text:
Note: This is a contentious subject, and I have often shied away from it because it often erupts in food fights. However, Mr. Gill is making a good-faith effort here, and asks some relevant questions that I consider worth discussing. His original essay was sans graphics, and I’ve added two relevant graphics to aid in the discussion. – Anthony

Do Wien’s Law and Quantum Physics 101 prove CO2 can’t warm anything?

Guest essay by Rod Gill

WUWT has happily demonstrated many ways CO2 fails to produce measurable warming. I’ve thought of another way. It’s so simple I must have missed something, but I simply can’t work out what. It goes like this…

Experts suggest there is a net down welling 2W/m2 of long wave infra-red radiation (LWIR) that is causing global warming. I suggest the quality of that 2W of radiation is crucial to determining whether or not it causes any atmospheric warming at all. First a few key points which I think are facts and not open to dispute.

My understanding of Thermodynamics and Radiation from CO2 is as follows:

• In Thermodynamics, Temperature is the average kinetic energy of the particles in a body (solid or gas).
• The temperature of a volume of air has nothing to do with the amount of radiation (sometimes mislabelled as heat by scientists) passing through it. Unless that radiation is at a frequency that can be absorbed by the air, its temperature is completely unaffected by the radiation (ignoring any convectional heating).For example at the top of Mount Everest, there is a lot of solar energy (long and short wave radiation) there when the sun is out but the temperature is still cold.
• Different gases have different emission spectrums. For example Oxygen and Nitrogen do not absorb or emit Long Wave Infrared Radiation (LWIR) at all, so are not considered to be “Greenhouse” gases.
• The temperature of a body (gas, liquid or solid) directly affects the wavelength of the radiation it emits and absorbs.
• Wien’s Law defines the temperature – wave length relationship. The formula is Temperature (in degrees Kelvin) = 2898 / peak wave length in µm (micro metres). So for the average temperature of the Earth, lets call it 15C (=289 Kelvin), the wave length is 2898 / (15+274) = 2898 ÷ 289 = 10um.

The wavelength of the peak of the blackbody radiation curve decreases in a linear fashion as the temperature is increased (Wien’s displacement law). This linear variation is not evident in this kind of plot since the intensity increases with the fourth power of the temperature (Stefan- Boltzmann law). The nature of the peak wavelength change is made more evident by plotting the fourth root of the intensity. Source: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/wien.html

Carbon Dioxide’s absorption spectrum shows it absorbs LWIR at three different narrow wave lengths, sometimes called finger frequencies. Two of those wave lengths happen at temperatures too hot to exist in the atmosphere, the remaining wave length is 15um.

15um equates to 2898 ÷ 15 = 193K = -80C or -122F. In the atmosphere this temperature only occurs about 90-100Km high in the atmosphere.
Carbon Dioxide only emits and absorbs radiation at -80C from a narrow layer of atmosphere 90Km above the Earth’s surface.

So now we need to examine the quality of that 15um radiation and its ability to heat the lower atmosphere. To do this we need to understand basic Quantum Physics as taught in 101 classes to Physics and Engineering students at University. Confession: I’m an Engineer, but trained before Quantum Physics was introduced to University courses so I’m self-taught, hence my need for a sanity check. Which, dear reader, is where you come in.

The key points in basic Quantum Physics, regarding radiative heat transfer, are:

• Molecules have one or more electrons circling them. Their orbital height is not variable, But fixed. The electrons only orbit at set altitudes, the closer to the molecule the lower the kinetic energy of the molecule and so the lower the molecule’s temperature.
• For a molecule to “warm up” (have more kinetic energy) it needs its electrons to move to a higher, more energetic orbit. This can happen in one of two ways, get energy from a more energetic molecule via collision or receive energy via radiation.
• For an electron to move to a higher orbit from radiation it must receive a photon with sufficient energy for an electron to reach that higher orbit.
• Photons with too much energy raise the electron to the higher orbit then the molecule immediately re-radiates surplus energy.
• Photons with not enough energy to raise the orbit of any of the electrons are either scattered or immediately re-radiated (effectively reflecting or scattering them) with no change to the molecule’s kinetic energy, or temperature.
• The Photon must have a frequency that resonates with the molecule, otherwise the Photon is just scattered or reflected immediately with no temperature change to the molecule.
Carbon dioxide can only absorb Long Wave Infrared Radiation (LWIR) energy and radiate it at 15 micro metres, a fraction of the LWR spectrum.
• Electrons orbiting molecules of a liquid or solid need more energy to boost an electron’s orbit than electrons in a gas, so require more energetic photons again to warm them.
Therefore it is my understanding that it is impossible for the LWIR emitted by a cold low energy CO2 molecule to have the energy required to warm any molecule in the atmosphere warmer than -80C and certainly no molecule in a liquid (EG water) or a solid body, as their electrons require even more energy.
• LWIR from CO2 simply bounces around the atmosphere until it escapes into space and it causes no warming of the lower atmosphere at all. The energy level of that 2W of LWIR is too poor to have any affect. It needs to be closer to 10um to be energetic enough to warm anything.

So the idea of CO2 trapping heat in the atmosphere is all wrong. Yes LWIR from CO2 is retained in the atmosphere longer, but it simply bounces around until it escapes into space without causing any warming.

So am I right? I deliberately have not included any references because I want you to confirm or deny my understanding independently. If I gave you my references, which knowing the web may or may not be accurate, you might erroneously come to the same conclusions I have. However I have tried to limit my research to University papers and lecture notes hoping they are more reliable.

If I’ve got this right, CO2 caused global warming isn’t possible. If I haven’t got this right, then exactly how does LWIR radiated from CO2 warm anything?

Many thanks and please limit comments to specifics mentioned above. And if you disagree with the science above, please explain which sentences you disagree with and exactly how, at the Quantum Physics level, photons from a CO2 molecule at -80C can warm anything.

I am not disagreeing with anything (yet). But I would like to make a few comments before all and sundry jump in:

Photon s are NOT real massless particles. The concept of a photon is a human construct from our mind in an attempt to observe the apparent “lumpiness” of certain phenomena with electro-magnetic radiation.
E-M Radiation CANNOT be directly observed, you can only observe the effect on real matter, and we know real matter is “lumpy” (particles). It MAY be the case that e-m radiation is not in any way “quantised” but is purely analogue and only the effects seem to suggest quantisation hence the concept of the photon.

Try, if possible, making your arguments work BOTH for photons (quantised e-m lumps) and also for e-m which is not quantised. You may need 2 completely different arguments. I suggest the results of doing this will (or may be) illuminating (pun intended).

My final comment is that the understanding of this, i.e. RADIATION, as it applies in the real world is THE most important thing we need to grasp in considering CAGW. and if we cannot grasp it correctly and securely by logical argument then let’s have some suggestions from you for REAL WORLD EXPERIMENTS to settle the issue(s).

• Thomas Homer says:

The Reverend Badger – ” The concept of a photon is a human construct”

Exactly!

The concept of Photons represent half of a model. The duality model includes the ‘wave’. And when Earth’s release of heat is envisioned as a wave, the entire ‘trapping heat’ theory collapses.

• Stephen Richards says:

Please don’t get into wave-particle duality. It’s a minefield. Your language is very engineer like rather than physical but seems to express the theory of the quantum model well. The problem with the AGW radiation theory from non physicists is that they are unable to separate quantum from classical physics. If you think in terms of energy rather than orbitals Neil Bohrs, it actually gets easier to explain what you have explained well here. The absorption energies are derived from the degrees of freedom within the molecule. CO² has two. Hence the 10 and 15µ absorption bands. However, I like your engineers approach. It’s good.

• Gerontius says:

last time I counted it had 4 sym, asym and a degenerate pair of benders

• ripshin says:

Gerontius – I thought a “degenerate pair of benders” were what we called Friday and Saturday nights at the frat house. This clearly has nothing to do with climate science!

rip

• Gabro says:

IMO photons, like other elementary particles, are objectively real physical phenomena.

We have models of them, but that doesn’t mean that they don’t actually exist.

O..Kay… Lets test your belief a little shall we. These elementary particles you call photons have a frequency (or wavelength) do they not? Can you tell me the frequency range please over which they exist. Do we have
60Hz/50Hz photons emanating from our power lines for example? Is there an upper frequency limit to them?

For further thinking please research the origin of the word/concept.

• Gabro says:

Of course I can tell you the frequency and wavelengths of photons.

The energy E, frequency f, and wavelength λ of a photon are related thus:

E=hf=hc/λ,

where c is the speed of light and h is Planck’s constant. So, given any one term, the other two can readily be calculated.

• Gabro says:

This will give you an idea of the range of possible energies, wavelengths and frequencies of photons:

• Gabro says:

PS: Physics is fascinating and fun. You really ought to study it sometime.

• prjindigo says:

An object that instantly accelerates back to the speed of light when it leaves a variant local spacetime without additional energy *doesn’t exist*. There’s the rub. Its neither a wave NOR a particle. They have an infinite energy to mass ratio that is never reduced but have a quantifiable amount of energy. That means there’s nothing in them, not just “mass-less” but literally nothing. They no more exist than an electron exists outside it’s orbit.

• Gabro says:

Prj,

Massless particles have zero rest mass. Their relativistic mass is simply their relativistic energy, divided by c^2, or mrel = E/c^2. (Can’t make the “rel” a subscript.)

The energy for photons is E = hf, where h is Planck’s constant and f is the photon frequency. This frequency and thus the relativistic energy are frame-dependent, a point I’ve been trying to make with LdB.

If an observer runs away from a photon in the direction the photon travels from a source, and it catches up with the observer, he or see will see it as having less energy than it had at the source. The faster the observer is traveling with regard to the source when the photon catches up, the less energy the photon has. As an observer approaches the speed of light with regard to the source, the photon looks redder and redder, by relativistic Doppler effect, and the energy of a very long-wavelength photon approaches zero. This is because photon is massless—the rest mass of a photon is zero.

But, again, in motion it has relativistic mass.

• Richard Bell says:

In one of the Teaching Company’s Great Courses video series, the presenter talked about being asked the question “How big are photons?” during his thesis defense. He eventually replied that it depended on the wavelength. The proof of this is the pierced plate in the window of the microwave door. Photons of visible light fit through the holes and microwave photons (based on the holes in metal plates that they pass through) are disks within the uncertainty limits of a diameter of ten centimeters.

• Gabro says:

Richard Bell November 20, 2017 at 1:00 pm

That’s a neat demonstration. Thanks.

• Greg says:

“E-M Radiation CANNOT be directly observed”

Are you aware what your eyes are for ??

• Greg says:

The electrons only orbit at set altitudes, the closer to the molecule the lower the kinetic energy of the molecule

At this point I started to realise that the self-taught quantum physics was a little shaky. Despite numerous technical errors like “degrees Kelvin” ( the unit is kelvin ) ; writing Km for kilometres which shows a lack of basic understanding of the unit prefices; talking of “the” wavelength of thermally emitted IR when he should be referring to PEAK wavelength. I rather gave up hope on this article having any scientific merit at this point.

No one talks of the “altitude” of an electron orbit, they are not little Spuniks. Neither is the energy involved in photon absorption or emission the “kinetic” energy of the atomic electrons, it is potential energy which is transferred. Hence the idea of energy levels and dropping to a lower energy level producing the energy of the photon. The author also seems to be confusing electron states and the vibrational energy of the atoms within a molecule.

The IR interaction comes from vibrational energy of the three atoms in gages like CO2 and H2O ( a bit like a tuning fork ) . This is why diatomic molecules like O2 and N2 are not GHGs.

IR radiation only travels a few metres at ground level without being absorbed, so lets forget the notion that this only happens at a very narrow range of altitude around 90km.

I did not see much point in finishing the article.

I see where you are going with that… but my eyeballs are real matter…

• Gabro says:

The Reverend Badger November 19, 2017 at 2:51 pm

Photons exist independently of your organs for detecting them, such as eyes and skin. But those organs wouldn’t have evolved were photons of visible and IR light not real.

Consider the process of pair production. A pair of “matter” particles (fermions) is produced by a pair of photons.

Because of momentum conservation laws, a pair of fermions can’t be created from a single photon. However, these laws permit matter creation when in the presence of another particle (another boson, or even a fermion) which can share the primary photon’s momentum. Thus, matter can be created out of two photons.

• Joel O’Bryan says:

Greg,

I agree. It was almost like a test to see who could recognize garbage fiziks.

• Clyde Spencer says:

Greg,
As a general rule, most EM radiation cannot be observed directly. A limited region, between about 400 and 700 microns wavelength, can be perceived by human eyes and is generally referred to as “Light.”

• Gabro says:

Clyde Spencer November 19, 2017 at 4:18 pm

Our skin feels IR light and burns under UV rays. For higher and lower energy photons, we have instruments to detect them.

Sorry, Rev, but photons and EM radiation are the real deal meal.

• Gabro says:

Or consider the photoelectric effect, which is based upon the observation that EM radiation consists of a series of particles, ie photons. When a photon hits an electron on a metal surface, the electron can be emitted. The emitted electrons are called photoelectrons.

If photons don’t account for the PE, how do you imagine it works?

• Gabro says:

WUWT is an equal opportunity science “d@nial” site, except for “Sl@yers”. Those who d@ny gravity in favor of an imaginary “electric universe” are welcome here, along with those who d@ny EM radiation. Even creationists are permitted to comment, but not those skeptical of the GHE. As are Younger Dryas impact hypothesis proponents.

Full disclosure, IMO the GHE exists, but is negligible for CO2 beyond about 200 ppm. For the health of plants and the planet, 1200 ppm is about optimum. Evolution is a fact, as are gravity and EM radiation, while a YD impact is anti-scientific fantasy.

• Gabro says:

The “expanding earth” is yet more fantastic and more anti-scientific. I’m sorry. Continents move. Get over it.

• Gabro says:

What on your planet makes X ray photographs?

Thanks.

• Juice says:

• menicholas says:

I have to agree.

• Earthling2 says:

I concur…My BS meter went off immediately when it it looked like Rod Gill was trying to ‘manufacture’ a reason why there is no warming from CO2 (or presumably H2O for that matter) instead of perhaps hypothesizing how a negative feedback might make any warming a moot point. Why is it so hard for some here to rationalize that yes, there is a tiny weensy bit of warming from GHG’s? Wouldn’t it be better to make the argument that a bit of warming is good, and the additional CO2 is good for the Garden? I fear that arguments like this are very damaging to the skeptic cause, since then the alarmists just point at all of us and say we are very mistaken. We can’t win this battle about the notion that CO2 is a pollutant until we get real about basic atmospheric physics.

2. Bloke down the pub says:

‘Their orbital height is not variable, But fixed. The electrons only orbit at set altitudes, the closer to the molecule the lower the kinetic energy of the molecule and so the lower the molecule’s temperature.’

The closer to the nucleus?

• Philo says:

The behavior of electrons in atoms is still open to debate. But an electron “orbital” is a conflation of the prior molecular orbital theory and quantum dynamics to explain how electrons govern chemical reactions(and other things) in quantum mechanics. I believe the current theory is that orbitals are not a physical difference but an energy level. Atoms that absorb a photon and if it of the right frequency it increases the energy of some of the electrons. The physical size of the atom doesn’t change, but some of the electrons have more energy and the frequency associated with those electrons- E= h * f, the Planck constant times frequency.

Molecules, such as CO2, can also absorb energy as motion of the atoms in the molecule. This occurs at longer times and wavelengths. In CO2 the CO bonds can stretch in and out like a spring, both O atoms can move closer and further from each other(bend) and they wave, or twist the molecule around the plane of the O-C-O bonds along with the whole molecule rotating rather than just moving.

“For a molecule to “warm up” (have more kinetic energy) it needs its electrons to move to a higher, more energetic orbit.” Not really. Temperature is a measure the the kinetic energy in matter. Radiation emittance and absorption is function of the energy within molecules or individual atoms and photons. A CO2 molecule can absorb a photon at any temperature and increase its energy without necessarily moving faster. But it can both absorb and transfer kinetic and internal energy from collisions and absorption to other molecules. The ozone reactions in the stratosphere are a good example. An ozone molecule can absorb a photon and split into an O atom and an O2 molecule. The O atom can end up with enough energy to react with another O2 molecule, rather than simply colliding and bouncing off at a slightly higher temperature.

All this stuff is very complicated and it really can’t be dealt with in words. Rod Gil’s essay is a good attempt to do physics with words and it doesn’t really work. CO2 can absorb and emit infrared photons but how the energy from those photons behaves needs math and physics models. CO2 is a trace gas in the atmosphere and doesn’t do much. The only major effect it has is through poor models of how the atmosphere reacts to energy from the sun that have a huge increased water vapor bias built into them. They model AN atmosphere, but not the atmosphere we have.

• Sheri says:

If we don’t do physics with words, how do we do physics? Math but no verbal component?

• Exactly. Changing the total energy via having electrons in a higher orbital (a statistic) is not the same thing has having them move faster in 3 dimension translation, or in 3 dimension rotation, or in 3 dimension stretch along an axis, or in 3 dimension stretch perpendicular to an axis.

For light to heat something, the additional energy must be converted to kinetic energy increasing the total (and note, this is only possible to measure in a defined sample). For light to cool something, the loss of energy must result in a decrease in the kinetic energy. Energy that goes into phase changes that don’t change the kinetic energy can’t change the temperature.

Then we must remember that absorbers are emitters and that there is always incoming EM radiation. Even at night, there is still incoming long wave EM radiation. Otherwise, IR, microwave radio and long wave radio astronomy would not be possible. IR active gases (and aerosols) are two way screens. They screen some of the incoming and screen some of the outgoing. They can’t add extra energy. They can only time shift some of the energy.

• John Harmsworth says:

This is actually pretty funny. We debate the supposedly critical problem of global warming and invoke the most fundamental basis of our understanding of particle physics in describing the issue. Nobody really understands the true nature of the underlying universe.
I kind of favour pilot wave theory but hey, that’s just me.
The funny thing is that they say the science is settled. A few years ago all the bright young physicists were in love with string theory. They stalled out and some other genius physicist called it, “not even wrong”. Surely one of the best putdowns ever.
And that’s physics! A whole lot brainier field than the climate swamp. They don’t even know what 90% of the universe is made of!

• “They don’t even know what 90% of the universe is made of!”

Den!er! Dark matter is made of carbon dioxide. Human emitted carbon dioxide. Dark energy? That’s made out of human emitted carbon dioxide too. Pulsars, magnetars and quasars are also anthropogenic in origin.

• menicholas says:

String theory is just an idea Alan Guth thought of off of the top of his head one day.
The odds of it turning out to be an actual description of objective reality would be less than guessing the winning numbers in the Mega Millions lottery and the Powerball lottery with only two guesses. Not astronomical odds, but cosmological ones. IMO
And the 90% that is dark matter and dark energy?
These are ad hoc inventions because of some things that do not make sense according to current understanding of the four forces, such as the anomalous rotation rates of galaxies and inconsistencies in the red shift of distant Type A supernovae.
They create more questions than they answer.

• menicholas says:

Correction…Alan Guth…cosmic inflation, not string theory.

• >>
. . . inconsistencies in the red shift of distant Type A supernovae.
<<

It’s Type Ia supernovae. If Type ia supernovae are standard candles (like it is believed), then they point to a discrepancy in the expansion rate of the Universe–that is, the Universe expansion rate is speeding up.

Jim

• menicholas says:

Yes, I should know better than to comment off the cuff in the middle of the night.
I know the whole story, recall reading the research reports when they were first made public.
Maybe the expansion of the Universe is accelerating, and the invention of dark energy is justified.
But to me it hardly seems proven…hardly seems that there could be no other explanation.
In fact more recently, I have read that type 1a’s may not be the standard candle that has been thought.
But even if they are, something else could be going on.

• Jim Masterson says:

>>
In fact more recently, I have read that type 1a’s may not be the standard candle that has been thought.
<<

Yes, I’ve read that too. It just might throw a monkey wrench into the whole dark energy works.

Jim

• Gerontius says:

as Greg stated earlier infra red comes from molecular vibrations, electronic transitions are for carbon dioxide are of far higher energy beyond that of visible light, Hence it is transparent. Indeed most gases are colourless and so thei electrons are not affected by visible (yes there are coloured gases NO2 is brown)

Greg, you are wrong with diatomic molecules not absorbing infrared light. Oxygen and Nitrogen do not interact because they are not polar. HCl, CO being polar have infrared absorptions.

3. DR says:

Ah, the upside down greenhouse effect. Things haven’t panned out quite the way it was explained ~30 years ago using basic high school physics as we’re constantly reminded.
http://1clickurl.com/XYwCjxT

• I have seen articles claiming glacier melting will cause sea level rise but what about the miles-thick layer of salt that underlie continental areas and more? Under most of Germany is a miles-thick salt layer. Under the
Great Lakes lie salt deposits mined in areas like Detroit. The Gulf of Mexico has a salt bed that dissolved could flood all land up to Yellowstone.

• menicholas says:

If the salt at the bottom of the gulf of Mexico was somehow brought to the surface and dissolved into the seawater, the ocean would go down, not up.
Obviously if you took miles of salt from a continent above sea level and dumped it into the ocean, the ocean would rise…but it would rise less than if you dumped an equal volume of insoluble rocks into the ocean.
x volume of NaCl + x volume of H2O is < 2x.

As for raising the oceans to the elevation above sea level of Yellowstone Park in Wyoming…impossible.
There is no where near enough land on all of the continents to raise the ocean that high.
The average height of all of the continents is about 2750', or about 840 meters.
The elevation of the Yellowstone Plateau is about 8000', or about 2,400 meters.
Since the continents are about 29% land and 71% ocean, putting all of the land above sea level into the oceans would raise the oceans less than one half of that 840 meters.
So…nope.

• menicholas says:

‘Scuse me…earth is 29% land and 71% ocean.

• higley7 says:

It’s really quite simple. CO2 at altitude is emitting at -80 deg C toward the surface which is 15 deg C. The energy levels of the surface equivalent to -80 dg C are full and the downward IR is reflected upwards. It is simply impossible for a cold body to heat a warmer body. We are done. No effect. Fantasy to think otherwise.

BTW, this is true for any IR absorbing gases in the atmosphere near the surface, as they are always warmer than -80 deg C. Same argument as above.

• prjindigo says:

All this ignores the fact that we live in a pre-charged environment due to the magnetosphere and solar wind induction combined with cosmic rays. MOST reactions occur more readily in an heated beaker.

• menicholas says:

PR;
Huh?
Pre-charged?
What do you mean by that?
Reactions?
Absorption is not a reaction.
Not in the conventional meaning of these words.
Reactions refer to chemical processes.
Chemical reactions proceed more quickly in warmer conditions due to the required activation energy.

4. A “good-faith effort” indeed, but, IMHO, Rod Gill misapplies the equations he uses and misinterprets the results. Satellite views of long wave radiation from Earth to Space, looking down, and views of long radiation from Space to Earth, looking up from the surface, show the actual warming effects of water vapor, CO2, and other “greenhouse” gases.

• Jeroen B. says:

Would you care to elaborate the equations and results you reference with what you consider the correct results ? Or will you just keep waving hands – I do like the steady flow of cool air that produces though.

• george e. smith says:

” Wien’s Law ” is nothing more than a consequence of the ” Planck Radiation Formula. ”

The Planck formula is a theoretical derivation of the radiation properties of a theoretical (and non-existent) material object called a ” Black Body “, hence “Black Body Radiation. ”

Such a body does not, and CAN NOT exist. so BB radiation also does not exist.

BUT ! credible approximations to Black Bodies, and BB radiation do exist.

NO real material object can absorb 100.000….% of even a SINGLE frequency or wavelength of EM radiation, let alone ALL possible frequencies and wavelengths from ZERO frequency to ZERO Wavelength.

The remarkable thing about the Planck radiation formula is that it contains NO arbitrary constants, that need to be determined by experiment.

The Planck Formula : W(lambda) = C1 / (lambda)^5.(exp(C2/lambda.T – 1) where Lambda is the wavelength and T the kelvin temperature.
C1 and C2 are commonly called the first and second radiation constants. BUT !!

C1 has the value …. 2.pi.h.c^2 …. h being Planck’s constant, and c the velocity of light.

C2 has the value …. hc/k where k is Boltzmann’s constant.

Can you believe that !! ??? All that fictional stuff is completely described in terms of some of the most fundamental constants of Physics. It is one of the miracles of modern physics.

NOW ! Hidden in that Planck formula is the often not known fact that W(lambda) is a function of a …. SINGLE VARIABLE …. That single variable is (lambda x T) .

The best presentation of the Planck formula plots W(lambda) / W(lambdamax) versus lambda / lambdamax where lambdamax is the wavelength at which the peak spectral radiant emittance occurs, and W(lambdamax) is the value of the spectral radiant emittance at that peak wavelength.

On a logarithmic scale the useful range for lambda/lambdamax is 0.1 to 10.for a linear vertical scale for W(lambda)/W(lambdamax)
Only 1% of the total is emitted at wavelengths shorter than one half of the peak wavelength, and 25% is emitted at wavelengths below the peak wavelength.
Only 1% of the total remains at wavelengths longer than eight (8) times the peak wavelength.
Plotted on both logarithmic axes, a range of 0.1 to 50 for horizontal , and 1 down to 10^-5 for the vertical.
W(lambda)/W(lambdamax) drops to 10^-5 at values of 0.2 and 40 for Lambda/lambdamax.

So for most practical purposes, BB radiation has 98% of the energy between 0.2 and 8 times the peak wavelength.. Certainly for climate considerations the rest doesn’t matter although the physics of it is of great interest for other reasons.

I agree with the author EM radiation is NOT heat.

I don’t necessarily agree with the author’s thesis; and I don’t have time to critique it in detail.
I believe the sun warms the earth; and if you delay the cooling process, the sun keeps on radiating, so it must tend to get warmer. BUT ! that is if you ignore the fact that clouds will vary and compensate.

And NO, I am not concerned in the least with global warming; or climate change. I can drive ten miles down the road and get climate change.

G
PS for a really good Planck graph, see “Modern Optical Engineering”, by the late Warren J. Smith Page 194 in my 1966 edition.

• davidmhoffer says:

Or will you just keep waving hands

I suggest you read these, all authored by Ira, and with the equations and results you seek included:

• Jeroen B. says:

@davidmhoffer, Ira glickstein – I do apologize for my snarky interjection – at first glance it appeared to look like “it’s wrong and finding the proof is left as an exercise to the reader” :(

• “george e. smith November 19, 2017 at 9:32 am ”

Excellent comment George!

• jorgekafkazar says:

Ira is pretty solid, so listen up when he waves his hands. He knows whereof he waves.

• Can you tell us what percent of that warming is from water vapor(?), carbon dioxide(?), other greenhouse gases?

• Hugs says:

So am I right?

The answer to this question, almost always, is plainly no. If you miraculously end up with blueprints of a perpetuum mobile, it is a mistake. And mistakes are easy to make, difficult to find and fix. Thus the tradition is that the professor has assistants to help students to find their errors. And errors they do, from hour to hour, week to week, year to year.

• Hugs says:

So I agree with Ira G…

• William Astley says:

The question is not does an increase in greenhouse gas cause surface warming but rather how much surface warming. Increases in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere also increases convection cooling which reduces the lapse rate which reduces surface warming.

The infamous without ‘feedbacks’ cult of CAGW’s calculation (this is the so called 1 dimensional calculation that predicted 1.2C to 1.4C surface warming for a doubling of atmospheric CO2) incorrectly/illogical/irrationally/against the laws of physics held the lapse rate constant to determine (fudge) the estimated surface forcing for a doubling of atmospheric CO2. There is no scientific justification for fixing the lapse rate to calculate the no ‘feedback’ forcing of greenhouse gases.

Convection cooling is a physical fact not a theory and cannot be ignored in the without ‘feedbacks’ calculation. The change in forcing at the surface of the planet is less than the change in forcing higher in the atmosphere due to the increased convection cooling caused by greenhouse gases. We do not need to appeal to crank ‘science’ that there is no greenhouse gas forcing to destroy the cult of CAGW ‘scientific’ argument that there is a global warming crisis problem to solve.

P.S. The IPCC general circulation models (GCM) have more than a 100 free variables that are subjectively set to produce the ‘predicted’ warming.

http://hockeyschtick.blogspot.ca/2015/07/collapse-of-agw-theory-of-ipcc-most.html

Collapse of the Anthropogenic Warming Theory of the IPCC

4. Conclusions
In physical reality, the surface climate sensitivity is 0.1~0.2K from the energy budget of the earth and the surface radiative forcing of 1.1W.m2 for 2xCO2. Since there is no positive feedback from water vapor and ice albedo at the surface, the zero feedback climate sensitivity CS (FAH) is also 0.1~0.2K. A 1K warming occurs in responding to the radiative forcing of 3.7W/m2 for 2xCO2 at the effective radiation height of 5km. This gives the slightly reduced lapse rate of 6.3K/km from 6.5K/km as shown in Fig.2.

Transcript of a portion of Weart’s interview with Hansen.

Weart: This was a radiative convective model, so where’s the convective part come in. Again, are you using somebody else’s…

Hansen: That’s trivial. You just put in…

Weart: … a lapse rate…

Hansen: Yes. So it’s a fudge. That’s why you have to have a 3-D model to do it properly. In the 1-D model, it’s just a fudge, and you can choose different lapse rates and you get somewhat different answers (William: Different answers that invalidate CAGW, the 3-D models have more than 100 parameters to play with so any answer is possible. The 1-D model is simple so it possible to see the fudging/shenanigans). So you try to pick something that has some physical justification. But the best justification is probably trying to put in the fundamental equations into a 3-D model.

The modern anthropogenic global warming (AGW) theory began from the one dimensional radiative convective equilibrium model (1DRCM) studies with the fixed absolute and relative humidity utilizing the fixed lapse rate assumption of 6.5K/km (FLRA) for 1xCO2 and 2xCO2 [Manabe & Strickler, 1964; Manabe & Wetherald, 1967; Hansen et al., 1981]. Table 1 shows the obtained climate sensitivities for 2xCO2 in these studies, in which the climate sensitivity with the fixed absolute humidity CS (FAH) is 1.2~1.3K [Hansen et al., 1984].

In the 1DRCM studies, the most basic assumption is the fixed lapse rate of 6.5K/km for 1xCO2 and 2xCO2. The lapse rate of 6.5K/km is defined for 1xCO2 in the U.S. Standard Atmosphere (1962) [Ramanathan & Coakley, 1978]. There is no guarantee, however, for the same lapse rate maintained in the perturbed atmosphere with 2xCO2 [Chylek & Kiehl, 1981; Sinha, 1995]. Therefore, the lapse rate for 2xCO2 is a parameter requiring a sensitivity analysis as shown in Fig.1.

The followings are supporting data (William: In peer reviewed papers, published more than 20 years ago that support the assertion that convection cooling increases when there is an increase in greenhouse gases and support the assertion that a doubling of atmospheric CO2 will cause surface warming of less than 0.3C) for the Kimoto lapse rate theory above.

(A) Kiehl & Ramanathan (1982) shows the following radiative forcing for 2xCO2.
Radiative forcing at the tropopause: 3.7W/m2.

Radiative forcing at the surface: 0.55~1.56W/m2 (averaged 1.1W/m2).
This denies the FLRA giving the uniform warming throughout the troposphere in the 1DRCM and the 3DGCMs studies.
(B) Newell & Dopplick (1979) obtained a climate sensitivity of 0.24K considering the evaporation cooling from the surface of the ocean.
(C) Ramanathan (1981) shows the surface temperature increase of 0.17K with the direct heating of 1.2W/m2 for 2xCO2 at the surface.

• Philip Mulholland says:

William,
Thanks for the link to the work of Kyoji Kimoto. His figure 2 is most interesting in that it shows TOA warming without a change in height, precisely what we would expect if the tropopause is pressure dependent. Here is the abstract of a paper that shows this:-

A minimum atmospheric temperature, or tropopause, occurs at a pressure of around 0.1 bar in the atmospheres of Earth1, Titan2, Jupiter3, Saturn4, Uranus and Neptune4, despite great differences in atmospheric composition, gravity, internal heat and sunlight. In all of these bodies, the tropopause separates a stratosphere with a temperature profile that is controlled by the absorption of short-wave solar radiation, from a region below characterized by convection, weather and clouds5,6. However, it is not obvious why the tropopause occurs at the specific pressure near 0.1 bar. Here we use a simple, physically based model7 to demonstrate that, at atmospheric pressures lower than 0.1 bar, transparency to thermal radiation allows short-wave heating to dominate, creating a stratosphere. At higher pressures, atmospheres become opaque to thermal radiation, causing temperatures to increase with depth and convection to ensue. A common dependence of infrared opacity on pressure, arising from the shared physics of molecular absorption, sets the 0.1 bar tropopause. We reason that a tropopause at a pressure of approximately 0.1 bar is characteristic of many thick atmospheres, including exoplanets and exomoons in our galaxy and beyond. Judicious use of this rule could help constrain the atmospheric structure, and thus the surface environments and habitability, of exoplanets.

Robinson, T.D. & Catling, D.C. (2014) Common 0.1 bar tropopause in thick atmospheres set by pressure-dependent infrared transparency.
Nature Geoscience 7 (1), 12-12.
https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo2020

A calculated value for CO2 of 0.02C using the ideal gas equation posted elsewhere by 1000Frolly works for me.

• Hugs says:

Indeed I tend to find this out every year when dew freezes over at the driveway, keeping temperature stable but not keeping me stable.

• You’re still radiating. Month back at 4:00am, it was like -50F, but cooling was almost stopped.

• Walter Sobchak says:

Ira: In what is your PhD? Art History? Gases warm nothing. They are not a source of energy. They can absorb, they can re-radiate, they can transmit, or they can reflect. But, they cannot warm.

• Hugs says:

Foodfight!

• Walter, the enthalpy of air at sea level in the tropics is ~73kJ/m^3, hardly nothing.

• R. Shearer says:

Whether a gas can warm another mass is simply dependent on temperature, mass and thermal capacities of the masses. Steam is a gas and is used all the time in practice for heating.

• davidmhoffer says:

Walter Sobchak November 19, 2017 at 7:45 am
Ira: In what is your PhD? Art History?

He has a PhD in Engineering and has authored some of the most detailed and accurate articles on GHE ever published in WUWT, including observational evidence that underscores the theory. As a hardcore skeptic with a lot of background in physics, I can suggest that rather than making snarky remarks, you could learn a lot from him, including why the author of this post is wrong:

• Hugs says:

Shearer, the question on what can ‘warm’ what is a semantic one. Only heat sources like radiators, fire or the Sun warm in meaning one that Sobchak employs above. Meaning two includes anything else that results in higher temperature somewhere.

Argon between my window glazing does not ‘heat’ my house, but it helps keeping it warmer. So does any other insulator by increasing the Km²/W value of the walls. Now my house is not heated with the insulator, but it surely is warmer because of them.

I’m tired of this ‘gas does not warm’, because it is always put forward and never any learning happens.

• I’m tired of this ‘gas does not warm’, because it is always put forward and never any learning happens.

The difference in this case is water compensates for at least most of the changes of the other GHGS forcing. Because water’s is triggered by air temp and pressure.

• @Hugs November 19, 2017 at 10:21 am
“Now my house is not heated with the insulator, but it surely is warmer because of them.”

Only because the heat source (furnace) puts out more heat than can escape because of the insulation. The “warmth” of your home is dependent upon the heat source and the air temp outside (heat loss). It’s possible for it to get so cold outside that the insulation cannot keep the heat in with the furnace going full blast. Hence the insulation’s role is to slow the rate of heat loss. It doesnt make your home warmer, it makes it less cold.

• Hugs says:

Hence the insulation’s role is to slow the rate of heat loss. It doesnt make your home warmer, it makes it less cold.

OK, let’s call it then global less-colding if it sounds better.

As I said, this is just semantics, and not really a very constructive foodfight.

• menicholas says:

I am with Hugs on this one.
If CO2 retards heat loss through the atmosphere, it results in some amount of less-coldness.
If it is a radiative gas, perhaps it hastens heat loss at night when the sun is not shining…but we do not see greater nighttime coldness…we see less of that, and less winter coldness and less Artic coldness…all good things.
We also see less extreme daytime hotness, at least in the place where we have lots of good measurements over many decades.

A better question than all of this is…why does anyone think that a warmer Earth could possibly be bad?
The answer is never…we never even had a discussion about it…it was merely asserted and for some incredibly strange reason people, even scientists, lapped it up.
Prior to 1988 every historian and everyone who studied Earth history knew that a warmer earth is a better place for life and for people.
All the rest of this is misdirection, stacked up against that undeniable fact.

• Hugs

“As I said, this is just semantics,”

This is what people say when they are shown how reality is not simple.

No, this is not semantics. In science it is imperative that the proper words are used to be precise and avoid ambiguity. AGW thrives on being vague and ambiguous.

Tell me, is a glass half full or half empty?

In science we would say a glass is half full if it was empty and filled with new water half way. Conversely, it is half empty if the glass was completely full, but half the water removed (what’s left is not new water).

The fact is, at night, for example, having temps under cloud doesnt get so cold is not warmer because getting warmed requires new energy to warm the object. Instead that warmth was already there just not as much of it was lost under cloud cover.

• The fact is, at night, for example, having temps under cloud doesnt get so cold is not warmer because getting warmed requires new energy to warm the object. Instead that warmth was already there just not as much of it was lost under cloud cover.

I agree.
But to explain this

requires more energy.
Both of these nights were clear all night. And if you measure the sky with a IR thermometer you find it is still 80-100F colder than the ground, and air. And I have to wear a hat.
Another equal situation on the other side of the world, where they measured net radiation at 2m, you can see when the change in temp rate changes, the net flux changed, and it’s a regulatory response by water vapor.

