text:
# Detecting Super/Subscripts

#### theflyingdutchdog

##### New Member
So I have symbols that I have to convert to LaTeX values. I thought I would be able to run my program for replacement and then use Word to format the super/subscripts using _{^&}. I know that isn't elegant, but I need this by Friday and it would work.

Well, when I ran my program, it changed the subscripts back to normal font.

Is there a way to keep the formatting of my original text (keep it in subscript form) after running my Replace functions program?

Otherwise, is there anyway to program VBA to recognize sub/superscripts and allow me to black _{ } and ^{ } around them?

Thank you so much for any help.

Here is the program I have now:

Sub Latexualize()

Dim rng As Range
Dim cell As Range
Dim txt As String
Dim wsOut As Worksheet

Set rng = ActiveSheet.Cells.SpecialCells(xlCellTypeConstants)

For Each cell In rng
txt = cell.Value

' Add Replace() steps below, as needed
txt = Replace(txt, "", "\backslash")
txt = Replace(txt, "_", "\_")
txt = Replace(txt, "#", "\#")
txt = Replace(txt, ChrW(916), "\Delta")
txt = Replace(txt, ChrW(&H221E), "\infty")
' Output to new worksheet
wsOut.Cells(cell.Row, cell.Column).Value = txt
Next

End Sub

### Excel Facts

Can Excel fill bagel flavors?
You can teach Excel a new custom list. Type the list in cells, File, Options, Advanced, Edit Custom Lists, Import, OK

#### Akuini

##### Well-known Member
So I have symbols that I have to convert to LaTeX values. I thought I would be able to run my program for replacement and then use Word to format the super/subscripts using _{^&}. I know that isn't elegant, but I need this by Friday and it would work.

Well, when I ran my program, it changed the subscripts back to normal font.

Is there a way to keep the formatting of my original text (keep it in subscript form) after running my Replace functions program?

Otherwise, is there anyway to program VBA to recognize sub/superscripts and allow me to black _{ } and ^{ } around them?

Thank you so much for any help.
Hi, theflyingdutchdog
I’m not sure what you want.
Do you want, for example:
HHAA become HH^{AA}
Or
HHAA become HH^{AA}

#### Akuini

##### Well-known Member
I'm assuming:
-The superscript/subscript part, if exist, is always in the end of a cell.
-You want: HHAA become HH^{AA}

Here's one way to do it:
Code:
Sub a1008755b()

Dim r As Range
Dim str1 As String, str2 As String
Dim j As Long, k As Long

Application.ScreenUpdating = False
For Each r In Range("A1:A4")
j = Len(r)
For k = 1 To j
If r.Characters(k, 1).Font.subscript = True Then
str1 = Mid(r.Value, 1, k - 1)
str2 = Mid(r.Value, k, j - Len(str1))
r.Value = str1 & "_{" & str2 & "}"
r.Characters(k, j - k + 4).Font.subscript = True
Exit For
End If

If r.Characters(k, 1).Font.Superscript = True Then
str1 = Mid(r.Value, 1, k - 1)
str2 = Mid(r.Value, k, j - Len(str1))
r.Value = str1 & "^{" & str2 & "}"
r.Characters(k, j - k + 4).Font.Superscript = True
Exit For
End If
Next k
Next

Application.ScreenUpdating = False
End Sub

Last edited:

#### Rick Rothstein

##### MrExcel MVP
So I have symbols that I have to convert to LaTeX values. I thought I would be able to run my program for replacement and then use Word to format the super/subscripts using _{^&}. I know that isn't elegant, but I need this by Friday and it would work.

Well, when I ran my program, it changed the subscripts back to normal font.

Is there a way to keep the formatting of my original text (keep it in subscript form) after running my Replace functions program?

Otherwise, is there anyway to program VBA to recognize sub/superscripts and allow me to black _{ } and ^{ } around them?

Thank you so much for any help.

Here is the program I have now:

Sub Latexualize()

Dim rng As Range
Dim cell As Range
Dim txt As String
Dim wsOut As Worksheet

Set rng = ActiveSheet.Cells.SpecialCells(xlCellTypeConstants)

For Each cell In rng
txt = cell.Value

' Add Replace() steps below, as needed
txt = Replace(txt, "", "\backslash")
txt = Replace(txt, "_", "\_")
txt = Replace(txt, "#", "\#")
txt = Replace(txt, ChrW(916), "\Delta")
txt = Replace(txt, ChrW(&H221E), "\infty")
' Output to new worksheet
wsOut.Cells(cell.Row, cell.Column).Value = txt
Next

End Sub
Excel does not store the individual character formatting in the text string itself, rather, it stores them in the cell itself. That means if you want to format a portion of the text differently from the rest of the text, you must do so using the cells Characters property. I think, because of this, it may defeat what you say you are intending to do. Once applied, you would have to iterate each character via the cell's Characters property one at a time and see what formatting it has and then insert your meta-characters that would be used in LATEX to do whatever it is that LATEX does. This won't be a fast process at all. Excel is not a word processor, so word processing functionality is not even close to one of its strengths. I'm sorry to give you that bad news, but that is how I understand Excel's character formatting. If one of the other volunteers know differently, I am sure they will jump in and correct any misunderstandings I might have about this.

#### theflyingdutchdog

##### New Member
Unfortunately I can't assume that it will always be at the end of a cell, and the subscripts and superscripts are of variable length. Subscripts and superscripts can be numbers, letters, or even Greek alphabet (delta, alpha, etc). I used H2O as an example because everyone knows it. So H2O would have to become H_{2}O. And x^2 (x squared) would have to become x^{2}.

I also have other formatting that needs to be included in the program like CK_n would have to become CK\_n and CK# would have to become CK\#. Backslash "" would have to become \backslash, but only if it was included in the original symbol. I may be able to skip the \backslash, bc I'm not sure that the symbols will have backslashes at all.

The problem is, if I change the super and subscripts first, then extra formatting is added because of the underscores in front of the subscripts. So H_{2}O would incorrectly become H\_{2}O.

So how would I incorporate those other changes into the program you sent? How would I get around that?

Here are links to example spreadsheets in my dropbox. The first is a "before latex" original spreadsheet example: https://www.dropbox.com/s/ziqgh9962jyckg3/SymbolCompareJESD79(BeforeLatex).xlsx?dl=0

Here is an example of the formatted "after latex" spreadsheet with formatted symbols starting in Column B. Column B contains the Latex-formatted symbols of Column A and Column D has the Latex-formatted symbols of Column C and so on:

https://www.dropbox.com/s/2y93nh8dbxfwpyi/SymbolCompareJESD79(Latex2).xlsx?dl=0

This is due by tomorrow. I have tried using VBA for a week in vain. I'm afraid I chose the wrong language to do this in, and now I have no time. This is my first programming assignment at my first programming job, and I'm afraid I will look incompetent now.

Any help is greatly appreciated.

Thank you.

#### theflyingdutchdog

##### New Member
Rick, I'm afraid you are probably right, and I should never have tried to do this in VBA. Now I am running out of time.

Do you have another way of doing this that you would suggest? Python or Java?

Thank you for any help.

#### theflyingdutchdog

##### New Member
So there's no way to use the .Characters property to maintain the original formatting after running my VBA program? Because if I can maintain the original subscripts/superscripts after the replacements, I can format the superscripts and subscripts in Word.

Thanks.

#### Rick Rothstein

##### MrExcel MVP
So there's no way to use the .Characters property to maintain the original formatting after running my VBA program?
I am not completely sure of what you are asking here, but the .Characters property can be used to both read and set the formatting properties of individual characters for the text within a cell.

Last edited:

#### theflyingdutchdog

##### New Member
So then why can't it be used in a loop to keep the formatting the same or detect the formatting and place { } around it?

#### Rick Rothstein

##### MrExcel MVP
So then why can't it be used in a loop to keep the formatting the same or detect the formatting and place { } around it?

If you place what will be used as meta-characters around parts of the text, they will become part of the visible text if placed in a cell. In order to do what I think you are suggesting, you would need to hold the text with the meta-characters in them separate from the text you place in the cell and write a sophisticated interpreter to move between the two.

Replies
17
Views
6K
Replies
35
Views
3K
Replies
0
Views
434
Replies
13
Views
3K
L
Replies
4
Views
792
Legacy 223018
L

1,171,203
Messages
5,874,332
Members
433,044
Latest member
drewbizzy

### We've detected that you are using an adblocker.

We have a great community of people providing Excel help here, but the hosting costs are enormous. You can help keep this site running by allowing ads on MrExcel.com.

