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## Proof Gallon Calculator

27439 lb/ft³). It is very easy to prepare a chemical solution using volume percent, but if you misunderstand the definition of this unit of concentration, you'll experience problems. 50, just like 100 proof. 26 per gallon, higher then 52% of the other 50 states. Providing solutions for today's educators At Nasco Education, we are all about helping educators find solutions to the challenges they face every day. Glass of wine = 5 oz. 5 ltr - 6 - 2. 00 per gallon on liquor for the purpose of funding sports facilities. 785 litres). Virginia's beer excise tax is ranked #24 out of the 50 states. 185 gal/kg /n sugar. Old toilets (prior to 1993): use 3. 5) when relevant corn price is $2. Florida Department of Revenue - The Florida Department of Revenue has three primary lines of business: (1) Administer tax law for 36 taxes and fees, processing nearly$37. s 1 gallon of 70% v/v alcohol = 122. Proof gallon (PFG) Proof liter (PFL) 3. This unit features a 4 stroke, direct injection 10 HP diesel engine, sound proof enclosure, voltmeter, main line circuit breaker, deluxe receptacle panel, 120/240 V output, low oil indicator light, lifting eye hook, 50 gallon subbase fuel tank with fuel gauge, automatic voltage regulation and electric start. In 2018, due to a Congressional tax bill change and up to a limited amount, the excise tax is $2. All one gallon beer recipes will work with the Small Batch Starter Kit or Go Pro Small Batch Starter kit. differential equations in the form y' + p(t) y = g(t). All expansion rates and times given are temperature critical. This 55 gallon fish tank is your best buy as it’s not only simple but also leak-proof, impact resistant and stable while being nonreactive to seawater. Convert Gallon. Proof Gallons are measured by the Wine Gallons (corrected for volume expansion of alcohol to 60 degrees F) times the Proof/100. But if you want to make two coats, then you would be needing 4 gallons for the whole DIY project. Federal excise tax and state excise tax for beer, wine and spirits. 785 litres). This LED fixture is an extremely thin model. Disclaimer: Whilst every effort has been made in building this calculator, we are not to be held liable for any damages or monetary losses arising out of or in connection with the use of it. 2: Click the Convert button. One gallon of Vodka (80 proof) has 0. P = Over Proof P. Crown Royal Apple, also known as Crown Royal Regal Apple, is a 35 percent alcohol, or 70 proof product. 7 standard drinks, if made with 1. 40 Proof Liquor: 20%-7 C (22 F) Includes many low-proof liqueurs like Irish cream. gallons into proof gallons for tax purposes: 1. Proof Gallons = (Cases & Bottles to Liters to Liquid Gallons to Proof Gallons) PROOF GALLONS CONVERTED TO APPROXIMATE NUMBER OF BOTTLES (per each size) PROOF ALCOHOL TOTAL # of Bottles GALLONS LITERS Example: Totals PROOF GALLON CONVERSION TABLE Liters Bottle Size Case Units Per Proof Alcohol Cases Bottles Number of Total Gallons Total Liquid. Produced using our vodka as a base, we macerate 10 different botanicals, for two weeks until a flavor profile has been reached and then redistill the gin. A gallon is a unit of volume measurement used widely in the US and a few other countries of the world. What size pond liner should I buy? Enter the dimensions that represent the longest, widest and deepest dimensions of your pond. ) Ethanol and 17. Apache Server at www. One gallon occupies a volume of 231 cubic inches or 0. 211 gal/kg /n sugar, granulated - 0. 09/gallon in Cook County Indiana 0. Wilt Pruf concentrate 1-Gallon, dilute before use, makes 5-10 gallons of solution. 1967-1971 Jeep Commando 12 gallon “side fill” gas tank. A run 31′ long will also take four sheets with a 12″ piece left a remainder. An estimated 38 gallons of water is used for each car that is washed. 98 USD Per liter and therefore, 4. The calculators are free to use as often as you require. Personalized Service. But if you want to make two coats, then you would be needing 4 gallons for the whole DIY project. sections using pieces of tape, thumbtacks, or canned spray paint. 378 = 9 Liters. 