• Sorry, forgot the second graph

• Hugs says:

Wakefield,

I’m sure words matter but you just can’t define warming in some rare technical sense and expect people to talk about something else (what, less-colding?)

even when the dreaded warming is a small less-colding effect like GHE 2xCO2 without feedbacks.

• Ira. Right so. This is very simple,because there direct measurements showing the basic fluxes.

• stinkerp says:

Ira, can you give us a link to satellite measurements of “the actual warming effects of water vapor, CO2, and other greenhouse gases”? All I’ve seen are either radiometric measurements of temperature (not temperature of a particular gas) or measurements of the presence and quantity of greenhouse gases (but not the temperature of their emissions). For example:

Greenhouse gases:
https://oco.jpl.nasa.gov/
https://www.nasa.gov/jpl/oco2/pia18934

Do you have a reference to satellite measurements of temperatures of specific gases?

• davidmhoffer says:

Ira, can you give us a link to satellite measurements of “the actual warming effects of water vapor, CO2, and other greenhouse gases”?

Wrong question. The satellites see what is coming UP from the earth. If you want to see what’s coming DOWN from CO2, you have to measure it at earth surface, and that has in fact been done:

https://phys.org/news/2015-02-carbon-dioxide-greenhouse-effect.html

Note that they measured less than 0.2 w/m2 over a change of 22 ppm of CO2. In other words, very very small. You may also want to read through these which will explain in a lot more detail how things ACTUALLY work backed up by observational evidence. The argument is NOT about the effects of CO2, but the nature and magnitude of second and third order (feedback) effects, which are greatly exagerated:

• menicholas says:

Micro is exactly right…when the air reaches the dew point at night, cooling comes to a virtual halt.
And when it is hotter during the day, convection is enhanced.
Where it is hot enough and humid enough, convection causes thunderstorms which result in even greater cooling and transport of energy to the top portions of the troposphere.
If it is hotter, the thunderstorms either start sooner, or last longer, or grow to taller vertical extent.
IOW…more energy means stronger thunderstorms which means greater transport of energy to way up in the sky…where it is very cold, air is very dry, and heat/energy can far more readily escape to space.

• Toneb says:

“Micro is exactly right…when the air reaches the dew point at night, cooling comes to a virtual halt.”

AT the surface but not above it.
I’ve told Micro several times that he is looking at a small part of the system.
Just land FI.
Cooling to condensation point is absent over the majority of the Earth’s surface, due the fact that it is ocean.
Land cools quickly >> cooling of air above >>> condensation if moist/calm enough.
Ocean doesn’t cool (over 24 hours) >> no condenation (in absence of advection cooling).
If an inversion forms (most likely here) then in the drier air above cooling will still occur via radiation to space (given clear skies).
If fog forms then likewise the fog-top will cool (radiation to space).
The atmosphere has depth which micro totally ignores with his nonsense half-baked ideas.

• menicholas says:

Baloney Tone B
This is in regard to surface temps, no one ever said different.
For whole atmosphere we have the balloon data and satellites, and the satellite data includes over the oceans.
Funny how warmistas always want to play a game of switcheroo regarding which data is being discussed.
“No one lives in the troposphere”, they say.
OK, the surface stopped warming too, if they stop adjusting the damn data every year.
“If we include properly tortured ocean data, the pause disappears from the surface records”
No one lives in the ocean!
Lets get a straight story for one…which is it we care about Tone B…the surface, or the troposphere?
And what about that hot spot?

• Toneb says:

“Baloney Tone B
This is in regard to surface temps, no one ever said different.
For whole atmosphere we have the balloon data and satellites, and the satellite data includes over the oceans.
Funny how warmistas always want to play a game of switcheroo regarding which data is being discussed.

Don’t know what you’re on about my friend.
micro’s theory is that WV controls surface temperatures AT THE SURFACE.
And I’ve discussed it at length with him several times (on other Blogs).
Nothing to do with observational data.
It is simply basic meteorology.
And something I spent 32 years in the UKMO observing.

“And what about that hot spot?”
Oh, if you insist …

That’ll be the Tropical hot-spot – that would appear in ANY sort or warming.
It is merely a function of greater LH release aloft in the tropical high atmosphere via convection.
For one – it is difficult to find because of the nature of the instruments used. Radiosondes are imprecise for the job and have changed over the years, and sat obs are contaminated by Stratospheric cooling – which is a function of GHG theory.

“First, tropical warming is equally strong over both the 1959–2012 and 1979–2012 periods, increasing smoothly and almost moist-adiabatically from the surface (where it is roughly 0.14 K/decade) to 300 hPa (where it is about 0.25 K/decade over both periods), a pattern very close to that in climate model predictions. ”

http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/10/5/054007/meta

• Stephen Richards says:

And the instruments used introduce some errors but IRA is not an arm waver.

• pbweather says:

That graph posted by micro6500 needs to also state that the rate of cooling remains fairly similar until RH approaches 100%, but at this point dew deposition occurs on ground and plant surfaces which releases latent heat. If further cooling occurs then fog forms with further latent heat release. So this is not just a straight forward water vapour greenhouse gas relationship but should also take into account latent heat release.

5. Rob says:

I’ve never heard a weather forecast yet that said, it’s going to be a high CO2 night, which is expected to keep temperatures warmer. They always say, lots of cloud cover tonight will help keep temperatures warmer, or the lack of cloud cover tonight will see temperatures plunge. If CO2 makes temperatures warmer, then we here in middle Alberta have been shortchanged for the last three weeks. So I don’t disagree with anything you say.

Cloud cover fluctuates considerably from day to day (or even hour to hour), but CO2 only varies (minutely) on a scale of months. The IPCC is forecasting (projecting?) temperature changes far less than Alberta sees in a typical day, and their forecast is for decades in the future. Including CO2 in a weather forecast would be ludicrous, as I’m sure you know.

• menicholas says:

But in the specific places where we would expect to see the most pronounced effect of CO2 caused warming…we do not see it.
A fact that is for some reason overlooked completely by 100% of warmistas.
Giving them all big giant credibility demerit.
To add to all of the other credibility demerits they have earned.
In fact, everything they assert is another demerit to their credibility.
Which by itself is incredibly unlikely…but there it is.
The big mystery is why anyone still believes anyone who has never been correct in any of their predictions?

6. Nylo says:

Carbon Dioxide only emits and absorbs radiation at -80C from a narrow layer of atmosphere 90Km above the Earth’s surface.

Why do you say that? Things do not emit radiation ONLY at their peak wavelength. They emit at that wavelength and also at others.

• Scott Scarborough says:

IF what you say is true spectrometers would not work. It is not a peak it is a band… like -78 to -82C.

• Hugs says:

Oh this is lovely. Think about the Sun. It emits not only at the peak wavelength. And yes you can measure its surface temperature from the spectrum.

• Nylo says:

Pretending that only CO2 at -80C emits in that band is just so wrong. Any CO2 at any temperature above -80C will do so too, and also CO2 colder than that may emit a bit.

• Hugs says:

Yes, this is wrongly said. It is far too much to try to fix it up.

• LdB says:

The problem is he is trying to treat everything as one effect there are two and he hasn’t worked that out.

It’s exactly the same as radio signals you have signals that are resonant to the reciever circuit and signals that are not hence the whole resonance thing. You can’t just use one law for both. Try working out how a radio reciever selectively amplifies one signal without using the proper calcs on the resonant frequencies.

It’s a standard EM wave (AKA a radio wave) stop treating it has heat and treat it like a radio wave at the resonant frequencies and you might get somewhere.

7. DaveKeys says:

Does beg the question how much energy in the wavelength that CO2 absorbs is reflected back towards space. This will tell us the maximum possible amount of heat that CO2 can trap.

It will not stop warmists as CO2 will cause a positive feedback loop that increases H20 in the atmosphere.

But as H2O increases so the energy available to warm CO2 will therefore decrease.

How do I feel that this green house theory is not fully explained.

• LdB says:

You do understand it’s a EM wave?

Can I asked you how much of a microwave TV signal from a satelitte in space beaming to earth do you think a CO2 molecule reflects back to space?

• menicholas says:

The real problem is not in the explanation but in the implications for the atmosphere.
Simply out, CO2 is not the temperature control knob of the atmosphere…never was, is not now, and never will it be.
Period.
Other factors are far more important…hence we have natural fluctuations at every time scale…it has been warmer, it has been colder.
Warmer has been a sweet deal for all living things, colder…not so much.

• Curious George says:

True. Electron configurations of atoms only change at a very high temperature. Configurations of atoms in a molecule (rotation, vibration) may change at atmospheric temperatures – that’s what makes water a “very bad” greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide not so bad.

As the illustration notes, Wien’s law applies to a a hypothetical black body (usually approximated as a hollow sphere with a small hole), an object with an infinite number of degrees of freedom of motion. It does not apply to the atmosphere, consisting of atoms and molecules with only few degrees of freedom.

• george e. smith says:

ALL material that are above zero kelvin radiate ” …. Thermal Radiation …. ” as a consequence of the Temperature of that material. The ultimate source is the acceleration of electric charge; as a consequence of Maxwell’s equations of electro-magnetism.
When atoms of molecules collide (Temperature) the electric charge distributions are distorted, so during the collision, perfectly good radiating dipoles exist. There are also other more complex antenna radiators like quadrupoles and even hexadecapoles, that radiate in more complex radiation patterns than a dipole antenna.

But since we don’t have any gases that are totally opaque to any radiation, then gases would not be black bodies; but they DO emit “thermal” radiation. It’s called thermal because it is a consequence of Temperature of the material (even gases) but the radiation may be in the microwave or radio spectrum, and not in the LWIR spectrum.

G

• Curious George says:

George, I respectfully disagree. If a gas does not absorb radiation, then it can not emit it.

• gbaikie says:

” Curious George
November 19, 2017 at 10:04 am

George, I respectfully disagree. If a gas does not absorb radiation, then it can not emit it.”

A gas molecule can absorb radiation for very short period of time.

A volume of gas has temperature because billions and billions are traveling around the speed of a bullet and colliding [without friction] with each other, This kinetic energy remains indefinitely until
the gas molecules lose their kinetic energy by contacting other gas of lower average velocity [thereby increasing and averaging the combined average velocity. Or the kinetic is conserved.
Or gas can collide liquids or solids, and again transferring the kinetic energy [conserving the kinetic energy] but the solids of liquids can radiate the kinetic energy gained by the warmer gas molecules.
A gas molecule has no temperature, absorbing energy tends to indicate an increase in temperature, and one molecule has no temperature.

• george e. smith says:

Well curious George, you are fee to disagree with anything I wrote; with no respect required.

You provide no support for your contention that ” If a gas does not absorb radiation, then it can not emit it..”

Also I don’t see anywhere that I wrote that gases do not or can not absorb EM radiation.

No point in citing the essence of Kirchoff’s law; that law only applies to objects in thermal equilibrium. Nothing in the climate system is ever in thermal equilibrium; the rotation of the earth simply will not allow thermal equilibrium to be achieved.

But if you are going to disagree with what somebody else has posted, please do the readers the courtesy of giving supporting data or evidence for your position.

Despite all the modern love affair with quantum mechanics; the ONLY physical constants which actually have accurate exact values, are fundamental elements of Maxwell’s theory of electro-magnetism which is classical Physics. And it is a direct consequence of that theory and the whole concept of “heat”, that ANY object with a thermo-dynamic Temperature greater than zero kelvin must radiate a thermal spectrum. It is NOT a quantum spectrum of specific lines or bands, but a continuum of frequencies, and is not related to electron energy levels in any quantum mechanical model of atoms or molecules.

We have a two mile long electron linear accelerator pinning the San Andreas fault together near Sand Hill road and Highway 280, that exists only because of the simple fact that accelerated electric charge MUST radiate EM radiation.

G

• Clyde Spencer says:

Driller43,
Yes, you are quite right.

8. Alan D McIntire says:

Here’s a references to an n layer atmosphere:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idealized_greenhouse_model

GREENHOUSE WARMING Part I

There IS a greenhouse gas effect. Here’s an example.
Let the flux from the sun to the ground be 4 joules/unit time*unit
area,
and stay constant.

–> SUN
–>
–>
–>
–>

With no greenhouse gases, the earth will either heat up or cool down
until
the outgoing flux from the earth is equal to the incoming flux from
the sun.

Sun –> O O O O <– <– <–O O–> <–

You've now got an unbalanced situation where 5 joules/unit time*unit
area
are hitting the earth, 4 from the sun and half of the 2 from the
atmosphere,
and only 3 joules per second are leaving the earth, the 2 not
absorbed by
the gas, and half of the 2 from the atmosphere. The atmosphere will
warm up until outgoing flux from the atmosphere, plus the fraction of
the flux from the
earth not intercepted by the atmosphere, equals the incoming amount
from the sun.
Since in my example, half of the outgong flux is intercepted by the
atmosphere,
the watts hitting the earth's surface will increase to

1/(1-1/4) = 4/3 of 4 joules/(unit time*unit area) = 5 1/3 joules/(unit
time*unit area).

Remember the atmosphere is intercepting half of this, so 16/6 joules
(unit time*unit area)
is intercepted by the greenhouse gas atmosphere, and another half,
16/6 joules, escapes
directly to space.

The final equilibrium balance is
16/12 Earth
O–>16/12 16/12(from atmosphere)–>Earth

Sun –>4

16/6 to atmosphere <–
Earth
16/6 to space <–
Earth

So yes, a greenhouse gas will warm the earth, the amount of warming
depends on the fraction
of the outgoing (and incoming for that matter) radiation absorbed by
the atmosphere.
………………………………………………..
If the atmosphere was absorbing ALL radiation from the sun , you'd get a final balance of

4 watts/unit area from sun to atmosphere and 4 watts from atmosphere to space- in balance

4 watts from sun to atmosphere, 4 watts from earth's surface to atmosphere
4 watts from atmosphere to space, 4 watts from atmosphere to earth surface- in balance

4 watts from atmosphere to earth surface, 4 watts from earth surface to atmosphere – in balance.

So an atmosphere that absorbed ALL solar radiation would have a net zero greenhouse effect.
……………………………………………………….

When you look at the blackbody radiation curve, you'll notice that the shortwave frequencies, not affected by CO2, increase at a much greater rate with increasing temperature than longer wave radiation, which IS affected by the amount of CO2 in the air. The net result is that increasing absorption of long wave radiation by CO2 is MUCH smaller than increases in surface temperature. In addition, as the atmosphere warms up, a larger fraction of the sun's incoming radiation is absorbed directly by the atmosphere, reducing the overall greenhouse effect.

• Alan, the only thing that alters that from an atm basis, is water’s actions are not linear over the standard range of pressure and temperatures.

That is what alters Earth from non condensing only atm.
Water does real work daily. And it moves that work around.

9. John says:

I agree with your findings, but not for the same reasons. Retired now, I used to be a laser engineer, and instrument design engineer, including weather stations, and all manner of energy measuring devices. I created infrared measurement systems and laser energy measurement systems. Thus, I know a little about gas behavior and thermal characteristics.
So, my argument against CO2 ‘warming’ anything goes like this? If it DID increase the surface temperature, the surface would radiate to space at the 4th power of the increase, instantly cooling itself back down. We know that everything radiates and we have laws for quantifying it.
Experiment: Try to heat a stove with a flashlight. There are lots of photons, you can see them. Yet the stove does not warm. Why? Because for each photon that strikes the stove, the stove emits millions, maybe billions of photons itself. Those few photons from the flashlight are simply overwhelmed, and the result is immeasurable. Applying that to CO2, how many surface molecules radiate for every CO2 molecule? There is NO WAY there is sufficient energy in CO2 radiation from the atmosphere to increase surface temperature, because the surface radiates FAR more than the CO2 does. And, again, if the CO2 DID somehow manage to ‘warm’ the surface, it’s millions of molecules per CO2 molecule would simply radiate at a higher rate instantaneously, and ‘cool’ back to equilibrium.
Lastly, consider that if there were CO2 ‘radiation’, it would cast a shadow when blocked – an invisible one, but still a shadow. If you create a filter that can filter out the CO2 spectrum, and place it on the window of an infrared thermometer, with another identical thermometer without the filter, you will find that they both measure the same temperature. That would not be possible, if CO2 was indeed ‘heating’ anything, those two thermometers would have to read differently.

• Carbon BIgfoot says:

Leave it to an engineer that understands the science better than the alleged experts. That’s because we operate in reality. A concept foreign to most pseudo theorists.

• davidmhoffer says:

Here’s reality for you:

https://phys.org/news/2015-02-carbon-dioxide-greenhouse-effect.html

The author of this post has made so many errors that it would take a long time to go through them all. But above is observational evidence that fits with the theory. If you read carefully, and do the math, you’ll come to realize that the author of this post is wrong AND that the observational evidence, while confirming the theory, results in a sensitivity calculation so low as to be immaterial and so falsify the alarm.

The global warming alarm is NOT founded upon a GHE that does not exist. Continued efforts to discredit the first order effects of CO2 are not only futile, it gives the alarmists ammunition to show that we don’t know what we’re talking about. Global warming alarm is founded upon an exaggeration of second and third order effects (feedbacks) that are still not well understood because they cannot be directly observed, but for which there is increasing evidence are low, and decreasing evidence to show that they are high. At day’s end however, CO2 is logarithmic (that fact not only accepted by alarmist scientists, but repeatedly documented by them in their own IPCC reports) and so the more CO2 we have in the atmosphere, the less additional CO2 matters.

• tony mcleod says:

“The global warming alarm is NOT founded upon a GHE that does not exist.”

Couldn’t Anthony Watts acknowledged this misunderstanding instead of promoting it?

• Bob boder says:

Tony McLeod

Welching on your bet? You lost our bet and said you would never post here again, I took you as a man of honor sir, was that a mistake?

Mods the bet was made as many here know an should be honored.

• menicholas says:

David H.
“CO2 we have in the atmosphere, the less additional CO2 matters.”
Exactly correct, except for plants, trees,… and crops, which are all parts of plants and trees.
IOW, for life. For the biosphere.
For the biosphere, it matters.
It is unambiguously very very good to have more, much more, CO2.

• stevefitzpatrick says:

davidmhopper,
“The global warming alarm is NOT founded upon a GHE that does not exist. Continued efforts to discredit the first order effects of CO2 are not only futile, it gives the alarmists ammunition to show that we don’t know what we’re talking about.”

Exactly right. The post is utter nonsense. Trying to refute physics that has been well understood for a century or more is a waste of time, distracts from far more credible critiques of CAGW, and gives the crazy green left ammunition to attack perfectly reasonable arguments against CAGW. Please stop trying to help so very much. If Anthony never posted another article like this (and unfortunately, there have been many over the years), it would be a good decision.

• AndyG55 says:

The first order effect is ENHANCED PLANT GROWTH, who is trying to discredit it ?

The nth-order effect, warming, has never been measured, and only exists in erroneous theory and models..

• gbaikie says:

It seems to me that Co2 molecules could only insulate – slow the amount IR radiation leaving the surface- and it’s a very small effect.
CO2 or any greenhouse gas can not increase the surface temperature. The surface is warmed by the sunlight.

• menicholas says:

Water can and does warm the surface at night…if it condenses into clouds.
I have had many a freeze and frost averted or reversed by a fortuitous streak of high cirrus streaming in while I was monitoring the temperature.
I have watched the mercury climb by several degrees in a matter of minutes when clouds raced in.
Many many times.

• CO2 warming the surface with IR is like pissing against a fast flowing river.

• Robert Clemenzi says:

Not at all. It is more like building a dam across the river. After a small amount of time, the water behind the dam will be deeper (the temperature of the surface will be higher), but the amount of water flowing down stream will be the same as before.

The question is – Where is the CO2 part of the dam added? If it makes the dam higher, do we care?

If water is flowing over the top of the dam, then an extra inch of height makes a big difference. However, if water thru the dam is controlled by sluice gates, the the top of the dam will be dry and adding a couple of extra feet of height will have no effect.

My theory of the GHE is that water vapor (including clouds, rain, dew, etc.) controls the sluice gates.

• Robert Clemenzi :
“Not at all. It is more like building a dam across the river.”

CO2 at 0.04% is no dam. There are billions more photons leaving the surface for every photon going to the surface from CO2.

• menicholas says:

Hmmm, very interesting to see the debate boiled down thusly…is CO2 more like a stream of piss into a fast moving river or an inch of manure on top of a leaking dam with open sluice gates?

• Toneb says:

“CO2 at 0.04% is no dam. There are billions more photons leaving the surface for every photon going to the surface from CO2.”

I suggest you study the Beer-Lambert equation and the importance of path-length.
Clue: the path-length to space is a tad long, enough to make the 0.04% (up 40% due anthro emissions) very much a dam.
I also suggest you consider CO2’s importance where WV is scarce.

• Robert Clemenzi says:

There are billions more photons leaving the surface for every photon going to the surface from CO2.

Please provide a reference supporting that.

My computations indicate that at 15C, the Earth emits about 390 W/m2 and the first kilometer of CO2 would absorb about 54 W/m2 – except that water vapor absorbs about half of that. That is almost 14% of the radiated energy.

MODTRAN indicates that the downward radiation from 400 ppm CO2 is 81 W/m2 using the full atmosphere.
81/390 = 20.8%
When normal water vapor is added, the downward IR energy is 367 W/m2.

• Kent Clizbe says:

John,
Your real-world expertise is valuable in this struggle. You neatly in a few lines devastate the entire pseudo-science of GHG.
And you write clearly and concisely.
You should write a blog yourself.
Or hook up with another engineer who already has a blog destroying the GHG.
The discussions here fall into the trap of debating the scammers, on their own terms.

https://realclimatescience.com/

• John Francis says:

This electronic engineer agrees. The last paragraph is a gem. If this experiment were conducted it would blow the GHE to smithereens

• DMacKenzie says:

“…no way there is sufficient energy in CO2 radiation….” mostly correct John, but take my word as yet another old engineer who once did heat transfer calcs in combustion gases….if you go through these standard radiative calcs from our student days…..
http://acmg.seas.harvard.edu/people/faculty/djj/book/bookchap7.html
…….the CO2 does make a difference in the range of 1.2 degrees C per doubling. The real question is water vapour related. Is that 1.2 degrees C that is going to cause positive feedback, or is the extra water vapour going to cause more clouds to reflect incoming solar away ? It is probably the latter or Earth’s oceans would have boiled away long ago.

• LdB says:

If you are a retired laser engineer (which itself is a weird term) then can I ask how you get population inversion on the CO2 gas inside the laser tube? Should be interesting in line with your opinion above.

10. I will not start arguiing about the physical phenomenon in a GH molecule, when a photon with the right wavelenght / frequency hits this molecule. This is a very basic stuff of molecular physics and there is enough evidence in which way it happnes. But I do not agree with the description of Rod Gill.

The GH effect in the atmosphere is a fact and it is caused by GH gases: H2O 81 %, CO2 13 %, O3 4 % CH4 & N2O 1 %, clouds 1 %. Link: http://www.sciencedomain.org/abstract/17484

Here is a figure from my web site, which shows the absorption wavelenghts of GH gases. A very bsic thing is that the absorption wavelenghts of other GH gases overlaps with water making them rather weak:

One thing more. The Earth’s surface emits about 395 W/m2 in 15 degrees and the LW radition emitted by the atmosphere to space is about 239 W/m2. The radiation loss is 396 – 239 = 157 W/2. Energy does not disappear but it can change its form. The radiation flux of 157 W/m2 maintains the temperature profile of the atmosphere together with the SW radiation absorpbed by the atmosphere, which is about 71 W/2.

• Walter Sobchak says:

It would be interesting if the Earth we not covered with water. Your model, does not include the Oceans which have 99.9% of the energy in the system. Go back and try again.

11. A nice essay, I don’t fully understand quantum physics, you have a much greater knowledge of this than me. Could I ask though there is a theory, I am not sure it is conclusive, that as CO2 concentration rises in the atmosphere, the increase in temperature is not linear, but logarithmic. If it is true how would this tie in with your theory? I have pasted my source below which is over 8 years old.
https://wattsupwiththat.com/2010/03/08/the-logarithmic-effect-of-carbon-dioxide/

• If you look at the figure above, you can see that CO2 can increase the area of its absorption peak in the wavelenght zone from 10 to 14 micrometers. In figure below are the increases of the absorptions for different CO2 concnetrations (hopefully cominf correctly). These curves are results of extensive spectral calculations. The logartimic relationship is the results of curve fitting of these calculation – not a result of a single calculation.

• george e. smith says:

The theory is all hogwash. The claim of logarithmic relationship with CO2 abundance arises from the so called Beer’s Law (or Beer-Lambert law). Beer’s law applies strictly to linear transmission through non-scattering media. The photons are expected to travel in straight uni-axial direction through the medium, unless they get absorbed by some absorbing molecule. Then they are supposed to stay dead and not re-emit at some other wavelength and in an isotropic direction. The photons can’t stay dead. Eventually the absorbing medium must warm from the absorbed energy, so it must eventually emit LWIR photons.

Logarithmic means a change from one CO2 molecules to two CO2 molecules, has the same Temperature change effect as a change from 400 ppmm to 800 ppmm.

And there is no experimental evidence for logarithmic relationship. Sometimes CO2 and Temperature go in opposite directions.

There are no logarithms for negative numbers. and don’t bother me with Gamma functions.

G

• You are wrong. Beer-Lambert law works only for very small concentrations like CH4 and N2O. CO2 and H2O do not follow the Beer-Lambert law anymore. Basic stuff of radiation physics.

• Gerontius says:

try the Beer Lambert Law

12. Har-old says:

Whatever the theory, CO2 obviously does not cause actual warming by experiment in the real atmosphere. The increase in CO2 in the ca. one hundred years from near 300PPM to near 400PPM does not correlate with global warming, or some would say, lack thereof.

• Of course it “lacks”, because in the IPCC’s model, the warming effect is quite excatly 200 % too much. There are cosmic forces which explain the temperature history of the Earth since the Roman warm period. If there were no cosmic forces, the temperature graph would be like that of Mann’s graph: a straight line up to 1750.

13. joshv says:

You’ve got the physics wrong. Absorption spectra have little to do with electrons, and a lot to do with vibration modes of the CO2 molecule. CO2 is a complex molecule. It can move (translation), rotate, and vibrate. A molecule’s energy is equally partitioned between all of these degrees of freedom. The rotational and translational degrees of freedom cannot absorb IR, but the vibration degree of freedom can. The energy from IR, once absorbed by resonance with a vibrational mode, can then be distributed to the other modes. It does not stay ‘locked up’ in vibration, it can cause the molecule to rotate, and to move faster (heat up).

Think of a bunch of molecules bouncing around off of each other, in a collision, one molecule could easily lose much of it’s vibration or rotation and cause the second molecule to bounce off faster in another direction. Over many collisions, the vibrational energy from IR absorbance will be equally spread into all of the degrees of freedom, including translational, which increases the average kinetic energy of the gas molecules ‘heating’ them up.

Now, the opposite can also occur, translational energy (heat) can be converted into vibrational energy, and then that energy can be emitted as an IR photon.

• Scott Scarborough says:

Yes, you are right. The vibration of the atoms of carbon with respect to the oxygen in CO2 is how the energy at 15 microns is absorbed. It is not absorbed by the electrons in the atoms.

• It is not absorbed by the electrons in the atoms

Photons only interact with charged particles.
A 15u photon might not be changing the energy level of a valance electron, but if it interacts, it is with the molecules electrons.
I’m not sure what the electrons in the bond is doing, while it’s vibrating, maybe it’s just oscillation along the length of that bond.

But there is an interaction of some kind with its electrons.

• Walter Sobchak says:

CO2 is a complex molecule but it isn’t magic. it is about 0.04% of the atmosphere. And the atmosphere is about 0.1% of the heat capacity of the ocean atmosphere system.

• R. Shearer says:

Yes, his second bullet is just plain incorrect, as is the second to last.

• george e. smith says:

The CO2 molecule is linearly symmetrical, so it should have no electric dipole moment.

But it also has an elbow at the carbon atom and can bend in two different modes at right angles. The moment of inertia for such a vibration is quite high so the frequency is low hence the 15 micron wavelength. It’s a degenerate mode because of the two identical frequency oscillations, which I suppose are indistinguishable.
The asymmetrical stretch mode (all three atoms moving relative to the center of mass) radiates at around 4 microns, but the earth doesn’t emit much in the way of 4 micron radiation (the sun does; something less than 1% of solar spectrum)

The symmetrical stretch mode where the carbon is stationary as the center of mass, does not radiate in the infra-red. Well it shouldn’t have dipole radiation, but maybe it looks like two end to end dipoles in opposition so it might have a quadrupole or higher antenna configuration.

G

14. reallyskeptical says:

” LWIR from CO2 is retained in the atmosphere longer, but it simply bounces around until it escapes into space without causing any warming.”

It’s not one way. Once LWIR is stopped, it (or it’s energy equivalent) has a 50% chance of escaping to space and 50% of escaping back to the surface.

• Hugs says:

Err, I’m always dumbed by this argument. No, the atmosphere is not transparent. No, the wavelength changes. It is far more complicated.

• Walter Sobchak says:

The atmosphere may not be transparent, but it is pretty darn close. Else, we would starve to death.

• Hugs says:

no, itis not transparent enough for lwir to just go away…

• Walter Sobchak says:

And LWIR is what % of the total energy flux?

• Hugs says:

Look at the scary red arrows in the pic below. The net flow up is 64W/m², gross is a bit larger.

• Hugs says:

To make sure you understand: I do know the net 66W/m² or whatever is a small portion of the total and I’m not confident on numbers given without error estimation. What I tried to say is the LWIR is not how energy gets up, it is just part of it, and you can’t put it shortly that half is emitted back down, it is awful.

• Hugs says:

I think I’m too tired to distinguish IR from LWIR. Time to go to bed.

• R. Shearer says:

That’s why the sky is blue. Scattering, especially via Raman effect.

• Clyde Spencer says:

R. Shearer,
You said, “That’s why the sky is blue. Scattering, especially via Raman effect.” You are confusing Raman inelastic scattering, which is volume scattering inside a solid, with elastic Rayleigh scattering, which is wavelength dependent. Thus, blue light is scattered more strongly than the longer wavelengths, and the appearance of a direct observation of the sun shifts from green to yellowish because the blue light has been removed, and reaches the surface through a different path than direct sunlight.

• Latitude says:

planet is not flat….

• Hugs says:

Flat to first approximation. The atmosphere is dozens of km thick, the planet is thousands of km deep. It is thinner than the peel of an apple.

• george e. smith says:

There are no flats on a sphere. The very smallest surface element has the exact same curvature as any other element.

There also are no spheres anywhere.

G

• Hugs says:

There are no flats on a sphere. The very smallest surface element has the exact same curvature as any other element.

Oh gee. I’m sure this is what are looking for.

Look, I’m not pushing flat-earth, just noting that not every calculation requires the second or third term, just simply because they are small compared to the other known errors.

• ” 15um equates to 2898 ÷ 15 = 193K = -80C or -122F. In the atmosphere this temperature only occurs about 90-100Km high in the atmosphere.”

Question: Does CO2, or any molecule, radiate equally in all directions?
If so, at 95Km the earth is only in 25% of the radiation cone of CO2; and most of that at an oblique angle.

• reallyskeptical says:

Actually, because the 2 oxygens are on one side of the carbon atom, and oxygen is heavier than carbon, this aligns the CO2 molecules like little arrows all pointing upward. So the radiation goes in that direction. Right?

• HotScot says:

pmhinsc

I asked a similar question a few days ago, not nearly as well as you though, but then I’m not qualified in anything. However, it seemed to me that the radiative properties of CO2 are always assumed to be 100% directed back at the planets surface, which, to a layman like me, seems to defy logic.

Your radiation cone description is an easy way for me to visualise what’s happening. Thanks.

• R. Shearer says:

reallskeptical are you trying to be funny? The carbon atom in CO2 is in the center of the molecule. Recall that carbon atom forms 4 covalent bonds.

• Hugs says:

‘If so, at 95Km the earth is only in 25% of the radiation cone of CO2; and most of that at an oblique angle’

No, it is not 25%.

• Hugs says:

That would be nearer to 950 km. I’m too tired at this time to calculate the 95 km value.

• Hugs: “No, it is not 25%”

You are correct. Assume an earth radius of 6,378km and the straight line distance to horizon from 95km is 1104.9km (from internet horizon calculator). I calculated a cone of 160.4 degrees or 44.5% of potential 360 degree cone of radiation. Hope you find this number more to your liking.

• LdB says:

I love the crazy stuff classical physics lead people to believe, let me guess the emission is in certain direction because in other directions it is going to bounce or crash into the nucleus :-)

• pmhinsc November 19, 2017 at 8:40 am

Question: Does CO2, or any molecule, radiate equally in all directions?
If so, at 95Km the earth is only in 25% of the radiation cone of CO2; and most of that at an oblique angle.

Far, far from true. The angle of depression of the horizon is arcCos(R/(R+h)), where R is the radius of the earth, 6380 km, and “h” is the height of observation. This gives us arcCos(6380/6475) = 9.8° … where you are claiming that the depression angle is 78.5°.

w.

• menicholas says:

Yeah, but the part that goes sideways has an increased chance of hitting another molecule before it leaves the atmosphere, so half is a good approximation…is what the other argument is.

• Hugs and Willis Eschenbach,

I am a retired EE, not trying to prove anything, just get science right. There are a lot of assumptions taken for granted that the “experts” don’t seem to have the time or inclination to answer or correct. So thanks for the courtesy of your reply to my comments.

My 44% calculation of Nov 19 at 3:46
“Assume an earth radius of 6,378km and the straight line distance to horizon from 95km is 1104.9km (from internet horizon calculator). I calculated a cone of 160.4 degrees or 44.5% of potential 360 degree cone of radiation”

In excel =2*degrees(aCos(1101/(6378+95))) where straight line distance to horizon is 1101.4km, earth radius is 6,378km, and observation height is 95km.
here is where I got straight ine distance to horizon.

don’t see how radiation to earth from 95km can extend beyond horizon.

15. CoRev says:

Joshv, this is the logical issue I am trying to resolve: “Think of a ** bunch of molecules bouncing around off of each** other, in a collision, one molecule could easily **lose much of it’s vibration or rotation** and cause the second molecule to bounce off faster in another direction. Over many collisions, the vibrational energy from IR absorbance will be equally spread into all of the degrees of freedom, including translational, which increases the average kinetic energy of the gas molecules ‘heating’ them up.”

To me that screams that CONDUCTION being the premier cause of atmospheric warming. That then leads to a whole larger series of questions related to radiational warming and COOLING.

• tty says:

Conduction is quite insignificant. Gases conduct heat very poorly. However CONVECTION is very important, as a matter of fact more important than radiation for heat transport from the surface. Something that is almost never spoken about since it cannot be modelled realistically by GCM.

• Gabro says:

Evaporative cooling is probably more important than radiative warming, which is why IMO, net feedbacks from water vapor are likely negative.

• Jer0me says:

I agree. Convection trumps radiation every time. Just try holding your hand in front of a ‘radiator’ and then above it, and see where it gets warmer.

It always amazes me how all explanations of CO2 warming ignore convection as though it doesn’t happen or doesn’t matter. Yes, it’s very difficult to measure in the real world, but that’s not a good reason to ignore it!

• joshv says:

It’s merely the mechanism of local equilibrium. Remember, these molecules also emit IR at their absorption spectra, and those photos travel at the speed of light.

16. Dr. Deanster says:

For the sake of discussion, the CO2 at 100 km in the atmosphere does not have to warm the liquid or solid surface below, it only need heat the gas directly below. Probably why these guys are always talking about a hot spot. …… but as we know, there is no hot spot.

My background is chemical movement in biological systems (pharmacokinetics) so you engineer guys feel free to correct me …. but the reason we don’t see a hot spot, IMO, is because radiation and energy move at the speed of light. From a biological perspective, this would equate to a 1/2 life in gases…. t-1/2, that for all practical purposes is near instantaneous. Thus, the only way for the atmosphere to stay warm is to have a continual supply of heat from solid and liquid surfaces, either directly or from flow (winds) from other places. That all goes back to heat capacity, where the oceans are king. We see this in observation, deserts cool very rapidly, and if not for an inflow of warmer air from surrounding areas, they would freeze every night. In contrast, oceans hold so much heat that they are capable of keeping the air above them warm within a very narrow max min range. …. for oceans it is an equation of energy input, which goes back to solar and clouds, and all that Jazz.

Thus, the atmospheric temp is 100% dependent on a constant inflow of heat. The GHG systems contribution is directly related to its heat capacity, and as you point out in your article, that would only be relevant at -80C, I’ll take your word for it regarding Wiens Law, but probabably also owing to the fact that relative to solids and liquid water, the GHG system has no heat capacity.

• Walter Sobchak says:

The oceans hold about 99.9% of the heat energy in the system. The mass of the oceans is about 24x the mass of the atmosphere. The heat holding capacity of water is 4.2x dry air. The clue that the oceans are the most important part is the seasonal fluctuation in the number and power of storms.

17. nickreality65 says:

Oldie but goodie and a heck of a lot simpler and clearer.

References:
Trenberth et al 2011jcli24 Figure 10
This popular balance graphic and assorted variations are based on a power flux, W/m^2. A W is not energy, but energy over time, i.e. 3.4 Btu/eng h or 3.6 kJ/SI h. The 342 W/m^2 ISR is determined by spreading the average discular 1,368 W/m^2 solar irradiance/constant over the spherical ToA surface area. (1,368/4 =342) There is no consideration of the elliptical orbit (perihelion = 1,415 W/m^2 to aphelion = 1,323 W/m^2) or day or night or seasons or tropospheric thickness or energy diffusion due to oblique incidence, etc. This popular balance models the earth as a ball suspended in a hot fluid with heat/energy/power entering evenly over the entire ToA spherical surface. This is not even close to how the real earth energy balance works. Everybody uses it. Everybody should know better.