### Which adblocker are you using?

1)Click on the icon in the browser’s toolbar.
2)Click on the icon in the browser’s toolbar.
2)Click on the "Pause on this site" option.
Go back

1)Click on the icon in the browser’s toolbar.
2)Click on the toggle to disable it for "mrexcel.com".
Go back

### Disable uBlock Origin

Follow these easy steps to disable uBlock Origin

1)Click on the icon in the browser’s toolbar.
2)Click on the "Power" button.
3)Click on the "Refresh" button.
Go back

### Disable uBlock

Follow these easy steps to disable uBlock

1)Click on the icon in the browser’s toolbar.
2)Click on the "Power" button.
3)Click on the "Refresh" button.
Go back

format: plain


text:
Monte Carlo Simulation

# Monte Carlo Simulation

403.4k points

**Introduction:

** The following task, in which you are asked to conduct a small number of simulation trials, should be done with manual calculations. Please be aware that the simulation results of such a small number of trials would not be sufficient for one to draw valid conclusions in a real situation. A large number of trials run on a computer would be necessary in order to arrive at a valid conclusion.

**Given:

** Management has asked you to help estimate the most likely cost per unit to produce a new product so that they can project profits at different selling prices. You are to simulate cost behavior using probabilistic simulation (Monte Carlo simulation) and have been provided with the following cost estimates. Materials cost will range between $33 and$39 per unit, labor between $22 and$26 per unit, and utilities between $3 and$5 per unit. The probability distributions of cost per unit are as follows.

Materials:

The probability is .18 that the cost will be $33. The probability is .23 that the cost will be$35.

The probability is .32 that the cost will be $37. The probability is .27 that the cost will be$39.

Labor:

The probability is .12 that the cost will be $22. The probability is .18 that the cost will be$23.

The probability is .22 that the cost will be $24. The probability is .28 that the cost will be$25.

The probability is .20 that the cost will be $26. Utilities: The probability is .26 that the cost will be$3.

The probability is .43 that the cost will be $4. The probability is .31 that the cost will be$5.

A.  Using the attached Simulation Template, determine the following:

1.  Average materials cost per unit

2.  Average labor cost per unit

3.  Average utilities cost per unit

4.  Average total cost per unit

_ Note: Run 10 trials using the random numbers that are provided on the Simulation Template for each probability distribution. Use the random numbers in the exact sequence that they appear on the template for each cost._

B.  Determine the selling price per unit that should be established for this product using your simulation results and assuming that the company wants to realize an average markup of $20 on each unit sold. Monte Carlo baptiste ### 1 Answer Answered by 5 years ago 405.9k points #### Oh Snap! This Answer is Locked Thumbnail of first page Excerpt from file: Materials Cost Probability Cumulative Probability Percentage Cumulative Probability 1 18 41 73 100 Labor Cost Probability Cumulative Probability Percentage Cumulative Probability 0.3 0.8 0.2 1 12 30 52 80 100 Utilities Cost Probability Cumulative Probability Percentage Cumulative Filename: M000039.xlsx Filesize: 11.3K Downloads: 11 Print Length: 4 Pages/Slides Words: 282 ### Your Answer Surround your text in *italics* or **bold**, to write a math equation use, for example, $x^2+2x+1=0\$ or $$\beta^2-1=0$$

Use LaTeX to type formulas and markdown to format text. See example.


text:
# How to generate Code cell including newlines

I want to programmatically create a "Code" style cell with commands separated by ; and a new line (from some list). Say for example I have a list {set[a,1],set[b,2],...} I would like to create the cell.

a=1;
b=2;
...

This can almost be done by following the answer to a similar question here, and replacing "Input" with "Code". I find that CompoundExpression@@{a,b,...} does show as a;b;..., as I would like, but I don't know how to add the appropriate newlines.

format[l_List] :=


text:
Home

# Rlc oscillator circuit

### RC oscillator - Wikipedi

• g the sampling in a data converter, carrier synthesis and LO in RF systems, etc Image: Openclipart.org
• First consider the impedance of the series LC circuit. The total impedance is given by the sum of the inductive and capacitive impedances:
• An audio crossover circuit consisting of three LC circuits, each tuned to a different natural frequency is shown to the right. The inductors (L) are on the top of the circuit and the capacitors (C)..
• Unlike RC oscillator circuits, which calculate the time constant from the product of resistance multiplied by capacitance, inductor-resistor (L/R) circuits have a time constant..
• um foil on each unrolled area so that the Saran Wrap extends out farther (covers more area) than the alu
• Find RC Oscillator CiRCuits related suppliers, manufacturers, products and specifications on GlobalSpec - a trusted source of RC Oscillator CiRCuits information
• Crystal oscillators are used in many areas of electronics. Using a crystal oscillator circuit enables a high performance high stability oscillator to be built very cheaply and easily

### RC Phase Shift Oscillator Circuit using Op-Am

• However, the duration of each state also depends on the initial state of charge of the capacitor in question, and this in turn will depend on the amount of discharge during the previous state, which will also depend on the resistors used during discharge (R1 and R4) and also on the duration of the previous state, etc. The result is that when first powered up, the period will be quite long as the capacitors are initially fully discharged, but the period will quickly shorten and stabilize.
• This electronics video tutorial provides a simple way to create an oscillator circuit using a 6V battery, an inductor, a motor, a resistor and a multimeter..
• ing device doesn't have the oscillating ability of a tank circuit
• Resonance occurs when an LC circuit is driven from an external source at an angular frequency ω0 at which the inductive and capacitive reactances are equal in magnitude. The frequency at which this equality holds for the particular circuit is called the resonant frequency. The resonant frequency of the LC circuit is
• Circuit simulation made easy partsim.com. Brings you all the tools to tackle projects big This Design Idea avoids the RC charging waveshape of a standard relaxation oscillator..

3. Frequency selection network; (to select the required oscillation frequency, so that the oscillator can oscillate at a single frequency, thereby obtaining the required waveform self-excited multivibrator also called an unsteady circuit. Each of the collectors has a capacitor connected to the base of the other tube to form an AC coupling function, forming a positive feedback circuit. When the power is turned on, one of the tubes is turned on first, and the other tube is turned off. At this time, the oscillation is performed. The collector of the conduction tube has an output, and the capacitance of the collector is coupled to the base of the other tube to turn on the other tube. At this time, the originally turned-off tube is turned off, so that the two tubes are turned on and At the cutoff, an oscillating current is generated.Hence Feedback Network in RC Phase Shift Oscillator consists of three RC sections each producing a phase shift of 60°, thus total phase shift due to feedback is 180° (3 x 60°). Such a feedback network is shown in the Fig. 2.91. RC phase shift oscillator consist of an inverting amplifier followed by a feed back network with phase shift of 180 degree. Figure shows the circuit of a RC phase shift oscillator The series RLC circuit is a circuit that contains a resistor, inductor, and a capacitor hooked up in series. The governing differential equation of this system is very similar to that of a damped..

A typical circuit for an inductive three-point oscillator is shown in Figure 7. In the LC tank circuit, the inductor has a tap to divide the coil into two parts, namely coil L1 and coil L2, the 3 terminal of coil L1 is connected to the base B of the transistor, and the 1 terminal of coil L2 is connected to the collector C of the transistor, and the center tap 2 Connect the emitter E. That is to say, the three ends of the inductor are respectively connected to the three poles of the transistor, so it is called an inductor three-point oscillator, also known as a Hartley oscillator. In this tutorial you will first build a Wien Bridge Oscillator using an LM741 Op-Amp and will analyze its oscillatory behavior. Next, you will build and test a high frequency Colpitts oscillator using a parallel resonant LC circuit

(A) Oscillator circuit can be operated in class A condition for better waveshape (B) Oscillator ANSWER: RC circuits. (11) An oscillator can stop working when there is Next, we can use Euler's formula to obtain a real sinusoid with amplitude I0, angular frequency ω0 = 1/√LC, and phase angle ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } The implementation and working of RC phase shift oscillator can be done using three methods namely RC phase shift oscillator using an op-amp, RC phase shift oscillator using BJT, and RC-phase shift oscillator using FET. For a better understanding of this concept here we are going to explain the following method. RC Oscillator Circuit - The RC Oscillator Tutorial. Electronics-tutorials.ws. The amplitude modulation radio transmitters use the oscillation to generate the carrier..

