Existence of Spurious Equilibrium in FastICA.
Proceedings of the Advances in Neural Networks, 2004

NURBS-based 3D graphical modeling and visualization of geological structures.
Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Image and Graphics, 2004

How to Choose Appropriate Function Sets for Gentic Programming.
Proceedings of the Genetic Programming, 7th European Conference, 2004

2003
Structure and implementation of smart antennas based on software radio.
Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Systems, 2003

Scalable routing with adaptive route table updating in the large ad hoc networks.
Proceedings of the IEEE 14th International Symposium on Personal, 2003

An efficient ZF-SIC detection algorithm in MIMO CDMA system.
Proceedings of the IEEE 14th International Symposium on Personal, 2003

Optimal pilot interval design for channel estimation.
Proceedings of the IEEE 14th International Symposium on Personal, 2003

CMedPort: A Cross-Regional Chinese Medical Portal.
Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE 2003 Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL 2003), 2003

Research and Application of Distributed Fusion System Based on Grid Computing.
Proceedings of the Grid and Cooperative Computing, Second International Workshop, 2003

Crime Data Mining: An Overview and Case Studies.
Proceedings of the 2003 Annual National Conference on Digital Government Research, 2003

Extracting Key Semantic Terms from Chinese Speech Query for Web Searches.
Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 2003

2000
A fast algorithm for detection of Chinese lihe words (poster session).
Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Information Retrieval with Asian Languages, 2000, Hong Kong, China, September 30, 2000

1999
A recurrent network model for range processing of the mustached bat.
Proceedings of the International Joint Conference Neural Networks, 1999

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Principles of Economics

# 32.1The Diversity of Countries and Economies across the World

Principles of Economics32.1 The Diversity of Countries and Economies across the World

### Learning Objectives

By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Analyze GDP per capita as a measure of the diversity of international standards of living
• Identify what classifies a country as low-income, middle-income, or high-income
• Explain how standards of living are influenced by geography, demographics, industry structure, and economic institutions

The national economies that make up the global economy are remarkably diverse. Let us use one key indicator of the standard of living, GDP per capita, to quantify this diversity. You will quickly see that quantifying this diversity is fraught with challenges and limitations. As explained in The Macroeconomic Perspective, we must consider using purchasing power parity or “international dollars” to convert average incomes into comparable units. Purchasing power parity, as formally defined in Exchange Rates and International Capital Flows, takes into account the fact that prices of the same good are different across countries.

The Macroeconomic Perspective explained how to measure GDP, the challenges of using GDP to compare standards of living, and the difficulty of confusing economic size with distribution. In China's case, for example, China ranks as the second largest global economy, second to only the United States, with Japan being third. But, when we take China's GDP of $9.2 trillion and divide it by its population of 1.4 billion, then the per capita GDP is only$6,900, which is significantly lower than that of Japan, at $38,500, and that of the United States, at$52,800. Measurement issues aside, it’s worth repeating that the goal, then, is to not only increase GDP, but to strive toward increased GDP per capita to increase overall standards of living for individuals. As we have learned from Economic Growth, this can be achieved at the national level by designing policies that increase worker productivity, deepen capital, and advance technology.

GDP per capita also allows us to rank countries into high-, middle-, or low-income groups. Low-income countries are those with $1,025 per capita GDP per year; middle-income countries have a per capita GDP between$1,025 and $12,475; while high-income countries have over$12,475 per year per capita income. As seen in Table 32.1 and Figure 32.2, high-income countries earn 68% of world income, but represent just 12% of the global population. Low-income countries earn 1% of total world income, but represent 18.5% of global population.

Ranking based on GDP/capita GDP (in billions) % of Global GDP Population % of Global Population
Low income ($1,025 or less)$612.7 0.8% 848,700,000 11.8%
Middle income ($1,025 -$12,475) $23,930 31.7% 4,970,000,000 69.4% High income (more than$12,475) $51,090,000,000 67.5% 1,306,000,000 18.8% World Total income$75,592,941 7,162,119,434
Table 32.1 World Income versus Global Population (Source:http://databank.worldbank.org/data/views/reports/tableview.aspx?isshared=true&ispopular=series&pid=20)
Figure 32.2 Percent of Global GDP and Percent of Population The pie charts show the GDP (from 2011) for countries categorized into low, middle, or high income. Low-income are those earning less than $1,025 (less than 1% of global income). They represent 18.5% of the world population. Middle-income countries are those with per capita income of$1,025–$12,475 (31.1% of global income). They represent 69.5% of world population. High-income countries have 68.3% of global income and 12% of the world’s population. (Source: http://databank.worldbank.org/data/views/reports/tableview.aspx?isshared=true&ispopular=series&pid=20) An overview of the regional averages of GDP per person for developing countries, measured in comparable international dollars as well as population in 2008 (Figure 32.3), shows that the differences across these regions are stark. As Table 32.2 shows, nominal GDP per capita in 2012 for the 581.4 million people living in Latin America and the Caribbean region was$9,190, which far exceeds that of South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. In turn, people in the high-income nations of the world, such as those who live in the European Union nations or North America, have a per capita GDP three to four times that of the people of Latin America. To put things in perspective, North America and the European Union have slightly more than 9% of the world’s population, but they produce and consume close to 70% of the world’s GDP.