An example of a real heat balance based on Btu/h is as follows. Basically (Incoming Solar Radiation spread over the earth’s cross sectional area, Btu/h) = (U*A*dT et. al. leaving the lit side perpendicular to the spherical surface ToA, Btu/h) + (U*A*dT et. al. leaving the dark side perpendicular to spherical surface area ToA, Btu/h) The atmosphere is just a simple HVAC/heat flow/balance/insulation problem.

“Technically, there is no absolute dividing line between the Earth’s atmosphere and space, but for scientists studying the balance of incoming and outgoing energy on the Earth, it is conceptually useful to think of the altitude at about 100 kilometers above the Earth as the “top of the atmosphere.”
The top of the atmosphere is the bottom line of Earth’s energy budget, the Grand Central Station of radiation. It is the place where solar energy (mostly visible light) enters the Earth system and where both reflected light and invisible, thermal radiation from the Sun-warmed Earth exit. The balance between incoming and outgoing energy at the top of the atmosphere determines the Earth’s average temperature. The ability of greenhouses gases to change the balance by reducing how much thermal energy exits is what global warming is all about.”

ToA is 100 km or 62 miles. It is 68 miles between Denver and Colorado Springs. That’s not just thin, that’s ludicrous thin. 99% of the atmospheric mass is below 32 km. Above 32 km there are very few molecules. Without molecules, energy, heat, cold, hot concepts get a tad iffy.

The GHE/GHG loop as shown on Trenberth Figure 10 is made up of three main components: upwelling of 396 W/m^2 which has two sub parts: 63 W/m^2 LWIR and 333 W/m^2 and downwelling of 333 W/m^2.
The 396 W/m^2 is calculated by inserting 16 C or 279K in the S-B BB equation, a calculation that does not actually exist in the real world. The result is 55 W/m^2 of power flux more than ISR entering ToA, an obvious violation of conservation of energy, i.e. created out of nothing. That should have been a warning.

ISR of 341 W/m^2 enter ToA, 102 W/m^2 are reflected by the albedo, leaving a net 239 W/m^2 entering ToA. 78 W/m^2 are absorbed by the atmosphere leaving 161 W/m^2 for the surface. To maintain the overall energy balance and a steady temperature (not really a requirement) 160 W/m^2 rises from the surface (0.9 residual in ground) as 17 W/m^2 convection, 80 W/m^2 latent and 63 W/m^2 LWIR (S-B BB 183 K, -90 C or emissivity = .16) = 160 W/m^2. All of the graphic’s power fluxes are now present and accounted for. The remaining and perpetual looping 333 W/m^2 are the spontaneous creation of an inappropriate application of the S-B BB equation violating conservation of energy.

But let’s press on.

The 333 W/m^2 upwelling/downwelling constitutes a 100% efficient perpetual energy loop violating thermodynamics. There is no net energy left at the surface to warm the earth and there is no net energy left in the troposphere to impact radiative balance at ToA.

The 333 W/m^2, 97% of ISR, upwells into the troposphere where it is allegedly absorbed/trapped/blocked by a miniscule 0.04% of the atmosphere. That’s a significant heat load for such a tiny share of atmospheric molecules (aren’t any above 32 km) and they should all be hotter than two dollar pistols.

Except they aren’t.

The troposphere is cold, -40 C at 30,000 ft, 9 km, < -60 C at ToA. Depending on how one models the troposphere, an evenly distributed average or weighted by layers from surface to ToA, the S-B BB equation for the tropospheric temperatures ranges from 150 to 250 W/m^2, a considerable, 45% to 75% of, less than 333. Radiation is a surface phenomenon. There is no “surface.”
(99% of the atmosphere is below 32 km where molecular energy moves by convection/conduction/latent/radiation & where ideal S-B does not apply. Above 32 km the low molecular density does not allow for convection/conduction/latent and energy moves by S-B ideal radiation et. al.)

But wait!

The GHGs reradiate in all directions not just back to the surface. Say a statistical 33% makes it back to the surface that means 50 to 80 W/m^2. An even longer way away from the 333, 15% to 24% of.
But wait!

Because the troposphere is not ideal the S-B equation must consider emissivity. Nasif Nahle suggests CO2 emissivity could be around 0.1 or 5 to 8 W/m^2 re-radiated back to the surface. Light years from 333, 1.5% to 2.4% of.

But wait!

All of the above really doesn’t even matter since there is no net connection or influence between the 333 W/m^2 thermodynamically impossible loop and the radiative balance at 100 km ToA. Just erase this loop from the graphic and nothing else about the balance changes.

BTW 7 of the 8 reanalyzed (i.e. water board the data until it gives up the “right” answer) data sets/models show more power flux leaving OLR than entering ASR ToA or atmospheric cooling. Obviously those seven data sets/models have it completely wrong because there can’t possibly be any flaw in the GHE theory.
The GHE greenhouse analogy/theory not only does not apply to the atmosphere, it doesn’t even apply to warming a real greenhouse. (“The Discovery of Global Warming” Spencer Weart) In a real greenhouse the physical barrier of walls, glass, plastic trap the convective heat, not some kind of handwavium glassy, transparent, multi-layer, radiative thermal diode.

The surface of the earth is warm for the same reason a heated house is warm in the winter: Q = U * A * dT, the energy flow/heat resisting blanket of the insulated walls. Same for the atmospheric blanket. A blanket works by Q = U * A * dT, not S-B BB. The composite thermal conductivity of that paper-thin atmosphere, conduction, convection, latent, LWIR, resists the flow of energy, i.e. heat, from surface to ToA and to make that energy flow (heat) requires a temperature differential, 213 K ToA and 288 K surface = 75 C. The atmosphere is just a basic HVAC system boundary analysis.

Open for rebuttal. If you can explain how this upwelling/downwelling/”back” radiation actually really works be certain to copy Jennifer Marohasy as she has posted a challenge for such an explanation.

Nick Schroeder, BSME, PE

• Yes, Trenberth’s Earth energy budget diagram is complete nonsense (as are all the other similar version). How it ever got published and is still used is a mystery. Well no, because it is all part of the AGW propaganda..

• Walter Sobchak says:

Don’t forget the oceans. Most of the solar radiation that is absorbed by the earth is absorbed by the oceans. Look at a photograph of the sunlit side of the earth from space. The dark spots are the oceans, where the radiation is absorbed and converted into heat. The oceans warm the atmosphere by evaporation and conduction.

• tty says:

“The oceans warm the atmosphere by evaporation and conduction.”

Not so much by conduction as by radiation. Water is impermeable to LWIR but this also means that it emits stronly in this band. Evaporation transfers (latent) heat to the atmosphere but does not, strictly speaking, heat it.

• Walter Sobchak says:

“Evaporation transfers (latent) heat to the atmosphere but does not, strictly speaking, heat it.”

Only if the water vapor is not part of the atmosphere.

• joelobryan says:

You identify the fundamental reason why the bulk of GCMs run far too hot when they try to close the radiation budget at the TOA. That is in a nutshell Trenberth’s missing heat problem and his lament that higher than justifiable aerosols were employed to cool historical calibrations of the GCMs.

• You identify the fundamental reason why the bulk of GCMs run far too hot

One of them, but I don’t think the main one, they parameterize what % of water molecules that leave the surface, not fall back into the water.

That’s how they got water vapor amplification, they stepped on the physics to make it work to how they thought it worked.
Perfect example of bias.

• Geoff Sherrington says:

NickS,
There are very few CO2 molecules above 32km altitude, yet these ad some from lower are supposed to do the heavy lifting to radiate away all of the Earth’s incoming radiation, at equilibrium.
This means these upper molecules must take in, then release,, quite a lot of energy.
Do you have any references to the energy a single CO2 molecule can handle? Or is there no upper limit? If no upper limit, where does the Planck curve come from? Geoff

• Geoff,
I have a black ball way of thinking about radiative gases. Think of them as a set of small black balls, with numbers proportional to gas concentration, and disc area proportional to absorption cross section. They absorb and radiate as black bodies, but are not a black surface, globally. Now imagine looking down with IR vision. You’d see a general black body glow, but diffuse. A bit like looking into a fire. If they are sparse above 32km, there won’t be much glow there. You’ll see the layers beneath. There isn’t an issue of how much they can handle; if they are small balls, they absorb less. And of course, as well as radiating, in your view, they obstruct the balls beneath.

18. Latitude says:

If global warming theory went the other way……this would be just as feasible as what we are stuck with

19. The central error is here: “15um equates to 2898 ÷ 15 = 193K = -80C or -122F. In the atmosphere this temperature only occurs about 90-100Km high in the atmosphere.
Carbon Dioxide only emits and absorbs radiation at -80C from a narrow layer of atmosphere 90Km above the Earth’s surface.”

CO2 absorbs and reradiates 15μm band radiation at all altitudes and all temperatures, just the same as the antenna on your FM radio works in your living room by absorbing 3m band radiation at room temperature, not close to 0°K.

• LdB says:

Finally someone else realized the main problem with the article.

They seem to miss the point it is a radio wave and it doesn’t bang into every molecule in it’s path, they keep turning it into the solid photon tennis ball. The lies and tricks we use for classical physics comes back to haunt us at times.

PRECISELY the reason I suggested everyone try and explain things both with wave e-m as well as tennis ball photons ! It is useful. You try BOTH and see what happens.

20. Anthony Mills says:

A good understanding of this issue can be obtained from Staley,D.O., and Jurica,G.M., “Effective atmospheric emissivity under clear skies” J.Applied Meteorology,v.11,349-356,March 1972. The physics of radiation transport in gas mixtures was well established many years ago.

21. jim says:

Don’t disagree with that. However the logical outturn is the same as Rod’s. The translational energy created in turn creates vibrational energy, ie it ‘bounces around’ until it dissipates into space. Unless CO2 truly is ‘magical’ or ‘evil’, its degrees of freedom alternate as you describe, but don’t affect anything else.
GHG’s are a red herring. Radiation doesn’t heat , convection heats. And the Earth doesn’t have a glass roof.

sure it does, ever see a laser blast a hole in 8″ steel armor?

• Ian W says:

But the laser didn’t heat anything until it reached the target as it was just energy.

• True, though it does sometimes interacts with stuff, and that causes the air to heat some.

• Hugs says:

Good, so sunlight does not heat, until it reaches the Earth where it heats. So radiation heats us after all.

• When sunlight hits you, you heat. Same for most of the ground.

• Brett Keane says:

Naughty, naughty, I see what you are doing here…..
Stimulated emission reminds us of a certain leisure actuvity, and has no other relevance!

• Brett, what do you think lasars laze?
The first initial is Light

• LdB says:

@Hugs

Good, so sunlight does not heat, until it reaches the Earth where it heats. So radiation heats us after all.

Very close to correct, it passes straight thru the atmosphere unless it’s at a very specific frequency to a gas molecule that reacts at that frequency. It works exactly the same for your radio which is tuned to one station on the many that are transmitted thru the air.

At least now you don’t have solid ball photons banging into every molecule in it’s path like the article above :-)

22. Martin Mason says:

Thanks for posting this Anthony, it is exactly how I as an engineer see it too. There is no other way that the first and second laws can be satisfied at real world and quantum level. It is the only interpretation of the theory that satisfies what we see happening and what has happened historically. Temperatures in the troposphere can be explained and calculated with no reference to back radiation so the conclusion surely has to be that back radiation doesn’t influence temperature.

23. Bill Illis says:

“For example Oxygen and Nitrogen do not absorb or emit Long Wave Infrared Radiation (LWIR) at all, so are not considered to be “Greenhouse” gases.”

– They do NOT absorb photons in Long Wave but they absorb energy at the same “levels” through collisional energy exchange and pass on energy to other molecules at the same “levels” through the same collisions.

The most misunderstood aspect of this whole debate. Nitrogen and Oxygen just sit there all inert-like and are not part of the process is simply not correct. 98% of the atmosphere has the temperature/energy level of the “atmosphere”.

(Edited) MOD

• Bill Illis says:

– They do NOT absorb photons …

• Tom13 - the non climate scientist says:

Bill Illis – a reprint of my question below – hope you can assist –

– since Oxygen and Nitrogen are not “greenhouse Gases”
Yet dont they serve some function of retaining heat and maintaining some balance of temp in the atmosphere.

Otherwise, it would seem that the total volume of Greenhouse gases is vastly too small (1%ish not counting water vapor) to retain any quanity of heat

Hard to fathom from a scientific point of view that CO2 or any of the other greenhouses gases are sufficiently powerful to act as the thermostat to the degree which they are credited.

• tty says:

As a matter of fact both oxygen and nitrogen are GHG though weak ones. Undisturbed N2 and O2 molecules do not absorb/emit LWIR, but when disturbed by collision or close proximity with other molecules they do so, though weakly.

As a matter of fact this has even been suggested as a solution for the “weak young sun” paradox, though this would require a very dense nitrogen atmosphere in the Archaean era.

• Jer0me says:

Tom, GHG don’t retain any IR. They scatter it. Until, and only if, this IR returns to the surface, it causes no heating.

The CAGW hypothesis relies on that being significant. As I understand it, actual real-world tests show that it’s not very significant.

• Don K says:

“As a matter of fact this has even been suggested as a solution for the “weak young sun” paradox, though this would require a very dense nitrogen atmosphere in the Archaean era.” tty

AFAICS, you can hypothesize just about any remotely sane atmosphere you want in the Archean so long as it doesn’t contain free Oxygen. It’s not like there’s a lot of evidence to contradict whatever you set forth.

• There is NO scattering, the N2 and O2 molecules are absorbing energy and entering an excited state.

It is just not through photon absorption.

Let’s say you have a N2 molecule 1 mm above a hot rock on the surface which got hot through absorbing solar photons throughout the day. The N2 molecule is moving around so fast, it is hitting other molecules 6 or 7 billion times per second.

So the N2 molecule is going to hit the rock at some point within a second or so since it started just 1 mm away. It is going to absorb 100 photons worth of energy in that collision with the rock molecule(s) and it is going to become extremely excited and become 1000 times “hotter” than the rest of the atmospheric molecules nearby. in a billionth of a second, it is going to collide with 6 or 7 other atmospheric molecules afterward and share that energy around and now a whole bunch of N2 and O2 molecules are hotter and more energetic and so on.

The atmosphere close to the rock is going to absorb up all that extra energy in the rock and become just as warm and energetic. The whole atmosphere, without a single GHG molecule in it, within 1 metre is all going to be the same temperature as the rock. AND, this all going to happen with 1 second. It is as close to,instantaneous as it gets.

Not a single GHG molecule is required to heat up the atmosphere. The atmosphere is going to warm up from collisions with the surface alone. They will then share that energy upwards in the atmosphere until something like a lapse rate develops.

An equilibrium temperature profile will be established since the N2 molecules can become hot enough to re-share that energy back to the rock. The rock can emit photons to space and it can warm up the atmosphere and the atmosphere can warm it, all without a single GHG molecule.

An equilibrium will be reached which is probably very much like the Greenhouse Effect without any greenhouse gases at all.

A person needs to think through this carefully to really get the point. Be an N2 molecule which is colliding with 6 billion other molecules every second and then translate that to 10 days in the atmosphere.

• Gabro says:

Molecules in the air also absorb solar radiation on its way toward the surface, most famously O2 high in the atmosphere which interacts with UVA and UVB photons to make and break O3.

And of course air molecules also scatter sunlight on its way down, which is why the sky looks blue, the color of shorter wavelengths of visible light.

• menicholas says:

Wait a second Bill.
I do not recall disagreeing with you before, but you seem to be saying that anytime a heated surface is in contact with air, within 1 second all of the air within 1 meter of the ground will be the same temp as that surface?
This is clearly not the case.
Whenever the sun is shining on a surface, it is very much hotter than the air more than a inch or a few inches from the ground.
Am I missing something, or did you perhaps misstate that?

• R. Shearer says:

Yes, in addition N2 and O2 scatter light via the Raman effect, which is due to rotational energy levels.

• This is IMO the most important rebuttal to the nontestable and nonverified Greenhouse Effect hypothesis (if one can actually call it a hypothesis). While N2 and O2 do not absorb or emit LWIR, they do heat and cool via All 3 energy transfer mediums. They also ,make up 99% of the 5000 Trillion tons of atmosphere with CO2 making up less than 1 trillion and H2O vapor making up around 11 Trillion. So roughly 4,987 Trillion tons of N2 and O2 contain almost all the energy that is absorbed by the atmosphere through whatever means is possible. The N2 and O2 are not without temp and most certainly emit half their radiation towards Earth and half out to space. Who cares if that energy is not LWIR, it is still radiation no matter its wavelength.

That’s 4,987 Trillion tons of matter versus some odd 13 Trillion absorbing and emitting energy.

The end is is near for the AGW scam.

• Blair Macdonald says:

Bill, N2 and O2 do radiate; they have to, else there is a contradiction to QM. They have QM predicted modes at 2338 and 1556 respectively, and these are detected only with Raman spectroscopy only.

• Walter Sobchak says:

While it is true that CO2 acts as an insulator, it is as much of an insulator as a mesh made out of the lightest silk. I.E., not much. The warmistas write about CO2 as if it were an R30 fiberglass blanket. It isn’t

• Comment to Leonard. I have carried out hundreds of spectral analyses. Majority of people have no idea what happens to the LW radiation as as function of altitude. For example, CO2 is so strong GH gas in its wave band zone (10-22 micrometer) that the absorption by CO2 does not increase after 1 km altitude. Why? Because there is no emission energy available. The GH gases cannot absorb more than the Earth’s surface emits. That is a simple physical fact. See a figure below. About 88 % of energy emitted by the surface is absorbed in the all-sky conditions.

• See a figure below. About 88 % of energy emitted by the surface is absorbed in the all-sky conditions.

the optical window covers at least 30% of the spectrum, if not closer to 40%.
I don’t see how it can be 88% absorbed.

• To micro6500. The cloudeness-% of the average sky is 66 %. In the clody sky conditions, the emitted LW radiation by the surface is fully absorbed. All the climate scientists approve this fact. In clear sky conditions the absorption happens 78 %. Look at the first figure of mine. Optical window is not 30 %, it is much less.

• Optical window is not 30 %, it is much less.

It’s clear above the clouds too.

• feliksch says:

What then is the GHE-difference between NYC and Mexico City (alt. 2 250 m / 7 375 ft)?

• ” by itself would increase the surface temperature. ”

Take a large room with a pool. Heat it to 30C. Once at 30C fill the room with 100% CO2. Does the pool’s temp go up? No, impossible. I doubt it even cools slower.

An excellent thought experiment and also the basis for a real world experiment at relatively low cost.

• The Reverend Badger November 20, 2017 at 9:40 am Edit

An excellent thought experiment and also the basis for a real world experiment at relatively low cost.

Actually, it’s a lousy thought experiment. It’s quite similar to the R. W. Wood experiment. I discuss the problems with your thought experiment here.

w.

25. Therefore it is my understanding that it is impossible for the LWIR emitted by a cold low energy CO2 molecule to have the energy required to warm any molecule in the atmosphere warmer than -80C

If you look at a spectrum, the common form the Y axis is power in Watts, you are right that the energy at 15u per photon is slight, so to make an equal power as shorter wave lengths, there are a lot more photons.
So the flux is higher.

The interactions are photons bypass, they scatter, or they are absorbed.
This results in our experience, things are invisible to that wavelength, ie clear, it becomes reflective, or opaque.

But regardless of how 15u photons interact in the environment, water vapor regulates am temps to not drop much below dew point, at least until it all starts freezing.
When you monitor cooling at night, do you wonder why it’s clear, and yet the temp stops falling in the middle of the night. But most of the year it stops cooling around dew point. But what few realize is that it did not stop radiating to space, in the optical window temps are are nearly 100F cooler than air temps.

What does happen is the sensible heat, IR from condensing water, lights up the sky in all directions in the 14-16u water band, which lights up co2 at 15u. This is strongest at the surface, and it shows up as the rate temps falling while it’s still night out dropping towards zero. A side effect of using WV to regulate temps, it bleeds off atm water every night, this prevents the WV amplification of CS, the key to catastrophic warming. So not only is it not catastrophic, it doesnt even reallt cause any warming, WV will always prevent it.

This is the real GHG effect.

• Brett Keane says:

micro6500
November 19, 2017 at 8:07 am: and possibly what Roy Spencer sees with his skyward pointing pyrgeometer. All real experiments including Hans Geiger’s monumental “The air above the ground”, those in the Australian outback, and Hartmann’s, show how CO2 is no different to any other gas except the one which cheats by phase-changing. Which is why radiators have caps, and we exist.

• Well cheating is just a matter of which side you’re on.

• pbweather says:

Micro6500
As stated above your assumption that water vapour is the key to cooling stopping is incorrect. It is heat release from latent heat as dew forms on surface of the ground and plants which slow cooling and then eventually fog forms and once it does then temps just flat line….Fog is liquid water…not the gaseous form water vapour and hence a different mechanism for cooling slowing down. Once fog forms…then the top of the fog layer becomes the radiating surface…not the ground, and as this fog layer cools further at the top, dewpoint is reached and the top of the fog layer rises. This is how fog layers deepen overnight.

• As stated above your assumption that water vapour is the key to cooling stopping is incorrect. It is heat release from latent heat as dew forms on surface of the ground and plants which slow cooling and then eventually fog forms and once it does then temps just flat line….Fog is liquid water…not the gaseous form water vapour and hence a different mechanism for cooling slowing down. Once fog forms…then the top of the fog layer becomes the radiating surface…not the ground, and as this fog layer cools further at the top, dewpoint is reached and the top of the fog layer rises. This is how fog layers deepen overnight.

Dew is only a small part of it. But there’s a 30-40W/m^2 flux out the optical window at the same time the temperature stops falling. https://i1.wp.com/micro6500blog.files.wordpress.com/2017/09/sept15th-air-and-ir.png

26. Martin Mason says:

I can see the same circular arguments and the same immovable positions but nobody addressing the central point of the post. Can radiation from such a low temperature source warm surface matter which is at a much higher energy level, that is the only question to be answered surely. Also if back radiation causes warming how is it that surface temperature and tropospheric lapse rate can be calculated with no reference to radiation?

• The sb-equation says no. There is no transfer but the heat, which is the difference in T⁴. Quantum physics is built on thermal physics, so it obeys the sb-law. Quantum is the microscopic details of heat.
The surface transfer 383W/m²-128W/m² to TOA, and TOA transfer nothing back. Neither does the rest of the atmosphere.

• Martin Mason says:

Sorry RS but that answers none of the questions I raised. It certainly doesn’t explain cold to hot heat transfer. It doesn’t even touch on why all tropospheric temperatures can be explained and calculated with no reference to back radiation. I really think that AGW is in desperate trouble?

• The problem seems to exist in the word “warms”. Radiation from a cold object cannot “warm” a warmer object. However, it CAN leave the warm object warmer than it would have been without the cold object.

As an example. When we look up, the apparent temperature of the sky based on the amount of downwelling thermal radiation is on the order of -50°C … how can this radiation “warm” the much warmer earth?

The answer, of course, is that without the atmosphere the apparent temperature of the sky would be about -270°C … and as a result, we are warmer because of the existence of the atmosphere.

Does the radiation from the atmosphere “warm” the surface? No … but it does leave the surface much warmer than it would be without that radiation.

w.

• Hugs says:

Thanks I didn’t notice how you said this already so clearly.

• Brett Keane says:

Willis Eschenbach
November 19, 2017 at 8:35 am: By its mass, and the sun. Just as explained by all real experimental Physicists from Maxwell (Theory of Heat) onwards. Not to mention the Mylar balloon expt, and all Nasa atmospheric readings through the solar system. Even Sagan admitted this eventually.

• No, we are “warmer” because the oceans absorb a lot of the sun and release that energy slowly, which heats the atmosphere mostly by direct molecular contact with the air. The cooler air cannot warm the surface, only slow the rate of heat loss. It appears to have warmed because the temp number is higher, but that is not “warmer”. Example, day time heated by the sun gets to 30C, during the night it cools, losing that heat. If the lowest it gets on a clear night is 10C, then we have lost 20C worth of energy. But if on a cloudy night it instead goes to 20C, then we have NOT gained 10C in new energy (*warmer”). What has happened is less energy is lost. It’s not “warmer” on the cloudy nights, it’s less cooled. Because the temp is 10C higher numerically, we say it is “warmer”, but in reality it isnt warmer (no new energy added).

• Clyde Spencer says:

Willis,
Expressed well!

• Hugs says:

The cooler air cannot warm the surface, only slow the rate of heat loss.

This is the umpteenth time when “to warm” to “to slow the rate of heat loss” are separated, yet, “slowing the rate of heat loss” results in a warmer average, i.e. warming.

• Hugs says:

“to warm” AND “to slow the rate of heat loss” are separated

geez my spelling…

• Hugs:
“This is the umpteenth time when “to warm” to “to slow the rate of heat loss” are separated, yet, “slowing the rate of heat loss” results in a warmer average, i.e. warming.”

To warm an object requires new energy to raise its temp. Losing less energy already there has a higher temp number, but it is not “warmer”. If you earn $1000 per month gross, and have a high tax rate of 25%, you lose$250, netting $750. But if the tax rate is lowered to 20%, you now lose only$200, does that mean you have earned \$50 in new money? Nope. You earned the same, just lost less of it in taxes. Consider winter and night times as a tax on the energy the sun put to the earth during the day. Having a higher NET energy doesnt mean you are “warmer” because you dont have more gross energy.

• tty says:

Back radiation is competely irrelevant, as is sideways radiaton and slant radiation and every-which way radiation. The only important factor is the net upward radiation. Look at this formally correct but carefully doctored NASA diagram:

What it shows is that LWIR moves 66 Wm^-2 from the surface, 40 by direct radiation in the “window” and 26 by way of absorption/re-emission by GHG. It is only these 26 Wm^-2 that are effected by the amount of GHG in the atmosphere. Convection moves much more heat, 102 Wm^-2, of which 78 is latent heat of evaporated water, which condenses at high altitude and radiates the heat into space.

Also note that radiation is gross while convection is net (and that the radiation arrows are fat and red while the convection ones are as puny as possible). Taken at face value this diagram implies that the descending cooler/drier air and precipitation is at absolute zero since in this case there is no “back radiation” (=downward heat transport). The reason for this difference is that a honest diagram would show clearly that convection is the dominant process regulating surface temperature. And convection can’t be modelled by GCM, only “parameterized” (=guessed at) since it happens on a far to small spatial scale for GCM:s.

• Hugs says:

• Walter Sobchak says:

No oceans no model.

• This is the flat earth model, and it is wrong. It overly simplifies and incorrectly depicts what is going on. Postma has written a lot about this flat earth model having no basis in reality.

The sun puts 1370W/m^2 to the surface, not 168 (which wouldnt power two 100watt light bulbs). The surface temp of the earth would be some 69C at that input, but it’s not. Why? Because the earth rotates. Only a small percent of the surface receives this input, the rest loses more than it gains. The earth’s rotation acts like a thermostat. If it rotated slower it would be too hot end of the day for life. It it rotated faster, it would not gain enough during the day to overcome the night time loss rate.

[??? .mod]

• J. Richard Wakefield

The sun puts 1370W/m^2 to the surface, not 168 (which wouldnt power two 100watt light bulbs).

Well, that 1370 watts is actually only 1362 watts/m^2.

But it is actually measured at 1362 watts/m^2 at the top of atmosphere, only about 1000 watts/m^2 gets through a clear atmosphere to the surface of the earth, at the equator. And that 1000 watts/m^2 only gets to the surface at noon on the equator, on a clear day, on average.

Over the whole year, the CAGW climacatastrophy community has accepted Trenberth’s [168] watts/m^2 absorbed + [30] watts/m*2 reflected as average values for the whole earth.

But that 198 watt/m^2 yearly average sunlight on the surface for every day and night is ONLY valid for the temperature regions ONLY between 55 north and 55 south latitudes. Any further north or south and the yearly total “average” sunlight goes much, much further down.

• 1sky1 says:

Spot on, tty! It’s not a scientific schematic, but a Soviet-style propaganda poster, with self-serving distortions of reality.

• “It is only these 26 Wm^-2 that are effected by the amount of GHG in the atmosphere. Convection moves much more heat”
No,it’s not. The diagram is a budget. It records the fluxes that can be measured, and tests whether they are in balance. The flux that is affected by GHG concentration is the full 324 W/m2 downflux from air. The 390 W/m2 upflux at the surface responds to the temperature there. The difference, if you exclude AW, is small at 26 W/m2, but is pretty much locked. The 324 W/m2 is emitted from air near the surface, as you can tell from its magnitude. If the surface warms, that air warms too, and the flux difference remains near constant. It is not sensitive to the amount of GHG.

Dry convection is necessarily entered as a nett flux, because there are no measurements that can split it into separate streams. Its magnitude is often exaggerated by commentators. It is small because, while the lapse rate is less than the theoretical dry adiabatic, the air is convectively stable. Air that acquires heat cools at DALR as it rises, and doesn’t get far before it reaches ambient.

• Hugs says:

Air that acquires heat cools at DALR as it rises, and doesn’t get far before it reaches ambient.

True, it doesn’t get too far. But it does get to the block called the atmosphere above.

• tty says:

“If the surface warms, that air warms too, and the flux difference remains near constant. It is not sensitive to the amount of GHG.”

In that case You can kiss CAGW goodbye, because there is nothing else that GHG can affect.

” Its magnitude is often exaggerated by commentators. It is small because, while the lapse rate is less than the theoretical dry adiabatic, the air is convectively stable. Air that acquires heat cools at DALR as it rises, and doesn’t get far before it reaches ambient.”

True in so far as wet convection is of course by far dominant. Ever see cumulonimbus clouds? They are not close to the surface.

• Clyde Spencer says:

Martin Mason,
A cold object cannot warm a hot object by conduction, but a warm object (Earth) can warm a cold parcel of absorbing gas by radiation. The radiation that would have otherwise left the system, is retained and now available to contribute a slight warming of the dark side of the Earth where it is being subject to the IR radiation from the gas, which is above absolute zero. Consider the impact of an Earth radiating directly into space, versus an Earth radiating into space with an intervening blanket at a higher temperature than space.

I don’t understand the question in your last sentence.

Martin Mason.

You can test this experimentally. Two identical set ups one with no CO2 and one with lots. If back radiation exists and can transfer heat a measurable temperature difference can be seen. Relatively easy lab work and relatively inexpensive.

• The answer of course can be answered by any five year old playing in the snow. No, radiation from a cooler object categorically doesn’t increase the temperature of a warmer object.

27. nickreality65 says:

The ONLY^3 reason RGHE theory even exists is to explain how the average surface (1.5 m above ground) temperature of 288 K/15 C (K-T balance 289 K/16 C) minus 255 K/-18C , the average surface (now ground) temperature w/o an atmosphere (Which is just completely BOGUS!) equals 33 C warmer w/ than w/o atmosphere.

That Δ33 C notion is absolute rubbish and when it flies into the nearest dumpster it hauls RGHE “theory” in right behind it.

The sooner that is realized and accepted the sooner all of us will have to find something better to do with our time and the taxpayers’ money. Maybe that’s what keeps RGHE staggering down the road.

The genesis of RGHE theory is the incorrect notion that the atmosphere warms the surface (and that is NOT the ground). Explaining the mechanism behind this erroneous notion demands some truly contorted physics, thermo and heat transfer, i.e. energy out of nowhere, cold to hot w/o work, perpetual motion.

Is space cold or hot? There are no molecules in space so our common definitions of hot/cold/heat/energy don’t apply.

The temperatures of objects in space, e.g. the Earth, Moon, space station, Mars, Venus, etc. are determined by the radiation flowing past them. In the case of the Earth, the solar irradiance of 1,368 W/m^2 has a Stefan Boltzmann black body equilibrium temperature of 394 K, 121 C, 250 F. That’s hot. Sort of.

https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2001/ast21mar_1/

But an object’s albedo reflects away some of that energy and reduces that temperature.

The Earth’s albedo reflects away about 30% of the Sun’s 1,368 W/m^2 energy leaving 70% or 958 W/m^2 to “warm” the surface (1.5 m above ground) and at an S-B BB equilibrium temperature of 361 K, 33 C cooler (394-361) than the earth with no atmosphere or albedo.

https://springerplus.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/2193-1801-3-723

The Earth’s albedo/atmosphere doesn’t keep the Earth warm, it keeps the Earth cool.

Bring science, I did. (6,000 views and zero rebuttals.)

http://writerbeat.com/articles/15582-To-be-33C-or-not-to-be-33C

http://writerbeat.com/articles/16255-Atmospheric-Layers-and-Thermodynamic-Ping-Pong

• Hugs says:

In the case of the Earth, the solar irradiance of 1,368 W/m^2 has a Stefan Boltzmann black body equilibrium temperature of 394 K, 121 C, 250 F. That’s hot. Sort of.

Looked out. Can’t see much irradiance. I guess you should integrate to get the average surface value which is about quarter of the 1368W/m². Temperature was consequently around 278K. I guess it were colder without some warm gases and precipitation between my front yard and the 2.7K background.

• Average is nonsense and does nothing to tell us what is going on. Example. Take a photograph of something, say a nice mountain range. Add up all the colour pixel numbers and divide by the number of pixels, then apply that number to each pixel. What do you get? A gray image with nothing to see.

This is exactly what you are doing by applying the average. You add up all the W/m^2 for the area, divide by the number of areas, and apply that to all the areas. It’s BS grayness that has no physical counterpart.

• Hugs says:

Average is nonsense and does nothing to tell us what is going on.

It tells me much more than the peak value misleadingly used above.

• Hugs:

“It tells me much more than the peak value misleadingly used above.”

Yes, using JUST a peak value is just as meaningless. You want a real view of energy absorption and loss on this complicated and dynamic earth? Then do a proper 3D graphic of a tilted rotating spherical planet with large oceans and disproportional land masses that have different absorption. That flat earth graphic tells us nothing of what it really going on, and if anything has grossly mislead people into thinking a simple “budget” explains things. It doesnt. That graphic was invented to justify the AGW dogma. Again, AGW exists because of deliberate ambiguity.

28. Hiro Kawabata says:

IR absorption by CO2 excites the vibrational modes of a CO2 molecule.
As the CO2 molecules collide, the excited vibrational modes transfer energy to the motion of other CO2 molecules. The average kinetic energy of molecules is what we measure as the temperature of a gas.
Nothing to do with the absorption and emission of visible light by electron level transitions

A correct summary of the process may be found here

“Has Global Warming Paused”

https://www.scribd.com/document/239526963/Argonne-National-Lab-Talk-Happer

A lecture by William Happer, a molecular spectroscopist and professor of physics at Princeton U.

One can run MODTRAN online here:

http://climatemodels.uchicago.edu/modtran/

• One can run MODTRAN online here:

As a simulation subject matter expert, you can’t use MODTRAN and run a single look through an average air sample and get anything useful.
If you do not run it over a days cycle as conditions change, all you’re doing is fooling yourself.

• Curious George says:

The excited modes of CO2 do NOT transfer energy to the motion of other CO2 molecules – or do it only in less than 0.04% of cases. What happens when an excited CO2 molecule collides with an N2 or O2 molecule or an Argon atom is very complex and I have not seen a satisfactory analysis.

• Curious George says:

Paywalled. But according to the abstract they handle CO2-CO2 collisions. As a concentration of CO2 is currently 0.04%, these collisions are very rare. And how about CO2-H2O collisions?

• Robert W Turner says:

No CG, they do. That is why the absorption spectrum is in BANDS and not a single exact wavelength. The band of wavelengths show the range in energy needed to bump the molecule into a vibrational state, and the difference is caused by the very slight decrease or increase in kinetic energy from molecular collisions.

29. Eric says:

Wouldn’t a simple experiment (already conducted by John Tyndall) learn that 15 micrometer IR radiation is emitted and absorbed at other temperatures as well?

• Brett Keane says:

Eric
November 19, 2017 at 8:18 am: Tyndall made sure his absorber was cooled below his emitter, is why. The SB assumption, indeed, is to 0Kelvin.

• Blair Macdonald says:

The mistake was made with Tyndall, he was using a thermoelectric transducer, a thermopile: he discovered the thermo electric gases – we call them the GHGs. Watch to see what I have discovered https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T0IHKKkOwdU&t=860s

30. Driller43 says:

i think the author misapplies his second key point “The temperature of a (gas) directly affects the wavelength of the radiation it emits and absorbs.” Looks like he applies it incorrectly. Yes, for CO2, most of the outgoing radiation is mostly from the stratosphere; and in the atmospheric window region is mostly from the lower troposphere. From link article which concludes “The total temperature-dependent gas absorptivity effect (H2O, CO2, etc.) tends to result in a radiation energy convergence that decreases the total cooling of the atmosphere.” https://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/bibliography/related_files/yih0702.pdf

31. I got as far as this one …

Carbon Dioxide’s absorption spectrum shows it absorbs LWIR at three different narrow wave lengths, sometimes called finger frequencies. Two of those wave lengths happen at temperatures too hot to exist in the atmosphere, the remaining wave length is 15um.

I never heard that about “too hot to exist”, and I don’t believe it.

Citation?

w.

• tty says:

I guess that he means that those bands are unimportant because they are at wavelengths where the Earth emits virtually no radiation at realistic ground temperatures. I agree that it is a very clumsy way of expressing this

• Thanks, tty, but I have no idea what he means, nor do I particularly care. I was asking for a citation about “the temperatures too hot to exist”.

w.