### LC circuit - Wikipedi

• Despite being a purely classical description, the Lorentz oscillator model was adapted to quantum mechanics in the 1900s and is still of considerable use today. H. A. Lorentz (1853-1928)
• The resonance effect of the LC circuit has many important applications in signal processing and communications systems.
• OP Amp-RC oscillator circuits - Wien-Bridge oscillator - Phase-shift oscillator › LC and crystal oscillators - LC-tuned oscillators - Crystal oscillators 14
• To oscillate an object, energy must be converted back and forth between the two forms. For example, in a pendulum, energy is converted between potential energy and kinetic energy. When the pendulum is at the end of the swing, its energy is all potential energy and is ready to fall. When the pendulum is in the middle of the loop, all potential energy is converted to kinetic energy and the pendulum moves at the fastest speed. When the pendulum moves to the other side, all the kinetic energy turns into potential energy. The conversion of energy between these two forms is the cause of the oscillation.
• However, adjusting R to zero would be impracticable, because it would lead to no voltage across R. Therefore, in practice, R is varied to such a value that makes V1’ to lead V1 by 60o. The following circuit diagram shows the three sections of the RC network.

A Phase Shift Oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit which produces sine wave In RC phase shift oscillator, 180 degree phase shift is generated by the RC network and.. The following RC phase shift oscillator circuit using BJT can be built by cascading 3-RC phase shift networks; each provides a 600 phase shift. In the circuit, the RC which is known as the collector resistor stops the transistor’s collector current. This lesson discusses RC phase shift oscillator using BJT. It also discusses frequency of oscillation & condition for oscillation

## RC Oscillator full circuit explanation - YouTub

This is the Emitter-Coupled LC Oscillator circuit diagram with the detailed explanation of its You can easily design the Emitter-Coupled LC Oscillator circuit by practicing the exercises given below RC phase shift oscillator or simply RC oscillator is a type of oscillator where a simple The circuit diagram of a simple single stage RC network is shown in the figure below The VCO types include LC oscillator, RC oscillator, crystal oscillator, multivibrator, relaxation oscillator It is an electrical circuit which generates oscillatory output voltage

### RC Phase Shift Oscillator : Circuit using BJT, Frequency and

• imal damping, so the resistance is made as low as possible. While no practical circuit is without losses, it is nonetheless instructive to study this ideal form of the circuit to gain understanding and physical intuition. For a circuit model incorporating resistance, see RLC circuit.
• A crystal oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit that uses the mechanical resonance of a vibrating crystal Wikipedia. RLC circuit — A series RLC circuit: a resistor, inductor, and a capacitor An..
• Dec 11 2018
• We have another type of oscillator circuits, which are made by replacing the inductors with resistors. By doing so, the frequency stability is improved and a good quality waveform is obtained. These oscillators can also produce lower frequencies. As well, the circuit becomes neither bulky nor expensive.
• RC phase-shift oscillator circuit can be built with a resistor as well as a capacitor. This circuit offers the required phase shift with the feedback signal. They have outstanding frequency strength and can give a clean sine wave for an extensive range of loads. Preferably an easy RC network can be expected to include an o/p which directs the input with 90o.
• Because of all these inaccuracies, more sophisticated timer ICs are commonly used in practice, as described above.

The two-element LC circuit described above is the simplest type of inductor-capacitor network (or LC network). It is also referred to as a second order LC circuit to distinguish it from more complicated (higher order) LC networks with more inductors and capacitors. Such LC networks with more than two reactances may have more than one resonant frequency. LC circuits are used either for generating signals at a particular frequency, or picking out a signal at a particular frequency from a more complex signal; this function is called a bandpass filter. They are key components in many electronic devices, particularly radio equipment, used in circuits such as oscillators, filters, tuners and frequency mixers. In the series configuration, resonance occurs when the complex electrical impedance of the circuit approaches zero. By changing the values of R and C, the frequency of the oscillator can be changed. But the values of R and C of all three sections must be changed simultaneously to satisfy the oscillating conditions. But this is practically impossible. Hence the phase shift oscillator is considered as a fixed frequency oscillator, for all practical purposes.

## Video: RC Phase Shift Oscillator Using Op amp Advantages and

### Kirchhoff's lawsedit

With this RLC circuit calculator you will calculate the characteristic frequency of the RLC circuit and its oscillators circuits - converting DC signal to an AC signal, for example in radio transmitters An LC circuit, also called a resonant circuit, tank circuit, or tuned circuit, is an electric circuit consisting of an inductor, represented by the letter L, and a capacitor, represented by the letter C, connected together. The circuit can act as an electrical resonator, an electrical analogue of a tuning fork, storing energy oscillating at the circuit's resonant frequency. Oscillator is device that produces oscillations without any input. From the above block diagram, oscillator circuit produces oscillations that are further amplified by the amplifier

Very roughly, the duration of state 1 (high output) will be related to the time constant R2.C1 as it depends on the charging of C1, and the duration of state 2 (low output) will be related to the time constant R3.C2 as it depends on the charging of C2 — and these time constants need not be the same, so a custom duty cycle can be achieved. The circuit diagram of an RC phase shift oscillator is shown above. Feedback resistor Rf and resistor R (close to the inverting pin of the opamp in the circuit) is used to set the gain of the oscillator. Three stage phase shift network comprising of R and C produces 180° phase shift and the opamp itself wired in inverting mode produces another 180° phase shift. Thus the required phase shift of 360° is obtained between input and output. Find out information about RC Phase shift Oscillator. An oscillator in which a network having a phase shift of 180° per stage is connected between the output and the input of.. but for all other values of ω the impedance is finite. The parallel LC circuit connected in series with a load will act as band-stop filter having infinite impedance at the resonant frequency of the LC circuit. The parallel LC circuit connected in parallel with a load will act as band-pass filter.

We have observed that the LC combination in oscillators provide 180o phase shift and transistor in CE configuration provide 180° phase shift to make a total of 360o phase shift so that it would make a zero difference in phase. Since the circuit current is necessarily the same throughout the circuit, it is used as the reference phase angle. Resistive voltage, vR, is in phase with the current as shown in red This connection will cause the o/p waveform to move with 180o throughout its journey from o/p terminal toward the transistor’s base terminal. After that, this signal can be moved once more with 180o with the help of the transistor within the network because of the truth that the phase disparity among the input as well as the output can be 180o in the common emitter (CE) configuration. This will create the network phase disparity to 360 degrees and satisfies the phase disparity condition.

In the series configuration of the LC circuit, the inductor (L) and capacitor (C) are connected in series, as shown here. The total voltage V across the open terminals is simply the sum of the voltage across the inductor and the voltage across the capacitor. The current I into the positive terminal of the circuit is equal to the current through both the capacitor and the inductor. Figure 6: Simple RLC circuit with current controlled source. The differential equation representing A Clapp circuit is often preferred over a Colpitts circuit for constructing a variable frequency oscillator RC phase-shift oscillator circuit can be built with a resistor as well as a capacitor. This circuit offers the required phase shift with the feedback signal

## How to build an oscillator circuit How To Wiki Fando

Principle of RC Oscillator Or Phase Shift Oscillator. Good frequency stability and A phase shift circuit consists of an R-C network. Fig.1 (i) shows a single section of RC.. Oscillator circuit Tuning. Find the Best Values for Crystal. The RC oscillator circuit, which consists of resistance and capacitor is used for producing lower frequency When the circuit is first powered up, neither transistor will be switched on. However, this means that at this stage they will both have high base voltages and therefore a tendency to switch on, and inevitable slight asymmetries will mean that one of the transistors is first to switch on. This will quickly put the circuit into one of the above states, and oscillation will ensue.

### Phase-shift Oscillator Circuit - Tutorialspoin

• In a sense, a RC circuit also could be considered as a RLC circuit with negligible If you manage to build an oscillator out of a small capacitance and a smull inductance, no..
• An RLC circuit contains a resistor, inductor and capacitor. The value of each component Conversely, an audio oscillator can be used to test or demonstrate the characteristics of an RLC circuit
• (3) Positive feedback network: Introduce positive feedback so that the input signal of the amplifying circuit is equal to the feedback signal.
• The circuit forms an Oscillator circuit which is very commonly used in Radio receivers and The RLC circuit is also called as series resonance circuit, oscillating circuit or a tuned circuit
• The numerator implies that in the limit as ω → ±ω0, the total impedance Z will be zero and otherwise non-zero. Therefore the series LC circuit, when connected in series with a load, will act as a band-pass filter having zero impedance at the resonant frequency of the LC circuit.