018 m3), the volume occupied by 1 long ton (2,240 lb; 1,016 kg) of water under the conditions that define the imperial gallon. Tax paid on gallons purchased. Calculators have special functions to compute area, volume, weight-per-volume, and material requirements to ensure all costs are accounted for when making estimates and the correct amount of material is being purchased. You calculate the proof of a spirits product is by multiplying the percent of alcohol by volume by two (2). 00 30% Acetic Acid 68 1. *TRICK: There is another easier way of changing from pure liter of alcohol to proof gallon. Proof Gallon Calculator. The highest proof alcohol you can buy is Everclear, at 190 proof. Crown Royal Apple, also known as Crown Royal Regal Apple, is a 35 percent alcohol, or 70 proof product. Beginning & ending meter readings. Please type the population mean ($$\mu$$), population standard deviation ($$\sigma$$), and sample size ($$n$$), and provide details about the event you want to compute the. PROOF 2007 SEMA Study. 5 ounce pour, about as much as in an equivalent amount of heavy cream. Consider keeping a log in your car to help you organize your records. Most likely the heavy duty tanker truck (trailer) will have a hauling capacity of 5,500 gallons to 9,000 gallons, with a gross weight over 26,000 lbs. Compound Interest Calculator Use this calculator to work out the compound interest on your savings or investments. The calculator will show you how many standard drinks the container holds. Please note this is volume to weight conversion, this conversion is valid only for pure water at temperature 4 °C. Electric water heaters are typically running for 3 hours a day to heat water, newer more efficient models may run for only half the time during each day. WoodScapes® Exterior House Stain is a breakthrough stain technology that offers a rich, beautiful appearance and top quality performance. Your value gets instantly converted to all other units on the page. The highest proof alcohol you can buy is Everclear, at 190 proof. Temperature control is important when distilling. So, a 40% ABV spirit is 80 proof. For example, 85 proof vodka has 43% of alcohol. Stanwade's Horizontal Single Wall Tanks are constructed to UL® 142 standards, have a material thicknesses range from 12 gauge to 3/8 inches, are made with U. It converts units from gallons in liters vice versa with a metric conversion. Do not place items hotter than 125°F on the cured surface, or it will become distorted and discolor. It can spray up to. P = Over Proof P. 785411784 = L Calculations: 75 US gal x 3. of Triclopyr in a gallon of water per 1000 sq. Save up to 50% on Plastic Water Tanks and Above Ground Cisterns. 99 each - Ships Free; Eighteen/Fives$220. 34 per proof gallon. I have a couple of handy calculators (including alcohol correction) along with a handy Brix To SG conversion table you can download as a PDF for future reference. Many important characteristics of concrete are influenced by the ratio (by weight) of water to cementitious materials (w/cm) used in the mixture. A Proof Gallon is a universal measure of the amount of alcohol inside that gallon. Includes 16" threaded lid, 1. The standard, legal wine gallon contains 231 cubic inches. Choose if you want the long division calculator to use decimals if necessary, or just shows the remainders. Consequently, these are the two most frequently installed sizes. G = Proof Gallon L. In 2018, a city ordinance was revised to require all large developments and redevelopments of an acre or more capture at least the first 1/2 inch of rainfall using green infrastructure. 115 Yes Iowa 0. 209 gal/kg /n flour - 0. Spray Hose. Both, however, are meant for “nonindustrial use”. 1337 cubic feet. gallons by the percent of alcohol by volume. A bottle of 190-proof Everclear has a freezing point of -173. Explosion Proof - Intrinsically Safe Scales: Intrinsic Safety (IS) is an approach to the design of equipment going into hazardous areas. Li'l Herc Repro Trash Bag 55-60 Gallon 1. This makes sense as a barrel is 53 gallons (or 200,626 ml) which means you are starting with just over 267 bottles at 750 ml, reduce for angel's share and then add water to cut down from barrel proof (of course at what proof it goes in and comes out of the barrel is a factor as well). To test the finished product from your moonshine still float a Proof and Tralle hydrometer in the spirits. 8 Proof Bourbon. For the next 22,130,000 proof gallons produced or imported, $13. The Etching Procedure. 