• David Ball says:

Willis, you are a stickler for quoiting correctly when rebutting. I would like to point out the important qualifier that you are missing in your quote reference. He specifically said “to hot to exist in the atmosphere“. A distinction that is pertinent to his point..

• David Ball says:

Clearly I try not to rely on spellcheck,…..perhaps I will start.

• Alex says:

Willis
The article is a mixture of facts and fallacies. The author is confused by a lot of ‘information’ gathered from various sources. Some of the bloggers are in the same boat. Too many things to correct so I just shut my mouth. Nevertheless, it’s entertaining to read some of the well-meaning comments.

Willis, re: “too hot to exist”. Rod Gill is confusing de-excitation radiation from the CO2 molecule with thermal radiation as described by Wien’s Law. That’s why he claims the CO2 emission bands at 2.7 and 4.3 microns only come from CO2 molecules at temperatures too hot to be found in the atmosphere (800° C and 400° C, respectively, if calculated from Wien’s Law). That’s also behind his ludicrous claim that CO2’s 15 micron emission band comes only from gas at -80° C.

Rod Gill fundamentally misunderstands the physics behind the so-called “greenhouse effect”, and he has no business publishing an article about it. I would have preferred that Anthony or one of his volunteers gently point that out to him and not publish such pseudoscience.

Of course the comments reveal that such confusion is fairly common, but we already knew that.

Wien’s Law calculator:

https://www.ajdesigner.com/phpwien/wien_equation.php#ajscroll

• Geoff Sherrington says:

Willis,
Agreed, the first confusion is in assuming atomic excitation instead of molecular. Then electron states instead of rotational, vibrational, etc molecular states. Several other errors follow as a consequence.
However, I think the exercise is useful because it’s responses can correct those readers who were similarly starting from the same wrong point.
I tend to shut up because when my formal training in the 1960s was done, atomic was dominant and molecular seldom covered in lectures other than to say that molecular spectroscopy was a harder concept. Geoff

• David Ball November 20, 2017 at 12:07 am

Willis, you are a stickler for quoiting correctly when rebutting. I would like to point out the important qualifier that you are missing in your quote reference. He specifically said “to hot to exist in the atmosphere“. A distinction that is pertinent to his point..

His claim is not true, whether he is talking about the atmosphere or the earth’s surface. So no, his qualifier is not important.

w.

• David Ball says:

Willis Eschenbach November 20, 2017 at 1:13 am

Which claim are you referring to? You are not being clear. “In the atmosphere” is definitely an important qualifier because he is talking about how the atmosphere actually operates and the range in which these interactions occur. You saying it isn’t does not make it so.

• David Ball November 20, 2017 at 11:07 am

Willis Eschenbach November 20, 2017 at 1:13 am

Which claim are you referring to?

His claim that:

Two of those wave lengths happen at temperatures too hot to exist in the atmosphere, the remaining wave length is 15um.

w.

• I got as far on your posts as you claiming that radiation from a cooler shell could increase the temperature of a warmer sphere.
I’d love to invite you into a cave in a glacier sometime.

• wickedwenchfan November 20, 2017 at 2:51 pm Edit

I got as far on your posts as you claiming that radiation from a cooler shell could increase the temperature of a warmer sphere.

I’m sorry to hear that. Had you continued, and considered what I was saying, you might have learned something.

In the meantime, have you never been outside on a winter night when clouds came over? They leave the surface warmer than when there are no clouds. Clear winter nights are the coldest … why?

Because when there are no clouds, the back radiation is coming much more from outer space at a temperature of 3K or so, whereas the clouds are radiating at something like 225K …

Think about it. If a planet has no GHG atmosphere, it is exposed directly to outer space.

But if it has a GHG atmosphere, it is receiving radiation from that atmosphere, and this leaves the planetary surface WARMER THAN IT WOULD BE WITHOUT THE ATMOSPHERE.

I’m not sure why this is so hard for some folks to grasp, but I assure you that it is settled science taught in the universities and backed up by the math. If you are interested in the math, there is an online calculator here. If you play with it for a while it may help you start to understand the nature of two-way radiative energy exchange … it spells out the formula for how it is calculated.

w.

• Bernard Lodge says:

Willis Eschenbach November 20, 2017 at 3:45 pm

Willis, you are mixing apples and oranges. The clouds have a higher temperature than the rest of the atmosphere because of the latent heat of condensation being released. This is a phase change of water effect, not a GHG effect.

‘But if it has a GHG atmosphere, it is receiving radiation from that atmosphere, and this leaves the planetary surface WARMER THAN IT WOULD BE WITHOUT THE ATMOSPHERE.’

is obvious and there is no need to shout. Everyone agrees that the atmosphere warms the earth compared to no atmosphere. The point at issue is does replacing a few O2 molecules with a few CO2 molecules make a difference?

• Bernard Lodge November 20, 2017 at 8:34 pm

Willis Eschenbach November 20, 2017 at 3:45 pm

Willis, you are mixing apples and oranges. The clouds have a higher temperature than the rest of the atmosphere because of the latent heat of condensation being released. This is a phase change of water effect, not a GHG effect.

The claim was that the cold atmosphere (containing cold clouds) could not leave the surface warmer than it would be without them, viz:

wickedwenchfan November 20, 2017 at 2:51 pm Edit

I got as far on your posts as you claiming that radiation from a cooler shell could increase the temperature of a warmer sphere.

Since both the atmosphere and the clouds are colder than the surface, I am NOT mixing apples and oranges.

‘But if it has a GHG atmosphere, it is receiving radiation from that atmosphere, and this leaves the planetary surface WARMER THAN IT WOULD BE WITHOUT THE ATMOSPHERE.’

is obvious and there is no need to shout. Everyone agrees that the atmosphere warms the earth compared to no atmosphere. The point at issue is does replacing a few O2 molecules with a few CO2 molecules make a difference?

No, “everyone” does NOT agree that the cold atmosphere warms the earth compared to no atmosphere. There are literally dozens of people who claim that it is impossible. They all say that because the atmosphere is colder than the earth, the atmosphere does not and cannot “warm the earth compared to no atmosphere”.

Which is why I was shouting … I’m getting tired of people saying the same thing over and over, when the answer is there from our own senses regarding winter clouds.

w.

PS—Can a block of ice leave a person warmer than no block of ice?

Sure … as long as the block of ice (at 0°C) is interposed between that person and a tank of liquid nitrogen (at -196°C). The ice provides more radiation to the person’s body than does the liquid nitrogen, so the person ends up warmer.

And the same is true about icy clouds which are interposed between a person and 3K background temperature of space … they leave the person warmer than no clouds.

32. Ryddegutt says:

CO2 molecules can absorb radiation and then transfer that energy to other gasses by conduction and versa visa.

• tty says:

Though much easier by re-radiation. Gasses do not conduct heat well. There is a reason why most good insulating materials are mostly air.

• Robert W Turner says:

At atmospheric pressure the conduction takes place with molecular collisions that theoretically occur faster than a CO2 molecule can radiate its heat — 10^-7 s.

• Hugs says:

It is pressure dependent as rgbatduke always said. But I don’t really know how this affects – probably surface CO2 absorbs only, and does not have time to emit, so the air eats the radiation band. And then complicated (parameterized) things happen, like evaporation, convection. I’m sure the problem is not high school physics as Gore said. He lied.

• Gerontius says:

yes they do, a dewer flask ( a vacuum flask) has a vacuum as an insulator, so your coffee keeps warmer for longer than if air was used to insulate.

• David Ball says:

1) The “compressor” is always on.

2) This, coupled with geothermal
( https://wattsupwiththat.com/2017/11/15/new-map-of-antarctic-geothermal-heat-suggests-steig-mann-2009-werent-measuring-global-warming/ ), account for our temperature range.
The earth is a magma filled balloon, at least the outer layers that we have been able to measure look that way.

3) A Chinook demonstrates the effect of compression directly. Ne c’est pas?

4) This idea also satisfies Dr. Svalgaards assertion that TSI variance is too small to account for the variations of earth’s temperature.

5) One has to admit that the name “Greenhouse” in no way is descriptive of our atmosphere or how it works.

6) No matter how our atmosphere works, we are fortunate that the relative stability of temperature is within the range of water existing in all three states. As a carbon based life-form, I am grateful of this.

7) Ockham’s razor and plausibility Apply liberally, rinse, repeat.

( numbered for your rebuttal convenience and clarity, also inspected for politically free content )

• Jer0me says:

CO2 molecules can absorb radiation, and immediately emit said radiation, but in a random direction, ie scattered.

They cannot absorb radiation and convert it to kinetic energy (heat).

• Brett Keane says:

Jer0me
November 19, 2017 at 1:10 pm: But in our air, they are struck kinetically thousands of times between each possible emission. Thusly, air eats radiation so convection and phase change of water dominates hugely to above the net emission height. Radiation is swamped by water anyway, which even Mann knows. It is all sleight of pen for the cause. Bring on the State Pen..

Electrons orbiting molecules of a liquid or solid need more energy to boost an electron’s orbit than electrons in a gas, so require more energetic photons again to warm them.

Therefore it is my understanding that it is impossible for the LWIR emitted by a cold low energy CO2 molecule to have the energy required to warm any molecule in the atmosphere warmer than -80C and certainly no molecule in a liquid (EG water) or a solid body, as their electrons require even more energy.

Nope. You are wrong. However, given the depth of your misunderstanding, and your certainty that you understand it, I’m gonna leave the question of WHY you are wrong for you to work out for yourself.

w.

• Show us a reference for transfer of energy from co2 at lower temperature to a solid warmer body, in a controlled environment. If you can’t, there is no transfer.

• tty says:

There is always transfer in both directions but the net transfer is always from hot to cold.

• I asked for a reference, not you making stuff up.
Fact: at equal temperature, no transfer. So why would there be transfer from cold to hot if one body is colder.
Show me a reference for any transfer outside of “net”, or shut up.

• Show me a reference for any transfer outside of “net”, or shut up.

You ever use an IR thermometer and point it at a fire, and then in a freezer?

You got readings from both objects, what do you think they were measuring?

• Oh, just to be clear, then imagine you point it at liquid nitrogen and compare that to the freezer. They all radiate.

• tty says:

Show me a reference that shows that an atom tells an incoming photon: “thank you, but no, since you com from a colder atom”.

• What happens if the molecule/atom is already excited to the energy level of the incoming photon?
Then what the difference does it make?

lifeisthermal, carbon dioxide lasers operating at room temperature can cut through metal:

• LdB says:

So laser beams heat … errrrrr except when they cool
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_cooling
Yep you can use a laser beam to cool an object to near absolute zero explain away.

Love classical physics it is so simple except it’s totally wrong :-)

LdB, I’m not getting your point. Are you saying the CO2 laser beam CAN’T cut metal? Maybe you’re saying the laser cuts metal by COOLING it? Help me out here.

• Gabro says:

LdB November 19, 2017 at 8:27 pm

It would help if you actually understood “classical physics”. Then you wouldn’t be so confused and would understand the difference between cutting with a laser beam and laser cooling.

• LdB says:

So is there a difference in the beams between a cutting laser and laser cooling Gabro?

• LdB says:

I like that concept I am going to get me some cool laser beams :-)

• LdB says:

The problem I was illustrating is even things we think of with one behaviour don’t always behave like that, you are saying the beam will always thermally act one way. That beam as it moves thru the air is a electromagnetic wave whether it heats or cools or even has any effect (think a mirror) is governed by a set of strange laws.

If that laser is a CO2 cutter and I replace the steel with aluminium, I assume you know what happens.
Try even cutting a very fine steel mesh :-)

It’s a EM transfer you can’t equate it to thermal energy, you can heat,cool or reflect it.

• LdB says:

Oh and for anyone who wants to know how it works.
It’s pretty straight forward you need 6 or more beams to do cooling, the frequency used matches one of the resonant frequencies of the atom you are trying to cool and it doesn’t actually see the beam as hot because it absorbs it and then re-emits it.

• Gabro says:

LdB November 19, 2017 at 9:30 pm

Yes, there are many differences between cutting and cooling lasers.

LdB,

“…you are saying the beam will always thermally act one way.”

Actually, I’m saying “carbon dioxide lasers operating at room temperature can cut through metal”.

• LdB says:

Oh really please tell me :-)

• LdB says:

Yes I know, I was just firing a warning shot … yes but be careful.
If that metal is aluminium for example it will reflect and if the metal has a resonant frequency at that frequency it can be transparent or cool the metal.

We do that trick in QM making materials transparent
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetically_induced_transparency

I could make your laser beam pass right thru the metal plate .. but this isn’t something you would see in nature :-)

• Gabro says:

Why does it surprise you that lasers can both heat and cool?

How lasers can be used both to cool to the coldest temperatures on earth and to heat to the highest:

http://physicscentral.com/explore/poster-spots.cfm

There are many techniques for laser cooling, although the Doppler technique is probably still the most common.

• LdB says:

@Gabro
No you are claiming there are cool lasers ™, you directly claimed it.

Yes, there are many differences between cutting and cooling lasers.

Now you obviously bothered to read and are now trying to dig yourself out of a hole, there is no such thing as a cool laser ™ they are all the same.

As I have already stated the laser can heat, cool, reflect, absorb or transmit thru any material which strangely enough is the same for every single EM frequency that exists including radio waves and thermal emissions. QM is very concise and very well tested on all this stuff/.

• Martin Mason says:

Willis, I’m trying very hard to do this myself so please don’t cop out.

• Martin, thanks, but I have no clue what you mean by that …

w.

• I like to use the analogy of an Eskimo igloo, where the snow, forming a temporary barrier, captures the heat inside the igloo long enough to maintain a comfortable temperature.

• Ian W says:

Which of course is an incorrect analogy as the igloo is a physical barrier to convection, which is how the surface loses most of the heat. It has zero to do with radiation effects.

• Hugs says:

CO2 is a physical barrier to some radiation. It is an analogy, not saying ice chunk is a greenhouse gas. Of course, ice IS a weak barrier to radiation and it does contribute to how igloo warms.

• Geoff Sherrington says:

Jer0me,
You can heat a clear container of CO2 by radiation as from a laser beam of appropriate wavelength or a beam of sunlight passing through a small part of the wall. If the beam is turned off, the hot CO2 will heat the rest of the container wall as the CO2 cools by normal heat transfer equations. Is this at odds with what you mean? Geoff

• Brett Keane says:

joelobryan
November 19, 2017 at 10:09 am: You almost got there. The crooks know CO2 is too weak (at best, in fact it is a coolant). So they concocted an effect on water vapour to magnify things. This is on record. Other planets and large moons prove CO2 is not special except for life. We have that on record too.
A waterless planet with no tri or polyatomic gases, eg all Nitrogen, would still warm by conduction as we do. Conduction remains the dominant first mover, unless WV latent heat beats it on Earth, micro555? The emission from kinetic motion in the molecular force fields would still cool it. What is debateable is how far such an atmosphere has to expand outwards to radiate enough( by the Gas laws, which do indeed rule). Larger planets should somewhere reach sufficient gravity to keep hold of more gas than their net losses through what is really evaporation.

In infinity, I am fairly sure that such experiments are in progress.

• Willis, that’s a bit harsh on Rod. He clearly invited us to reveal the deficiencies in his argument. What more do you want? This is the debate.

• The day you can warm yourself up by standing in front of a block of ice, is the day you get to be taken seriously, Willis

• Ed Bo says:

The day you realize that you can warm yourself by standing in front of a block of (water) ice instead of a block of dry ice, or a tank of liquid nitrogen, is the day you get to be taken seriously, WWF.

• AndyG55 says:

Off you go, Ed.. go and dip your head in a bucket of ice, again

Junior high physics really did stretch your limits didn’t it.

• Ed Bo says:

So Andy: Suppose I, as an evil GHE believer, have you tied down to a big block of ice at 0C in a room at 25C. After a while, you get hypothermic and your body temperature drops to 35C.

I now offer to let you move to a big block of slate rock (which has the same thermal conductivity) at 25C in the same room instead, saying it could help you to increase your body temperature back to 37C.

By your logic, you would refuse, because the slate rock is still below your body temperature, so the change couldn’t possibly lead to an increase in your body temperature.

Now, if you were dead, that would be true. (You may be brain dead, but…)

34. Tom13 - the non climate scientist says:

Oxygen and Nitrogen are not “greenhouse Gases”
Yet dont they serve some function of retaining heat and maintaining some balance of temp in the atmosphere.

Otherwise, it would seem that the total volume of Greenhouse gases is vastly too small (1%ish not counting water vapor) to retain any quanity of heat

Hard to fathom from a scientific point of view that CO2 or any of the other greenhouses gases are sufficiently powerful to act as the thermostat to the degree which they are credited.

• joelobryan says:

O2 and N2 certainly have molecular heat capacity. That is not the issue here. As diatomic molecules with limited vibrational modes, they only absorb in the UV band. Triatomic and higher molecules like CO2, H2O, O3, CH4, NO2 are the GHG’s because they have vibrational modes that allow absorption of IR wavelength photons.

But in terms of IR electromagnetic radiation at the temps under consideration for Earth’s atmosphere and surface temps, the three main gases, that is O2, N2, and Argon (that’s 99.5% of dry air), are transparent to IR wavelengths. Thus those 3 main components of dry air cannot absorb IR photons to warm. They are transparent to IR. Our atmosphere’s temperature depends on the presence of trace gases that do absorb IR (mainly H2O in its gas phase.) and then transfer their kinetic energy through collisions to N2, O2, and Ar. But the GHE in the atmosphere also depends on the adiabatic lapse rate of the troposphere, which exists because pressure drops with altitude (gases are highly compressible of course). This temperature gradient creates an effective radiation level (ERL) where a point (vertically, a temperature profile) is reached where more photons escape to space than are re-radiated toward back toward the surface.

So now think of very dry desert air, how large a temperature swing there is from day to night. During the day, there is visible light and UV heating both the minimal water vapor and the surface. The air layer near the hot surface warms due to convective transfer. At low viewing angles, the shimmering desert convective heat flow is seen as a mirage because refracts the sunlights. But in a dry desert, with little water vapor, after the sun sets, the air cools rapidly, losing several degrees/hour because their is little vapor to help trap the escaping IR wavelength photons. That’s radiative cooling. The other non-condensing GHGs (CO2 in the troposphere, ozone in the stratosphere) help slow the cooling. This is why GHG theory predicts night-time lows will get warmer under increasing CO2 while having little measurable effect on day-time high temps.

The above descriptive physics is why the GCM outputs “predict” a tropospheric hotspot in the tropical latitudes.

And going from 3 CO2 molecules per 10,000 air molecules (0.03%) to 4 or 5 CO2 molecules per 10,000 air (0.04% to 0.05%) makes a negligible contribution to the trapping (back radiation) when the atmosphere (troposphere) contains a much higher molar quantity of (1% – 3%) H2O gas. If the atmosphere were completely dry then CO2 concentration changes would make a measurable impact on heat trapping.

This last fact is likely why the Tropospheric Hotspot in the tropics has not been observed. The GHE of CO2 is too weak to be detectable. This argues for the modification of the CO2 forcing theory from one of a strong GHE effect to a weak GHE effect for CO2. The evidence points to a weak GHE hypothesis for CO2. And that is something the current-day climateers, who are profiting from global warming alarmism, are loathe to admit.

• Martin Mason says:

Joel, the lapse rate is determined only by gravity and gas physical properties, it has no input or output from radiation. I don’t believe that the lapse rate creates the apparent radiation level, this depends only on the OLR magnitude and the surface area required to radiate it at the effective radiating temperature (-18C).

Surely there is no “trapping” of radiation by GHG’s?

• Tom13 - the non climate scientist says:

Taking the relative humidity vs ghg analogy with deserts a step further –
the average relative humidity of a typical desert ranges from 10%-30% (various sources) while the ypical countryside ranges from 50-90%. the delta of the day/night temp swings between deserts vs countrysides is in the range of 20-30 degress. With the concentration of water vapor being 200-400x the concentration of co2, it would seem that an increase of 150ppm would be less than 1-2% of the effect that water vapor would have when you compare desert vs countryside.

(apologies if my explanation isnt the best)

• Rh only matters when air temps are near dew point, that’s when it stops cooling.
Even though humidity is low in the desert, clear night min temp should be near dew point.

• Walter Sobchak says:

“Our atmosphere’s temperature depends on the presence of trace gases that do absorb IR (mainly H2O in its gas phase.) and then transfer their kinetic energy through collisions to N2, O2, and Ar.”

No. The sink of heat energy is the oceans. They warm the atmosphere by evaporation. that is how the water vapor gets there. Confirmation sip a pina colada at a sea side bar at night. Try the same thing in the desert.

• But in a dry desert, with little water vapor, after the sun sets, the air cools rapidly, losing several degrees/hour because their is little vapor to help trap the escaping IR wavelength photons. That’s radiative cooling. The other non-condensing GHGs (CO2 in the troposphere, ozone in the stratosphere) help slow the cooling. This is why GHG theory predicts night-time lows will get warmer under increasing CO2 while having little measurable effect on day-time high temps

It cools 3-4°F/hr in ohio at first too. It just stops at dew point, and the daily range is much higher in deserts.
These are both clear calm nights.

35. Steve Case says:

So now we need to examine the quality of that 15um radiation and its ability to heat the lower atmosphere.

The 15um radiation doesn’t warm anything, the sun at 500k does. All the 15um does is cancel out the 15um radiation coming up from the surface. The sun makes up the difference. Hence the atmosphere warms up a little.

That’s the theory, whether it happens or not or can actually be detected or not is the issue.

36. Peta of Newark says:

Quality not quantity.

My thinking for years now.
Sometimes called the Ultraviolet Catastrophe and the Perfect Example is solar panels.

(The UV Catastrophe was the title of a BBC Horizon program explaining a time when scientists couldn’t explain certain ‘wavelength’ or colour sensitive phenomena.)

Just exactly why do solar panels need direct (or reflected) sunlight?

• Brett Keane says:

Peta of Newark
November 19, 2017 at 8:39 am: We had a paper by warmist students a while back proposing panels to harvest the background radiation of Earthly IR return. Very excited they were at all that amperage (equalling solar input, after all). Only the sound of crickets since then, as they seek the voltage, I guess.
That pretty well explains the AGW myth, really. Magic and magic mushrooms.

37. joelobryan says:

The relationship stated in the quantum physics of electron orbitals and any relationship to temperature due to molecular kinetic energy is wrong. Dead wrong.

Sort of kills any value to discuss your other points when such a fundamental error is made.

• Brett Keane says:

joelobryan
November 19, 2017 at 8:53 am : Joel, please expound rather than excoriate. The poster requests this respectfully.

38. a point nobody has tried to explain, the earth radiates the LW towards space because space is much cooler than the earth, what force gives co2 the POWER needed to reverse that natural direction and send anything back towards the earth????? after co2 releases the tiny portion of the wave it grabbed for a picosecond again isnt a force REQUIRED to send in back towards earth?

• nickreality65 says:

“…isnt a force REQUIRED to send in back towards earth?”

Cold to hot DEMANDS work per thermo, e.g. a refrigerator.

• tty says:

It is perfectly possible for a cold molecule to emit a photon to be absorbed by a hotter one. But the flow of heat which is a statistical phenomenon will always go from warmer to colder (except for very small random fluctuations).

• nickreality65 says:

Energy is thermal property, heat is a thermal process. IR is a surface property not a bulk property. Where is the GHG surface?

• Toneb says:

“what force gives co2 the POWER needed to reverse that natural direction and send anything back towards the earth????? ”

Simply the ‘force’ of radiative exchange. Just because something is colder does not stop it radiating to something hotter. It just means that the net flow is from warm to cold. All things at temperature above 0K radiate. The atmosphere radiates, it just so happens that it is mostly transparent to LWIR (N2 +O2 = ~ 99% and there is an atmospheric window at around 12 micron for the GHGs – see graph) and at the Earth’s temp, 15 micron is the radiation it most strongly emits at. … which CO2 also happens to absorb/radiate most strongly at (just a bit more than H2O).
It comes back because the Earth’s surface is partially in the way of a measure of photons re-emitted. In the mean time (during daylight) shortwave has come in. It’s that extra SW that is causing the GHE.
The ‘delay’ in emission is due to the path-length of a photon through the trop and why it is far from saturated. At around 8km the molecular concentration falls off enough to allow most LWIR to get to space and that level is at the temp the Earth shows from space (255K) whilst here on the surface we live at it is 288K. So at that temp CO2 emits less strongly (being colder), yet it can still absorb at the same rate.
So molecules high up still radiate as normal but they are receiving less because of ‘blockage’ below – this causes stratospheric cooling while the trop warms.

• Martin Mason says:

“Net” flow of heat from warm to cold confuses the issue. the correct term is the only flow of heat is from warm to cold, surely there can be no actual flow of heat from cold to warm regardless of radiation flow if the radiation flow can’t be thermalized rather than reflected or transmitted.

• Toneb says:

In the sense than photons from the cold object impinge on the warm object there is ‘flow’, but the net flow is always from warm to cold unless work is done.
This is the fumdamental mistake made when people say “a cold object cannot heat a warm one”. Correct it cant – but it does add to its entropy and slow its cooling.

“The Second Law of Thermodynamics can be rephrased in several ways. Fundamentally, it says that heat always flows from hot objects to cold objects (unless work is exerted to make it flow the other direction). It can also be expressed using the concept of entropy as saying that the system’s entropy will always naturally increase if no work is exerted to decrease it. These rephrasings mean fundamentally the same thing because heat deals with kinetic energy and increasing a system’s kinetic energy will increase the system’s entropy.”

https://www.brightstorm.com/science/physics/heat-and-thermodynamics/second-law-of-thermodynamics/

• tty says:

A thought experiment. You have two flat metal plates somewhere out in space a foot apart. One is at 1000 degrees the other is at 500 degrees. Heat flows only in one direction, from the hotter to the colder plate. Now remove the colder plate. The hotter plate will cool down faster than before, despite that there was no heat flow to it from the colder plate.

• >>
Fundamentally, it says that heat always flows from hot objects to cold objects (unless work is exerted to make it flow the other direction).
<<

Not exactly. The Second Law is often stated as:
$\displaystyle \Delta S\ge 0$
or the change in entropy for an isolated system not in equilibrium must increase until it reaches equilibrium. Not all systems are isolated. Entropy can decrease in a closed system or an open system. The Earth is usually modeled as a closed system, but it isn’t truly closed. Closed systems don’t allow mass transfer across the system boundary. Isolated systems allow neither mass nor energy transfer across the system boundary. Open systems allow both mass and energy transfer across the system boundary.

The Second Law for a closed system is:
$\displaystyle dS=\frac{\delta {{Q}_{REV}}}{T}$
where Q is a path variable and the equation is only valid for reversible processes (this is often stated as the Clausius definition of entropy). Notice that entropy has the same units as heat capacity or energy per unit temperature and in SI units: joules per Kelvin.

Since I mentioned Heat capacity, it is defined as:
$\displaystyle C=\frac{\delta Q}{dT}$

So, in an isolated system, a colder object (say a black body) can transfer heat to a warmer object (say another black body) as long as the warmer object transfers more heat to the colder object–simple thermodynamics, and it doesn’t violate the Second Law.

Jim

39. nickreality65 says:

We live in a society exquisitely dependent on science and technology, in which hardly anyone knows anything about science and technology.
Carl Sagan

In questions of science, the authority of a thousand is not worth the humble reasoning of a single individual.
 Galileo Galilei

 “There are those who reason well, but they are greatly outnumbered by those who reason badly.”

― Galileo Galilei

40. Here is a picture of what natural gas does to IR.
.

.
Note how it blocks it out. Same thing happens to IR with CO2, but not to the same extent. If you were in orbit around the earth, and you “took a picture” in the IR band, CO2 would “darken” the image you get. This is how it “blocks” the IR escaping the planet.

• Toneb says:

Further….

• mkelly says:

This seems to demonstrate that we are wrong about the CO2 absorption range. A flame is putting out a frequency of well above 15u. But since no thermometer was inside the tube there is no demonstration that there was an increase in temperature.

• AndyG55 says:

CO2 expanding straight from a pressurized gas bottle……. DOH !!

Talk about ANTI-science…… and Toneb gets SUCKED IN by it.

• AndyG55 says:

And as mkelly says, frequency spectrum of a candle is nowhere near the absorption frequency of CO2

• AndyG55 says:

This is the sort of NON-science we have come to expect from you, tone. !

• Toneb says:

• The problem with his little demonstration is the candles flame is +500 degrees hotter than my shrubs, or the co2 in the atm.

This is propaganda. He knows better than this, that this isn’t really applicable to the problem that exists. He just had to sensationalize it to make an effect, and that’s what’s wrong with the consensus on AGW.

It all stinks.

• Toneb says:

“The problem with his little demonstration is the candles flame is +500 degrees hotter than my shrubs, or the co2 in the atm.”

My second vid isn’t.
Temp of the presenters hand.

• That’s still the candle video.
Besides the point, they filled it with 100% co2.
And so what, there’s an equal negative water feedback to the increases in co2 warming if there is any.

• Toneb says:

“That’s still the candle video.”

No.
Here again ….

• Toneb says:

No it doesn’t.
And so what – look at the “hand” one.
Or are you gainsaying that as well.

• mkelly says:

Again there should be attenuation of the hand. 98.6 F is still well above the absorbing area of CO2. And again no thermometers.

• joelobryan says:

What you say about CO2 darkening the Earth viewed from space in the 15 um band is true. The informed, educated skeptic recognizes CO2 is GHG. But most of your darkening is due to water vapor that is unavoidably present on our 71% water world planet.

The real question for the informed, educated skeptic (that the alarmists avoid) though is is there appreciable (measurable) darkening when CO2 concentration goes from 3 CO2 molecules/10,000 air molecules to 6 CO2/10,000 air molecules. The 2 facts – 1) that the tropospheric hotspot has not been observed, and 2) that models are running too hot compared to 25+ years observation strongly suggests the CO2 strong GHE theory must be modified to a weak GHE theory.

But without a strong CO2 GHE theory, the alarmist argument collapses. That would mean the entire politicized Climate Change and the trillions of dollars hoped to be re-distrubuted vanishes as well.

• Martin Mason says:

CPR is that not a blocking of reflected visible light not IR?

• Note two things in the picture. First the black asphalt roads are very “bright.” This picture is taken in the IR bands, not in the visible bands. The asphalt is “bright” because it is HOT. Also, natural gas does not block visible light, and the plume you are looking at is the natural gas escaping from an underground storage facility in California.

• Hugs says:

A good visualization on the effect The surface IR is absorbed into air which then does not re-emit it quickly at a wavelength visible in the picture. But, this is different from CO2 in multiple ways.

41. Satellites, often looking down from about 70km, see earth radiation at many different temperatures. You can’t just take a 15C/289K Planck curve and say, “hey, this only radiates at 10 microns”. Low energy IR radiation does not usually cause “electronic” transitions, that is bumping electrons to higher orbits. IR typically causes rotational and vibrational transitions. The significant CO2 transitions and their “bites” out of the spectrum are shown below. Their radiative temperatures are all different.

The 15um/667.4 fundamental bend (vibration) is seen radiating at a peak temperature of nearly 250K, and the surrounding rotations radiate at and conform to the 220K Planck curve.

The fundamental problem is we don’t live in a purely radiative world, as Bill and others have pointed out, collisional/conductive and convective interactions with the other (largely IR transparent) .996 of the atmosphere modulate the effective radiative temperatures. CO2 has a very low emissivity (tendency to emit photons). It prefers to dance.

Whatever you wish to call the disturbances in the electromagnetic/weak field, photons, or something we can detect as particle like, definitely exist; even though they have no mass. They do not control the earth’s energy balance alone.

• tty says:

“They do not control the earth’s energy balance alone.”

In a way they do, because the heat always finally leaves the Earth TOA as photons. But they do not alone control, or even dominate the heat balance of the surface of the Earth. Convection does.

• joelobryan says:

In the summer, looking across an asphalt surface at low incidence angle over a long distance (long optical path length path length), one see the shimmer. That shimmering (mirage as it is called) is of course refraction due to rapidly warmed boundary-layer air rising from the hot black asphalt surface. The asphalt is dry. The air is mostly dry. Water vapor is present, it warms too. But the vast bulk of the heat transfer from a dry surface in this case is conduction at the boundary where air molecules collide with the hot asphalt molecules.

• tty says:

True, though part of the heating of the air is also due to LWIR emitted by the asphalt and absorbed by the air. And conduction is only important for the boundary and a very thin air layer because of the very low thermal conductivity of the air.

• Brett Keane says:

tty
November 19, 2017 at 9:49 am: Agreed tty. Next we have to get it that heat, being a process caused by Kinetic Energy, is what results in radiation. Radiation is not heat and only relatively weakly results in it if it interacts with matter in a kinetic manner. Another basis for warmist waffle.

• Gymnosperm, of course in the end, radiation is all that matters, as that is the only way energy actually leaves Earth.

• Yes, my sloppy. tty has pointed this out. I should have said radiation does not alone control temperature between the surface and the effective radiative altitude.

Of course, it is actually far more complicated. The solar wind is incoming energy, but it is not EM radiation. Likewise, ions stripped from the earth’s atmosphere, reputedly as heavy as Oxygen, count as energy out.

42. Schrodinger's Cat says:

I have some doubts about some of your statements. Carbon dioxide does not undergo changes in electron levels as far as I know. Also, I’m not sure if the altitude of an electron from the nucleus is quite correct either. I think these are visualisations of differences in energy. However in the case of CO2, the extra energy is not sufficient to do any of that. It simply changes the vibrational energy. CO2 has four vibrational modes and the amplitude of the vibration is what changes on excitation.

I don’t think these change the the substance of your main claim, but since I am still grappling with that. I cannot comment either way. There is certainly something seriously wrong with the settled science.

As a footnote to Anthony, it may be a contentious topic but it is absolutely fundamental to the debate. The principles of spectroscopy are well known but when transferred to an atmospheric context there are masses of uncertainties to be resolved. This is where pseudo scientific assumptions and cherry picking of facts can support a credible argument on either side. Debates like this make gradual progress in revealing better insight. Thank you for posting this one.

43. under GHG theory the temperature of the earth would be unchanged if all the O2 and N2 was removed.

this makes no sense. the atmosphere has thermal inertia which would be dramatically reduced without O2 and N2. Nowhere is this accounted for.

• nickreality65 says:

ferdberple,

So what would the earth be like without an atmosphere?

The average solar constant is 1,368 W/m^2 with an S-B BB temperature of 394 K or 17 C higher than the boiling point of water under sea level atmospheric pressure, which would no longer exist. The oceans would boil away removing the giga-tons of pressure that keeps the molten core in place. The molten core would push through the floor flooding the surface with dark magma changing both emissivity and albedo. With no atmosphere a steady rain of meteorites would pulverize the surface to dust same as the moon. The earth would be much like the moon with a similar albedo (0.12) and large swings in surface temperature from lit to dark sides. No clouds, no vegetation, no snow, no ice a completely different albedo, certainly not the current 30%. No molecules means no convection, conduction, latent energy and surface absorption/radiation would be anybody’s guess. Whatever the conditions of the earth would be without an atmosphere, it is most certainly NOT 240 W/m^2 and 255K.

The alleged 33C difference is between a) an average surface temperature composed of thousands of WAGs that must be +/- entire degrees and b) a theoretical temperature calculation 100 km (32 km) away that cannot even be measured (no molecules to compare) and c) all with an intact and fully functioning atmosphere.

The surface of the earth is warm because the atmosphere provides an insulating blanket, a thermal resistance, no different from the insulation in the ceiling and walls of a house with the temperature differential determined per the equation Q = U * A * dT, simple to verify and demonstrate.

• tty says:

“The surface of the earth is warm because the atmosphere provides an insulating blanket, a thermal resistance, no different from the insulation in the ceiling and walls of a house with the temperature differential determined per the equation Q = U * A * dT, simple to verify and demonstrate.”

Sorry, but that is not at all how it works. Hint: check the thermal conductivity of air (it is about the same as polyurethane foam) and calculate the temperature gradient needed to move 168 Wm^-2 through, say, 10 kilometers of polyurethane foam.
Also how do you explain that the temperature reaches a minimum at the tropopause and then starts increasing again?
The dominant heat-transfer mechanism in the atmosphere is convection and the lapse-rate is simply the amount of energy needed to drive the convection.

• nickreality65 says:

tty

“Also how do you explain that the temperature reaches a minimum at the tropopause and then starts increasing again?”

As molecular density decreases there is less molecular and more radiation. It’s a balance point.

• tty says:

Less molecular what?

44. GHG theory predicts the tropospheric hotspot. This has failed to emerge.

in science a single failed prediction is absolute proof of a failed theory.

however, trying to prove why GHG theory failed is largely a fools errand, because we have no replacement theory.

for example. we know that Newtonian gravity fails to predict rotational speed of gravity. however, we cannot. explain why because we have no alternative theory. instead we are left to invent a new form of matter. dark matter that obeys some laws but not others. and then we postulate that the universe is 90% dark matter. this is GHG theory mistakes on a cosmic scale.

• correction. fails to predict rotational speed of galaxies.

• Sunsettommy says:

C. Paul Pierett,

Did you read what their “evidence” is for the hotspot, that Satellites still can’t find.

This one is much better article:

Study: Tropical Hotspot ‘Fingerprint’ Of Global Warming Doesn’t Exist In The Real World Data

https://wattsupwiththat.com/2016/09/22/study-tropical-hotspot-fingerprint-of-global-warming-doesnt-exist-in-the-real-world-data/

Satellite data shows no warming at all in one area and only 1/3 of the modeled warming in the other area.

You are easily fooled.