Figure 32.3 GDP Per Capita in U.S. Dollars (2008) There is a clear imbalance in the GDP across the world. North America, Australia, and Western Europe have the highest GDPs while large areas of the world have dramatically lower GDPs. (Credit: modification of work by Bsrboy/Wikimedia Commons)
Population (in millions) GDP Per Capita
East Asia and Pacific 2,006 $5,536 South Asia 1,671$1,482
Sub-Saharan Africa 936.1 $1,657 Latin America and Caribbean 588$9,536
Middle East and North Africa 345.4 $3,456 Europe and Central Asia 272.2$7,118
Table 32.2 Regional Comparisons of Nominal GDP per Capita and Population in 2013 (Source: http://databank.worldbank.org/data/home.aspx)

Such comparisons between regions are admittedly rough. After all, per capita GDP cannot fully capture the quality of life. Many other factors have a large impact on the standard of living, like health, education, human rights, crime and personal safety, and environmental quality. These measures also reveal very wide differences in the standard of living across the regions of the world. Much of this is correlated with per capita income, but there are exceptions. For example, life expectancy at birth in many low-income regions approximates those who are more affluent. The data also illustrate that nobody can claim to have perfect standards of living. For instance, despite very high income levels, there is still undernourishment in Europe and North America.

### Link It Up

Economists know that there are many factors that contribute to your standard of living. People in high-income countries may have very little time due to heavy workloads and may feel disconnected from their community. Lower-income countries may be more community centered, but have little in the way of material wealth. It is hard to measure these characteristics of standard of living. The Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development has developed the “OECD Better Life Index.” Visit this website to see how countries measure up to your expected standard of living.

The differences in economic statistics and other measures of well-being, substantial though they are, do not fully capture the reasons for the enormous differences between countries. Aside from the neoclassical determinants of growth, four additional determinants are significant in a wide range of statistical studies and are worth mentioning: geography, demography, industrial structure, and institutions.

Geographic and Demographic Differences

Countries have geographic differences: some have extensive coastlines, some are landlocked. Some have large rivers that have been a path of commerce for centuries, or mountains that have been a barrier to trade. Some have deserts, some have rain forests. These differences create different positive and negative opportunities for commerce, health, and the environment.

Countries also have considerable differences in the age distribution of the population. Many high-income nations are approaching a situation by 2020 or so in which the elderly will form a much larger share of the population. Most low-income countries still have a higher proportion of youth and young adults, but by about 2050, the elderly populations in these low-income countries are expected to boom as well. These demographic changes will have considerable impact on the standard of living of the young and the old.

Differences in Industry Structure and Economic Institutions

Countries have differences in industry structure. In the high-income economies of the world, only about 2% of GDP comes from agriculture; the average for the rest of the world is 12%. Countries have strong differences in degree of urbanization.

Countries also have strong differences in economic institutions: some nations have economies that are extremely market-oriented, while other nations have command economies. Some nations are open to international trade, while others use tariffs and import quotas to limit the impact of trade. Some nations are torn by long-standing armed conflicts; other nations are largely at peace. There are differences in political, religious, and social institutions as well.

No nation intentionally aims for a low standard of living, high rates of unemployment and inflation, or an unsustainable trade imbalance. However, nations will differ in their priorities and in the situations in which they find themselves, and so their policy choices can reasonably vary, too. The next modules will discuss how nations around the world, from high income to low income, approach the four macroeconomic goals of economic growth, low unemployment, low inflation, and a sustainable balance of trade.