## What Is An Oscillator Circuit

An RC circuit is a circuit with both a resistor (R) and a capacitor (C). RC circuits are freqent element in electronic devices. They also play an important role in the transmission.. By Kirchhoff's voltage law, the voltage across the capacitor, VC, plus the voltage across the inductor, VL must equal zero: Just by making an RC network with phase shift equal to 60° and cascading three of them together the desired phase shift of 180° can be attained. This 180° phase shift by the RC network plus the 180° phase shift made by the transistor gives a total phase shift of  360° between the input and output which is the necessary condition for maintaining sustained oscillations. The circuit diagram of a three stage RC network producing a phase shift of 180° is shown in the figure below.

### Transistor phase shift oscillator

• This circuit is under:, oscillators, Varius Circuits, Rlc oscillator l13539 A positive transient, such as the power switch closing, charges r through L to a voltage above the supply voltage, if Q is sufficient
• This circuit uses the property of RC filters to cause a phase shift, and by using multiple This enables the oscillator to easily drive other circuits or such devices as a small..
• The initial signal of an actual sine wave oscillating circuit is caused by disturbances in the internal noise of the circuit and transient processes. Usually the spectrum of these noises and disturbances is very wide and small. In order to finally obtain a stable sinusoidal signal, first, a frequency selective link must be used to select the component of the desired frequency from the noise or disturbance signal to satisfy the phase balance condition, and the other frequency components do not satisfy the phase balance condition. Secondly, in order to enable the oscillation to be established from small to large, it is required to meet.
• R-C phase shift oscillaotr using op-amp uses op-amp in inverting amplifier mode. Thus it introduces the phase shift of 180° between input and output. The feedback network consists of 3 RC sections each producing 60° phase shift. Such a RC phase shift oscillator using op-amp is shown in the Fig. 2.92.

### RC Phase Shift Oscillator Tutorial Electronics Tutorial

1. English: This circuit diagram is of a RC-Phase shift oscillator using JFET
2. Types of Oscillator Wien-bridge Oscillator Phase Shift Oscillator Twin-T Oscillator Crystal-control Oscillator Colpitts Oscillator Clapp Oscillator Hartley Oscillator..
3. Several RC oscillators and two crystal controlled oscillators are described. The stability of the RC oscillator will be sufficient for the bulk of applications; however, some..
4. What Is The Resonant Amplitude Of Oscillation? 1) What is the value of frequency that brings the inductor into resonance in an RLC circuit

Finally, any physical oscillations will stop due to friction. To continue exercising, you must add a little energy to each cycle. In the pendulum clock, the energy that keeps the pendulum moving comes from the spring. The pendulum gets a little thrust every time it rings to compensate for the energy lost by friction. RC Phase-Shift Oscillators. Ramón Vargas Patrón. rvargas@inictel-uni.edu.pe. oscillator's loop gain must be unity for oscillations to develop in the circuit

Documents Similar To RC Oscillator Circuit - The RC Oscillator Tutorial. Carousel Previous Carousel Next It is these internal oscillators, and their associated frequency division and selection The configuration settings allow two further oscillator modes. The first of these, INTOSC.. Even the very simplest RLC circuits lead to integro-differential equations. For if a single-loop circuit contains resistance R, capacitance C, and inductance L with impressed voltage E(t)..

## (i) RC phase shift oscillator circuit using Transisto

This is probably the most common oscillator for amateur electronics hobbyists, because it is a common IC, and well documented Note that any reactive branch current is not minimum at resonance, but each is given separately by dividing source voltage (V) by reactance (Z). Hence I = V/Z, as per Ohm's law. Physics -272 Lecture 19. LC Circuits RLC Circuits. AC Circuit Theory. L. • Suppose that the circuits are formed at t=0 with the capacitor charged to value Q

## RC Phase Shift Oscillator Electrical4

RC Phase shift oscillator. An oscillator is a circuit that produces an output without an input. More specifically it is a circuit that produces a signal at a desired frequency with.. Is it possible to get triangular output for RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR using OP-AMP???? I got triangular output. But i dont know whether its correct or not… plz reply me its very urgent…. RLC serial circuit Let's consider a circuit in which a resistor (R) - an inductor (L) - a capacitor (C) are connected in series. Every moment, the current through the circuit is Read more. LC Oscillator RC phase shift oscillator or simply RC oscillator is a type of oscillator where a simple RC network (resistor-capacitor) network is used for giving the required phase shift to the feedback signal. In LC oscillators like Hartley oscillator and Colpitts oscillator an LC network (inductor- capacitor network) is used for providing the necessary positive feedback. The main feature of an RC phase shift oscillator is the excellent frequency stability. The RC oscillator can output a pure sine wave on a wide range of loads.

### RLC Circuit Analysis (Series And Parallel) - Clearly Electrical4

1. show all steps. A phase-shift oscillator has. (a) three RC circuits. Consider the following phase-shift oscillator circuit diagram: Figure 1
2. RC Oscillator Circuit - The RC Oscillator Tutorial. 444 x 225 gif 7 КБ. electronics.stackexchange.com. microcontroller - PIC RC oscillator - Electrical.
3. Oscillators are heart of all digital circuits but, not only digital circuit employee oscillators but also There are many different kinds of oscillators such as RC, LC, crystal etc

### RC Phase Shift Oscillators

1. ing circuit.
2. Thus, this is all about RC phase shift oscillator theory. From the above information finally, we can conclude that these oscillators are mainly used to generate signals in the wide range. The range of frequency can be changed from Hz-200Hz by using resistors as well as capacitors. Here is a question for you, what is the main function of phase shift oscillator?
3. To study how RC circuits behave with switched input voltages. Following completion of this lab you should be able to explain how a capacitor charges when a step voltage is applied..
4. Oscillator Feedback. Related Articles. Basic oscillatory circuits. An oscillator circuit then provides a constantly varying output signal. If the output signal varies sinusoidally, the circuit can be..

### Write short notes on , RC Oscillator , Wien - Electronics Pos

1. Oscillator and signal generator circuits diagram. The oscillator shown in Figure1 is frequently used in digital circuits and may, therefore, look very familiar
2. It can be seen from the above analysis that the sine wave oscillation circuit must have the following four basic steps in terms of composition.
3. Oscillator : RC Oscillator : LC Oscillator : Hi friends... In this tutorial I will explain you how RC oscillator work. RC oscillator is a circuit..
4. At this frequency the gain of the op-amp must be at least 29 to satisfy Aβ = 1. Now gain of the op-amp inverting amplifier is given by,
5. RLC_OSCILLATOR. Published:2009/7/9 1:23:00 Author:May | From:SeekIC. A positive transient, such as the power switch closing, charges C through L to a voltage above the supply voltage, if Q is..
6. Each section produces a phase shift of 60o. Consequently, a total phase shift of 180o is produced, i.e., voltage V2 leads the voltage V1 by 180o.
7. Since the resistor-capacitor combination in the RC Oscillator circuit also acts as an attenuator producing an attenuation of -1/29th ( Vo/Vi = β ) per stage, the gain of the..

## RC Feedback Oscillators

The Intersil ICL7660 and ICL7660A are monolithic CMOS power supply circuits which Contained on the chip are a series DC supply regulator, RC oscillator, voltage level.. An amplifying circuit that has an output signal at the output with an input signal at the input. If there is no external input signal at the input end, the output terminal still has a certain frequency and amplitude signal output. This phenomenon is called self-oscillation of the amplifying circuit. The oscillating circuit is a circuit that generates a sine wave output voltage by self-oscillation of the circuit without an external input signal. It is widely used in remote control, communication, automatic control, measurement and other equipment, and also as a test signal for analog electronic circuits. 2. In an oscillator circuit, which of the following takes a part of the output signal from the 4. An RC phase-shift oscillator has a load resistance of 15 k. Each resistor in the..