• sunsettommy says:

“The researchers instead used observations and combined two well-known techniques—linear regression and Kriging”

Ha ha ha ha ha……..

You can’t be THAT stupid.

Meanwhile a rebuttal was posted on it:

Desperation — who needs thermometers? Sherwood finds missing hot spot with homogenized “wind” data

“The fingerprint test of the water-vapor feedback is the “hot-spot”, a warming of a band of the upper troposphere 10 km over the tropics. (See the reasons below at the end). The weather balloons were designed and calibrated to measure temperature and humidity as they rise through the sky and right through the hot-spot. Their results are unequivocal: red was not yellow; the spot was not hotter. Supporting this, the specific humidity was also supposed to rise, but fell instead. If the computer models worked on everything else, we might wonder if the millions of observations were biased, but the models didn’t predict the pause, were wrong about humidity, rainfall, drought, and clouds too. They didn’t work on regional, local, or continental scales and can’t explain long term historic climate either. At this point, a scientist would throw out the theory. The weather balloons independently agreed with each other, the humidity results fitted the temperature results, the whole lot was loosely supported by satellites. The data doesn’t need homogenising or kriging or obscure numerical witchcraft.

Instead Steven Sherwood and Nidhi Nishant of UNSW revisited their 2008 technique of homogenizing temperature data by using wind data as well. They homogenised it again. They have iterated the iteration? They’ve also extended it from 2005 to 2013 and changed the “wind shear” component to “vector wind”. Their new homogenized-temp-wind data is below (left). The model predictions of 2005 are centre, and the radiosonde temperature results (before homogenisation etc) are on the right.”

http://joannenova.com.au/2015/05/desperation-who-needs-thermometers-sherwood-finds-missing-hot-spot-with-homogenized-wind-data/

Here is what the SATELLITE data was showing up to 2013:

Professor Sherwood produced a dumb PDF.

• HotScot says:

ferdberple

Layman’s interpretation of what you have just posted.

A scientific theory doesn’t work because something is missing. It’s not known what’s missing, but introducing an unknown makes the original theory work.

No wonder I abandoned science at secondary school. It’s like playing a game of chess, with a million pieces. Nothing is ever solved, just continually shuffled around with everyone having an opinion on which way to move a single pawn, that doesn’t exist.

• Sheri says:

“Nothing is ever solved, just continually shuffled around with everyone having an opinion on which way to move a single pawn, that doesn’t exist.”

You just described all of life.

• nickreality65 says:

ferdberple

RGHE/GHG theory assumes the earth is warmer w/ than w/o atmosphere. Attempts to explain this assumption are futile because it is fundamentally incorrect.

The atmospheric insulation blanket creates a thermal resistance (all 32km worth of molecules that matter) just like an electrical resistance or hydraulic resistance. In all three instances a potential difference is required to move energy: dT or dV or dH, from A to B. For heat flow it is: Q = U A dT where U, aka 1/resistance, is the combined effect of conduction, convection, latent and radiative properties together with wind, storms, lit side, dark side, etc. everything that impedes thermal movement from surface to ToA where 100% radiation takes over. (No molecules in space to take the energy handoff.)

The atmosphere is little more than a fundamental HVAC problem.

RGHE theory says the ground would get cold w/o “back” downwelling radiation. Reams of USCRN data show absolutely zero evidence of this.

The sun warms it all. Air temperature swings widely because of its low thermal capacity. The 2cm ground temperature swings very little because of its high thermal capacity. The 100 cm ground temperature hardly changes.

All night and in winter the air temperature spends many hours below ground temperature so the ground heats the air, NOT vice versa.

RGHE theory simply doesn’t stand up to physical observations. All the rest of the discussion is sound and fury signifying nothing.

What shall occupy our empty hours then?

• tty says:

However the resistance is gravitational, not thermal, since the dominating heat transfer mechanism is convection. The atmosphere has such low thermal conductivity that conduction is uttery insignificant. It is no coincidence that almost all insulating materials are mostly air.

• nickreality65 says:

Cold air settles, warm air rises by gravity.

And heat rises through my due to anti-gravity waves.

• nickreality65 says:

attic

• tty says:

“Cold air settles, warm air rises by gravity.”

Essentially correct. Warm air has lower density and therefore rises. As it rises it expands and cools down. Ultimately it will come down somewhere else, outside the convection cell.

• Toneb says:

“GHG theory predicts the tropospheric hotspot. This has failed to emerge.”

It is also the theory in any sort of warming. It is merely a function of greater LH release aloft in the tropical high atmosphere via convection.

One thing – it ois difficult to find because of the nature of the instruments used. Radiosondes are imprecise for the job and have changed over the years, and sat obs are contaminated by Stratospheric cooling – which is a function of GHG theory.

Another thing is that it has been found …

“First, tropical warming is equally strong over both the 1959–2012 and 1979–2012 periods, increasing smoothly and almost moist-adiabatically from the surface (where it is roughly 0.14 K/decade) to 300 hPa (where it is about 0.25 K/decade over both periods), a pattern very close to that in climate model predictions. ”

http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/10/5/054007/meta

45. Germonio says:

It is hard to know where to begin with such a complete pile of nonsense. One of the more obvious errors is confusing a black body radiation spectrum with discrete absorption lines due to molecular transitions. Then there is the weird description of electron orbitals which do not make any sense. If there was any attempt at quality control on this blog this post would have been thrown into the trash where it belongs.

• Martin Mason says:

As would yours.

• tty says:

I think the main problem is that the author seems to be completely unaware that the energy levels of a molecule are a lot more complex than for a single atom.

• Brett Keane says:

Germonio
November 19, 2017 at 10:42 am: Once again, explain not excoriate. Show how you are more knowledgeable, not just something else…..

46. radiation works by the exchange of photons. convection works by the exchange of virtual photons. thus if there is a GHG effect for co2 there must be the same effect for n2.

co2 absorbs a photon from the surface. this can be radiated up or down. n2 absorbs a virtual photon from the surface. this can be conducted up or down.

in all aspects the GHG effect operates like conduction at a distance, except that co2 can radiate to space while n2 cannot. thus co2 cools the surface on net as compared to n2.

• Germinio says:

Ferd,
I would suggest you need a dictionary. Convection refers to the movement of hot molecules from one place to another. It has nothing to do with virtual photons.

47. Uncle Gus says:

Fascinating!

I’m learning here just how little I know about gas absorbtion and emmission phenomena.

I’m also learning how much utter bilge can be written by someone who knows *nothing* about such things, but is willing to shoot their mouth off endlessly. And getting a fair idea of how difficult it must be for a relative layman to tell the difference.

For the record, Gill is wrong, but he’s at least honest. It would be nice if someone took him through his presentation point by point and explained (gently) where he went wrong. I’d do it, but, as I hinted, I’m not best qualified.

(Incidentally, I asked for something like this debate weeks ago – it’s good to see it happening. Not so good to see that the Greenhouse Deniers are not giving up, Against stupidity the Gods themselves strive in vain.)

• Uncle Gus, why the rant after saying this: |… I’m not best qualified.”? But, you feel yourself qualified to claim: “Not so good to see that the Greenhouse Deniers are not giving up, Against stupidity the Gods themselves strive in vain.” I bet you don’t even understand your own hypocrisy.

• Martin Mason says:

Please try, we, the great unwashed, are waiting to be educated.

• AndyG55 says:

“I’m learning here just how little I know ”

That has been obvious to us in basically every one of your posts. !

48. Steven Mosher says:

“Experts suggest there is a net down welling 2W/m2 of long wave infra-red radiation (LWIR) that is causing global warming.”

no.

the downwelling LWIR is a RESULT of GHGs ( like water) it is not the cause of warming.
When people “popularize” the science and dumb it down, they say LWIR causes the warming.
nope.

When you increase c02 two things happens.

1. the stratosphere cools. We have seen this. Its How we know the warming is GHG related and not the
sun.
2. The average altitude at which the earth radiates to space is raised. Since we have a negative lapse rate
that means the earth radiates from a higher and thus colder place.
a) radiating from a colder place entails a slow down in the cooling to space.
b) to maintain energy balance, the compensating increase in warmth at the surface has three
pathways:
1. it can go into the ocean
2. it can melt ice
3. it can warm the air.

• Schrodinger's Cat says:

Or 4. or it might mean the earth is cooler.

• Tom says:

Why does the stratosphere cool? I’m not disagreeing, I just would like to hear your explanation.

• tty says:

Because in the stratosphere radiation dominates over convection, so more GHG increases the radiative energy loss. The temperature gradient is also the opposite – it gets warmer with altitude, since the main energy source is UV absorption in the ozone layer from which temperature decreases both upwards and downwards.

• Bernard Lodge says:

Tom November 19, 2017 at 12:10 pm

Even more explaining needed of the temperature changes as altitude increases:

In the Troposphere, temperature falls with altitude but, above the Troposphere comes the Stratosphere where temperatures increase with altitude but, above the Stratosphere comes the Mesosphere where temperatures fall again with altitude but, above the Mesosphere comes the Thermosphere where temperatures go up again with altitude!

Given the differences of opinion on this thread, I would love to hear everyone’s theories as to why all these temperature changes happen? :)

• tty says:

“2. The average altitude at which the earth radiates to space is raised. Since we have a negative lapse rate
that means the earth radiates from a higher and thus colder place.”

So you mean that when the temperature at the surface goes up the average temperature of the Earth seen from space will go down? That the temperature profile of the atmosphere is somehow unchangeable?

What does happen is that with more CO2 the average altitude from which the heat radiates out will rise slightly. All things equal this means that the surface temperature will also rise slightly, since more energy is needed to lift the convecting air.

However all things aren’t equal. Higher temperature means more evaporation and more H2O in the atmosphere More H2O in the atmosphere means a less steep lapse rate, i e a smaller temperature difference between the surface and a specific altitude. There will also be albedo effects (=clouds, snow, vegetation).

All things considered more CO2 in the atmosphere does seem likely to result in some warming, but the effect is probably quite slight.

• Martin Mason says:

Stephen, what do you, as an English graduate, know about the science?

• Mosher finally gets something right. Thing is, this effect cannot be calculated, so all attempts at defining Climate Sensitivity are un-scientific.

• Ed Bo says:

Stephen knows a hell of a lot more about the science than you do, Martin.

I don’t always agree with Stephen, but I take his analysis (not his snark) seriously. You, on the other hand…

You, as an engineer, should be ashamed that you have been “schooled” (as the kids say) by an English major.

• AndyG55 says:

“1. it can go into the ocean
2. it can melt ice
3. it can warm the air.”

NONE of which is happening.

1. Oceans are currently cooling, especially Southern Ocean

2. Only ice melt is down from the Highest level since the LIA (late 1970s)
Arctic sea ice is still in the top 10% of extent wrt the last 10,000 years
Purely in line with the approx 60 year AMO cycle

3. No warming in satellite data apart from ocean events.. ie release of energy from the oceans at El Nino events.

You are still selling moldy lemons , Mosh. Useless even as a car salesman.

• No, if the magnitude of the effect cannot be calculated, then, Stephen Mosher has admitted that he, and BEST, are simple record-keepers, unable to predict Climate Sensitivity, and have also admitted, no one else can either.

No one can. From first principles, which means from the laws of Physics which have nothing to do with dodgy thermometer records, we cannot calculate Climate Sensitivity. Think about this.

Most people do not understand that the entire atmosphere radiates to space, including N2, O2, Argon, and the entire mass of the Atmosphere. All Matter above Absolute Zero radiates all the time.

Hotter Matter radiates to the Absolute Zero of Outer Space, which could maybe be a small fraction of a degree Kelvin above Absolute Zero, More than cooler matter.

There is this word Opaque. This word means No Radiation Penetrates. The Top of the Atmosphere radiates to space at a temperature far above Absolute Zero, much closer to the temperature at which CO2 has ceased to be opaque to the radiation it can absorb at its best absorption frequency, 15 Microns, corresponding to around -80 C.

More CO2 raises the altitude at which this happens. Due to the Lapse Rate, the higher the altitude at which the atmosphere no longer encounters an opaque layer, the cooler the temperature becomes at which the Entire Atmosphere can radiate to space. Heat Transfer is proportional to the Delta T, the difference in temperature between hotter and cooler.

More CO2 reduces the atmosphere’s flux to space, increasing the amount of heat retained in the atmosphere, warming the air at the surface, but no one can calculate how much.

Mosher is right, this time…

• More CO2 reduces the atmosphere’s flux to space, increasing the amount of heat retained in the atmosphere, warming the air at the surface, but no one can calculate how much.

Not much, because water compensates for the increase.

• AndyG55 says:

“Stephen Mosher has admitted that he, and BEST, are simple record-keepers”

Don’t forget .. Data Molesters. !!

• Chris says:

“Don’t forget .. Data Molesters. !!”

Stupid comment of the day. Evidence of a 3rd grade intellect.

• AndyG55 says:

No need to put a title on your posts Chris. They are always stupid. !

Do you DENY that BEST massively manipulate/torture the data to meet their “regional expectations” ?

• Moderately Cross of East Anglia says:

Steven – an honest question to answer please. If the average altitude at which th e Earth radiates to space is raised surely the radiating surface is also increased precisely because it is a now a larger spherical surface. Is that taken into account?

• Ed Bo says:

MCoEA:

It’s easy to do the math. Let’s say, the “emission level” is increased by 100 meters (0.1km). The radius is increased from 6400km to 6400.1km, a 0.0015% increase. So the surface area is increased by 0.003%.

If you use a lapse rate of 6K per km, the raised layer would increase the surface temperature by 0.6K, other things being equal (yes, this is a highly simplified analysis). The increase in emission layer area of 3 parts in 100,000 is completely trivial in this analysis.

• Moderately Cross of East Anglia says:

Ed Bo. – thanks.

• Michael S. Kelly says:

I think you missed something very important. Water vapor dominates the radiative heat transfer from the lower troposphere, blocking most of the spectrum that other GHGs would otherwise block. When the buoyant air reaches the tropopause, the water vapor condenses out. Water vapor ceases to be a factor at all in the process of radiating from the ground to space. So the effects of increasing the amounts of the other GHGs is no longer masked by water vapor.

• b) to maintain energy balance, the compensating increase in warmth at the surface has three
pathways:
1. it can go into the ocean
2. it can melt ice
3. it can warm the air.

No wonder you can’t figure it out, you forgot the optical window to space.

• Chris says:

No, he didn’t forget the sky window. He said the increase in warmth at the surface, he was not referring to the fact that some of the sun’s energy that reaches the earth’s surface goes back out into space through the sky window.

• No, he didn’t forget the sky window. He said the increase in warmth at the surface, he was not referring to the fact that some of the sun’s energy that reaches the earth’s surface goes back out into space through the sky window.

Right, but he probably doesn’t expect the atm to self adjust how cold it gets, and there not being all that much additional warmth left to deal with. So none of his choices are correct, really.

• a) radiating from a colder place entails a slow down in the cooling to space.

I’m throwing food now.

Can you explain “slow down cooling”? Does the emissivity of the planet change? Does CO2 change the emissivity of the planet? Where, then, is the back up that constitutes the “slow down”? — in a magical zone between the given emissivity and the given planetary radiation? How does that work? “Slow down” with respect to what time frame? Is Earth on a schedule to cool by a certain time? Who sets it? How long does it take for enough “slow down” to cause heating? WHAT exactly is being “slowed down”? What is the entity defining “cooling” that is being “slowed down”?

This “slow down the cooling to space” sounds a lot like a piece of glass inhibiting convection, … a roundabout way of resurrecting the idea of a barrier that keeps stuff from moving out. It’s a more indirect way of erecting that retaining barrier (via conceptual, rather than physical), but still it seems to beg holding onto a cherished, flawed idea.

I have yet to be convinced that a “colder place” can cause heating by any known physical means, either directly by adding heat or indirectly by “slowing down cooling”.

• Energy comes in, energy goes out, all the time. If a little less energy goes out, then the atmosphere has a little more energy, and is a little warmer. Lapse rate means that the average temperature at the surface is determined by how much energy is leaving at the TOA.

• Steve Fitzpatrick says:

Steve Mosher,

It is unfortunate that you believe you have to restate the obvious in response to a rubbish post..

But fair enough. Yes, increasing GHG’s warm the surface (though the details are complicated and not homogeneous in time or space). Yes, continued use of fossil fuels will cause additional warming unless offsetting factors keep that from happening.

Now that we are past that, the real issues are (and have always been) how much warming, over how long, the negative consequences of that warming, and what offsetting benefits (eg greater crop production) balance in whole or in apart the negative consequences of that warming.

LOOK HERE!
I got the first comment in this thread and I told you not to treat “photons” like they were real massless particles. I got my big red marker pen out and crossed out everybody who did.

Has anybody got another big red pen (or 2) please as I seem to have run out before I got to the end.

Furthermore ; Who the hell told more half of you that you could add radiative fluxes arithmetically?

Anyone who still thinks they can by tomorrow is invited round to my kitchen where I have a large number of radiative objects at all kinds of temperatures from 0 to 90 C which you will be required to arrange in an ensemble of your liking and invention in order to boil my egg.(Boil = 100 C)

Seriously guys and gals an actual experiment or even a thought experiment to show that adding radiative flux arithmetically is scientific nonsense is so flippin’ simple it is school physics level. Please – up your game!

If you cannot even grasp this the furthest you are going with atmospheric physics is horizontal dermatological absorption.

• Tom says:

It’s not clear what you mean. If we had two suns, wouldn’t it be a lot hotter?

• nickreality65 says:

Double the W/m^2 at the sun (two suns) also doubles the W/m^2 at earth’s orbit – 1,368 * 2 = 2,736. S-B BB equivalent temperature rises to 468.7 K from 394 K.

Tom and nickreality65.

Lets go a bit further. The Sun occupies a tiny percentage of the area of the sky, I think something like 0.002% IIRC . So never mind TWO suns, let the thought experiment go large and we can have 50,000 suns , should just be able to squeeze them into that sky. Now please redo the SB calculation like you did for 2 suns, nick. The answer should tell you something. Especially when you compare it with the temperature of EACH sun. A new definition of heat transfer from “cold” to “hot” !

This is of course the same as my numerous 90C radiating objects in my kitchen which you need to arrange to boil my egg. Yes, there are at least 50,000 of them and you can arrange them in a sphere around my saucepan.

Looks like I am having just the toast then.

• Ed Bo says:

You ask: “Who the hell told more half of you that you could add radiative fluxes arithmetically?”

The 1st Law of Thermodynamics (conservation of energy) told me that. It is any absolutely necessary consequence of a conserved quantity like energy.

In any actual thermodynamics class, virtually the first thing you learn is to add and subtract energy transfers to and from a “control mass” to determine changes in the energy of the control mass in “energy balance” calculations.

It’s no different from balancing your checkbook, which must observe “conservation of money”. In effect you are arguing that if you get a second job (let’s say lower paying than your first job), you can’t add the money you get from your second job to your bank account. It’s an absurd argument!

• Seriously guys and gals an actual experiment or even a thought experiment to show that adding radiative flux arithmetically

Actually you cannot add temperature fields, that is nonsense, but if you concert it to flux, W/m^2, you can, then concert it back to a temp.

You got flux and field confused.

• Michael S. Kelly says:

Oooh, yes, Reverend! I see, now! Please don’t beat me again! Pleeeasse!

• mkelly says:

Badger, you are correct. If you could add w/m2 then it would be possible to cook steak with ice cubes.

Once an object has attained the max temperature it can adding a second source with the same temperature, as first, cannot cause the object to increase further. (T4 – T4) tells us that.

50. LdB says:

Your Quantum facts are almost to a tee wrong

1.) Molecules have one or more electrons circling them. blah blah blah

NO

That is classical physics junk. In QM the electrons have complex distribution clouds only S orbitals 1s,2s,3s are circular. The reason is that electrons have half-integer QM spin and subject to Pauli exclusion principle that says two or more identical QM spin particles can not occupy the same space at the same time. They will instead by subject to pairing creating a waveform between them.

The reason for the half spin can be seen by seen by watching the field movement

You will also note the momentum is in the field it is not a real spin like in the physical sense.
So Quantum spin can be thought of as momentum but it can not be equated to a physical object spinning.

2.) For a molecule to “warm up” (have more kinetic energy) it needs its electrons to move to a higher, more energetic orbit. This can happen in one of two ways, get energy from a more energetic molecule via collision or receive energy via radiation.

PARTLY

That is the process of excitation and it creates an excited state it equates to temperature in classical physics. Outside the two ways listed you can also excite an atom via the electric or magnetic fields.
You need to be careful the temperature however is not always positive, it can be negative :-)

3.) For an electron to move to a higher orbit from radiation it must receive a photon with sufficient energy for an electron to reach that higher orbit. blah blah

NO

You need to break that into Photoexcitation which says a Photon must have a frequency that matches the one of the excitation energy level to be absorbed. You can view it as a resonate frequency with one of the excitation states of the molecule. Any energy absorbed in this manner departs from the equilibrium Boltzmann distribution as viewed by classical physics.

If the energy does not match those special resonant frequencies absorption of the photon takes place in accordance with Planck’s quantum theory.

4.) Carbon dioxide can only absorb Long Wave Infrared Radiation (LWIR) energy and radiate it at 15 micro metres, a fraction of the LWR spectrum blah blah

NO

Photoexcitation is an independant process and will occur at any temperature
Laser cooling illustrates this in the most extreme way.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_cooling

The energies that are outside the resonant frequencies behave in the more normal way as you are trying to describe.

5.) Electrons orbiting molecules of a liquid or solid need more energy to boost an electron’s orbit than electrons in a gas, so require more energetic photons again to warm them. blah blah blah

NO
see item 4, temperature does not play a part in photoexcitation only photon energy match

Now, you need to stop following the thermal collision effects and deal with only the photoexcitation effect and key to understanding that is bring Nitrogen into the mix. Nitrogen exists mainly as a simple diatomic atom in the atmosphere and it’s excited states are metastable and relatively long-lived and they happen to overlap a couple of CO2 frequencies. Classical collisions between CO2 and N2 will exchange energy in the photoexcitation frequencies. So the normal thermal energy and the photoexcitation energies can interchange. Without the interplay the two sets of energy would remain isolated.

• Martin Mason says:

blah blah blah.

• Chris says:

Martin, do all your posts provide zero value add? Someone takes the time to write a detailed rebuttal of the author’s points, and all you have to say is blah blah blah. Truly the hallmark of a lightweight.

51. Much to read here in the comments, and I WILL get to it all later.

My overall observation, though, is that the talk still seems to center on warming.

The atmosphere keeps Earth’s surface from getting to hot too. The atmosphere, therefore, BOTH cools the surface AND warms the surface at the same time, depending on your perspective, … depending on what you are referencing as the main focus.

I think that talk should shift away from speaking of either extreme (warming or cooling) as the main focus and, instead, shift to the concept of REGULATION, which must consider both, or neither, depending on how you look at it.

Regulation involves an exchange between two processes, rather than either of those processes alone. And so it seems that CO2, H2O, and other gases REGULATE Earth’s temperature withing the habitable range familiar to us.

• Damn typos above that I cannot fix. Live with them and groan.

• Dr. Deanster says:

I agree Robert. As I noted earlier, the ocean, the soil, and the GHG merely serve as heat sinks for the atmosphere. The aspect of CO2 is limited by the amount of IR available to be absorbed. The equilibrium equation heat sink capacity can only reach a certain maximum simply because there is no more IR in that spectrum to work with.

So, as you say, it plays a small role in stabilizing the atmospheric temperature, but it plays little role to n the overall stabilization process, simply because it is insignificant compared to the ocean (the overwhelming #1 heat sink), and water vapor, the primary heat sink in atmosphere.

52. CheshireRed says:

One thing that posts like this definitely demonstrate is there is no consensus. When multiple highly-qualified professionals and well-informed amateurs cannot agree on something as fundamental to ‘global warming’ as a GHE or high sensitivity…then it’s obvious there’s still oodles of uncertainty.

53. The back radiation is not the only energy flux warming the surface. There is also the direct solar irradiation. Below is an energy balance sheet of the Earth. It is the only presentation showing the three sky conditions: first number is all-sky, the second number is clear sky, and the third underlined number is cloudy sky. The total energy flux warming the surface is Sd + Ed = 168,8 W/m2 +344,7 = 513,5 W/m2. And
by the way, the both energy fluxes are based on direct measurements. The energy balance of the Earth’s surface shows that the incoming energy fluxes and the outgoing energy fluxes are in balance. If they were not, the surface would cool or warm.

54. Robert W Turner says:

The major misconception presented here is treating all molecular energy the same. There are two distinct types, translational kinetic energy that all molecules have, and quantized vibrational energy that dipole molecules can have.

The GHG theory treats the later energy type as if it is not quantized, in other words they conceptualize that a dipole molecule will always absorb a certain wavelength of energy even if it is already in the energized vibrational state, that is NOT correct. If the gas molecule is already in its excited energy state, it can not continue to absorb that wavelength of light, that light will be transparent, reflected, or in some instances it will stimulate that molecule to radiate that energy and drop back to the non energized state.

However, very small levels of energy (factions of 1 eV) can be lost or gained from the quantized energy and given to translational kinetic energy upon collisions with other gas molecules — that’s why the absorption is a band instead of an exact wavelength. These collisions theoretically occur every 10^-7 s at atmospheric pressure which is faster than CO2 molecules theoretically radiate heat. Therefore, we should expect some minor heating caused by an increase in CO2 molecules in the atmosphere from conversion of quantized energy into translational kinetic energy from their collisions with non dipole molecules.

If all GHG molecules in the atmosphere are already absorbing and reemitting all available spectra able to bump the molecules into the energized state, then the only mechanism for additional retardation of heat escaping from the atmosphere can occur from the collisions described above. But that’s only if the available infrared energy is the limiting factor whereas more heating would occur if it is the available number of dipole molecules is the limiting factor.

In my opinion, we have empirical data showing that it is indeed the available IR that is the limiting factor and therefore any additional dipole molecules in the atmosphere can only heat by losing some of their quantized energy to kinetic energy. That is the CERES and TERRA data that has shown that certain regions of the atmosphere lose more heat into space than they receive from the sun, one region in particular being the Sahara desert.

This data not only shows that it is water vapor dominating the GHG feedback, but to me it also suggests that there is something to the theory that the temperature of planet’s atmosphere is largely dependent on adiabatic and gravity pressure induced compression heating. The most heat leaving the planet happens to be where cooled dry air descends within the atmosphere and inducing high pressure.

Notice the outgoing longwave radiation coincident with the descending air associated with Hadley cells. Please, I invite anyone to explain this with the GHG planetary warming theory and how it is not explained by adiabatic and gravity driven heating.

• tty says:

“gravity pressure induced compression heating.”

No such thing really. Pressure does not cause heating or cooling, only changes in pressure. Rising air cools down, sinking air warms up. This is the basic reason for the lapse rate.

That there is more outgoing radiation in the descending part of the Hadley cell is because the air there has lost most of the water vapor (the really important GHG) and is therefore much more transparent to LWIR, so it comes from a lower and warmer layer.

• Robert W Turner says:

What do you mean no such thing really? Very basic physics, really.

“work done by gravity = W = mgh (h = height lost by the object)

An alternate way of looking at this is to call this the gravitational potential energy. An object with potential energy has the potential to do work. In the case of gravitational potential energy, the object has the potential to do work because of where it is, at a certain height above the ground, or at least above something.”

http://physics.bu.edu/~duffy/py105/Energy.html

• Robert W Turner says:

The process is started by solar heating of the ground, air masses warm up on the ground, they rise and then fall in the Hadley Cells. Without an atmosphere this process would not occur, but since there is an atmosphere it does indeed happen and it depends on the density of the atmosphere nearly irrespective of atmospheric composition.

• Ed Bo says:

tty is correct. Static pressure does not cause any energy transfer.

Robert’s equation of “work done by gravity = W = mgh (h = height lost by the object)” actually proves this.

“h” in this equation is zero for the atmosphere as a whole. The atmosphere has no height to lose in toto. Any downdrafts are exactly balanced by updrafts elsewhere.

In a radiatively active atmosphere (one with “greenhouse” gases), the updraft with water vapor, condensing at high altitude where it can more easily radiate to space, then the downdraft of dry air, actually serves to limit the warming due to the infrared opacity of these greenhouse gases.

• tty says:

“Without an atmosphere this process would not occur, but since there is an atmosphere it does indeed happen and it depends on the density of the atmosphere nearly irrespective of atmospheric composition.”

However the effect would be very weak in an atmosphere without GHG since very little heat would be transferred from the ground to the atmosphere (though it is rather unlikely that such an atmosphere exists anywhere).

• tty says:

“In a radiatively active atmosphere (one with “greenhouse” gases), the updraft with water vapor, condensing at high altitude where it can more easily radiate to space, then the downdraft of dry air, actually serves to limit the warming due to the infrared opacity of these greenhouse gases.”

Very true. As a matter of fact this is the main mechanism regulating the surface temperature of the Earth. And it can not be modeled realistically, now or in the foreseeable future (it would require increasing computational capacity by something like 10^12).

• It’s not a real thing eh? Well you had better go and inform the thousands of astronomy websites that all the stuff they’ve written about the internal temperatures of the gas giants (which they ALL attribute the gravitational compression heating) that what they’ve been saying for decades is all bunk.
That T=Pn/Rp (have used small p for rho) is pseudoscience and should be thrown out.

• It’s not a real thing eh? Well you had better go and inform the thousands of astronomy websites that all the stuff they’ve written about the internal temperatures of the gas giants (which they ALL attribute the gravitational compression heating) that what they’ve been saying for decades is all bunk.
That T=Pn/Rp (have used small p for rho) is pseudoscience and should be thrown out.

• Ed Bo says:

WWF:

You are confusing the one-time effect of dynamic compression — which can and does result in “heating” (and can be immense on a planetary scale) — with the ongoing effect of static pressure — which cannot and does not.

If you compress the air in a bicycle tire pump, it gets hot. If you leave the compressed air in the pump, it does not stay hot, but your analysis says that it would

The gas giant planets go incredibly hot in the dynamic compression of their formation. Some think that Jupiter’s core got almost hot enough to initiate fusion. These planets still emit significantly more energy than they receive from the sun, which means they are still cooling.

The earth, however, does not emit any significant amount more than it absorbs from the sun. Its geothermal flux is only about 0.1 W/m2 averaged over the surface.

• AndyG55 says:

This is immediately and obviously MEASURABLE.

Unlike any mythical warming by CO2.

never been measured…. a fantasy !!

• Robert W Turner says:

In what world is the atmosphere static? The down draft limits the warming, is that what’s observed?

However the effect would be very weak in an atmosphere without GHG since very little heat would be transferred from the ground to the atmosphere (though it is rather unlikely that such an atmosphere exists anywhere).

Complete rubbish. The composition of the gas has absolutely nothing to do with convection.

The sum is not zero in this process. Solar radiation does the work to lift the air and gravity does the work to compress it. Energy is actually input into the system this way, and lo and behold, it’s actually what is observed.

• Doesn’t descending air become exposed to greater pressure as it descends? Isn’t gravity doing work on it? Doesn’t it’s density increase, from less dense to more dense? — and it’s kinetic energy increase from less to more? And doesn’t gravity cause this descending, compressing, increasing kinetic energy in conjunction with the already warmer level into which it descends?

• I confuse nothing. It only requires “a one time heating”

The Kinetic energy at the bottom of the atmosphere doesn’t dissipate to the top again. To do that it must work against gravity. Take a look at Neptune, where you have much less solar input to confuse you. It gets warmer as you descend into it, until it is thousands of degrees C.
Outside the fraudulent area of climate change on earth, this sort of thing is universally accepted.
It’s about time people on here looked up from their narcissistic intellectual self aggrandisement and checked with the rest of the scientific world

• Gerontius says:

yes it can continue to absorb at that or nearly at that wavelength. you missed out that vibration in a molecule has harmonics so two photon absorption is possible. or a photon of double that energy can be absorbed.

just like a harp string will have a fundamental frequency it will have higher energy harmonic frequencies. a harpist will pluck the string at a different height to change the harmonics of the string.

• Robert W Turner says:

it can continue to absorb at that or nearly at that wavelength. you missed out that vibration in a molecule has harmonics so two photon absorption is possible. or a photon of double that energy can be absorbed

So you’re saying that a photon can be absorbed that is double the energy level at which the molecule actually absorbs? And given an infinite number of photons in the 15-20 nm range, a CO2 molecule will continue to absorb that thermal radiation regardless of all three normal modes energized? And then can theoretically emit at a higher energy level than the radiation it absorbs?

• Gerontius says:

To R turner at 9:27 pm.
1 carbon dioxide has 4 modes of vibration. Symmetrical stretch, asymmetrical stretch, and two bending modes of equal energy. The word for equal energy in spectroscopy is DEGENERATE. so they are a degenerate pair of benders!

the symmetrical mode does not absorb infra red since there is no change in dipole moment. the other 3 modes are infra red active. there are an awful lot of vibrational energy level present in each mode so each mode can sequentially absorb a lot of almost equal energy photons one after an other. ( due to asymmetry in the vibration the second photon energy will be slightly less energetic than the first and so on). The molecule can absorb photons equal to 2 of these energy bands (or even 3) this is analogous to a musical string vibrating at twice its frequency ie one octave above the fundamental note.

there are not an infinite number of energy levels so it cannot absorb an infinite number of photons. if it absorbs too many photons then the molecule will vibrate so strongly that the atoms will fly apart and it no longer exists it will be CO and O. Double strength photons can come off but has much lower probability than sequential single photons. I some how remember that some lasers can produce double strength photons.

indeed at any one time there will be a fraction of the population of CO2 with excited vibrational modes, and these will be absorbing photons as well.

This is how molecules break down in heat. infra red lasers can be used to heat single bonds in a molecule and break it. however the method is in its infancy and may just as well break a nearby bond.

• Clyde Spencer says:

Robert W Turner ,
Note that your NASA illustration (second one) has a range of reflected light (0–700 W/m^2) that is more than twice the commonly accepted value of incoming TOA radiation (342 W/m^2). How can something reflect more than it receives?

• Robert W Turner says:

That particular image is for the reflected SWR.

55. willhaas says:

If CO2 did affect climate, than the increase in CO2 over the past 30 years should have caused at least a measureable change in the dry lapse rate in the troposphere, but such has not happened.

• Martin Mason says:

Will, CO2 radiation can’t change the lapse rate, it’s dependent only on g/Cp

• AndyG55 says:

… and the slight change in aCO2 decreases Cp by a tiny amount , hence increases lapse rate.. immeasurable with so much H2O about.

• Robert Clemenzi says:

There are many lapse rates in the atmosphere. g/Cp defines the Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate (DALR) which is about 9.8 K/km. The more typical troposphere lapse rate is the Environmental Lapse Rate (ELR) which is 6.5 K/km. There are many more important lapse rates and one or more of them *might* be affected by CO2. However, all of them, except the DALR, are affected by radiation to/from CO2.

• AndyG55 says:

Only atmospheric warming has come from releases of energy from the oceans via El Ninos.

Nothing to do with CO2 or human anything.

• Only atmospheric warming has come from releases of energy from the oceans

Fixed it :)

• tty says:

Whu should the dry lapse rate change? The small increase in CO2 is not enough to measurably change the specific heat of the dry atmosphere. If the increased CO2 resulted in an increased amount of H2O in the atmosphere (known. by friends and admirers as “water feedback”), then the average lapse rate would go down, but as far as I know this has not been observed.

56. willhaas. You forget that there is a possibility that the CO2 effect is much less than IPCC reports. In that case the other cosmic warming effects have decreased and therfore the temperature has paused, even though the warming by CO2 has increased slightly.

According to the IPCC, the warming effect of CO2: dT = 0.5 * 5.35 *ln(CO2/280) resulting to the climate sensitivity of 1.8 C degrees. I have reproduced the calculation of the warming formula of CO2 and it is: dT =0.27 * 3.12 *ln(CO2/280) resulting to the climate sensitivity of 0.6 C degrees.

The warming effects of different main forces are in 2015: the Sun 0.35 C, GH gases 0.28 C, and astronomic harmonic resonances 0.13 C, together 0.75 C. Link: https://www.climatexam.com/cosmic-theory-caws

57. DWR54 says:

Very interesting comments on the greenhouse effect from Ray Pierrehumbert here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=slPMD5i5Phg

The system is a lot more complex than many (including we token ‘warmists’) think.

58. angech says:

“Carbon Dioxide’s absorption spectrum shows it absorbs LWIR at three different narrow wave lengths, sometimes called finger frequencies. Two of those wave lengths happen at temperatures too hot to exist in the atmosphere, the remaining wave length is 15um”

This statement needs a lot of modification.
We are talking about our atmosphere.
Temperature is the sum total of all the energy in all the molecules in the atmosphere in any particular place.
Individually molecules will have different energy levels,
LWIR is produced by both the sun and the earth surface and the atmosphere and clouds.
So the atmosphere certainly has all LWIR frequencies trying to pass through it.
I guess the CO2 molecule can pick up these other two frequencies if needed if it runs across them?

If a CO2 molecule has picked up a higher “hotter” frequency energy packet and it subsequently emits it this does not mean that the whole atmosphere has to be at say 120C does it?
Yet that CO2 molecule will be buzzing around giving energy [heat[temperature]] to a lot of other O2, H20,N and other molecules while it is charged up.

Something is wrong in the state of Denmark but I am not good enough yet to explain it. There must be lots of people who do understand radiative physics to simply knock this contention out.

Quite happy to be a skeptic for lots of reasons but not on the CO2 is not a GHG as technically it will raise temperatures according to the laws of physics.

59. Andrew Hamilton says:

Just a minor comment.

Should 274 K be 273 K and 15 C be 288 K, not 289 K?