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### From EULER Project

PmWiki has built-in support for password-protecting various areas of the wiki site. Passwords can be applied to individual pages, to Wiki Groups, or to the entire wiki site. Note that the password protection mechanisms described here are only a small part of overall system (and wiki) security, see PmWiki.Security for more discussion of this.

Authors can use PmWiki to add passwords to individual pages and WikiGroups as described in Passwords. However, WikiAdministrators can also set passwords in local/config.php as described below. (Please note that one cannot set passwords reliably in per group or per page customization files. See the FAQ section for details.)

PmWiki supports several levels of access to wiki pages, known as authorisation level:

• read passwords allow viewing the contents of wiki pages
• edit passwords control editing and modification of wiki pages
• attr passwords control who is able to set passwords on pages (and potentially other future attributes)
• upload password, if uploads are enabled, controls uploading of files and attachments
• admin password allows an administrator to override the passwords set for any individual page or group.

By default, PmWiki has the following password settings:

• The admin and upload passwords are locked by default.
• The Main and PmWiki groups have a locked attr password (in their respective GroupAttributes pages).
• The pages in the Site group except Site.SideBar are locked against editing; by default the Site.SideBar page requires the admin or the site-wide edit password.

An admin password can be used to overcome "locked" passwords, other than that, no password will allow access.

One of the first things an admin should do is set an admin password for the site. This is done via a line like the following in the local/config.php file:

$DefaultPasswords['admin'] = crypt('secret_password'); Note that the crypt() call is required for this -- PmWiki stores and processes all passwords internally as encrypted strings. See the crypt section below for details about eliminating the cleartext password from the configuration file. To set the entire site to be editable only by those who know an "edit" password, add a line like the following to local/config.php: $DefaultPasswords['edit'] = crypt('edit_password');

Similarly, you can set a password for any available action, viz $DefaultPasswords['read'], $DefaultPasswords['edit'], and $DefaultPasswords['upload'] to control default read, edit, and upload passwords for the entire site. The default passwords are used only for pages and groups which do not have passwords set. Also, each of the $DefaultPasswords values may be arrays of encrypted passwords:

$DefaultPasswords['read'] = array(crypt('alpha'), crypt('beta')); $DefaultPasswords['edit'] = crypt('beta');

This says that either "alpha" or "beta" can be used to read pages, but only the "beta" password will allow someone to edit a page. Since PmWiki remembers any passwords entered during the current session, the "beta" password will allow both reading and writing of pages, while the "alpha" password allows reading only. A person without either password would be unable to view pages at all.

Unlike many systems which have identity-based systems for controlling access to pages (e.g., using a separate username and password for each person), PmWiki defaults to a password-based system as described above. In general password-based systems are often easier to maintain because they avoid the administrative overheads of creating user accounts, recovering lost passwords, and mapping usernames to permitted actions.

## Security holes ...

$DefaultPasswords['admin'] = crypt('youradminpassword');$DefaultPasswords['attr'] = crypt('yourattrpassword');

One drawback to using the crypt() function directly to set passwords in config.php is that anyone able to view the file will see the unencrypted password. For example, if config.php contains

$DefaultPasswords['admin'] = crypt('mysecret'); then the "mysecret" password is in plain text for others to see. However, a wiki administrator can obtain and use an encrypted form of the password directly by using ?action=crypt on any PmWiki url (or just jump to PasswordsAdmin?action=crypt). This action presents a form that generates encrypted versions of passwords for use in the config.php file. For example, when ?action=crypt is given the password "mysecret", PmWiki will return a string like $1$hMMhCdfT$mZSCh.BJOidMRn4SOUUSi1

The string returned from ?action=crypt can then be placed directly into config.php, as in:

$DefaultPasswords['admin'] = '$1$hMMhCdfT$mZSCh.BJOidMRn4SOUUSi1';

Note that in the encrypted form the crypt keyword and parentheses are removed, since the password is already encrypted. Also, the encrypted password must be in single quotes. In this example the password is still "mysecret", but somebody looking at config.php won't be able to see that just from looking at the encrypted form. Crypt may give you different encryptions for the same password--this is normal (and makes it harder for someone else to determine the original password).