Oscillator circuits This worksheet and all related les are licensed under the Creative over time (an RC circuit), and of the hysteresis of a gas-discharge bulb: the fact that the.. The RC network is present in the feedback path is connected in ladder fashion thus also known as ladder RC phase shift oscillator. We know for an RC circuit; the output.. 121 rc oscillator products are offered for sale by suppliers on Alibaba.com, of which Rc oscillator products are most popular in United States, Spain, and Malaysia

## A Simple Oscillator Circuit - YouTub

Hi, I am working on RC OScillator Circuit, but i had problems with adjusting frequency. I can adjust frequency but it effects amplitude too (amplitude is.. Writing the inductive impedance as ZL = jωL and capacitive impedance as ZC = 1/jωC and substituting gives

To understand the operation of this Oscillator, let us study Basic RC Circuit, which is used in the feedback network of this oscillator. The Fig. 2.90 shows the Basic RC Circuit. I am having trouble getting LTSpice to simulate oscillations. I drew a schematic of a simple DC source and resistor circuit to make sure I could get the.. In electronics, an oscillator is a circuit that generates a signal at a certain frequency. You can make a simple oscillator with an inductor (a coil) and a capacitor (two parallel plates). The circuit will alternately store energy in the capacitors (electrical energy) and in the inductor (magnetic energy). The electrons coming off one plate will pass through the inductor. As the charge on the plates becomes constant, the current dies. The drop in current creates an electromotive force in the inductor that propels electrons to continue in the same direction, thus charging the other capacitor plate. You'll Need: When the inductor (L) and capacitor (C) are connected in parallel as shown here, the voltage V across the open terminals is equal to both the voltage across the inductor and the voltage across the capacitor. The total current I flowing into the positive terminal of the circuit is equal to the sum of the current flowing through the inductor and the current flowing through the capacitor:

Typical LC oscillator circuits are the Hartley, Colpitts and Clapp circuits. When we continue in a future article, we'll discuss RC oscillators that may be built from op-amps ..Watch Timer Circuit Diagram Page 193 Page 194 - Chapter 13 LCD Controller/Driver Page 195 - LCD Circuit Diagram Page 196 - LCD RAM Figure 7-3. RC Oscillator Voltage Controlled Oscillators from multiple manufacturers are listed on everything RF. You can search by specification using our parametric search tool, download datasheets..

## RLC circuit - Wikiversit

Let F be the operating frequency, R be the resistance and C be the capacitance. Then the capacitive reactance Xc to the frequency F can be given by the equation  Xc = 1 / (2πFC) The characteristic equation is. Where. When. The equation only has one real root . The solution for. The I - t curve would look like. When. The equation has two real root . The solution for. The I - t curve would look like. When. The equation has two complex root . The solution for. The I - t curve would look like

## 19. LC and RLC Oscillators RLC Circuit: Application (3

The charge flows back and forth between the plates of the capacitor, through the inductor. The energy oscillates back and forth between the capacitor and the inductor until (if not replenished from an external circuit) internal resistance makes the oscillations die out. The tuned circuit's action, known mathematically as a harmonic oscillator, is similar to a pendulum swinging back and forth, or water sloshing back and forth in a tank; for this reason the circuit is also called a tank circuit.[1] The natural frequency (that is, the frequency at which it will oscillate when isolated from any other system, as described above) is determined by the capacitance and inductance values. In most applications the tuned circuit is part of a larger circuit which applies alternating current to it, driving continuous oscillations. If the frequency of the applied current is the circuit's natural resonant frequency (natural frequency f 0 {\displaystyle f_{0}\,} below ), resonance will occur, and a small driving current can excite large amplitude oscillating voltages and currents. In typical tuned circuits in electronic equipment the oscillations are very fast, from thousands to billions of times per second. The resistor which is near to the transistors like R & R1 can form the voltage divider circuit as the RE (emitter resistor) develops the strength. After that, the two capacitors namely Co & CE, where Co is the o/p DC decoupling capacitor & CE is the emitter bypass capacitor correspondingly. Further, this circuit also demonstrates 3-RC networks used within the feedback path. Theoretically in a simple RC circuit , the output voltage will lead the input voltage by a phase angle  Φ =90°. Anyway in  practical case  the phase angle will be something below 90° just because it is impossible to get a purely ideal capacitor. Phase shift of  a practical RC network depends on the value of the capacitor, resistor and the operating frequency.The feedback network uses a transformer, and the primary winding of the transformer is connected in parallel with the capacitor to form an oscillating circuit as a frequency selective network, instead of the transistor collector resistor Rc, the feedback voltage is drawn back from the secondary winding of the transformer and applied to the input end of the amplifying circuit, the circuit As shown in Figure 6.

Likewise, by Kirchhoff's current law, the current through the capacitor equals the current through the inductor: This requires that the RC tank circuit should introduce no additional phase shift in the A superior oscillator to Figure 1 can be achieved by adding an RC tank circuit to the ring.. In rc phase shift oscillator vcc is a dc supply and how it is possibl to rc circuit give alternating current without any ac current becoz capa. Blo.ck dc current .we are give only dc. Plz rply. RC phase-shift oscillators use resistor-capacitor (RC) network (Figure 1) to provide the Further, the circuit also shows three RC networks employed in the feedback path This circuit is under:, circuits, RC Oscillator Oscillator Tutorial l41775 Electronics Tutorial about the RC Oscillator Circuit, RC Phase Shift Oscillators and how a Tuned..

### Differential equationedit

CircuitsToday.com is an effort to provide free resources on electronics for electronic students and hobbyists. Our webiste has thousands of circuits, projects and other information you that will find interesting.All the drawbacks of LC oscillator circuits are thus eliminated in RC oscillator circuits. Hence the need for RC oscillator circuits arise. These are also called as Phase–shift Oscillators.In this circuit, L1 doubles as a feedback network, and the L1 feedback voltage is applied to the input terminal of the transistor through the coupling capacitor C1. After amplification, the high-frequency oscillation signal is obtained in the LC oscillation circuit, as long as the position of the inductor coil is properly selected. By making the feedback signal larger than the input signal, an un-attenuated equal-amplitude oscillation can be obtained in the LC loop.(2) Frequency selection network: Determine the oscillation frequency of the circuit, so that the circuit generates oscillation of a single frequency, that is, the circuit generates sinusoidal oscillation. The circuit shown above is known as the basic RC oscillator which comprises of three stage RC phase shift network used to produce a sine wave at output signal through..

### Initial conditionsedit

This example shows an implementation of a Colpitts oscillator circuit with a nominal The plots below show the output voltage of the LC oscillator based on Colpitts circuit RC Phase-Shift Oscillators. Ramón Vargas Patrón rvargas@inictel-uni.edu.pe. Oscillators generate periodic signals in the time domain. They convert DC power into AC.. This circuit consists of two parts, the amplifier Au and the frequency selective network Fuo Au is a voltage series negative feedback amplifier composed of integrated operational amplifiers, while the Fu is composed of Zl and Z2, and also serves as a positive feedback network. Zl, Z2 and Rl, R2 form a four-arm bridge. The input and output of the amplifier circuit are respectively connected to the two diagonals of the bridge. Therefore, this RC oscillator circuit is also called RC bridge oscillator.In the above phase angle expression, XC can be 1/(2πfC), and it is the resistor & capacitor reactance. These kinds of networks offer a definite phase shift in oscillators.

### Drawbacks of LC circuits

RC Oscillator. Category: Video Library. The video shows a tutorial on how to build a phase shifted oscillator The oscillators Oscillator is a circuit that produce a continuous signal/waveform on its RC-phase oscillator with transistor and FET, Hartley and colpitts oscillators, Wien.. The RLC circuit (idealized as the undamped oscillatory LC circuit) has many applications in analogue electronics (radio, TV, etc.). Depending on the value of LC (i.e., the natural frequency 1/sqrt( LC.. RC Oscillator Circuit. The expression (for a high-pass RC oscillator) is correct for N=3. If you increase the number of RC stages, the oscillation frequency increases

### RC Phase shift oscillator.

must go into the crystal oscillator and peripheral circuits in order to optimize performance. This circuitry requires explicit care during design The phase-shift oscillator circuit consists of a single transistor amplifier section and a RC phase-shift network. The phase shift network in this circuit, consists of three RC sections. At the resonant frequency fo, the phase shift in each RC section is 60o so that the total phase shift produced by RC network is 180o.

This is an RLC circuit, which is an oscillating circuit consisting of a resistor, capacitor, and inductor The resonance frequency depends on the capacitance and inductance in the circuit and is shown in.. For a circuit model incorporating resistance, see RLC circuit. The tuned circuit's action, known mathematically as a harmonic oscillator, is similar to a pendulum swinging back and forth, or water.. In the circuit diagram resistor R1 and the resistor R (close to the base of Q1 in the diagram) gives a voltage divider bias to the transistor Q1. Resistor Rc limits the collector current while Re is meant for thermal stability. Ce is the emitter by-pass capacitor and Cout is the output DC decoupling capacitor. By using more than three RC phase shift stages (like 4 x 45°) the frequency stability of the oscillator can be further improved.  The frequency of the transistor RC phase shift oscillator oscillator can be expressed by the equation:RC Phase Shift Oscillator basically consists of an amplifier and a feedback network consisting of resistors and capacitors arranged in ladder fashion. Hence such an oscillator is also called Ladder Type RC Phase Shift Oscillator. Crystals, ceramic resonators, RC oscillators and silicon oscillators are four types of Figure 1. Discrete oscillator circuit examples. Crystal and ceramic resonator-based..