• Clyde Spencer says:

Andrew Hamilton,
Yes

60. “For a molecule to “warm up” (have more kinetic energy) it needs its electrons to move to a higher, more energetic orbit” I stopped there, too many misconceptions about quantum mechanics. The IR absorption spectrum has nothing to do with the electronic excitations, but with rotational-vibrational spectrum of the molecule (cannot be purely vibrational, because the photon has helicity). I’m going to have a post on my blog about this sometime, specifically for CO2 and H2O, calculate some frequencies and explain a few things…

• LdB says:

Yes he hasn’t got there are two totally different things and they behave differently.

61. MODTRAN answers the question. MODTRAN, whose accuracy has been verified by satellite measurement calculates heat flux either outward or downward at any point in the atmosphere. The difference between heat flux outward at 0 altitude and at the top of the the atmosphere is the heat deposited in the atmosphere. If the GHG concentration is anything above 0 the heat deposition is positive. If it is 0, then all of the IR heat from the earth escapes to outer space and we are left with a frigid, uninhabitable earth.

• tty says:

Excuse me, but all the IR ultimately does escape to outer space (including geothermal heat).

“If the GHG concentration is anything above 0 the heat deposition is positive.”

Since it has been above zero for the last 4 billion years or so (and mostly much higher than now) according to your physics the planet should have melted and boiled off the atmosphere long ago. As a matter of fact even if the “heat deposition” was only 0.000001 degree per year the Earth should be almost as bright as the sun by now.

• Yes, all the IR energy does escape to outer space, but it does so at a higher temperature than it would have done without the IR absorption of the atmosphere. It does it via the Stefan-Boltzmann equation. Since it loses some of the (discrete) IR levels leaving the earth’s atmosphere it has to increase its temperature to make up with a continuous spectrum what it has lost from the discrete emissions. This is the mechanism of GHG heating. You can read about the details by googling “Nature Abhors a Positive Feedback” which is a 3-year old post to this site (Watts Up With That).

• ” It does it via the Stefan-Boltzmann equation” The atmosphere is not a black body. Ex falso, quodlibet.

Problem is no one uses it right.
It changes just by altering air temp and not composition. So, unless you run it for each temp, you get the wrong answer.

62. Ned Nikolov says:

I agree – the notion that a gas such as CO2 or water vapor can “trap” radiant heat in a free atmosphere is simply unphysical. Heat trapping by gases is only possible by preventing/obstructing convective heat exchange (as in a glass greenhouse) or by using of IR-reflective materials such as polished aluminum that have VERY low IR emissivity/absorptivity and a high IR reflectivity (these materials are called “radiant barriers”).

Our latest paper addresses this issue and demonstrates using NASA planetary data that the thermal effect of planetary atmospheres has nothing to due with trapping of outgoing thermal radiation, but instead is due to the force of atmospheric pressure, which adiabatically enhances the energy received from the Sun. In other words, the so-called “Greenhouse effect” (more accurately named Atmospheric Thermal Enhancement or ATE) is a thermodynamic (pressure-induced) phenomenon that is completely independent of atmospheric composition:

Nikolov N, Zeller K (2017) New Insights on the Physical Nature of the Atmospheric Greenhouse Effect Deduced from an Empirical Planetary Temperature Model. Environ Pollut Climate Change 1: 112. doi:10.4172/2573-458X.1000112
URL: https://tinyurl.com/ydxlfwn7

• Ed Bo says:

Ned:

Did you take high school physics? If you had, you would understand that for a force (such as atmospheric pressure) to transfer any energy, it must act over a distance (Work = Force * Distance, or more precisely, Work = Integral of Force over distance).

If an object is actually falling in a gravitational field, gravity is doing work on that object, transferring energy to it. But the atmosphere is not falling — it has already fallen. No distance, no energy transfer. (Any downdrafts must be exactly matched by updrafts, so these fully cancel out.)

Any reasonably bright high school physics student can recognize your argument for the nonsense it is!

• AndyG55 says:

Take a 5kg barbell, hold it with your arm horizontal out in front of you.

No movement.

so, no work involved….. Right Ed

That’s the trouble with your high school physics, Eb.

ITS “LIMITED”. !!

• Ed Bo says:

Take your 5kg barbell and hang it from the ceiling on a hook. No movement, no work. The hook and the ceiling have no power supply.

If you held up the weight with a motorized winch, the motor would expend some energy holding up the weight (as the body does in your example). But engage the brake on the winch and turn off the motor, no energy is expended to hold up the weight.

You would fail high school physics, and not get started in any higher level physics.

• To those who think that all the work of gravity has already been done and that this somehow falsifies the premise that there should be higher temperatures at the surface than at the top of the troposphere because of gravity:

When an object falls it gains kinetic energy as is loses potential energy. Energy is conserved. Once it has stopped falling, where is the kinetic energy located? Is it located at the top of the atmosphere? Or is it located at the bottom of the atmosphere?
If you want to distribute that energy back to the top of the atmosphere, what force will you have to work against to get it there? Would it be gravity by any chance? If you do work what do you expend? Oh yes! Kinetic energy? Which is converted to potential energy once more!

So the natural equilibrium of a large planetary atmosphere, is colder near the top, hotter at the bottom. See Neptune, Uranus, Saturn, Titan, Jupiter, Earth and Venus for and use the simple formula T=Pn/Rp to understand that the temperatures of all of these planets and moon can be precisely calculated using nothing else.

The greenhouse effect is falsified.

• Ed Bo says:

WWF:

You ask: “When an object falls it gains kinetic energy as is loses potential energy. Energy is conserved. Once it has stopped falling, where is the kinetic energy located?When an object falls it gains kinetic energy as is loses potential energy. Energy is conserved. Once it has stopped falling, where is the kinetic energy located?”

I see that you have never done this type of analysis. The question is not even properly posed. When it has stopped falling, there is no more kinetic energy. But where is the (converted) energy located?

It is located in the thermal energy of the object and the surface that stopped it from falling. In an inelastic collision, the kinetic energy is completely converted to thermal energy. And yes, when this happens at the bottom of the atmosphere, this thermal energy is at the bottom of the atmosphere.

All of the planets you cite have a radiatively absorptive atmosphere between a relatively warm surface and the incredible cold (3K) of deep space. Like a steel bar with one end in boiling water and the other end in ice water, there will be a temperature gradient between the hot and cold ends. If the gradient of the atmosphere exceeds the adiabatic lapse rate, as it is on all of these bodies, the lapse rate is unstable, and convection will start to bring it back toward adiabatic.

• AndyG55 says:

Poor Ed, you really don’t have the faintest clue past junior high level, do you?

Keep expounding your ignorance of how materials deflect and absorb strain..

Its funny to watch :-)

• AndyG55 says:

“No movement, no work.”

Your base-level ignorance is exposed in that one statement.

• AndyG55 says:

“no energy is expended to hold up the weight.”

Again.. a junior high understanding of materials.

As expected.

• AndyG55 says:

“Take a 5kg barbell, hold it with your arm horizontal out in front of you.

No movement.

so, no work involved….. Right Ed”

It is noted that you immediately run away from the answer, try and distract, and in doing so highlight your ignorance of basic materials.

Ed says there is no work involved in holding a 5kg barbell horizontally in front him.

He must be superman or something. !

• Ned Nikolov says:

Yes, I took physics in HS and in college and in graduate school. How about you? Did you forget that kinetic energy measured in Joules = Pressure*Volume, and that gas temperature is proportional to the internal kinetic energy of a gas? Perhaps these Wiki articles might help your memory:

Oh, and make sure to retake the class about adiabatic processes to understand how pressure relates to temperature in standard thermodynamics. You can also read carefully our paper, where these things are explained on pp. 6 – 15, while noting that our accurate model (Eq. 10a) is based on actual VETTED OBSERVED data, hence, it’s real!

• AndyG55 says:

And just for Ed’s edumacation

Strain Energy within materials is also measured in Joules.

• Sunsettommy says:

Ed writes,

“Take your 5kg barbell and hang it from the ceiling on a hook. No movement, no work. The hook and the ceiling have no power supply.”

There is still work in it,Ed or it would have IMMEDIATELY fallen to the floor. What is holding it to the surface of the ceiling,Ed?

I can stand still therefore I don’t float away from the surface?

• AndyG55 says:

As I said, Sunset…..

….poor ed is stuck with a junior high school understanding of structures and how they work.

• Philip Mulholland says:

Ed Bo

(Any downdrafts must be exactly matched by updrafts, so these fully cancel out.)

Have you never heard of the Chinook wind and seen what it does to snow on the ground?

• But the atmosphere is not falling — it has already fallen.

I’m throwing food again.

How so? Is the atmosphere just sitting there static? I thought that the atmosphere was ALWAYS falling, … AND rising, … AND falling, … all the time. Doesn’t this mean that the atmosphere is WORKING all the time?, … under the influence of gravity? — gaining potential energy on the rise?, “unleashing” that potential energy on the way down? … in a continuous cycle?

How is this merely “already fallen”?

• Ed Bo says:

There is complete confusion here by multiple commenters between the concepts of force, energy, and power.

The hook holding up the 5kg weight exerts a (continuous) force on it of F = m*g = (5 kg * 9.8 m/s2) = 49 Newtons.

To hold it in place, the hook does work on the weight of W = F * d = 49 N * 0 m = 0 Joules. So the power required is 0 Watts (= 0 Joules / time).

What are your equations for force, energy (work), and power for this case?

Andy cannot get it through his head that a one time increase in strain energy is NOT an ongoing continuous power transfer, no matter how many times this basic and trivial point is explained to him.

Ned: I am absolutely appalled that with all your credentials, you do not understand the most basic points you should have gotten in high school physics.

Pressure/volume work requires a CHANGE in volume to do the work. It’s really p*dV work. This is the same thing fundamentally as force needing to create movement to do work. The gas in a piston chamber must move the piston head to do work on it.

The weight force of the atmosphere on the earth’s surface does not move the earth’s surface. (Even if an initial application of this weight force caused some compression, there is no further change.) So the pressure/volume work done is zero.

These are basic, basic points of high school physics, and you get them completely wrong!

• Pressure/volume work requires a CHANGE in volume to do the work. It’s really p*dV work. This is the same thing fundamentally as force needing to create movement to do work. The gas in a piston chamber must move the piston head to do work on it.

Height of the atm changes daily. Goes Up and Down like a thermometer.

• Ed Bo November 20, 2017 at 9:33 am

Ned: I am absolutely appalled that with all your credentials, you do not understand the most basic points you should have gotten in high school physics.

Ed, it’s worse than that. He’s had the basic points explained to him here on WUWT, over and over, and he STILL doesn’t get it.

But heck, if you want a good laugh, you can read about Ned Nikolov’s work here

w.

• Ed Bo says:

micro6500:

You say: “Height of the atm changes daily. Goes Up and Down like a thermometer.”

The claim of “Atmospheric Pressure Effect” (APE) enthusiasts like Ned Nikolov is that the static weight force (pressure) of the atmosphere does continual work on the planet’s surface. To do this, it must move the surface downward.

If the height of the atmosphere varies up and down a little bit, that does not mean anything to the surface.

If you don’t count the downwelling longwave infrared flux (back radiation), the surface energy balance is out of whack by about 250 W/m2, averaged over the surface. The APE enthusiasts claim that the weight force of the atmosphere can make up this imbalance. That’s 250 Joules of work every second for every square meter of the planet’s surface. With an atmospheric pressure of about 100,000 N/m2, the earth surface would need to be continually compressing at 250/100,000 m/s, or 2.5 millimeters every second. This means that the earth’s radius would need to shrink by over 75 kilometers each year! Seriously???

• Ed Bo says:

Philip:

You say: “Have you never heard of the Chinook wind and seen what it does to snow on the ground?”

Do you think the falling air of the Chinook wind leaves a vacuum at the higher elevations?

• Facepalm. It’s really hard to deal with ingrained blind ingnorance.

Willis, how about you accept that Ned has a much better understanding of physics than you and that it would be a good idea to take that as a starting point to try and understand where your misconceptions lie, rather than try to keep proving that cold heats hot and work done equals energy no longer in existence? Truly the level of your ignorant stubbornness could teach my 5 year old grandson a thing or two!

To the other numpty on this thread: “once an object has stopped falling there is no more kinetic energy” (or something similar. I paraphrase the ignorance). Really? Where did it go? Is it hiding? Did it disappear in a puff of smoke?

Why is it that Ned and Karl can accurately model the temperatures of every planetary atmosphere in the solar system with the same mathematical formula, but greenhouse effect proponents can’t even get their mathematics for earth to agree with itself, much less even one other planet?

• wickedwenchfan November 20, 2017 at 3:36 pm

Facepalm. It’s really hard to deal with ingrained blind ingnorance.

Willis, how about you accept that Ned has a much better understanding of physics than you and that it would be a good idea to take that as a starting point to try and understand where your misconceptions lie, rather than try to keep proving that cold heats hot and work done equals energy no longer in existence? Truly the level of your ignorant stubbornness could teach my 5 year old grandson a thing or two!

If you wish to follow the “science” of a man using an ad-hoc equation with more tunable parameters than data points to explain, you are welcome to.

To the other numpty on this thread: “once an object has stopped falling there is no more kinetic energy” (or something similar. I paraphrase the ignorance). Really? Where did it go? Is it hiding? Did it disappear in a puff of smoke?

He is right. The kinetic energy is converted to thermal energy. You sure you understand how this “science” thing works?

Why is it that Ned and Karl can accurately model the temperatures of every planetary atmosphere in the solar system with the same mathematical formula, but greenhouse effect proponents can’t even get their mathematics for earth to agree with itself, much less even one other planet?

BECAUSE NED HAS MORE TUNABLE PARAMETERS IN HIS EQUATION THAN HE HAS DATA POINTS TO EXPLAIN, PLUS FREE CHOICE OF EQUATION WITH NO NEED THAT IT BE PHYSICALLY BASED!

Sheesh! Given more parameters than data points to explain, it would be surprising if Ned could NOT explain the datapoints … but then I guess you don’t know how that works. Let me offer you the following, come back once you’ve read it. It explains very clearly why Ned is just fooling the rubes …

w.

• Ed Bo says:

WWF:

You say: ‘To the other numpty on this thread: “once an object has stopped falling there is no more kinetic energy” (or something similar. I paraphrase the ignorance). Really? Where did it go? Is it hiding? Did it disappear in a puff of smoke?’

BTW, it’s “Mr. Numpty” to you ;-)

I already answered your question above, when I said: “When it has stopped falling, there is no more kinetic energy. But where is the (converted) energy located?

It is located in the thermal energy of the object and the surface that stopped it from falling. In an inelastic collision, the kinetic energy is completely converted to thermal energy. And yes, when this happens at the bottom of the atmosphere, this thermal energy is at the bottom of the atmosphere.”

Since I was obviously too fast for you, I’ll break it down for you ask I would a high school physics problem to a struggling student.

Let’s take Newton’s apple of 0.5 kg, hanging 3 m above the ground in earth’s gravitational field of 9.8 m/s^2. It has a gravitational potential energy relative to the ground of PE = mgh = 0.5 kg * 9.8 m/s^2 * 3 m = 14.7 Joules.

Now the stem breaks and the apple falls toward the ground. Just before it hits the ground, the gravitational potential energy of 14.7 J has all been converted to kinetic energy of KE = (1/2) * m * v^2.

We can calculate v = sqrt (2 * 14.7 / 0.5) = 7.67 m/s.

Next it hits the ground in an inelastic collision and stops moving. Such an inelastic collision converts all of the kinetic energy of 14.7 J to internal (thermal) energy. For simplicity, we’ll say that all of this added thermal energy is in the apple as it splats on the ground.

The apple is mostly water, so has a thermal capacitance of about 4 kJ/kg/K. This leads to a temperature increase in the apple of:

DeltaT = 0.0147 kJ / 0.5 kg / 4 [kJ/kg/K] = 0.00735K

This is a trivial high school physics problem. But neither you nor Ned has enough of a grasp of the basic concepts to get it.

• Ed Bo is simply explaining standard, correct physics. He (and Willlis) are absolutely right.

• Philip Mulholland says:

Ed Bo (Again)

(Any downdrafts must be exactly matched by updrafts, so these fully cancel out.)

So you think that convectional overturn is a zero sum process?
You have forgotten about the water vapour that got left behind and fell out from the rising limb.
Here is a picture of a condensed greenhouse gas falling under gravity. This is clearly not the result of a zero sum process.

• Philip Mulholland says:

Ed Bo,

Do you think the falling air of the Chinook wind leaves a vacuum at the higher elevations?

No. Do you?
The most significant point about an unstable air mass is that if a parcel of air at a given level within the air mass is forced upwards it will continue to rise; but equally important is this: – if an identical parcel of air from the same starting level in the same unstable air mass is forced downwards, it will continue to fall. We can all see the effects of the rising air in an unstable air mass when it cools sufficiently for the water vapour to condense and form cumulus clouds. What we fail to see, and this is what makes them so dangerous for aircraft, is the descending unstable air, the cold invisible down draft located alongside the rising cell. It is a mistake to assume that this cold downdraft is the same air that rose inside the convection cell. It is not. The rising air inside the storm becomes separated from the water vapour that formed the storm cloud as the rain falls out of the cell and the lifted separated and now dry air remains aloft in the anvil cloud at the top of the storm.
It is this process of drying by physical separation of moisture that makes convection that produces rain an irreversible process. Descending moist air in a cloud can evaporate the surrounding water droplets from the cloud, dissipating it and so slowing the rate of adiabatic warming as the moist cloud containing air parcel descends. Dry air cannot be cooled by evaporation of surrounding cloud moisture because there is none available. Consequently in the descending limb of the Hadley cell dry air is warmed as it is forced down by the Coriolis Effect and ends up at the surface, just like the Chinook wind, at a higher temperature than its initial starting point. And the reason for this change in temperature is because the latent heat of condensation of water vapour that powered the initial rise to the top of the troposphere in the convection storms of the equatorial zone made the rising air cool more slowly.

• Ed Bo says:

Philip:

You are confusing very separate issues here.

Nikolov claimed that the weight force of the atmosphere provides an ongoing energy transfer to the earth’s surface that keeps the surface at a substantially higher temperature than it would be otherwise.

I showed him the very basic high school physics point that static pressure provides no energy transfer, and that any deviations from the static case due to updrafts and downdrafts must cancel out.

Note carefully that I am talking about the mechanical force due to the weight of the atmosphere. You are talking about something completely different.

Yes, the convection circulation of air is an irreversible cycle, both due to the evaporation at the surface and the condensation at altitude, and the reduced IR opacity of the atmosphere at altitude. But this does not affect the weight force of the atmosphere on the surface.

Besides, what you describe has a net cooling effect on the surface (even if there is localized warming at downdrafts). Nikolov was arguing for an atmospheric warming effect.

• RWturner says:

Why do we need to continuously explain basic physics…err an elementary concept?

Solar energy lifts air. Literal energy from an outside source does work on the atmosphere, it has warmed and lifted a parcel of air into the atmosphere. At this point, the d-nyers of basic physics suggest that the energy simply goes away. That’s not what happens. The air has potential energy at this point, it falls and energy is converted to kinetic energy in the lower atmosphere.

Let’s work backwards now, we have kinetic energy added to the lower atmosphere from compression, the work was done by gravity. How did that air get there, it was lifted from being heated. How was it heated, from an outside energy source or an internal energy source? Uhh, an external source, still with me? So is the net result zero energy input into the system, no, energy is retained within the system that was obtained from an EXTERNAL ENERGY SOURCE.

If we must explain that a parcel of air in the upper troposphere is actually moving a distance, h, when it falls then I don’t know how much further back in explanation we need to go. Was that parcel of air magically moved into the upper atmosphere? Was that air simply pulled into the upper troposphere because falling air left a void for it to replace? Errr, no. The entire process is started from energy being input from the sun.

Does this really need further explanation to people. Well, I guess it might to people saying

gravity transfers energy to it

• Philip Mulholland says:

Ed Bo,
I am all for a dynamic atmosphere that moves both mass and energy, causes local surface heating (Chinook winds) and elsewhere local surface cooling (virtually every rainstorm I have ever experienced).

• 1sky1 says:

Sadly, the very meaning of the term “adiabatic” is forgotten here in arguing that gravitationally induced compression of a parcel of air cannot increase its temperature in accordance with the Ideal Gas Law. The compression factor PV/nRT need not be unity, as for an ideal gas, for the temperature to rise adiabatically.

• Jim Masterson says:

This conversation is absurd. You need to define the system boundaries. This old engineer still remembers his statics. If a mass is not moving, then no work is being done. For an object to be static, all the forces must add to zero and all the moments must add to zero.

It’s a different problem if you add in how the forces are created. Holding a weight motionless does no work. However, there is energy being expended in the muscles of your arm to create that force.

One person is ignoring how the forces are created and the others are trying to include the force creating process. Neither side is discussing the same problem.

Jim

• Jim Masterson says:

Absurd!!! This site needs an editing feature.

Jim

• Jim Masterson November 21, 2017 at 9:24 pm

Absurd!!! This site needs an editing feature.

Jim

That “editing feature” would be me … your error is fixed, I hate typos. Unfortunately, WordPress doesn’t offer editing.

w.

• Jim Masterson says:

Thanks Willis–you are a great editor.

Jim

• Ned Nikolov November 19, 2017 at 1:44 pm

I agree – the notion that a gas such as CO2 or water vapor can “trap” radiant heat in a free atmosphere is simply unphysical.

This from Ned Nikolov, the man so ashamed of his own work that he published it under a false name … well, actually, he would have published it, but I pointed out his craven deception to the journal, and they pulled his article.

His “scientific theory” involves an equation with more tunable parameters than there are data points … and while that kind of mathturbation causes anyone who thinks about things to laugh, I fear he has found a following among the credulous.

Ah well … just saying, folks, he’s a man who is willing to lie about his own name …

w.

• Still works better than your greenhouse effect mathematics. It also is based on basic principles that cold doesn’t raise the temperature of hot without work being performed. Concepts you still struggle to comprehend.

• RWturner says:

I guess you must have missed the rest of this post because you never addressed it in your “take down” of the original Nikolav paper. And you pretend you have actually refuted anything

John Day

@ Willis
> There is, of course, a technical term for what they have done,
> as there are no new mistakes under the sun. It is called “overfitting”.

I think you’re looking at this in the wrong way. You say ‘overfitting’, which suggests they are somehow dishonestly trying to ‘cook’ a formula to fit 8 examples.

I don’t think N&K (Ned&Karl) are dishonest. In fact, I think they are merely learning the relationships between pressure induced and radiative warming by trying to fit the set of parameters to a regression equation.

“Learning is compression” in the sense that they want to find the smallest set of parameters which fit the data. I.e Occam’s Razor: if two regressions, one with 5 parameters and another with 5000 parameters, both fit the data, which is better? Ans: keep it as simple as possible (but not too simple).

You’re also missing the main point:
“Pressure by itself is not a source of energy! Instead, it enhances (amplifies) the energy supplied by an external source such as the Sun through density-dependent rates of molecular collision. This relative enhancement only manifests as an actual energy in the presence of external heating. “

Look at my response to Tallbloke and GeoSmith …
… particular the derivation of the Ideal Gas Law.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal_gas_law#Derivations

Note that the temperature T of a system in equilibrium can be computed from the just kinetic energy of the moving gas particles and their mutual collisions (density, implying pressure). We don’t need to know the radiative aspects of the system to compute the temperature! What part of the Ideal Gas Law do you not understand here?

So, having computed the temperature T we can then ask the question: where did the kinetic energy come from? Probably from solar heat energy absorbed by the surface.

But the point is we don’t need to know where the energy came from. Temperature T is soley dependent upon the internal kinetic energy of the gas and its density.

No change in pressure required. Yes, a pressure “gradient” necessarily exists on all planets with atmospheres, but that is accidental in the sense that even the gradient itself is not required to understand that at any point x,y,z the temperature is solely a function of kinetic energy and transfer of momentum by collisions.

N&K further make the claims that show no pressure change is needed
“In the case of an isobaric process, where pressure is constant and independent of temperature such as the one operating at the Earth surface, it is the physical force of atmospheric pressure that can only fully explain the observed near-surface thermal enhancement (NTE). “

Isobaric?

Yes, if you choose a long-enough time scale:
“the near-surface atmospheric dynamics can safely be assumed to be governed (over non-geological time scales) by nearly isobaric processes on average, i.e. operating under constant pressure. This isobaric nature of tropospheric thermodynamics implies that the average atmospheric volume varies in a fixed proportion to changes in the mean surface air temperature following the Charles/Gay-Lussac Law, i.e. Ts/V = const. “

Willis, please think about it some more before summarily rejecting it as nonsense.

AGAIN, we must ask, what is it you are missing about the physical explanation for which mathematical models exist to explain and match the temperature of rocky planets with atmospheres?

• RWturner November 21, 2017 at 10:18 am

I guess you must have missed the rest of this post because you never addressed it in your “take down” of the original Nikolav paper. And you pretend you have actually refuted anything

I guess you must have missed the fact that Nikolov is using more tunable parameters than the data points that he is fitting. Plus he has given himself free choice of equation, with no consideration of whether it is physically meaningful.

When you do that you are GUARANTEED a good fit … but of course, that fit is meaningless. It would be hard to not get a good fit with that procedure.

Or perhaps you don’t realize what it means when you have more tunable parameters than data points to fit. Once again let me recommend Freeman Dyson’s clear takedown of the bogus Nikolov style of analysis …

Regards,

w.

• RWturner says:

Plus he has given himself free choice of equation, with no consideration of whether it is physically meaningful.

But there is a physically meaningful mechanism for how this works. It has been described numerous times on here and no one has refuted it with anything but sophistry.

The descending cool dry air within the Hadley cells retains energy within the climate system. This is a basic fact that keeps being rejected for no reason aside from conventional wisdom. Where is this retention through gravitational potential energy in the oft cited energy balance cartoons that you see above and below? Those flat earth cartoons are so laughably flawed that it’s amazing anyone is still using them.

Others have cited this process in gas giants. It is the same concept, but in the case of gas giants the energy source to start the convection is internal and therefore there is net energy loss, but not nearly as much energy loss if there wasn’t a gravity driven compression by the returning downdraft. On Earth, the energy source to kick off the convection is external, so therefore any returned energy is a net addition into the system, it limits the energy lost via the thermals and release of latent heat. This is true regardless of the composition of the atmosphere, it just matters that there is an atmosphere at all for convection to take place.

And I already discussed the empirical observations demonstrating this effect. The latitude belts between 23-30 degrees emit more LWIR back into space than any other region, even losing far more heat to space than received from the sun in places like the Atacama. It even holds true for the atmosphere over the oceans at these latitudes despite 30 mm of precipitable water per cubic meter.

Notice the subtropical south Atlantic. Greenhouse gases are surely present there, spreading that notorious back radiation around, yet this is among the highest outgoing radiative regions of the atmosphere. What is the source of that heat? I would say it from the additional heat added to that part of the atmosphere from gravity driven compressional heating at the descending leg of the Hadley Cells. Yes, that heat came from a different part of the atmosphere, but that heat in turn came from the sun. That means the process is retaining heat in the climate system, ironically much like how a greenhouse actually works, but instead of glass roof it is the force of gravity.

• RWturner says:

P.S. You forgot to add the link to Dyson’s takedown of Ned’s models.

• RWturner November 21, 2017 at 2:11 pm

P.S. You forgot to add the link to Dyson’s takedown of Ned’s models.

Thanks, RW. It’s fixed now, I’ll put the link here as well.

w.

• RWturner November 21, 2017 at 2:10 pm

Plus he has given himself free choice of equation, with no consideration of whether it is physically meaningful.

But there is a physically meaningful mechanism for how this works. It has been described numerous times on here and no one has refuted it with anything but sophistry.

Thanks, RW. First, whatever the mechanism that you are describing might be, it’s not described by his equation. Look at the equation! It has little to do with anything.

Second, if your proposed mechanism were true, it would allow a planet with an IR-transparent atmosphere (e.g. argon) to be warmer than the S-B temperature … but as I showed in A Matter Of Some Gravity, that violates conservation of energy.

Third, regardless of all of that, he has more tunable parameters than he has data points to fit. This is a common enough mistake that it has its own name, “over-fitting”, and his is the most egregious example of overfitting that I’ve ever seen.

w.

• Robert W Turner says:

So let us assume that we have the airless perfectly evenly heated blackbody planet that I spoke of above, evenly surrounded by a sphere of mini-suns. The temperature of this theoretical planet is, of course, the theoretical S-B temperature.

Now suppose we add an atmosphere to the planet, a transparent GHG-free atmosphere. If the theories of N&K and Jelbring are correct, the temperature of the planet will rise.

But when the temperature of a perfect blackbody planet rises … the surface radiation of that planet must rise as well.

I don’t think that’s what’s implied by the theory at all. You can’t take a temperature of something (atmosphere at the surface) that is not there, but the surface of the planet itself would not heat up, no.

If you added an atmosphere of pure argon, there would be absolutely no condensed or solid particulate matter in the sky to absorb incoming radiation, and let’s assume this atmosphere refracts no incoming light. The surface of that planet will receive the full brunt of the solar radiation.

But, molecules in the atmosphere at the surface will heat up and convection starts. This then cools the planet’s lower atmosphere as heated air carried to less dense areas of the atmosphere, the heated air decompresses, hot molecules bump into cool molecules, and heat is radiated into space.

This process cools the surface and is the complete climastrology certified version of planetary energy budget models regarding pure thermal convection. But what happens as that air falls down to the surface again due to gravity? Unequivocally, that air is compressed and heats up, that is if you believe in the work of William Henry. Latitudinal dependent heating takes place in the area of the Hadley Cells where the gravity driven compression warms the air, exactly what we see on Earth. Far less of the heat is lost to space than is modeled, it’s ironically similar to the argument that the back radiation heats the surface by slowing the radiation that leaves the planet.

So, if you believe that the inherent gravity driven “heat retention” of the atmosphere actually exists at all, and I hope for William Henry that you do, then how do you think that compares to the importance of the previously discussed 0.001-1.7 eV molecular vibrations of the inaptly named GHG molecules and there emittance of this energy within the atmosphere?

And let’s imagine a planet with the same gravity as Earth, circling the same sun in the same orbit, but with an atmosphere of pure argon. Would that planet be hotter or cooler than Earth? With an atmosphere of the same molar mass, I bet that planet’s total average atmosphere would be cooler than Earth’s with no latent heat, but probably a much hotter surface due to higher SWR. Convection would probably actually be more active due to the extremely hot surface and argon doesn’t freeze until until -189 C so the structure of the lower atmosphere would be quite different. So theoretically if that atmosphere was able to stay gravitationally attached to the planet, where the pressure in this imaginary atmosphere is 1 atm, it would probably be about the same temperature as Earth at the same latitude.

• RWturner says:

I think this qualifies as a great example of how hard it is to defeat erroneous conventional wisdom.

Researchers have literally had to infect themselves with diseases to defeat it. Petroleum geologists were busy controlling oil blowouts in Oklahoma while others were still claiming commercial oil would never be found west of the Mississippi. But eventually, the science progresses.

63. Ned Nikolov says:

A key point in this discussion is the fact that an enhanced IR absorption by some gases does NOT imply an ability of such gases to trap heat in an open convective environment. IR absorption and IR trapping are two distinctly different processes with different control mechanisms that have erroneously been conflated since the time of Fourier and Tyndall in the 1800s …

• Brett Keane says:

Ned Nikolov
November 19, 2017 at 1:50 pm: IIRC, Fourier and Tyndall have been misquoted by all warmista. They do this everywhere, thinking we won’t check. Sadly, they have been correct in that, too much.

• Ned Nikolov says:

The classic paper by Arrhenius (1896) illustrates quite well the roots of confusion in the modern radiative “Greenhouse” theory:

“On the Influence of Carbonic Acid in the Air upon the Temperature of the Ground”
http://blogs.dickinson.edu/cop20/files/2014/08/1896-publication.pdf

One can clearly see that Arrhenius simply took Fourier’s conjecture/assumption about “heat trapping” by an open atmosphere as a “physical truth” without any empirical verification. He further developed the idea by proposing a “model” (his Equations 3 and 4) that relates Earth’s surface temperature (T) to atmospheric CO2 (K expressed in relative units) via equating T^4 to a ratio of dimensionless quantities! By failing to match measurement units between the left- and right-hand side of his equation, Arrhenius violated a basic principle of dimensional analysis in physics, which of course renders his model nonsensical from a mathematical and physical standpoint of view .. And this nonsense has been touted by the mainstream climate science for decades as one of the greatest scientific achievements of the 19th century!! Simply amazing …

• Gabro says:

Experiments by Arrhenius’ colleague, physicist Knut Ångström, the results of which were published in his 1900 paper “Über die Bedeutung des Wasserdampfes und der Kohlensäure bei der Absorption der Erdatmosphäre,” (Annalen der Physik 308(12): 720-732.), showed that that CO2 is transparent to 90% of infrared radiation applicable to temperature variation; and that those infrared bands which CO2 readily obstructs are already almost totally blocked by atmospheric H2O. His finding, that the relationship between the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere and its effect on back radiation is logarithmic, has been replicated by many subsequent experimenters; all of whom show that doubling of the present carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere would only increase the back radiation by about 3.6 W/m ², which would, in the absence of other factors, give rise to an increase in temperature of between 0.6 and 0.8 C°.

Some think that doubling might yield a temperature increase of up to 1.2 C°. The only way that Warmunistas can get a scary range of 1.5 to 4.5 C° is by assuming unphysical positive water vapor feedbacks not in evidence.

• Ned Nikolov November 19, 2017 at 1:50 pm

A key point in this discussion is the fact that an enhanced IR absorption by some gases does NOT imply an ability of such gases to trap heat in an open convective environment. IR absorption and IR trapping are two distinctly different processes with different control mechanisms that have erroneously been conflated since the time of Fourier and Tyndall in the 1800s …

A key point in this discussion is that as near as I can tell you are the first person in this discussion to say that GH gases “trap heat”. Nor is that a common term in the field. Despite that, you have not defined the term, so we have no idea what it is that you mean.

How about you give us a clear definition of what you mean by “IR trapping”, so we can follow your ideas? Because for all we know it’s just a strawman that you’ve erected to knock down …

w.

• Willis said, on November 21, 2017 at 9:42 pm, in reply to Ned Nikolov :

A key point in this discussion is that as near as I can tell you are the first person in this discussion to say that GH gases “trap heat”. Nor is that a common term in the field.

Odd, because, from what I have observed, this term IS a common term in the field:

From a NASA website:
https://climate.nasa.gov/causes/
Most climate scientists agree the main cause of the current global warming trend is human expansion of the “greenhouse effect” — warming that results when the atmosphere traps heat radiating from Earth toward space.

Someone needs to tell NASA that a common conception of the “greenhouse effect” is not to “trap heat”. Oh, and why they are at it, someone also needs to remind NASA that heat does NOT radiate, and that by continuing to speak of it as such, they continue to confuse the two concepts of “heat” and “radiation”.

From a Harvard University website:
http://acmg.seas.harvard.edu/people/faculty/djj/book/bookchap7.html
Some of this terrestrial radiation is trapped by greenhouse gases and radiated back to the Earth, resulting in the warming of the surface known as the greenhouse effect.

Well now, Harvard some folks seem to think that greenhouse gases TRAP radiation. They relish the word, “trap”, and they use it in a way to confuse people into associating “heat” DIRECTLY with radiation, as to suggest that the two terms might be interchangeable (wrong).

A Columbia University website:
http://www.columbia.edu/~vjd1/greenhouse.htm
While the dominant gases of the atmosphere (nitrogen and oxygen) are transparent to infrared, the so-called greenhouse gasses, primarily water vapor (H2O), CO2, and methane (CH4), absorb some of the infrared radiation. They collect this heat energy and hold it in the atmosphere, delaying its passage back out of the atmosphere.

Let’s look at definition #18 for the verb, “trap” at Dictionary.com: 18. to stop and hold by a trap, as air in a pipe. So, it sure looks to me like Columbia University is talking about TRAP — they just avoid the term and describe what the term means in other words. Sorry, but “holding” and “delaying” is TRAPPING.

Consequently, I’m afraid that straw men are overseeing NASA, Harvard, and Columbia University, at the least. I wonder whether they are also spineless, … as in too timid to alter the momentum of confusion that they have helped nurture.

• Robert Kernodle November 22, 2017 at 8:13 am Edit

Willis said, on November 21, 2017 at 9:42 pm, in reply to Ned Nikolov :

A key point in this discussion is that as near as I can tell you are the first person in this discussion to say that GH gases “trap heat”. Nor is that a common term in the field.

Odd, because, from what I have observed, this term IS a common term in the field:

I meant it was not common in scientific papers, because it is just a simplistic way of explaining the greenhouse effect. However, as you point out, it does appear in press releases aimed at the general public.

However, since you are here, and you think the term has a scientific meaning, perhaps you could give us a good clear definition of “trapping heat” in the atmosphere.

w.

• Willis on November 22, 2017 at 11:12 am wrote:

I meant it was not common in scientific papers, because it is just a simplistic way of explaining the greenhouse effect. However, as you point out, it does appear in press releases aimed at the general public.

And THAT’s the problem — this simplistically WRONG explanation, using a word that WRONGLY compares a familiar plant-house structure with a gaseous atmosphere, perpetuates the very use of a term that IS ill-defined. If this term is so rampantly used with the “general public”, then how is the “general public” ever to come to terms with any reality?