243 gal/kg /n ethyl alcohol - 0. Tanks are designed to ASME specifications for the pressures and temperatures involved. At higher speeds, the estimated price per gallon is increased based on the additional fuel you use by driving faster. Using the above normal distribution curve calculator, we are able to compute probabilities of the form $$\Pr(a \le X \le b)$$, along with its respective normal distribution graphs. In theory, 5 gallons of wash, at 20%, yields 1 gallon 100%(200 proof). Disclaimer: Whilst every effort has been made in building this calculator, we are not to be held liable for any damages or monetary losses arising out of or in connection with the use of it. 74 kg/m 3, which equates to an alcohol content of 57. Many important characteristics of concrete are influenced by the ratio (by weight) of water to cementitious materials (w/cm) used in the mixture. Cans 100 gallons or less range from +/- 0. Measure out one or two 400 sq. The scale goes up to 200 proof and therefore it is not accurate for lower alcohol products like beer or wine. 00 SKU: 4241 + Add to cart. Note that rounding errors may occur, so always check the results. We slowly lower the overall proof to 94, and age the gin in stainless steel for 3 weeks prior to bottling to let the flavors mend. This is an aqueous solution made up of 95% ethanol and 5% water. One gallon of 10% solution is sufficient for etching 100 square feet of pool surface. This free online calculator help you to find dot product of two vectors. 55 gallon drum parts, Ugly Drum Smoker parts, UDS charcoal basket, UDS cooking grate, thermometer, UDS hinge, UDS intake damper, Exhaust Damper, UDS Longtube intake pipes, baffle system for UDS. What size pond liner should I buy? Enter the dimensions that represent the longest, widest and deepest dimensions of your pond. Weight Calculator Services We Offer +1 888-474-2221. Users can choose either a national or state grid emission factor, which applied will convert kWH of energy used to MTCO2e emissions. The FlameOff® Steel Coverage Calculator is intended to provide the user with an approximate amount of product needed for a project. 50 or more per gallon. Calculate weight of Alcoholic beverage, distilled, vodka, 80 proof per volume, it weighs 235. 0% 3 Bottles add 4. 1,000 kilograms 1 gallon = 4 quarts = 231 cubic inches = 3. For example, if a 1 gallon milk jug had 150 proof spirits (or 75% ABV), it would have 1 Wine Gallon or 1. For a 10,000 gallon pool, you'll need 10 boxes of borax, and 3 gallons of 31% muriatic acid. It’s easy, but not as easy as simply turning it on and watching it go. Proof Gallon Calculator. per gallon, then a 5 gallon pail would cover 400 sq. Adjustable Height, Each Not Yet Reviewed. Disclaimer: Whilst every effort has been made in building this calculator, we are not to be held liable for any damages or monetary losses arising out of or in connection with the use of it. Example, if the job requires 20 wet mils or 80 sq. %AbV is the percentage of Alcohol by Volume One obvious use of this calculator is to find how much alcohol there is in a particular quantity of drink. The calculator on this page will enable you to make a fairly rough calculation accurate to within 1% alcohol by volume (ABV). 1 pints per Acre, or 0. Gallons are commonly used to express storage and flow capacity of water supply facilities. One gallon of Vodka (80 proof) has 0. of product per 1 gallon of spray solution. Displaying products 1 - 30 of 50 results:. But if there is only 40% alcohol in the bottle, what else are you drinking? Water. Meets Federal Specification TT-S-00230C, Type I, Class A. Multiply U. 11 gallon light green tubtrug included. 5 wine gallons or 4. Consider, a 1,500 square foot house could collect over 800 gallons of water for every 1 inch of rain. 19 Yes Kansas 0. However, you can alter the dimensions to fit your needs. 50 per proof gallon (a proof gallon is one liquid gallon that is 50 percent alcohol), but a lower rate ($13. The US gallon is usually used for measuring volume of liquid or gaseous substances like gasoline, other types of fuel, etc. You can sell all kinds of variable sized products based on their dimensions such as tiles, blinds, liquids, fabric, fencing, frames, wires, liquids, ropes and many more. 1 "wine gallon" is equal to 128 fl oz or 3. Supply 960 gallons in Four Hours. For spot treating with a 1-2 gallon sprayer, you would use the 1,000 sq ft rate in 1 gallon of water. For example: 0. 226: Yesterday: 2. 