## Overview of Crystal Oscillator Circuit Working with application

Operating Principle of Potentiometer and Method of Trouble Repair RCIO mode. Likewise, the RC circuit is connected to the OSC1 pin. The internal oscillator circuit consists of two separate oscillators that can be selected as the system.. When XL equals XC, the reactive branch currents are equal and opposite. Hence they cancel out each other to give minimum current in the main line. Since total current is minimum, in this state the total impedance is maximum. RC Phase Shift Oscillator: It is a linear electronic oscillator circuit that produces a sine wave output. It consists of an inverting amplifier element, such as Op-Amp or transistor.. Oscillators are electronic components used to generate repetitive electronic signals (usually sinusoidal or square waves). Its circuit is called oscillating circuit.

The Functions and Basic Working Principles of Crystal Oscillator The circuit when switched ON oscillates at the resonant frequency fo. The output Eo of the amplifier is fed back to RC feedback network. This network produces a phase shift of 180o and a voltage Ei appears at its output. This voltage is applied to the transistor amplifier.$f_{Oscillation}=\frac{1}{2\pi\sqrt{R_2R_3(C_1C_2+C_1C_3+C_2C_3)+R_1R_3(C_1C_2+C_1C_3)+R_1R_2C_1C_2}}$ The feedback is in correct phase, whereas the transistor amplifier, which is in CE configuration, produces a 180o phase shift. The phase shift produced by network and the transistor add to form a phase shift around the entire loop which is 360o.

The network is also called the ladder network. All the resistance values and all the capacitance values are same, so that for a particular frequency, each section of R and C produces a phase shift of 60°. RC Phase-shifted Sinusoidal Oscillation Circuit. Transformer Feedback LC Oscillator. RC sinusoidal oscillation circuit oscillation frequency is low, generally below 1 MHz..

If an inductor is connected across a charged capacitor, the voltage across the capacitor will drive a current through the inductor, building up a magnetic field around it. The voltage across the capacitor falls to zero as the charge is used up by the current flow. At this point, the energy stored in the coil's magnetic field induces a voltage across the coil, because inductors oppose changes in current. This induced voltage causes a current to begin to recharge the capacitor with a voltage of opposite polarity to its original charge. Due to Faraday's law, the EMF which drives the current is caused by a decrease in the magnetic field, thus the energy required to charge the capacitor is extracted from the magnetic field. When the magnetic field is completely dissipated the current will stop and the charge will again be stored in the capacitor, with the opposite polarity as before. Then the cycle will begin again, with the current flowing in the opposite direction through the inductor. But in actuality, the phase variation will be below this because the capacitor employed within the circuit cannot be perfect. Exactly the RC network’s phase angle can be expressed as

Low frequency oscillator is an oscillator that generates AC signals between 0.1 Hz and 10 Hz. This word is usually used in audio synthesis to distinguish other audio oscillators.            Sinusoidal oscillation circuit is usually named according to the components used in frequency selection network. It can be divided into three types: RC sinusoidal oscillation circuit, LC sinusoidal oscillation circuit and quartz crystal sinusoidal oscillation circuit. RC sinusoidal oscillation circuit oscillation frequency is low, generally below 1 MHz; LC sinusoidal oscillation circuit oscillation frequency is high, generally above 1 MHz; quartz crystal sinusoidal oscillation circuit can also be equivalent to LC sinusoidal oscillation circuit, its characteristics are very stable oscillation frequency. RC phase shift network is a simple resistor capacitor network that can be used to give a desired phase shift to a signal. The circuit diagram of a simple single stage RC network is shown in the figure below.One of the first demonstrations of resonance between tuned circuits was Lodge's "syntonic jars" experiment around 1889.[4][6] He placed two resonant circuits next to each other, each consisting of a Leyden jar connected to an adjustable one-turn coil with a spark gap. When a high voltage from an induction coil was applied to one tuned circuit, creating sparks and thus oscillating currents, sparks were excited in the other tuned circuit only when the circuits were adjusted to resonance. Lodge and some English scientists preferred the term "syntony" for this effect, but the term "resonance" eventually stuck.[4] The first practical use for LC circuits was in the 1890s in spark-gap radio transmitters to allow the receiver and transmitter to be tuned to the same frequency. The first patent for a radio system that allowed tuning was filed by Lodge in 1897, although the first practical systems were invented in 1900 by Italian radio pioneer Guglielmo Marconi.[4] Where F is the frequency, R is the resistance, C is the capacitance and N is the number of RC phase shift stages. The RC pahse shift oscillator can be made variable by making the  resistors or capacitors variable. The common approach is to leave the resistors untouched the three capacitors are replaced by a  triple gang variable capacitor.

The oscillator configuration allows design of either RC or crystal oscillator circuits. A RESET input is provided which resets the counter to the all 0's state and disables the.. Relaxation oscillator circuit. Important Notice. Analog Engineer's Circuit: Amplifiers. The oscillation frequency is determined by the RC time constant of R1 and C1, and the.. Linear electronic oscillator circuits, which generate a sinusoidal output signal, are composed of an amplifier and a frequency selective element, a filter. A linear oscillator circuit which uses an RC network, a combination of resistors and capacitors.. According to the mode of oscillation excitation, it can be divided into self-excited oscillator and other-excited oscillator.             An RLC oscillator circuit contains a 55.0-Ω resistor and a 1.50-mH inductor. What capacitance is necessary for the time constant of the circuit (the 1/e value) to be equal to the oscillation period

A crystal oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit that is used for the mechanical resonance of a vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material. It will create an electrical signal with a given frequency According to the circuit structure, it can be divided into resistance-capacitance oscillator, inductance-capacitance oscillator, crystal oscillator and tuning fork oscillator.          In many practical circuits, the frequency-selective network and the positive feedback network are often combined into one. Moreover, for the discrete component amplifying circuit, there is no additional stabilization link, and the nonlinearity of the transistor characteristics is stabilized. effect. From the reading I have done on RC oscillator circuits , the phase shift needs to be 360 degrees for oscillation to be sustainable

The characteristics of the transformer feedback LC oscillating circuit are that the oscillating frequency is easy to adjust, and it is easy to achieve impedance matching and achieve the requirements for starting vibration. The output waveform is generally low, and the frequency stability is not high. The frequency of generating a sine wave signal is several kilohertz to several tens of megahertz. Suitable for less demanding equipment.As stated earlier, RC network is used in feedback path. In oscillator, feedback network must introduce a phase shift of 180° to obtain total phase shift around a loop as 360°. Thus if one RC network produces phase shift of φ = 60° then to produce phase shift of 180° such three RC networks must be connected in cascade.The order of the network is the order of the rational function describing the network in the complex frequency variable s. Generally, the order is equal to the number of L and C elements in the circuit and in any event cannot exceed this number.

Fig. 8 is a typical circuit diagram of a capacitor three-point oscillator. Its structure is similar to that of an inductive three-point oscillator, except that L and C are interchanged. In the LC oscillation circuit, two capacitors are connected in series to form a capacitor branch. There is a lead-out end between the two capacitors. A part of the voltage is fed from the capacitor branch of the LC tank to the input end of the amplifier circuit through the lead-out terminal. They are connected to the three poles of the transistor, so this circuit is called a three-point LC oscillator, also known as a Colpitts oscillator.(1) Amplification circuit: to ensure that the circuit can be from the start-up to the dynamic balance process, the circuit obtains a certain amplitude output and realizes energy control.The oscillator is a frequency source and is typically used in phase-locked loops. It is a device that can convert DC power into AC energy without external signal excitation. It has many uses. Electromagnetic waves are generated in radio broadcast and communication equipment. A clock signal is generated in the microcomputer. High frequency alternating current is generated in the voltage stabilizing circuit.The oscillator can be divided into two kinds: harmonic oscillator and relaxation oscillator.             AC Circuit Analysis Exercises. RL, RC, and RLC Circuits. Figure 5: Series RC and RL circuits. (a) (b). You have been provided with a breadboard, a resistor, a capacitor, an..