The person you criticized initially for using this term was merely using it as a reference point, as many organizations state it. Nikolov was, in effect, kowtowing to this use, letting it slide in its amorphousness — as it is spread amorphously without any clear definition already by all who use it, as if this is okay. You made his using the term an issue, which it should not have been, in my opinion, which seems like a distraction, rather than a call for a definition that was significant to Nikolov’s statements. It is this nebulosity of definition that tends to give alternate views some credibility, I would say.

Oh, and not only does the term appear in press releases, but also it appears in the context of professional scientific organization’s, as a reflection of professional identities, like the following:

American Association for the Advancement of Science:
http://whatweknow.aaas.org/get-the-facts/

The warming effect of CO2 and other heat-trapping gases is well established and can be demonstrated with simple science experiments and satellite observations.

TRAPPING, right? — I didn’t misread that?

https://www.science.org.au/curious/earth-environment/enhanced-greenhouse-effect

The result is that some of the sun’s energy becomes ‘trapped’—making the lower part of the atmosphere, and Earth, warmer than it would be otherwise.

TRAP, yes?

NASA website for childhood education:
https://climatekids.nasa.gov/greenhouse-effect/

Earth’s atmosphere does the same thing as the greenhouse. Gases in the atmosphere such as carbon dioxide do what the roof of a greenhouse does. During the day, the Sun shines through the atmosphere. Earth’s surface warms up in the sunlight. At night, Earth’s surface cools, releasing the heat back into the air. But some of the heat is trapped by the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. That’s what keeps our Earth a warm and cozy 59 degrees Fahrenheit, on average.

NASA’s spineless straw men apparently want to start indoctrinating America’s (and the world’s) youth as soon as possible with the TRAPPING idea, AND setting up future confusions in adulthood with the “earth’s-atmosphere-is-like-a-greenhouse” idea. Tragic!

However, since you are here, and you think the term has a scientific meaning, perhaps you could give us a good clear definition of “trapping heat” in the atmosphere.

Why would you think that I think the term has any scientific meaning. The term is crap. I think Nikolov knows that it’s crap too, but he used it as a device to hold people’s attention a bit, without saying that it’s crap, while he put forth more info from his point of view. The straw man that I am seeing is raising an issue about the term at all in Nikolov’s context, since it was used merely to set the stage of discourse, rather than as a label for stating a belief via the term’s clear definition.

The “clear” definition of “trapping heat” that you might seek is purposefully veiled in the totality of faulty discourse defending the “greenhouse effect”. All the math, all the elaborate descriptions, all the minutia devoted to the “greenhouse effect” is shadowed by this convenient umbrella idea of “trapping heat” or “trapping radiation”.

Supposed educators use the term haphazardly, aimed at people from childhood to adulthood, conditioning their minds to have a sense of heat or radiation as some “stuff” that gets caught in a trap, and then, after all the years of childhood and early adulthood, they then get blasted for using a term as adults that they were NEVER taught any better prior to adulthood. Very convenient, I’d say — nurturing child-like minds, so that sophisticated minds can dissect them as faulty-thinking minds, while sophisticated WRONG arguments are peddled, based primarily on appeal to adult-mind authority.

Very scientific! [sarcasm intended]

64. All very interesting. I’ll disappoint the author by not pointing to a specific sentence, but a good place to start might be to consider the various levels of analysis. At various points I kept thinking how hard it would be to explain marine ecology using only quantum physics.

This manifests itself with the author’s final question of how “photons from a CO2 molecule at -80C can warm anything”. I would have thought that the obvious answer is that they can most certainly warm objects at -81C or less.

More meaningful, however, would be to ask what proportion of CO2 molecules in the atmosphere are at -80C. I would have thought that CO2 molecules would be close to the surrounding air temperature. My guess is that molecules at -80C are only present in a particular part of the atmosphere.

I therefore suspect that the author may have distracted himself by only considering a particular layer of the atmosphere. My apologies in advance if I am wrong.

65. Roderic Fabian says:

Carbon dioxide lasers have been used in laboratories for a long time. They rely on the property of CO2 to absorb IR, hold on to it for a time, and then release it in the form of a coherent beam of IR collimated by the laser apparatus. You can feel the warmth of a beam of IR produced by a small CO2 laser. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere does the same thing, but an atmospheric CO2 molecule releases the IR in a random direction, half of the time upward toward space and the other half down to the earth. So a portion of the IR headed toward space is re-directed back to earth. This does not warm the earth, but it keeps it from cooling as fast, all other things being equal. The earth’s surface will therefore equilibrate at a somewhat higher temperature. Hence the greenhouse effect.

Gill’s original post talked about CO2 emitted IR “bouncing around for a while”. Yes, that’s what causes atmospheric temperatures to equilibrate at a higher level than they would without CO2.

You can also feel the warmth of a beam of IR produced by a large CO2 laser but I don’t recommend it. Actually these are fantastic inventions, now due to careful engineering, design and lots of associated hardware gizmos it is possible to get efficiencies of around 10% from a commercial CO2 laser. Yes , pump 10kW into it (effectively thermal energy) and you can get a cutting beam of 1kW out. Of course there is 9kW of heat you need to throw away so much of the apparatus is hot hot hot and there is coolant, pumps, radiators, etc to get rid of it.

I think we done well ! Compared to the equivalent gaia design where you shove 10kW off the surface of the earth, through all that wispy gas (including 0.04% CO2) and get a downward beam of [REDACTED #1] kW making an efficiency of [REDACTED #2] %.

It’s like that jar at the fair with loads and loads of sweets in it and you are supposed to guess the number and write it down with your name.

The persons who said 5kW and 50% should now identify themselves..

AN ORDERLY QUEUE PLEASE, and stop pushing…

• This does not warm the earth, but it keeps it from cooling as fast, all other things being equal. The earth’s surface will therefore equilibrate at a somewhat higher temperature. Hence the greenhouse effect.

That’s just it, it doesn’t stay the same.

• Lars P. says:

CO2 lasers do not work with the ‘cold’ radiation of 15 um but a much warmer one that was stated in the above post:
“Two of those wave lengths happen at temperatures too hot to exist in the atmosphere, the remaining wave length is 15um.”
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_laser
The CO2 laser produces a beam of infrared light with the principal wavelength bands centering on 9.4 and 10.6 micrometers (μm).

66. Val Ryland says:

As the author expects, there are some errors in this post that are responsible for the erroneous conclusion. The most important are these:

1. Wien’s law refers to the _peak_ wavelength of emitted radiation, not the only one. The distribution of the spectral radiance is given by Planck’s law. If the spectral radiance peaks at 10 micrometers, you can be certain sure there’s a lot of radiation around 15 micrometers as well.

2. For an object close to room temperature, no matter if solid, liquid, or gas, the atomic/molecular energies are largely unimportant (it happen to be important for CO2, which is the whole shebang). This is because at any ordinary temperature the occupancy of any state other than the ground state is pretty much zero, because typical atomic energies are separated by several eV. In order to get a fraction of 1/e molecules at an energy 1 eV above the ground state, the temperature would need to be >10,000 K. The important degrees of freedom are translational, and, depending on the substance, rotational and vibrational. The latter two are typically quantized, but the former is continuous. In other words, even if you don’t have some atomic energy accessible, you can ALWAYS knock particles around a little bit. Thus, a hydrogen gas at room temperature can be treated for all practical purposes as a gas of featureless, structureless point particles.

3. There is no physical law that states that molecules in liquids or solids “need more energy” in order to be excited, and I have no idea where this assumption could’ve come from.

All in all, the basic greenhouse mechanism remains unchallenged.

67. Thanks for posting this Anthony, it includes most of the misconceptions and errors about radiative transfer and CO2, so gives a good opportunity to rebut them in one place. References to the science can be found in any college textbook on Physical Chemistry and Molecular Spectroscopy.

My understanding of Thermodynamics and Radiation from CO2 is as follows:

Different gases have different emission spectrums. For example Oxygen and Nitrogen do not absorb or emit Long Wave Infrared Radiation (LWIR) at all, so are not considered to be “Greenhouse” gases.
The temperature of a body (gas, liquid or solid) directly affects the wavelength of the radiation it emits and absorbs.
Wien’s Law defines the temperature – wave length relationship. The formula is Temperature (in degrees Kelvin) = 2898 / peak wave length in µm (micro metres). So for the average temperature of the Earth, lets call it 15C (=289 Kelvin), the wave length is 2898 / (15+274) = 2898 ÷ 289 = 10um.

The wavelength of the peak of the blackbody radiation curve decreases in a linear fashion as the temperature is increased (Wien’s displacement law).

It’s a reciprocal relationship not linear.

Carbon Dioxide’s absorption spectrum shows it absorbs LWIR at three different narrow wave lengths, sometimes called finger frequencies. Two of those wave lengths happen at temperatures too hot to exist in the atmosphere, the remaining wave length is 15um.

Wrong, those wavelengths exist in solar radiation and in surface emissions, so they are absorbed by CO2, just not in large amounts because those wavelengths are in the tails of the respective spectra.

15um equates to 2898 ÷ 15 = 193K = -80C or -122F. In the atmosphere this temperature only occurs about 90-100Km high in the atmosphere.
Carbon Dioxide only emits and absorbs radiation at -80C from a narrow layer of atmosphere 90Km above the Earth’s surface.

This is wrong and meaningless. Wien’s Law tells you the location of the peak wavelength, as the graphs added by Anthony shows wavelengths above and below that exist in the spectrum. More relevant to the IR emissions is the following:

As you can see the CO2 absorption band at 15micron is present at all the temperatures shown (dashed lines). Even though the maximum shifts with temperature so does the radiance increase as temperature increases. Consequently we see the following:
A blackbody at 300K emits 26.8522 W/m2/sr between 13 and 17 microns
at 270K it emits 18.4933 W/m2/sr
at 223K (-50ºC) it emits 8.53892 W/m2/sr
at 193K (-80ºC) it emits 4.32413 W/m2/sr

So now we need to examine the quality of that 15um radiation and its ability to heat the lower atmosphere. To do this we need to understand basic Quantum Physics as taught in 101 classes to Physics and Engineering students at University. Confession: I’m an Engineer, but trained before Quantum Physics was introduced to University courses so I’m self-taught, hence my need for a sanity check. Which, dear reader, is where you come in.

The key points in basic Quantum Physics, regarding radiative heat transfer, are:

Molecules have one or more electrons circling them. Their orbital height is not variable, But fixed. The electrons only orbit at set altitudes, the closer to the molecule the lower the kinetic energy of the molecule and so the lower the molecule’s temperature.

This is more like atomic structure and doesn’t apply to molecules (it’s more complex, bonding and non-bonding orbitals etc.)

For a molecule to “warm up” (have more kinetic energy) it needs its electrons to move to a higher, more energetic orbit. This can happen in one of two ways, get energy from a more energetic molecule via collision or receive energy via radiation.

No, that refers to part of the internal energy, the temperature is the kinetic energy of the molecule.

For an electron to move to a higher orbit from radiation it must receive a photon with sufficient energy for an electron to reach that higher orbit.

No, it must receive a photon of exactly the right energy to excite the transition. However electronic transfers in molecules are excited by UV light. The transitions which we are talking about in the IR are excitations of the vibrational and rotational modes. In the case of CO2 absorption at 15micron it is the vibrational mode that is excited, specifically the bending of the CO2 molecule (with associated rotations).

Photons with too much energy raise the electron to the higher orbit then the molecule immediately re-radiates surplus energy.

Again the photons must have exactly the right energy to reach the excited vibrational state. The molecule can emit the radiation but it’s far from immediate it will undergo millions of collisions with surrounding molecules during that time and in the lower atmosphere is more likely to transfer the energy to the atmosphere (thermalizes)

Photons with not enough energy to raise the orbit of any of the electrons excite the vibration are either scattered or immediately re-radiated (effectively reflecting or scattering them) with no change to the molecule’s kinetic energy, or temperature.

The Photon must have a frequency that resonates with the molecule, otherwise the Photon is just scattered or reflected immediately with no temperature change to the molecule.

Won’t be scattered or reflected.

Carbon dioxide can only absorb Long Wave Infrared Radiation (LWIR) energy and radiate it at 15 micro metres, a fraction of the LWR spectrum.

In the band from 13-17micron, as you can see from the diagram above it’s significant part of the LWR spectrum.

Electrons orbiting molecules of a liquid or solid need more energy to boost an electron’s orbit than electrons in a gas, so require more energetic photons again to warm them.

No, it depends on the molecule, and again it’s not electron excitation it’s bond vibration.

Therefore it is my understanding that it is impossible for the LWIR emitted by a cold low energy CO2 molecule to have the energy required to warm any molecule in the atmosphere warmer than -80C and certainly no molecule in a liquid (EG water) or a solid body, as their electrons require even more energy.

As explained above this is not true for several reasons.

LWIR from CO2 simply bounces around the atmosphere until it escapes into space and it causes no warming of the lower atmosphere at all. The energy level of that 2W of LWIR is too poor to have any affect. It needs to be closer to 10um to be energetic enough to warm anything.
So the idea of CO2 trapping heat in the atmosphere is all wrong. Yes LWIR from CO2 is retained in the atmosphere longer, but it simply bounces around until it escapes into space without causing any warming.

No, the earth’s surface is very close to a black body and will readily absorb a photon emitted by CO2, or it could be absorbed by another CO2 molecule, or thermalize.

So am I right?

Mostly not I’m afraid, but thanks for the opportunity to correct these misconceptions which as you suggest are frequently encountered on the web.

And if you disagree with the science above, please explain which sentences you disagree with and exactly how, at the Quantum Physics level, photons from a CO2 molecule at -80C can warm anything.

As pointed out the concept of CO2 molecules at -80ºC is a major misunderstanding of Wien’s law (it also makes more sense to use the form of that law which relates peak frequency to temperature since that is proportional to energy).

• co2islife says:

Go to MODTRAN and test this for yourself. You will see that CO2 doesn’t have any impact what so ever until you get up to about 3 to 5 km when H2O starts dropping out of the atmosphere. If you then take a look at the temperature of the atmosphere at those heights where CO2’s signature is present, you will see that it is about -80°C. What you are seeing is the thermalization of CO2/15µ, and it results in a temperature floor, not an increase in the ceiling. CO2 only warms the upper atmosphere, not the lower troposphere.

68. Don K says:

What a fascinating collection of comments. I never would have thought there would/could be so many different ways to visualize radiation, temperature, and heat flow.

Well worth reading in their entirety several times I think.

69. More simply, radiation from a cooler object cannot naturally raise the temperature of a warmer object. This is so basic and so obvious that WUWT should hang its head in shame over the amount of articles it has posted with convoluted explanations to the contrary.
The whole premise of the Greenhouse Effect has nothing to do with how much Radiation CO2 can absorb, but how much the radiation, emitted by the CO2 in the atmosphere, can warm the surface of the earth. The answer, of course, is zero! Radiation from a cooler source cannot increase the temperature of a warmer source.

End of story. You don’t need to invoke quantum physics to understand it. You just need to stop holding sophists with PhDs in awe and use some common sense and basic observations.

• Gerontius says:

radio waves can be absorbed by a receiving antena that is warmer than the emitter and be warmed up such that it glows red hot. try putting an electrical conductor in a microwave oven

• LdB says:

It would work if it wasn’t for the fact that there are too many closed circuit loops that would generate heat and eddy currents and destroy it.

In fact many RF device send and receive on the same antenna all the time :-)

Try a search on
“can two RF frequencies share the same antenna”

Or even lets try putting two full transmitters on the same antenna so try

• Robert Clemenzi says:

You are right – a cold object can not warm a warmer object.

However, the temperature of the atmosphere is between the maximum surface temperature and the minimum surface temperature. Therefore, the CO2 in the atmosphere can increase the *average* surface temperature by keeping the nigh time minimum warmer than it would be if there was no atmosphere.

70. Lars P. says:

“This is a contentious subject, and I have often shied away from it because it often erupts in food fights. ”

Well yes this opens a can of worms.
Here my 2 worms, er, cents ;)

1) Basically what increasing CO2 in the atmosphere does is shortening the path of the 15 um radiation, from let’s say 10 meters to 9.
One could argue that, in the whole air column, the heat transfer through radiation made with 9 meter steps, instead of 10 meter steps, would increase the lapse rate and thus increase the temperature of the surface. However this is dependant on the percentage of energy that flows through the 15um from the total which I guess is in the order of less then 1/1000.
=> effect cannot be measured

2) Personally I think the whole greenhouse effect is being built on a wrong basis as the elephant in the room is excluded: the oceans.
It is not the atmosphere that has the greatest greenhouse effect, but the ocean, water is practically opaque to infrared radiation, not transparent as the atmosphere is. Light penetrates the oceans to depth up to 100 meters and warms it, however the ocean loses heat only at the surface. The puny effect of CO2 ‘backradiation’ (and all other atmosphere including water vapor) is dwarfed by a 0.5 meter water strata at the surface of the oceans.
The idea that the oceans would freeze without the atmosphere’s backradiation – as the warmists maintain is nonsense. The oceans receive a 1300 W/m2 at the Equator. That heat is absorbed, stored and keep the oceans warm in the night too. No danger of frozen waters.
Of course the atmosphere has its contribution too, but the oceans cannot be completely dismissed as it is done.
Geology proves that the ocean currents define the climate, not CO2 variations, but hey, maybe it is still too early to consider this…

71. Clyde Spencer says:

For the geologists and mineral collectors here (and those of you old enough to have ever bellied up to the bar in a discotheque), you are probably familiar with the effect of shining a ‘Black Light’ on solid (e.g. scheelite) and liquid substances (e.g. hydrocarbons). Short-wavelength lights will invariably give different ‘glowing’ colors and intensities than long-wavelength lights. In general, the observed fluorescence and phosphorescence is of a shorter wavelength than the stimulating electromagnetic energy. As a rule of thumb, the fluorescence is of a longer wavelength than the stimulating wavelength, and is variable in duration with different materials. The fluorescence is usually confined to one or two narrow wavelengths, which distinguishes it from thermal emissions. That is to say, if a substance (including individual gas molecules) receives EM radiation of greater energy than an electronic orbital transition, some or all of the energy may be absorbed, and then re-emitted when, after a highly variable period of time, the electron(s) falls back to the ground state. So, strictly speaking, narrow wavelength emissions from CO2 should be considered fluorescence, and should be occurring at wavelengths longer than the absorption bands.
[ https://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/techniques/fluorescence/fluorescenceintro.html ]

On the other hand, the molecules of solids, liquids, and gasses possess kinetic energy in the form of the velocity of individual molecules, straining in the chemical molecular bonds, and in the case of solids, vibration in the crystal lattice. All of these sources of kinetic energy have different energies; the integrated energy is related to the average velocity of molecules, and the average vibrational bonding energy. At high temperatures, Doppler shift will cause the apparent emission wavelengths to also be different. At certain energy levels, bonds can be broken, and a change in physical state will take place, Thus, the distribution of emitted thermal energy with respect to wavelength will approximate the classic Black Body emission.

Thus, if the major absorption feature for CO2 is around 15 microns, I would expect the fluorescence emission wavelengths to be out in the region of the water vapor absorption. That is to say, the presence or absence of water vapor will strongly effect whether the atmosphere retains the CO2 emissions. The thermal emission should correspond to the average temperature of the gas molecules.

Once again, the situation is more complex than climatologists are either aware of, or want to admit.

• Clyde Spencer November 19, 2017 at 3:53 pm

Thus, if the major absorption feature for CO2 is around 15 microns, I would expect the fluorescence emission wavelengths to be out in the region of the water vapor absorption.

You’re mistaken because you’re extrapolating from electronic transitions with vibrational fine structure to vibrational transitions with rotational fine structure where the ‘red shift’ is far less pronounced and you don’t have to worry about the Frank-Condon effect.

72. co2islife says:

“15um equates to 2898 ÷ 15 = 193K = -80C or -122F. In the atmosphere this temperature only occurs about 90-100Km high in the atmosphere.
Carbon Dioxide only emits and absorbs radiation at -80C from a narrow layer of atmosphere 90Km above the Earth’s surface.”

Thank you!!!! I’ve been making that point a million times.

Climate “Science” on Trial; CO2 is a Weak GHG, it has no Permanent Dipole
If anything CO2 helps to act as a temperature floor for the globe, as it’s main contribution is to thermalize energy consistent with a blackbody temperature of -80º C (-50º C to -110º C).
https://co2islife.wordpress.com/2017/01/30/climate-science-on-trial-co2-is-a-weak-ghg-it-has-no-dipole/

• Ed Bo says:

co2islife:

You are simply demonstrating your complete scientific illiteracy.

You see an equation, like the one for Wien’s Displacement Law. It expresses the peak radiative flux wavelength of a blackbody as a function of its temperature.

If you had any real scientific understanding, you would realize the context of this equation, that it calculates a wavelength AS A FUNCTION OF temperature.

But because you have no real scientific understanding, you simply see an equation relating wavelength and temperature. So you think you can calculate a temperature AS A FUNCTION OF wavelength.

This is, simply put, complete nonsense!

Radiation does not “have” a temperature. 15um radiation is thermally emitted from substances (including CO2) over a wide range of temperatures. As far as absorption of this radiation, it does not matter whether the source had a higher, lower, or same temperature as the target. Radiation carries NO information as to the temperature of its source, or even whether it was thermally emitted or not.

• co2islife says:

“If you had any real scientific understanding, you would realize the context of this equation, that it calculates a wavelength AS A FUNCTION OF temperature.”

Uhhh, just what do you think I was saying? Just what is a black body to you? Yes, you warm up a body, and that body emits a spectrum. Just what do you think I was talking about?

“But because you have no real scientific understanding, you simply see an equation relating wavelength and temperature. So you think you can calculate a temperature AS A FUNCTION OF wavelength.”

Uhhh, no I don’t, and you can verify everything I say and write by simply going to MODTRAN or SpectralCalc. The calculators don’t lie.

“Radiation does not “have” a temperature. 15um radiation is thermally emitted from substances (including CO2) over a wide range of temperatures. As far as absorption of this radiation, it does not matter whether the source had a higher, lower, or same temperature as the target.”

Uhhh, my point was that earth emits a full IR spectrum with a peak of 10µ. Absorbing a small fraction of that can’t warm the atmosphere above the 10µ temperature. Just what do you think a molecular spectrum is? CO2 doesn’t absorb or emit much IR, it absorbs at 2.7, 4.3 and 15µ Are you denying the CO2 molecular spectrum? Test it yourself, shine 15µ on a flask of CO2, it won’t warm.

• mkelly says:

Ed bo says : Radiation carries NO information as to the temperature of its source, or even whether it was thermally emitted or not.

If absolutely true why do the rings on my stove never show RED when the stove is off? Or why do we know that Blue stars have a higher temperature than brown dwarfs?

• AndyHce says:

“Radiation carries NO information as to the temperature of its source, or even whether it was thermally emitted or not.”
Why do Spenser and Christy believe they can obtain the temperature of the atmosphere by measuring microwave emissions of oxygen therein?
Why do astronomers believe they can determine the temperature of stars and nebula by analyzing their spectrum?

• AndyHce November 20, 2017 at 3:04 am
“Radiation carries NO information as to the temperature of its source, or even whether it was thermally emitted or not.”
Why do Spenser and Christy believe they can obtain the temperature of the atmosphere by measuring microwave emissions of oxygen therein?
Why do astronomers believe they can determine the temperature of stars and nebula by analyzing their spectrum?

The individual photons carry no information about the temperature of their source so an absorber can not distinguish the difference between a 15micron photon emitted at -80ºC and one emitted at 100ºC and will absorb them both.
Temperature measurements are made by looking at the distribution of photons (the spectrum) which is a function of temperature.

• co2islife November 19, 2017 at 4:41 pm

Uhhh, my point was that earth emits a full IR spectrum with a peak of 10µ. Absorbing a small fraction of that can’t warm the atmosphere above the 10µ temperature. Just what do you think a molecular spectrum is? CO2 doesn’t absorb or emit much IR, it absorbs at 2.7, 4.3 and 15µ Are you denying the CO2 molecular spectrum? Test it yourself, shine 15µ on a flask of CO2, it won’t warm.

Earth does not emit a full IR spectrum with a peak of 10µm, it emits a spectrum with a peak radiance at 10µm. In fact plotting it versus wavelength distorts the distribution, it makes more sense to plot vs wavenumber, which is proportional to energy. If you do that you will see that the radiance peaks at 550cm-1 for 288K (peak radiance 0.136 W/m2/sr/cm-1) whereas the CO2 absorption band is centered at 667cm-1 (radiance ~0.132 W/m2/sr/cm-1). So CO2 absorbs near the maximum of the earth’s BB energy distribution, by contrast water absorbs between 1500-2000 cm-1 (radiance ~0.02 W/m2/sr/cm-1).
The experiment you suggest would be rather difficult since the flask will be continuously bathed in 15µm radiation from its surroundings. You’d also have to surround it with N2 to avoid having all the 15µm absorbed by the air.

• co2islife says:

“Earth does not emit a full IR spectrum with a peak of 10µm, it emits a spectrum with a peak radiance at 10µm. ”
You are disagreeing with a calculator, and are wrong. Yes, the Earth may not be a perfect black body, but all calculations treat it as such.

“The experiment you suggest would be rather difficult since the flask will be continuously bathed in 15µm radiation from its surroundings. You’d also have to surround it with N2 to avoid having all the 15µm absorbed by the air.”

Yep, just like our atmosphere. The experiment would be adding additional energy to the system through the light. You could also put the flask in a -80°C container and shine the light on it. It won’t warm. There are plenty of creative ways for a scientist to isolate this effect. The fact that they don’t even attempt to demonstrate the basics through experimentation proves they aren’t looking for the truth, and why they rely on computer models.

• co2islife November 20, 2017 at 9:19 am
“Earth does not emit a full IR spectrum with a peak of 10µm, it emits a spectrum with a peak radiance at 10µm. ”
You are disagreeing with a calculator, and are wrong. Yes, the Earth may not be a perfect black body, but all calculations treat it as such.

No, I’m disagreeing with the statement you made, as shown in your graph the earth emits between 3 and 60µm with peak radiance at 10µm.

Yep, just like our atmosphere. The experiment would be adding additional energy to the system through the light. You could also put the flask in a -80°C container and shine the light on it. It won’t warm.

It certainly will!
All the 15µm light will be absorbed in a 10 cm path length if you put 1%CO2 in N2 in your container.

• Ed Bo says:

co2islife:

I said: “So you think you can calculate a temperature AS A FUNCTION OF wavelength.”

You responded: “Uhhh, no I don’t”

But then you followed up with: “Absorbing a small fraction of that [earth’s IR spectrum] can’t warm the atmosphere above the 10µ temperature.”

So you just calculated a temperature AS A FUNCTION of wavelength. You don’t even understand that you don’t understand anything about this subject!

As to the (irrelevant) point you were clumsily trying to make, that the atmosphere’s absorption of some of earth’s IR emissions cannot increase the atmosphere’s temperature past that of the surface, no one is claiming that it does. The atmospheric greenhouse theory REQUIRES the atmosphere to be colder than the surface.

• co2islife November 19, 2017 at 3:53 pm
“15um equates to 2898 ÷ 15 = 193K = -80C or -122F. In the atmosphere this temperature only occurs about 90-100Km high in the atmosphere.
Carbon Dioxide only emits and absorbs radiation at -80C from a narrow layer of atmosphere 90Km above the Earth’s surface.”

Thank you!!!! I’ve been making that point a million times.

And you’ve been wrong every time you’ve done so!

• co2islife says:

That point isn’t debatable. It comes from the SpectralCalc Black Body Calculator. You are claiming the math is wrong.

• co2islife November 19, 2017 at 3:53 pm
Carbon Dioxide only emits and absorbs radiation at -80C from a narrow layer of atmosphere 90Km above the Earth’s surface.

This is false.

co2islife November 20, 2017 at 9:11 am
That point isn’t debatable. It comes from the SpectralCalc Black Body Calculator. You are claiming the math is wrong.

No, I’m claiming that the guy looking at the graph doesn’t know what he’s talking about!
Run Spectralcalc Gas cell simulator with 0.0004 VMR of CO2 at 296K and plot absorption between 600cm-1 and 700cm-1. You’ll see that it absorbs just fine.

73. co2islife says:

“Note: This is a contentious subject, and I have often shied away from it because it often erupts in food fights.”

Mr Watts, why is this a contentious issue? The quantum physics are well known and defined. I’ve pointed out almost all the points highlighted in this article. The physics are the physics, you can’t change that.
How to Discuss Global Warming with a “Climate Alarmist.” Scientific Talking Points to Win the Debate.
https://co2islife.wordpress.com/2017/01/16/how-to-discuss-global-warming-with-a-climate-alarmist-scientific-talking-points-to-win-the-debate/

• Clyde Spencer says:

co2islife,
You said, “The quantum physics are well known and defined. I’ve pointed out almost all the points highlighted in this article. The physics are the physics, you can’t change that.” I wish it were that simple!

The impression I get from reading the comments is that most posting here are reasonably well-educated, but have varying backgrounds or disciplines. Yet, there is disagreement on what the “physics” says, even amongst those who share similar views about the validity of AGW. In part that may be the result of how an individual interprets the ‘facts.’ Often times the ease with which a problem can be solved depends on how it is expressed or framed. That area probably could use some work. Overall, I’d say that one of the problems is really a failure to communicate with one’s peers. Beyond that, there are some here with a vested interest in a particular viewpoint, and they have trouble looking at the problem from a different viewpoint. Few outside the area of geology are familiar with Chamberlain’s Method of Multiple Working Hypotheses.

If those of us, who are skeptical about the claims made by AGW alarmists, could get our act together and speak with a unified voice, I think that we would have a better chance of pointing out the errors of alarmists. But, with infighting, we are little more than an intellectual rabble.

• co2islife says:

Everyone of my comments can be verified by MODTRAN or SPECTRALCALC. I simply reading a calculator’s output. If the computer is wrong, then I am wrong.

• Gabro says:

It doesn’t help when the first comment is by a d@nier of EM radiation and photons.

74. John says:

Well, I can fully understand why this topic is so debatable. I’m an Engineer myself, and I’m still having trouble with deciphering so many viewpoints. I only started becoming interested in the topic around 6 months ago. Probably the only real thing I’ve discovered is that it is much more complex than I had envisioned. Perhaps only time is the ultimate arbiter.

• nickreality65 says:

John,

No it’s not complex, it’s second year thermo and heat transfer.

One popular RGHE theory power flux balance (“Atmospheric Moisture…. Trenberth et al 2011jcli24 Figure 10) has a spontaneous perpetual loop (333 W/m^2) flowing from cold to hot violating three fundamental thermodynamic laws. (1. Spontaneous energy out of nowhere, 2. perpetual loop w/o work, 3. cold to hot w/o work, 4. doesn’t matter because what’s in the system stays in the system)

75. co2islife says:

“So am I right? I deliberately have not included any references because I want you to confirm or deny my understanding independently. ”

Almost everything discussed in this article can be found is article previously written on this topic. This Blog has all the resources to validate the points made in this article. The physics are the physics, they aren’t up for debate and Modtran and any Black Body calculator will demonstrate that.
https://co2islife.wordpress.com/

76. This would have been a great thread if one were allowed to reference those unmentionable scientists that deny that CO2 can warm the surface. Especially the astrophysicist who just published a week ago or so on this topic.

I hope there comes a time when luke-warmers here can debate with the skeptics. Perhaps some day.

• nickreality65 says:

First have to agree on whether atmosphere warms or cool the surface. Until then the debate will be infinite.

• tty says:

Both of course.

• TTY, “Both of course.” is a perfect response! Most of the comments are citing warming of a molecule, parts of them, or atmosphere of them, but in reality are MOSTLY talking about reducing heat already gained.

77. co2islife says:

Fact: Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, it can only be changed in form.
1) CO2’s only defined mechanism to affect climate change is through absorbing and thermalizing LWIR between 13 and 18µ
2) Those bands are only a small fraction of the emitted LWIR, earth’s peak is 10µ
3) There is no way through thermalization for CO2 to warm anything above the temperature of the emitting body, the energy simply doesn’t exist. Absorbing a fraction can’t account for more than the whole.
4) Radiation could trigger combustion, but that isn’t the phenomenon that we are talking about
5) Conduction, convection, and radiation all act to move heat away from the earth. Claims that the GHG effect is responsible for all the warmth of the atmosphere ignore conduction and convection.
6) This is easily proven in a lab by shining 15µ IR light into a flask of CO2. It won’t warm because the room temperature is way above -80°C

• Technically energy can be “destroyed.” If you observe the spectra from distant stars, you’ll note that the hydrogen emission lines are red shifted. When the photon left the star of origin, it had the normal wavelength (freq) of the emission lines of hydrogen. As it traversed the expanding intergalactic space, it’s wavelength grew longer (red-shift.) There is a calculable loss of energy in this red-shifted photon according to E=hc/l where delta-E = hc/delta-l.

Where did the ‘lost’ energy go?

• co2islife says:

“Technically energy can be “destroyed.””

Prove that and you repeal Newton’s Law, and you will get a Nobel Prize.

• I already did. The photon that was emitted a million light years ago, “lost” some of it’s energy. The frequency has decreased (increased wavelength.) Where is the “lost” energy?

• Gerontius says:

it went into potential energy. for the gravitational red shift it was demonstrated by t Cranshaw at Harwell in the 1960s. a photon fired from the ground level to the top of a hanger was found to be red shifted. a photon fired downwards was blue shifted. it is like a ball being throw upwards it looses speed but that does not mean that energy is destroyed. Similarly with a photon

• Gerontius, that does not explain it. There is no gravitational field in the million light years between the star that emitted the photon, and the spectrometer here on earth that measured it. The red shift is due to the expansion of space, not to a gravitational field.

• PS Gerontius, photons coming from the opposite side of the universe display the same red shift. You would think that if you looked in the opposite direction of the red shifted photon, you’d observe a blue shifted one if your “theory” were correct.

• LdB says:

They never get that, but you are being mean :-)

• Gabro says:

The energy doesn’t change so much as the wavelength stretches out, changing its color. If the source were heading toward you the waves would bunch up. It’s all due to the Doppler effect.

A passing car is a good example. You hear the sound change as the car passes. Sound at sea level and standard conditions travels at about 761 mph. So if a car is traveling toward you at 30 mph, then the sound is travelling at 761 + 30 mph = 791 mph. After it passes, the sound you hear is traveling at 761 – 30 Mph = 731 mph. So the energy does not particularly change. Turbulence has a small effect, but the pitch goes from higher to lower just as starlight red shifts.

It’s all down to the observer’s or listener’s point of view or frame of reference. The sound wave or photon just keeps doing its own thing, while the looker looks on.

As for the effect of gravity, red shift or blue shift is not due to any change in frequency of the photons, but rather to the time rates being different for observers in different potentials. No energy change occurs. If a photon of a given frequency is created by some atomic transition in the vicinity of a star, then it will appear red-shifted compared with the energy of the same transition at some distance from the star, but it hasn’t changed frequency.

Similar considerations apply for red or blue shift due to relative motion; the energy is unchanged relative to the location at which the photon was emitted, but appears different from a moving frame. The situation isn’t quite so clear-cut about red shift due to cosmological expansion, because it depends on how you describe the expansion, but even in that case the frequency of the photon is unchanged relative to its original rest frame.

• LdB says:

The energy doesn’t change so much as the wavelength stretches out

E= hv

E= Energy
h = Plancks constant
v = frequency

The formula begs to differ :-)

• co2islife says:

“The energy doesn’t change so much as the wavelength stretches out, changing its color. If the source were heading toward you the waves would bunch up. It’s all due to the Doppler effect.”

That is a great point, the total energy is the same, but energy/m is less. You are stretching the energy over a larger distance.

• LdB says:

You haven’t dealt with the issue that all your own formulas tell you that you lost energy.
Every real physicist will give you the same answer
https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/21603/have-red-shifted-photons-lost-energy-and-where-did-it-go
https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/7060/redshifting-of-light-and-the-expansion-of-the-universe

The energy is not conserved no even conceptually both QM and GR demand it to be so. This is one of the problems with classical physics it leads you to stupid answers.

• Gabro says:

LdB November 20, 2017 at 8:43 am

It is not a problem with “classical physics”, but with your lack of understanding thereof and misguided thinking about it.

As CO2 observes above in response to my prior comment, energy is conserved, but just delivered at a different rate per unit of EM radiation travel. That’s one way of explaining the paradox which you imagine.

• LdB says:

What you are again showing is you don’t have a clue about QM.

So if you energy is coming in over time perhaps you would like to tell me how long your photon is and what time period :-)

• Gabro says:

LdB November 20, 2017 at 11:45 am

Clearly you don’t understand QM or “classical physics”, by which you mean “physics”.

How many times do I need to explain it to you?

The apparent change in color, ie wavelength and frequency, or a photon of visible light traveling along at its accustomed C, is due to the observer’s position. In the Doppler effect, sound waves don’t change their energy content.

Again, if photons don’t exist, then neither do any of the other elementary particles.

• LdB says:

Oh here he goes again trying to obviscate the problem, we have cool lasers(tm) again. You make a statement then just want to wave hands ignore it and try to deflect to something else.

• Gerontius says:

Robert Kernoodle, Gabro,

the gravitational red shift is real and explicable and demonstrated . in that the energy lost is conserved in potential energy

the velocity red shift is real and is due to energy conservation, and not an example of non conservation of energy. You cannot look at the photon in isolation and must look at where it came. There is a fairly simple classical (although with a bit of QM thrown in explanation). It is readily available on the web, although if you look you will always get the Kernoodle reply that is non conservational. You need however to be rigorous in accounting your energy balance . There is no need to invoke expanding universes only relative motion between observer and emitter. You then get the Doppler effect. Now the Doppler effect and the red shift in electromagnetic waves is well known and its energy conservation is not in doubt. And as I said before the energy balance of the effect demonstrates that the red shift is an effect of energy conservation

Robert I leave you to search the web, ps Cranshaw used the velocity red shift to measure the gravitational shifts. Now that’s a big clue as to where the missing energy goes.