To remove a site password entirely, such as the default locked password for uploads, just set it to empty:

$DefaultPasswords['upload'] = ''; You can also use the special password "@nopass" via ?action=attr to have a non-password protected page within a password-protected group, or a non-password protected group with a site-wide default password set. ## Revoking or invalidating passwords If a password is compromised and the wiki administrator wants to quickly invalidate all uses of that password on a site, a quick solution is the following in local/config.php: $ForbiddenPasswords = array('secret', 'tanstaafl');
if (in_array(@$_POST['authpw'],$ForbiddenPasswords))
unset($_POST['authpw']);  This prevents "secret" and "tanstaafl" from ever being accepted as a valid authorization password, regardless of what pages may be using it. ## See Also ## Protecting actions (example) Each action can be password protected. Cookbook authors providing scripts with own actions can use this also, but I'll limit the example to a (by default) not protected ?action=source. This action shows the wikisource of the actual page. Sometimes you don't want that especially to Cookbook:protect email or when using some conditional markup which should not be discovered easily or only by persons that are allowed to edit the page. There are several solutions for that: 1. Limit "source" only to editors add the following to your local/config.php: $HandleAuth['source'] ='edit';
$HandleAuth['source'] ='source'; $DefaultPasswords['source'] = crypt(secret); # see above

$PageAttributes['passwdsource'] = "$['Set new source password']";

In general, adding the prefix 'passwd' to an action name in the $PageAttributes array indicates that you wish for the given field to be encrypted when saved to disk. The full set of steps to add new password handling for an action such as "diff" would be: # add a new (encrypted) field to the attr page$PageAttributes['passwddiff'] = '$[Set new history password]'; # clear the default password for 'diff'$DefaultPasswords['diff'] = '';

# Tell PmWiki that the 'diff' password allows action 'diff'.
$HandleAuth['diff'] = 'diff'; # Tell PmWiki that a 'read' password # (or optionally the 'edit') password # is also sufficient to enable 'diff'. # Of course, the 'admin' password will work too.$AuthCascade['diff'] = 'read';    ## or 'edit'

There seems to be a default password. What is it?

PmWiki comes "out of the box" with $DefaultPasswords['admin'] set to '*'. This doesn't mean the password is an asterisk, it means that default admin password has to be something that encrypts to an asterisk. Since it's impossible for the crypt() function to ever return a 1-character encrypted value, the admin password is effectively locked until the admin sets one in config.php. How do I use passwd-formatted files (like .htpasswd) for authentication? Is there anything I can enter in a GroupAttributes field to say 'same as the admin password'? If not, is there anything I can put into the config.php file to have the same effect? Enter '@lock' in GroupAttributes?action=attr to require an admin password for that group. How do I edit protect, say, all RecentChanges pages? How can I read password protect all pages in a group except the HomePage using configuration files? As described in PmWiki.PerGroupCustomizations per-group or per-page configuration files should not be used for defining passwords. The reason is that per-group (or per-page) customization files are only loaded for the current page. So, if $DefaultPasswords['read'] is set in local/GroupA.php, then someone could use a page in another group to view the contents of pages in GroupA. For example, Main.WikiSandbox could contain:

(:include GroupA.SomePage:)

and because the GroupA.php file wasn't loaded (we're looking at Main.WikiSandbox --> local/Main.php), there's no read password set.

How can I password protect the creation of new pages?

How do I change the password prompt screen?

If your question is about how to make changes to that page... edit Site.AuthForm. If your question is about how to change which page you are sent to when prompted for a password, you might check out the Cookbook:CustomAuthForm for help.

I get http error 500 "Internal Server Error" when I try to log in. What's wrong?

This can happen if the encrypted passwords are not created on the web server that hosts the PmWiki.
The crypt function changed during the PHP development, e.g. a password encrypted with PHP 5.2 can not be decrypted in PHP 5.1, but PHP 5.2 can decrypt passwords created by PHP 5.1.
This situation normally happens if you prepare everything on your local machine with the latest PHP version and you upload the passwords to a webserver which is running an older version.

Solution: Create the passwords on the system with the oldest PHP version and use them on all other systems.

I only want users to have to create an 'edit' password, which is automatically used for their 'upload' & 'attr' passwords (without them having to set those independently). How do I do this?

By setting $HandleAuth like so:  $HandleAuth['upload'] = 'edit';
// And to prevent a WikiSandbox from having it's 'attr' permissions changed
// except by the admin (but allowing editors to change it on their own pages/group)
if(($group=="Site") || ($group=="Main") || ($group=="Category") || ($group=="SiteAdmin") || ($group=="PmWiki") ) { $HandleAuth['attr'] = 'admin';  // for all main admin pages, set 'attr' to 'admin' password
} else {
\$HandleAuth['attr'] = 'edit';  // if you can edit, then you can set attr
}