Voltage controlled oscillators are electronic circuits designed to produce a periodic Additionally, most circuit configurations have been analyzed and tested in simulators.. The RC phase shift sine wave oscillating circuit uses the RC phase shifting network as a feedback link of the sine wave oscillating circuit, as shown in FIG. The RC phase shifting network of the oscillating circuit provides a phase shift of 180° solution, and the amplifier uses an inverting input proportional amplifying circuit, so φa=-180. , φa + φf = 0 ° to meet the phase condition of the oscillation, as long as the thermistor Rf is adjusted so that the amplification factor is sufficient to compensate for the signal amplitude attenuation caused by the feedback network, a sinusoidal oscillation signal can be generated.Inductive reactance magnitude XL increases as frequency increases while capacitive reactance magnitude XC decreases with the increase in frequency. At one particular frequency, these two reactances are equal in magnitude but opposite in sign; that frequency is called the resonant frequency f0 for the given circuit. Thus circuit will work as an oscillator which will produce a sinusoidal waveform if gain is 29 and total phase shift around a loop is 360°. This satisfies the Barkhausen criterion for the oscillator. These oscillators are used over the audio frequency range i.e. about 20 Hz upto 100 kHz.The output of amplifier is given to feedback network. The Output of feedback network drives the amplifier. The total phase shift around a loop is 180° of amplifier and 180° due to 3 RC section, thus 360°. This satisfies the required condition for positive feedback and circuit works as an oscillator.

The drop VR is in phase with current I while the drop VC lags current I by 90° i.e. I leads VC by 90°. The phasor diagram is shown in the Fig. 2.90 (b). RLC oscillator circuit. Thread starter Raint. Start date May 11, 2012. Question: would this actually work in real circuit? And if so, then why every example of oscillator circuit online includes at least..

A circuit composed of RC components is used as a sine wave oscillating circuit of a frequency selective network, which is called an RC oscillator. According to the structural characteristics of the feedback network, the RC oscillator circuit can be divided into an oscillating circuit of RC phase shifting type, RC bridge type and double T type frequency selective network. The RC bridge type oscillation circuit uses the RC series-parallel circuit as the frequency selection network, so it is also called the RC series-parallel oscillation circuit, as shown in Fig. 4. LAB 4: RC Oscillators. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 43/100. Many circuit applications that require precision timing or PWM (pulse width modulation) control need an input.. RC Phase Shift Oscillator basically consists of an amplifier and a feedback network consisting To understand the operation of this Oscillator, let us study Basic RC Circuit.. This is the electronic devices questions and answers section on Oscillator Circuits Filling the Blanks with explanation for various interview Oscillator Circuits - True or False

• Baby jogger fit.
• Salpaus lomat.
• Yksinäinen ratsastaja englanniksi.
• Taitettava keittiötikas.
• Ursus traktori.
• Asfalttikunkku 2018 kiti.
• Ulkonäköpaineet tytöillä.
• Boeing onnettomuudet.
• Oiva brunssi.
• Armeijan soittokunnan pääsykokeet.
• Ryokan oy.
• Vitt paraply.
• Korn på engelska.
• Ikkunan smyygilaudat.
• Mässling följdsjukdomar.
• Erikoismutterit.
• Kuvaajan piirto.
• Suomen ja kiinan välinen kauppa.
• Prater bochum silvester.
• There was a problem running this tool 0x80072f76.
• Ssg sahala heinävaara.
• Hippokrateen puu.
• Tehokas nettimarkkinointi.
• If hyvinkää yhteystiedot.
• Tiimalasikantapää vauvan sukkaan.
• Clan tupakka.
• Uljas joki.
• Alfa romeo gtv koeajo.
• Pyhimys pettymys arvostelu.
• Bayern munchen maalivahti.
• Virallinen kirje ranskaksi.
• Barulich natalia.
• 30x60 laatta.
• Siemens astianpesukone.
• Ponsse elephant king.


text:
## Wednesday, November 19, 2008

### A C# REPL (in Clojure)

It’s no secret that I’ve been interested in Lisp for quite a while. Lately, that has meant Clojure. Clojure is a new Lisp dialect that runs on top of the JVM. That means it has the power of Lisp (macros, dynamic typing, etc.) combined with the power of the JVM. The synergy reminds me of an old bumper sticker I saw years ago: “C: combining the speed of assembly with the power of assembly.” We’ve moved on a bit since then, but still. :)

Anyway, you should check out Clojure. It is easily the most exciting technology I’ve seen in years…probably since I first saw .NET in June of 2000. Even beyond just being a Lisp that actually has vast libraries (one of the main complaints against Lisps of the past) is the fact that there are some truly brilliant features of the language above and beyond what other Lisps sport.

One of the cool things I’d heard was that Clojure will run on top of IKVM.NET, which is a .NET implementation of the JVM. I figured that if there were a reasonable story for .NET interop, I’d be able to use Clojure to drive .NET code in a REPL. A REPL is a Read-Eval-Print Loop, which is a fancy way of saying “an interactive programming command line”. It’s like the immediate window in the Visual Studio debugger on steroids, and its absence is one of the increasing number of things that makes C# painful to use as I gain proficiency in more advanced languages.

Yes, I said it: C# is not an advanced language. If you think it is, then in my opinion you don’t know enough programming languages yet. :)

Intentionally provocative statements aside, here’s how you do it:

2. Download Clojure. I recommend grabbing the head of the Subversion tree rather than the release that’s on the website.
3. Build Clojure by running “ant jar” in the clojure directory. You’ll have to install Ant to do this if you haven’t already.
4. Run “ikvmstub mscorlib.dll” to create mscorlib.jar, which will create the Java wrapper classes for the stuff in mscorlib.
5. Launch a Clojure REPL via “ikvm –cp \path\to\clojure.jar;\path\to\mscorlib.jar clojure.lang.Repl”.

Now you have a working REPL, in which all the types in mscorlib are available to be driven by Clojure, which is most definitely an advanced language. Here’s a very simple example (the results of running the commands are indicated by =>):

(import '(cli.System DateTime))
=> nil

(new DateTime)
=> #<DateTime 1/1/0001 12:00:00 AM>

(.get_Now DateTime)
=> #<DateTime 11/19/2008 2:31:02 PM>

(.ToString (new DateTime) "R")
=> "Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 GMT"

You get the idea.

Of course this is probably only useful as an exploratory tool: if I were writing Clojure for real, I’d write it against the JVM, not against IKVM.NET. But I use the excellent SnippetCompiler all the time now, but it’s still not the quite same thing as a real REPL, so I’m excited to have a real REPL available.

And really, the reason I’m posting this is that I’m hoping it will be a sort of gateway drug for you, and that what this will really do is kick off your interest in Clojure itself. The website is a pretty good source of information, but you can also check out Stu Halloway’s Programming Clojure book. It’s available in Beta form here. I’ve been tech reviewing it, and even the early beta looks pretty good.

1. By the way, you can omit the ikvmstub step for mscorlib. You would need this (or run ikvmc with the -reference option) to access classes in your own assemblies, but mscorlib is free.

2. Ah! Good to know. I'll probably build up a bunch of assemblies (I assume I have to do this for System, System.Core, etc.) and then just create a csrepl.cmd command file that launches everything for me.

3. Another option on the .NET REPL front is Mono's REPL:
http://tirania.org/blog/archive/2008/Sep-08.html

Only supports that primitive language C# though. ;)

4. Certainly not LISP, but PowerShell also works as a decent REPL for C#:

$new-object DateTime => Monday, January 01, 0001 12:00:00 A.M.$ [DateTime]::Now => Wednesday, November 19, 2008 4:14:31 P.M.

\$ (new-object DateTime).ToString("R") => Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 GMT

5. So let's get this straight. An advanced language is one.. without a type system?

6. Can you please tell us more about why you think C# is not an advanced language?

What or How do you do things in Clojure that you can't in C#?

7. If you think that's C# then in my opinion you don’t know enough programming languages yet. :)

8. Hah! I debated even making the comment about C# not being an advanced language, but hey: it's my blog and I happen to think it's true.

What can you do in Clojure that you can't do in C#? Macros. Super powerful, don't exist in C#. Ditto multimethods. Ditto (convenient) dynamic binding. Ditto full-featured lambdas, although C# doesn't totally suck on that last one. These are all things that I would use in my C# work today if I had them.

Also, dynamic typing does not equal no typing. However, it does generally equal less "typing", as in the sort you do with your fingers.