None of you here has mentioned it in this blog, so ignorance is bliss.

• Gerontius says:

Robert Kernodle

It explains that red shift is an example of energy conservation!

• co2islife November 19, 2017 at 4:12 pm
Fact: Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, it can only be changed in form.
1) CO2’s only defined mechanism to affect climate change is through absorbing and thermalizing LWIR between 13 and 18µ
2) Those bands are only a small fraction of the emitted LWIR, earth’s peak is 10µ

Since you claim to use Spectracalc try the following:
Using the Blackbody calculator set it for a BB at 288K
Set the lower limit of the band to 13 micron and the upper limit to 17 micron.
Perform the calculation.
You should find that the band radiance is 23.3 W/m2/sr whereas the total radiance is 124.2 W/m2/sr.
By my reckoning that means the CO2 absorption band accounts for about 19% of the total, hardly a small fraction.
Remember “Everyone of my comments can be verified by MODTRAN or SPECTRALCALC.”

• co2islife says:

“By my reckoning that means the CO2 absorption band accounts for about 19% of the total, hardly a small fraction.”

In an atmosphere of 100% CO2, that would prove a whole lot, but add H2O to the mix and you will see CO2 is meaningless in the lower atmosphere. You only see a CO2 signature at 15µ after H2O precipitates out of the atmosphere. BTW, that 19% is 19% of the very low energy end of the LWIR spectrum. Now compare the energy of visible light, of which H2O in the oceans absorb 100% of. That is where the energy is, not LWIR.

• co2islife November 20, 2017 at 5:57 am
“By my reckoning that means the CO2 absorption band accounts for about 19% of the total, hardly a small fraction.”

In an atmosphere of 100% CO2, that would prove a whole lot, but add H2O to the mix and you will see CO2 is meaningless in the lower atmosphere. You only see a CO2 signature at 15µ after H2O precipitates out of the atmosphere. BTW, that 19% is 19% of the very low energy end of the LWIR spectrum. Now compare the energy of visible light, of which H2O in the oceans absorb 100% of. That is where the energy is, not LWIR.

Not true, that 19% is of the total of the LWIR you can check it out on Spectralcalc. Also the CO2 absorption band is near the peak of the energy spectrum, it is water that is near the tail.
The Blackbody radiance peaks at 550cm-1 for 288K (peak radiance 0.136 W/m2/sr/cm-1) whereas the CO2 absorption band is centered at 667cm-1 (radiance ~0.132 W/m2/sr/cm-1). So CO2 absorbs near the maximum of the earth’s BB energy distribution, by contrast water absorbs between 1500-2000 cm-1 (radiance ~0.02 W/m2/sr/cm-1).
You show the CO2 signature on the Modtran graphs on your own website from 1km, you also show the H2O signature off in the tail. If you do the calculations on Modtran comparing 0ppm CO2 with 400ppm CO2 you’ll find that ~10% of the total is removed by CO2.

• Toneb says:

“Also the CO2 absorption band is near the peak of the energy spectrum, it is water that is near the tail.”

Yep….

78. Dr. Deanster says:

I see a lot of diagrams on radiation ,,,, incoming, outgoing, backwards. But all of this assumes that the majority of energy absorbed by the ocean is in some sort of magical equilibrium with the atmosphere. …. ie, a very large part of the incoming SW IR Is absorbed and NOT immediately released.

• co2islife says:

LWIR between 13 and 18µ doesn’t penetrate or warm the oceans.

• Dr. Deanster says:

Exactly, but the ONLY outside source of energy to the earth, well, maybe some minuscule amount from plate tectonics, …. is SW, and it DOES penetrate the ocean surface. It doesn’t just warm the surface and immediately float back into the atmosphere.

Any equilibrium equation for the total earth can only be made n long term basis, as a good bit of energy is stored and released over time.

• nickreality65 says:

A close examination of USCRN soil data shows that solar IR hardly makes it 1 meter deep by conduction and then only during summer daylight which is the ONLY time the air is warmer than the ground.

79. Derek Colman says:

My idea of an experiment is simple, maybe too simple. Take two identical sealed glass containers and fill each one with a mixture of gases which imitates the atmosphere. The only difference between them is that one has 0.028% of CO2 and the other has 0.04% of CO2. Both vessels should be fitted with highly accurate temperature probes. At the start ensure that both are at exactly the same temperature. Now radiate each with an IR lamp, tested to be identical in output. Now observe the temperature increase in the vessels. The data from this experiment can then be used to calculate and compare what happens to atmospheric temperature at pre-industrial and current CO2 levels. My guess is that the difference will be so small that even the accurate temperature probes can not distinguish it.

• mkelly says:

Derek Anthony already did this with his two glass jar experiment. One filled with air the other with CO2. Search for it and watch the video.

• A glass jar is a closed system. The earth is an open system. Thus a false experiment.

• mkelly says:

Sailboarder the earth is a closed system with the sun. Energy can enter but no mass. Also the video was done to correct numerous errors done for Al Gore by Bill Nye. Good video.

80. mkelly says:

E=hv tells us how much energy is available to cause a CO2 molecule to increase its translation. And translation velocity is dependent on absolute temperature and molar mass. So heavier gas travels slower.

We know that Q = Cp m dT for how much energy is needed to raise a mass of something, air in this case.

I have yet to be able to show that hv * 400ppm CO2 = Cp m dT for a cubic meter air.

But a postulate of kinetic theory of gas says that all collisions are pure elastic and no energy is lost or gained, so if true CO2 cannot do this anyway.

• LdB says:

That is all very interesting but it is a EM wave aka a radio wave. Just like your TV set the EM wave will only selectively react to certain frequencies. Do you really think the EM wave delivering your TV signal got absorbed and re-emited from every air molecule along the way or has anything to do with kinetic energy of molecules along the way?

• mkelly says:

To your question my answer is NO. But since the present GH theory is based on CO2 absorbing IR we should be able to reconcile these two items.

• LdB says:

I have no idea what GH theory works on I am not a climate scientist. All I am telling you is radiative transfer doesn’t occur in that manner described and energy can be lost and gained and attenuation can be measured. I am sure if you search Atmospheric Attenuation you can find the numbers for ll frequencies in the EM spectrum (from RF thru visible light up to X and Gamma rays).

• mkelly says:

LdB we have been shown graphs on this thread of CO2 absorbing at 15u. OK, then using E=hv we can calculate the amount of energy available to any CO2 molecule to increase its translation. Translation is directly related to temperature.

Due to the relationship of velocity to temperature we should be able to calculate the ability to raise a cubic meter of air via the energy in a 15u IR absorption.

Having taught basic radar theory and basic physics of underwater sound in the navy I have a idea of EM wave and attenuation etc. But that was many years ago. Thanks for your input.

81. co2islife says:

Does anyone have a link to a research paper where 15µ IR was shined on a flask of CO2 and its temperature measured? Unless the CO2 spectrum is a lie, then the only contribution CO2 has to global warming is through the thermalization of IR at 15µ. That won’t warm anything. Simply focus on the basics. By what mechanism does CO2 affect climate change? Isolate that factor and test it. Has anyone tested the impact of CO2 thermalizing 15µ LWIR?

• Blair Macdonald says:

Testing

82. Blair Macdonald says:

I too am working with this problem, I actually thought I had been ‘pipped to the post’, but after reading this, and the comments, nope – not even close. And Anthony, this may be ‘contentious’ but it is the key premise to greenhouse theory; without this, greenhouse theory collapses, so it is worth trashing out.

The way I see it the problem lies in the detectors of the greenhouse gases (see my youtube presentation below): they all use thermoelectric – Seebeck Effect transducers. What John Tyndall discovered In 1859 are really only the thermoelectric gases, N2 and O2 are not; nor is CO2s 1338cm mode. All thermograms and IR spectrograms are created using these detectors, but they discriminate the non thermoelectric modes and substances.
Greenhouse theory is 19th century science, pre Quantum mechanics . Quantum mechanics predicts and explains the vibrational modes, emission spectra, of all the molecules in the atmosphere including oxygen and nitrogen; It also says all matter radiates infrared. All matter! That oxygen and nitrogen are assumed not to radiate IR is a contradiction to QM. Either Quantum mechanics, or greenhouse theory is wrong: Quantum mechanics is not wrong. To observe the predicted Modes of oxygen and nitrogen – at 1556cm and 2338cm respectively – we must use 20th century technology, Raman spectroscopy (the complement instrument to thermoelectric IR spectroscopy) .

In the paper that I’m about to publish I will show the Raman laser technology is equivalent to Thermoelectric IR technology. Raman can do it all: it measures temperature, and the concentration of the gases. It is even used to measure the Keeling curve, and is the instrument of choice on solar system space probes for this reason. It can also show nitrogen and oxygen emit and absorb IR radiation, in total compliance with thermodynamic laws Stefan Boltzmann equation and Boltzmann constant. I can even show, by experiment and application, nitrogen radiates upon CO2 to heat the CO2 – figure that.
The following YouTube presentation is my rough beginnings – I have since developed my theory.
With oxygen and nitrogen being greenhouse gases, greenhouse theory collapses.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T0IHKKkOwdU&t=860s Reinterpreting John Tyndall’s 1859 Greenhouse Gas Experiment with Thermoelectric and Raman Theory

83. aGrimm says:

Pretty much any wavelength of radiation can create the photons that we sense as heat. For example, the 662 kEv photons from Cs-137 when stopped by a lead shield will cause the lead to get hot if there are enough photons. Saw this with a cask of 55k Curies of Cs-137. The exterior of the cask was hot to the touch. Here is how I describe the conversion of the 662 kEv photons to heat EM. A loss of energy of the initial photon occurs as it impinges or interacts with an atom’s nucleus or electrons in a mass. There are number of processes by which the initial photon losses energy, but with each interaction of the photon with the orbiting electrons or the nucleus, some energy is “lost”. Of course the energy is not “lost” it is divided into lower or a different energy potential/form. One such loss might be when an orbital electron gains energy from the initial photon and ‘moves’ to a higher energy “excited” state. Generally, the electron does not want to stay in this state and will emit the excess energy as a low energy photon – sometimes immediately, sometimes after a passage of time. The process of the initial photon losing its energy can involve thousands of ever decreasing interactions. Another interaction might be where a photon strikes an electron and the electron is ejected from the atom. The initial photon loses energy equivalent to the binding energy of the electron. If the ejected photon received energy in excess of its binding energy, then that photon has energy to give to something else.

Because the eye is a measuring device for visible photons it is useful for describing the process of a photon being eventually degraded to heat. The eye has evolved to manage a reasonable level of visible photons without damage despite the fact that some of the dissipated energy becomes heat photons (whose energy is also dissipated). However, staring directly at the sun introduces too many photons and the heat dissipation mechanism cannot handle it and the retina will get burned. A burn is basically the rearrangement of a molecule, e.g. a protein molecule, due to the input of too much energy, whereby the new arrangement does not work biologically. Physics and biochemistry are fun fields to study in combination.

I have a few nit-picky points in Gill’s assessment, but overall I agree with his assessment.

84. Claude Harvey says:

“This is a contentious subject, and I have often shied away from it because it often erupts in food fights.”

I think the stewed tomatoes now dripping from the ceiling have confirmed your reservations, Mr. Watts. I do hope Mr. Gill was properly attired for the occasion.

85. For those still confused about how the poorly named “greenhouse effect” works, please see two posts on the subject:

The Steel Greenhouse

People Living in Glass Planets

And for those who claim that gravity or atmospheric mass or some other phenomenon is responsible for the fact that the Earth is much warmer than we would expect given its distance from the sun, let me recommend my post entitled “A Matter Of Some Gravity“.

Or not, you could choose to ignore everything but the things that support your view …

w.

Willis, I still see “The Steel Greenhouse” as one of the best articles I’ve ever read on the so-called “greenhouse effect.” In discussions on this site I’ve referred others to it several times. Thanks again.

• LdB says:

The problem Willis is the way we still teach physics. Almost everyone who doesn’t get it has the image of a photon as something like a tennis ball flying thru the atmosphere crashing into every molecule in it’s path. They don’t understand or won’t accept it’s a radio signal that collapses to something we equate to a tennis ball.

• AndyG55 says:

Neither of the first two bare the slightest resemblance to Earths’s atmosphere.

And everyone knows that an atmospheric pressure gradient, and related temperature gradient, exists on every known planet with an atmosphere.

86. Gabro says:

Venus:

Atmospheric composition: 96.5% carbon dioxide, 3.5% nitrogen, various trace gases.

Surface atmospheric pressure: 93 bar

Temperature: Over 450 °C

Earth:

Atmospheric composition: 78.09% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.04% water vapor (much higher at sea level), 0.04% carbon dioxide, other trace gases

Surface atmospheric pressure: 1.013 bar

Temperature: 15 °C

Mars:

Atmospheric composition: 95.32% carbon dioxide, 2.7% nitrogen, 1.6% oxygen, 0.08% carbon monoxide, 0.3% various trace gases.

Surface atmospheric pressure: 0.006 bar

Temperature: -60 °C

Thus, at first glance, mass of the atmosphere matters, but GHG concentration, not at all. No doubt there are extenuating circumstances.

• tty says:

I think you might class the distance to that big shiny thingy in the sky as an “extenuating circumstance”.

• Don K says:

“I think you might class the distance to that big shiny thingy in the sky …”

Exactly. FWIW, Venus receives about twice as much solar radiation per square meter as does the Earth. However the Venerian albedo is higher. More incoming radiation is reflected back to space. Also Venus rotates very slowly compared to Earth and Mars which probably alters the heat distribution considerably.

• Gabro says:

Tty,

I considered adding solar radiation at ToA for each planet, but the differences are small compared to the enormous temperature differences. Naturally you’d expect Venus to be balmier and Mars chillier than Earth, all other things being equal, but of course other things aren’t. Not even close. The other things outweigh insolation.

Don,

Venus’ rotation is clearly another factor. But, even considering all other things, the fact that Venus and Mars both have high-CO2 atmospheres highlights the importance of density and surface pressure. The temperature at the point in the Venusian atmosphere with terrestrial surface pressure is about the same as on Earth.

• Right on. The steel greenhouse ignores the pressure temperature effect.

• sailboarder November 20, 2017 at 4:09 am

Right on. The steel greenhouse ignores the pressure temperature effect.

The “pressure temperature effect”??? As I have shown, and as Dr. Brown has shown, that is a fantasy. READ THOSE LINKS, and then come back and tell us why Dr. Brown and I are wrong.

w.

• David Ball says:

A Chinook demonstrates that you are wrong.

• Gabro says:

David,

How about Walla Walla winds, the reverse of a Chinook?

• David Ball November 20, 2017 at 12:23 pm

A Chinook demonstrates that you are wrong.

David, while a Chinook wind raises the temperature at the surface because the air is descending … what goes down must come up. So somewhere else the same amount of air is going up and cooling, so that there is no net gain or loss.

And from the tone of your comment, it is clear that you have NOT done as requested, which was:

As I have shown, and as Dr. Brown has shown, that is a fantasy. READ THOSE LINKS, and then come back and tell us why Dr. Brown and I are wrong.

If you want to argue with my ideas, at least do me the courtesy of reading them before starting in … both Dr. Brown and I have proven, not asserted but proven, that there is no “pressure temperature effect” capable of warming an entire planet on a continuous basis.

w.

• Gabro says:

Willis,

What would be the temperature of Venus at the distance of Mars from the Sun?

Please explain why the temperature in Venus’ atmosphere at one bar is the same as on Earth. Thanks.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124158450000141

“Venus possesses a dense, hot atmosphere, composed primarily of carbon dioxide. A surface pressure of nearly 100 bars sustains the mean surface temperature of 740 K, which is essentially globally uniform except for topographic effects.”

Much as I respect Dr. Brown, “proof” is a strong word, appropriate for math, not technically applicable to science.

• Gabro says:

Actually, Venus’ atmosphere is a little warmer than average Earth temperature at one bar, thanks to a bit more incident solar radiation. But close enough to make the point. For government work.

• Gabro says:

Put another way, IMO Boyle’s Law ought roughly to apply, since, while not a closed system, the atmosphere approximates one since incoming and outgoing radiation are close to in balance, while subject to minor perturbances.

Thus, greater pressure should yield higher temperature. The atmosphere expands and contracts under heating or cooling, thus lowering or increasing pressure and temperature at the margins to maintain a fairly constant temperature, until other factors such as Milankovitch cycles and albedo waxing and waning change the baseline. This process can be extrapolated out to even denser or yet lower pressures.

• AndyG55 says:

“that there is no “pressure temperature effect”

Yet it exist on all known planets with an atmosphere.

hmmm !

• Gabro November 20, 2017 at 12:57 pm

Willis,

What would be the temperature of Venus at the distance of Mars from the Sun?

I’m sorry, but there are far too many unknowns in the thought experiment to even begin to say. FOR EXAMPLE, at the surface of Venus CO2 is a superfluid … would it still be a superfluid at the distance of Mars? And how would that change things?

Please explain why the temperature in Venus’ atmosphere at one bar is the same as on Earth. Thanks.

According to your graphic, the temperature of Venus’s atmosphere at one bar is on the order of 350K … which is 77°C or 170°F.

Look, my rule of thumb is that when someone starts talking about Venus to try to show something regarding the greenhouse effect, I stop listening. Venus is a hugely complex system about which we know little. Consider the trouble we have explaining the Earth, about which we know orders of magnitude more than we know about Venus …

Much as I respect Dr. Brown, “proof” is a strong word, appropriate for math, not technically applicable to science.

Say what? “Proof” is indeed a strong word, and I do not use it lightly. However, there are assuredly parts of science where things can indeed be proven, and this is one of them.

However, if you think that Dr. Browns proof is incorrect, how about you point out WHERE it is incorrect, and leave the grand overarching view of what “proof” is and isn’t for another time.

Note that I apply the same word to my proof regarding the same question, which takes a totally different path to the same conclusion. And again, I invite you to find something wrong with my proof.

Thanks,

w.

• AndyG55 November 20, 2017 at 2:28 pm
“that there is no “pressure temperature effect”

Yet it exist on all known planets with an atmosphere.

Like the one where the pressure drops from 20,000 Pa to 110 Pa and the temperature increases from 210K to 270K?

• AndyG55 says:

You mean virtually a vacuum, where radiation starts to take over.

DOH !,

Phil, there has to be enough atmosphere to sustain the gradient

Do try to keep up.

• AndyG55 says:

Happens around 0.1 bar. on every planet with enough atmosphere.

87. angech says:

“Once you have GHGs in the atmosphere, of course, some of the surface radiation can get absorbed in the atmosphere. In that case, the surface radiation is no longer constrained, and the surface is free to take up a higher temperature while the system as a whole emits the same amount of radiation to space that it absorbs.”

Thank you Willis.
I have never really understood you but this comment is great.
Since the same energy is going out that comes in there is never a real accumulation of energy in the system , just a change in the temperatures of the mediums of that system, if true.
More energy in the atmosphere less in the land and sea perhaps?
Without the CO2 the land under the sun would be a lot hotter during the middle of the day and would send out lots of IR at a higher temp than the atmosphere does.

88. Leo G says:

“For a molecule to “warm up” (have more kinetic energy) it needs its electrons to move to a higher, more energetic orbit. ”
The kinetic energy of a gas is the sum of the energy of the translational motion of the centre of mass of each molecule. Electron energies are not involved.

89. Belief in AGW caused by CO2 = denying or ignoring the science of thermalization, Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of molecule energy & quantum mechanics. The IR energy absorbed by CO2 is immediately (0.0002 microseconds) shared with surrounding molecules (thermalization) so, at low altitude, there is little chance for a CO2 molecule to emit a photon as a direct result of having absorbed one (relaxation time about 6 microseconds). Water vapor has many (>190) significant absorb/emit lines at substantially lower energy levels than the 15 micron absorb/emit band for CO2 and on average there are about 35 times as many WV molecules as CO2 molecules. At low altitude, energy absorbed by CO2 is effectively rerouted up via water vapor radiation and some convection. End result is CO2 has no significant effect on climate. http://globalclimatedrivers2.blogspot.com

90. Belief in AGW caused by CO2 = denying or ignoring the science of thermalization, Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of molecule energy & quantum mechanics. The IR energy absorbed by CO2 is immediately (0.0002 microseconds) shared with surrounding molecules (thermalization) so, at low altitude, there is little chance for a CO2 molecule to emit a photon as a direct result of having absorbed one (relaxation time about 6 microseconds). Water vapor has many (>190) significant absorb/emit lines at substantially lower energy levels than the 15 micron absorb/emit band for CO2 and on average there are about 35 times as many WV molecules as CO2 molecules. At low altitude, energy absorbed by CO2 is effectively rerouted up via water vapor radiation and some convection. End result is CO2 has no significant effect on climate.

91. J. Richard Wakefield November 19, 2017 at 1:28 pm

@Hugs November 19, 2017 at 10:21 am

“Now my house is not heated with the insulator, but it surely is warmer because of them.”

Only because the heat source (furnace) puts out more heat than can escape because of the insulation. The “warmth” of your home is dependent upon the heat source and the air temp outside (heat loss). It’s possible for it to get so cold outside that the insulation cannot keep the heat in with the furnace going full blast. Hence the insulation’s role is to slow the rate of heat loss. It doesnt make your home warmer, it makes it less cold.

It doesn’t make it warmer, it makes it less cold??? That’s just a pointless semantic exercise trying to deny the fact that the earth is warmer with the atmosphere than it would be without the atmosphere.

J. Richard, if you asked someone who just put on their jacket “Are you warmer now?”, do you think they’d say “Yes”, or that they’d say “No, I’m not warmer now, but I’m less cold”?

If you think the latter, here’s a quick guide to things that exist on a spectrum:

Less tall = shorter.

Less heavy = lighter.

Less dumb = smarter.

Less cold = warmer.

w.

• Sandy In Limousin says:

Willis

J. Richard, if you asked someone who just put on their jacket “Are you warmer now?”, do you think they’d say “Yes”, or that they’d say “No, I’m not warmer now, but I’m less cold”?

Coming from a cold and damp (Scotland) part of the world a suitable response to that question would be “I’m not as cold as I was” :-)

• Hugs says:

As I come from the “superhot” Arctic, I find this very amusing.

92. Nick Stokes November 19, 2017 at 5:32 pm

“It is only these 26 Wm^-2 that are effected by the amount of GHG in the atmosphere. Convection moves much more heat”

No,it’s not. The diagram is a budget. It records the fluxes that can be measured, and tests whether they are in balance. The flux that is affected by GHG concentration is the full 324 W/m2 downflux from air. The 390 W/m2 upflux at the surface responds to the temperature there. The difference, if you exclude AW, is small at 26 W/m2, but is pretty much locked. The 324 W/m2 is emitted from air near the surface, as you can tell from its magnitude. If the surface warms, that air warms too, and the flux difference remains near constant

Not true, according to CERES. As one example, for the Northern Hemisphere, as the average temperature swings from about 9°C to 22°C (a 4% change min to max), the net LW flux at the surface varies between about 52 and 60 W/m2 … since that is about a 15% change min to max, I’d hardly call it “near constant” W.R.T. temperature …

w.

(As a side note, CERES puts the upwelling LW at 398 W/m2, and the downwelling at 345 W/m2).

• Willis,
The Trenberth budget deals with annual averages. That gives plenty of time for the air at DWLWIR emitting altitude to equilibrate with surface, if the (annual average) surface warms.

• That makes no sense. You’ve said that “if the surface warms, that air warms too, and the flux difference remains constant”. You CANNOT determine that from a budget, whether Trenberth’s or someone else’s. A budget has no information at all about a “warming surface” …

w.

• Willis,
No, you can’t determine it from a budget. But you can reason about time scales. You are referring (I think) to a phase lag between surface and downward emitting layer temperature with the seasonal cycle. Averaging over a year is firstly a somewhat longer timescale, but also averages out the effect of such a seasonal lag. Basically the difference between upflux and down is determined by the temperature difference of emitting layer and ground temperatures, which is determined by lapse rate and GHG concentration. The latter fixes the altitude of the emitting layer.

• Willis,
You might like to try this test with CERES (I am not so adept with it). Just look at different areas around the world. There will be big changes in upflux and down. But is it not always the case that upflux always slightly exceeds down, as they vary over such a range?

• Nick Stokes November 20, 2017 at 2:25 am

Willis,
You might like to try this test with CERES (I am not so adept with it). Just look at different areas around the world. There will be big changes in upflux and down. But is it not always the case that upflux always slightly exceeds down, as they vary over such a range?

Nick, interesting question. Here’s surface upwelling longwave minus surface downwelling longwave, in a couple of formats.:

As you point out, net flow is always from the surface upwards.

All the best,

w.

• Willis,
Just adding some interpretation – I think the up-down difference is basically product of altitude of downward emitting layer and lapse rate. The dry lapse rate is higher than moist. And your map looks pretty much like a humidity map, except at poles, where flux in both directions is smaller.

• Willis,
Further thought – altitude of downward emitting layer is dependent on GHG concentration – it is lower with more GHGs. So higher if water vapor is low. That adds to the difference being greater in dry places – it could be the main cause.

93. Martin A says:

The temperature of a body (gas, liquid or solid) directly affects the wavelength of the radiation it emits and absorbs.

94. John November 19, 2017 at 7:06 am

I agree with your findings, but not for the same reasons. Retired now, I used to be a laser engineer, and instrument design engineer, including weather stations, and all manner of energy measuring devices. I created infrared measurement systems and laser energy measurement systems. Thus, I know a little about gas behavior and thermal characteristics.
So, my argument against CO2 ‘warming’ anything goes like this? If it DID increase the surface temperature, the surface would radiate to space at the 4th power of the increase, instantly cooling itself back down. We know that everything radiates and we have laws for quantifying it.
Experiment: Try to heat a stove with a flashlight. There are lots of photons, you can see them. Yet the stove does not warm.

Say what? If you shine a flashlight at a stove, it will end up warmer than without the flashlight. Not much warmer, but assuredly warmer. Look, John, a good chunk of the light from the flashlight will be ABSORBED by the stove, and the rest will be reflected.

Now, since energy cannot be either created or destroyed, what happens to the energy in the photons that are absorbed? Obviously, that energy must be changed into something … let’s see. It’s not converted to electricity. It’s not converted to chemical action. It’s not converted to mechanical energy … gosh, could it be converted to thermal energy?

And if (as you claim) the absorbed light is NOT converted to thermal energy … then just what are you claiming it is converted to?

You continue:

Why? Because for each photon that strikes the stove, the stove emits millions, maybe billions of photons itself. Those few photons from the flashlight are simply overwhelmed, and the result is immeasurable.

First, photons don’t get “overwhelmed” by photons going the other direction. If you are indeed an engineer you know that to be true. You can’t “overwhelm” a flashlight by shining fifty flashlights at it, that’s nuts.

Second, the resulting change in temperature in the stove is small. However, it is not “unmeasurable”, which you also know is true if you are an engineer.

Finally, your explanation that if CO2 “DID increase the surface temperature, the surface would radiate to space at the 4th power of the increase, instantly cooling itself back down” makes no sense at all. According to that theory, nothing can increase the surface temperature, because if it did the surface would “instantly cool” …

w.

• Brett Keane says:

Willis, you’re close to right there, when you try to haul the lower atmosphere up by its own bootstraps, a humourous definition of futility. Any warming would indeed cause expansion by molecules moving at c. 1km/sec in the gas phase. The gas laws do rule, so the IR catastrophe will not happen. Ditto the never-observed ghe.

• Except it has been, and the link has been posted on this thread at least twice.

The problem is that this only matters if all else is the same, and it’s not.

• Bryan says:

Proposition!

Cold objects must warm hotter objects, or even more strongly stated, heat the warmer object

Is this true?

In this case the fire and the light bulb
However the general truth comes out that is if the two objects are thermally isolated from their surroundings heat only flows from the higher temperature because that is the definition of HEAT
For example
Two metal blocks A and B sit separated inside a vacuum filled adiabatic enclosure.
Adiabatic enclosure consists of a perfect reflector face surrounded by a perfect insulator
Initially both at the same temperature. The zeroth law of thermodynamics applies.
Both emit and absorb equal amounts of radiation.
Neither one is said to heat the other.
Both objects remain at the same temperature
One block (A) has a power supply which is now switched on causing the temperature of the block to rise.
This in turn means that it will emit more radiation.
A will now heat B causing its temperature to rise.
B will in turn emit extra radiation which is absorbed by A but this ‘back’ radiation is caused by A.
Now comes the clincher
If B were not there at all the temperature A would be even higher.
So B cannot be said in any meaning of the word as a cause of heating A

in the case of the furnace(Tf) and light bulb(Tb)
If Tf >Tb heat will flow from furnace to bulb
If Tf <Tb heat will flow from bulb to furnace

• LdB says:

You whole answer is so crazy you do realize you aren’t dealing directly with heat but with EM wave. We call it a thermal emission not because it is “hot” or “heat” but because the source of emission is from a thermal source. Don’t think of the emission as heat it’s just EM energy.

Lets give you this with lasers which are the most precise EM frequencies I can generate.
So I fire a CO2 infrared laser and a red laser at each other.

We know the beams will pass thru each other without interacting and in fact on a laser cutting machine we often use this so you can see where the cutting in what we call that a red dot pointer. The IR frequency is invisible to us but you inject the red laser thru one of the mirrors so it follows the path of the IR.

So got it I have an IR laser one way and a red laser beam the other way.
What happens when each beam hits the other laser device (and they will hit)?

• Bryan, you were correct until you got to this statement:

If B were not there at all the temperature A would be even higher.

Why on earth would that be? You’ve already said that B radiates energy to A. How can A be warmer when you remove that source of energy?

As LdB said, you are conflating heat with thermal emission, when they are two very different things.

Regards,

w.

• LdB says:

Here is an RGB laser in operation and according to you each colour is at different temperatures :-)
Hopefully you may care to rethink all that.

• Bryan says:

No Willis I am absolutely correct
Before the power switch on A was turned on block A and block B were at the same temperature.
The adiabatic walls confines all energy within that enclosure
Lets say each has a mass of one kilogram
With both A and B the power source has to heat 2Kilograms
With B removed all the power source has to heat one kilogram which implies the temperature of A will rise twice as fast as before
Any physicist will confirm that I am correct

• tjfolkerts says:

Bryan, your case is so specific that it has almost nothing to do with climate.

“Adiabatic enclosure consists of a perfect reflector face surrounded by a perfect insulator”
so you have created a situation where every last bit of radiation leaving the blocks gets reflected back perfectly. This is the exact opposite of the earth’s situation, where every last bit of radiation that leaves from the top of the atmosphere disappears and never comes back. If no energy can leave, then the two blocks will reach some equilibrium where both have the same temperature.

If B were not there at all the temperature A would be even higher.
While strictly true, this is not really very interesting. Basically all you have claimed is that an isolated, insulated system with mass “m” warms faster than an isolate, insulated system with mass “2m”.

I would challenge you to re-analyze with a system where the enclosure has perfectly ABSORBING walls and is held at, say, 3 K. You will find that in this more useful system, Block A does indeed warm faster than without block B, and Block B ends up at some temperature between that of Block A and the cold walls.

• Bryan says:

Hi tjfolkerts
My post was to correct the impression that the presence of any object irrespective of its temperature must ‘warm’ some neighbouring object.
This piece of fiction has become so prevalent in the last 20 years that normally rational folk like Willes have been blindsighted by it.
My example was to remind people that the surroundings need to be specified before any progress is made in analysing the flow of heat.
My scenario would be found in opening chapters of a thermodynamics book where definitions of adiabatic and diathermic walls, heat transfer and so on are introduced.
I am sure that ‘warming’ by cold objects meme has been carefully fostered by global warming advocates.
Block of ice in sitting room with person
Torch heating a furnace
Surely the Earths atmosphere in which radiative resistance rather than reverse heating gives a rational explanation of the situation and should be encouraged.

Its up to people who should know better to get back within the framework of physics

• Bryan says:

Sorry (profuse apologies) should have written Willis rather than Willes

• tjfolkerts says:

Bryan,

I agree with your point that it is valuable to examine all details of a system, and to be precise about language (the word “heat” being perhaps the biggest language offender). Your scenario certainly could be worked out with some basic undergraduate thermodynamics.

My main issue with your scenario is that it is SO far removed from scenarios related to the thermodynamics global warming that it could easily give a false assurance to people who simply want a post to confirm their biases. For planets, the default condition is blackbody surroundings at 3K. This is almost exactly the opposite of what you hypothesized.

I think it would be more productive to directly address issues like “warming with ice”. The radiation from cold things still feels warmer (and will help keep you warm) when compared to radiation from even colder things. If I am facing a wall of dry ice @ -79C and then someone interposes a wall of ice, then yes, I will feel warmer. A pot of water with an immersion heater will rise to a higher temperature when the radiation from the warmer ice replaces the radiation from the colder dry ice.

• Bryan says:

tjfolkerts
The block of ice in the sitting room example.
Everyday common sense tells people its not a good idea for keeping the house warm.
The walls floor and ceiling and air at around 20C (surroundings) will lose heat in melting the ice by conduction convection and radiation.
The fact that the ice block radiates to the wall is true but will not change the outcome .
If the surroundings were dry ice as you say it would be the ice block that would lose internal energy by heat transfer to the dry ice and so it would get colder.
Once the surroundings are specified it is much easier to keep track of the heat flow.
In reading posts on Global warming quite often only two items are mentioned
The hotter and colder object ( with no mention of surroundings).
Then comes an astonishing statement like….
Do you know that the cold object ‘warms’ the hotter object
It always seems that the main offenders are global warming advocates.

Also not all photons are created equal.
The ‘quality’ of the radiation was mentioned in the theme title but not discussed much any further.

• tjfolkerts says:

Bryan says” In reading posts on Global warming quite often only two items are mentioned
The hotter and colder object ( with no mention of surroundings).

Any decent discussion will include FOUR items
1) the warm object that is absorbing energy (eg the ground)
2) the source of energy (eg the sun)
3) a low temperature heat sink (eg 3 K outer space).
4) the object that is not absorbing energy from Item 2 but can absorb radiation from Item 1 (eg the atmosphere

Perhaps you were reading poor post where the authors did not really understand the GHE. Perhaps the authors figured the sun and outer space were simply givens that did not need specific mention. In any case, when all four items are included, it is very simple to see that adding Item 4 results in Item 1 getting warmer.

One place where intuition often goes astray is the “low temperature heat sink”. Normally our surroundings (around 20 C typically) are not all that cold. Then adding a wall of ice that is held at a steady 0 C (even colder than the surroundings) certainly will not warm you. But that would be like adding an atmosphere that is held steady at a temperature BELOW 3 K!

• tjfolkerts: you state ” In any case, when all four items are included, it is very simple to see that adding Item 4 results in Item 1 getting warmer.” There is no atmosphere on the moon. Sunny side of it gets much higher temperature than the surface of the earth. How come?

• tjfolkerts says:

esalil, this is a discussion of broad averages. The average surface temperature of the earth is MUCH higher than the average surface temperature of the moon. This despite the fact that the Moon absorbs a higher fraction of the incoming light.

Furthermore, the moon’s average temperature would rise if it had an atmosphere of GHGs (although the max temperature on the sunny side would probably drop a bit.

95. Gabro November 19, 2017 at 5:45 pm

WUWT is an equal opportunity science “d@nial” site, except for “Sl@yers”. Those who d@ny gravity in favor of an imaginary “electric universe” are welcome here, along with those who d@ny EM radiation. Even creationists are permitted to comment, but not those skeptical of the GHE.

People skeptical of GHE are “not permitted to comment”? Say what???

READ THIS VERY THREAD. There are lots of people skeptical of the idea of GHE, and they are free to post, as are you. Your claim is a joke.

w.

96. For me it looks like hopeless to explain the basic physics about the GHE for those who think that it is nonsense. I try another approach. If you think that the GHE does not exist, how do you explain the downward LW radiation at the surface which is about 345 W/2. Compare this to the direct solar radiation of 167 W/2 at the surface. (71 W/2 of solar radiation is absorbed by the atmosphere and therefore the outgoing LW radiation is totally 238 W/2). These figures are not nonsense, because they are both measurement based figures.We know that 99.97 % of the energy keeping the Earth warm originates from the Sun. Where this 345 W/2 comes from? How do you explain this, if there is no GHE?

• It comes from the atmosphere (including clouds). The atmosphere radiates the energy absorbed from the sun and the surface. The energy from the surface is mostly nonradiative (evaporation and convection). This does not mean that the inceased atmospheric CO2 will result in a warmer surface.

There is a ghe, simply because there is an (insulating) atmosphere between the surface and the cold space. The atmosphere is in direct contact with the surface and is easily warmed by it, mostly by nonradiative processes. The bulk of the atmosphere (N2 and O2) plays a big role.

• edimbukvarevic. Otherwise very good but you say that “The atmosphere is in direct contact with the surface and is easily warmed by it, mostly by nonradiative processes.” This is not correct: The upward LW radiation emitted by the surface is 396 W/2 (Excatly according to Max Planck’s formula). Latent heat flux 90 W/2, and thermal flux 25 W/2, together 115 W/2. According to basic mathematics 396 is more than three times greater than 115. Right?

• Aveollila, the radiative heat flux surface-to-atmosphere is ~26 W/m2 (350 – 324). According to basic mathematics, that is less than 25% of the non-radiative fluxes (115 or 78 + 24 = 102 W/m2). It is only one fifth of the net surface-to-atmosphere heat flux (~128 W/m2).