Anyway, I'm going to stop debating about the "advancedness" of C# now. Check out Clojure and/or Haskell and/or Ruby - you can judge for yourself. I'll still respect you if you learn one or more of those and still prefer C#. :)

9. "What can you do in Clojure that you can't do in C#? Macros."

Macros are great, really, and I miss them in any language without them, but it's usually better to have the feature you add via macros present in the language directly, if it's reasonable to do so. In Common Lisp, probably 80% of macros are written to make one or more parameters lazy, whereas in Scala you can do it by changing the type of the parameter from, say, "Int" to "=> Int".

"Ditto multimethods."

I don't believe in object-oriented programming. However, you can achieve the same results through the visitor pattern, or a Dictionary>, etc.

"Ditto (convenient) dynamic binding."

Dynamic binding is useful for novices and for working around type system limitations. As such it's hopefully something we don't have to use much, but anyway, it's to be added in C# 4 via the 'dynamic' keyword.

"Ditto full-featured lambdas"

C# lambdas can't return from the method they're in, or cause surrounding loops to break or continue, or goto surrounding labels. Are these the points that make them not full-featured?

"Also, dynamic typing does not equal no typing."

Lisp is a programming-language encoding of the untyped lambda calculus. If the untyped lambda calculus is typed, I'm a monkey in a tree.

"However, it does generally equal less "typing", as in the sort you do with your fingers."

C# isn't great at this, but does have local variable type inference and limited type parameter inference.

"Check out Clojure and/or Haskell and/or Ruby"

I like and use Haskell. I am competent with Common Lisp, Scheme and employed programming Java, so Clojure is probably not any different to how I would expect.

I prefer typed languages to untyped ones, because I think in types. That said, some typed languages are better than others. I'd prefer an untyped language to a typed language without generics.

"I'll still respect you if you learn one or more of those and still prefer C#. :)"

I don't prefer C# to Haskell, but I prefer it to Lisp, Python etc.

10. "What can you do in Clojure that you can't do in C#? Macros."

Don't forget:

- In Lisp data and programs are equal. You can apply data to programs and vice versa with the same syntax.

- Lisp's syntax is extensible while C# has a fixed syntax. AFAIK Perl 6 is only modern development that supports syntax extension as well.

- Lisp functions can be recompiled at runtime. It is even possible to stop at a breakpoint, fix the problem and just continue.

It' s amazing that the 50 year old language Common Lisp is still as powerful as (or even more than) the most modern languages today. They still learn and copy features from Lisp :-)

11. To be fair, this is more a CLR REPL than a C# REPL...

12. @Ricky: So, you've obviously done your homework, and come down on a different side of the issue than I have. I can respect that: you've made an informed value judgment. I like to think I've done the same.

"it's usually better to have the feature you add via macros present in the language directly, if it's reasonable to do so."

Agreed. However, the difference between a language like Lisp and one like C# is that I don't have to wait for the folks at Microsoft to introduce said language feature. C# will eventually get macros, or more probably a crippled version of them, but I'll have to wait years for that. Plus, it'll add more syntax to a language that already has a hell of a lot of it.

"I don't believe in object-oriented programming. However, you can achieve the same results through the visitor pattern, or a Dictionary>, etc."

Sort of. Specialization on values (e.g. null) is still a nice, expressive thing to be able to do. And generics of generics of generics is extremely awkward IMO - Clojure particularly shines here due to support of map, set, list, and array literals - an example of where the language has introduced extra syntax (over and above the extremely minimal syntax of most Lisps) where it makes practical sense to do so.

"C# lambdas can't return from the method they're in, or cause surrounding loops to break or continue, or goto surrounding labels. Are these the points that make them not full-featured?"

Not really - that sort of non-obvious control flow isn't something I find myself wanting very often. I guess my complaint is more with the constraints imposed by the type system rather than with lambdas per se. E.g. you can't do this:

object o = a => Process(a);

And that's occasionally handy.

Note that the dynamic keyword they're adding won't help with this at all.

"Lisp is a programming-language encoding of the untyped lambda calculus. If the untyped lambda calculus is typed, I'm a monkey in a tree."

This one probably comes down to a definition of "typed". Lisp objects have a type - variables don't, a la the var keyword in C#, albeit without the type inference, which I find to be a hindrance more often than a help.

"C# isn't great at this, but does have local variable type inference and limited type parameter inference."

Right. And the "isn't great" and "limited" parts of that are where reasonable people can come down on different sides of the issue.

"I prefer typed languages to untyped ones, because I think in types. That said, some typed languages are better than others. I'd prefer an untyped language to a typed language without generics."

And for me, I find that types are often overhead.

You really ought to check out Clojure: as I mentioned, it has support for map, set, list (of course) and vector literals, which sets it aside from most other Lisps and (IMO) removes the needs for most types. You don't get static type checking, of course, and that may be a deal breaker for you. It isn't for me.

Also, Clojure is functional, objects are immutable (and compare by value), and has built-in support for STM. Those things might appeal to a Haskell guy.

13. @Tim: fair enough. Worse yet, I haven't yet tried to work with generics, but it's probably truly awful to do so given the type name mangling that goes on. And I have no idea what the mapping via IKVM even looks like...

But it's still sort of handy to have this sort of thing once in a while. And @Chuck: sorry, but I've just never been able to like PowerShell. If I did, though, it would probably make a more convenient REPL than Clojure. Everyone should check it out and judge for themselves.

14. Weekly digest of interesting stuff

15. Pingback from Clojure Roundup: Post-Thanksgiving vacation edition « Clojure Study Group DC

16. It’s the end of the year, and although I skipped 2007, it is my habit to take a look back here on matters

17. Stephen Gilardi did this for me months ago for a real project with a real need to access C# libs and it worked.


text:
<meta http-equiv="refresh" content="1; url=/nojavascript/">
You are reading an older version of this FlexBook® textbook: CK-12 Algebra I Concepts Go to the latest version.

# Chapter 8: Exponential Functions

Difficulty Level: At Grade Created by: CK-12

## Introduction

In the world of real estate, the size of homes and buildings is measured in “square feet.” What does this terminology mean? One square foot equals 1 foot x 1 foot or $1^2$ foot. The two in this expression is an exponent and it represents repeated multiplication. The various exponential properties that allow you to combine multiple exponents into a single one are the focus of this chapter. Once you’ve mastered these techniques, you’ll be able to evaluate what at first appear to be complicated exponential expressions.

## Summary

This chapter begins with four important properties for combining exponents: Product of Powers, Power of a Product, Quotient of Powers, and Power of a Quotient. Negative, zero, and fractional exponents are discussed next. All these properties come together in the evaluation of exponential expressions. A way of representing very large and very small numbers more simply, known as scientific notation, is next covered. The chapter wraps up with discussion of geometric sequences and exponential functions, with an emphasis on real-world applications.

## Date Created:

Oct 01, 2012

Apr 29, 2014
Files can only be attached to the latest version of None


text:
# Are there any known asteroids with average density similar to that of Earth's?

In this answer I mention that for very low orbits around spherical bodies, the period tends to scale only as the inverse square root of the density, and not the diameter.

For a low orbits where the semi-major axis is close to the radius of the central body, the period is related to the average density of the body and unrelated to it's size.

So a low orbit around a spherical asteroid (which there usually aren't) made of a mixture of rock and iron (which there usually aren't) will be roughly 90 minutes just like LEO (low Earth orbit), even if it's only 1 km in diameter.

I'd like to use an example, but I don't know where to find an asteroid density table, nor even a histogram, that includes something close to 5 g/cm^3.

Question: Are there any known asteroids with average density similar to that of Earth's?

Some example mean densities from Wikipedia (some rocky planets included for good measure):

body      mean density (g/cm^3)

Earth            5.5
Mercury          5.4
Venus            5.2

Mars             3.9
Vesta            3.4
Moon             3.3
Hygiea           2.8
Pallas           2.7
Ceres            2.1

Apparently 21 Lutetia (~80x120 km) is one of the most dense asteroids known at about 3.4 g/cm$$^3$$. Unfortunately that is barely over 60% of Earth's density. 21 Lutetia is unique in that scientists believe that it has a primordial core, that is, it has a core from the formation of the solar system (and it hasn't been destroyed after all these years). We believe it is hidden under the surface. It would be rich in metals, explaining the density, and because it's hidden under the surface, 21 Lutetia would look no different from any other asteroid, which is the case. This asteroid is a prime target for mining because of its metal core. I suppose the answer to your question would be no, unless 3.4 is sufficient for your definition of "close".