78 oz per 1000 sq ft. Alcohol is an inorganic compound with O-H (hydroxyl functional group). Using the OIML formula, we can calculate the density of water at 51ºF as 999. 14 (at 80 proof) * A proof gallon is a gallon of liquid that is 100 proof, or 50% alcohol. 27439 lb/ft³). the half gallon is just half of a full gallon. 243 gal/kg /n ethyl alcohol - 0. 5 Proof Gallons of alcohol. Small Cigarettes. 54/gallon draft beer Idaho 0. Grade 6, 7, 8 and 9 Maths questions and problems to test deep understanding of. If you want to do your own gas cost estimate, you’ll need to know three things: the trip distance, the average price of fuel, and how many miles per gallon (mpg) the moving truck gets. That is dependent on the lay out and where it ends with the plywood. For example, a spirits product that has a 40% alcohol content by volume is 80 proof [40 multiplied by 2 = 80]. Details: This calculator works in the same way as a traditional Pearson's square. Calculate volume of Ethanol per weight, it weighs 789. Imagine that your total expenses for the year are $3,500 and you drive 25,000 miles. com has made it easier than ever to convert between hundreds of common and not-so-common oilfield measurements using our powerful yet simple-to-use online oil and gas conversion calculator. Gallons Nominal capacity is a representative number provided by a manufacturer for comparison purposes. 2 Pints = 1 Quart. Brandy is made from fermented juice, wine or mash at less than 95 percent alcohol by volume (190 proof) and bottled at no less than 40 percent alcohol by volume (80 proof). a 18ft square that is 4ft tall will hold 9,720 gallons) Liner Dimensions: You. 5% bag will be about 1 gal 100 proof if your looking for a higher proof then start with a normal jar let it fill then let the rest go into a jug. Crushing feature will work with any drum size up to 55-gallons. You calculate the proof of a spirits product by multiplying the percent of alcohol by volume by two (2). Long division calculator showing the complete series of steps for dividing the dividend by the divisor producing the quotient. That means preventing sparks and keeping temperatures low. gallons into proof gallons for tax purposes: 1. Conversion Calculator. Enter your measurements below to estimate how many rolls of our wallpaper you’ll need. Pour On High Gloss Finish! EnviroTex Lite ® is a water clear reactive polymer compound. g: 3 2 9 4) and press the Calculate button. 1 gallon is 3 days, 5 gallons is about 14 days, plus or minus. That's why 3 oz of a 80 proof ( 40%) distilled alcohol is 2 drinks or 28 grams. To calculate the size pond liner and protective underlay you need to order, take the maximum depth, length and width measurements of the hole you have dug for your water feature. 50 per proof gallon (a proof gallon is one liquid gallon that is 50 percent alcohol), but a lower rate ($13. The included drum compacting feature allows you to compact contents inside the drum by simply removing the drum crushing platen. This on the web one-way conversion tool converts water volume vs. Both 95% copper & 97. Crushing feature will work with any drum size up to 55-gallons. 75 proof litersFORMULA = 9 *0. gallons into proof gallons for tax purposes: 1. " This involved attempting to construct a square with the same area as a given circle within a finite number of steps, only using a compass and straightedge. For hard liquors, the “proof” may be listed. Grapes with too much sugar means a lot of alcohol will be produced and this can cause problems with the primary and secondary fermentations. s 1 gallon of 70% v/v alcohol = 122. density foam expansion: One 2-Quart Kit expands to approximately 3/4 cubic ft. 060 SG wort, you could fill the glass carboy its in almost 24 times with the CO 2! In the most extreme case shown on the graph (1. gallons of water ( gal Imp. A shot is one and one-half ounces. Kilogram (kg) is a unit of Weight used in Metric system. 1 proof gallon is equal to 1 wine gallon of liquid but containing only 50% ethanol. gallons by the percent of alcohol by volume. Put another way, from 5 gallons of 1. How many proof gallons are contained in 5 gallon of 70% v/v alcohol Applying the formula: Value in proof = % strength of alcohol x 1. This online calculator is used to find the amount of water that needs to be added to dilute the alcoholic concentration. Likewise, one gallon of 20% muriatic acid mixed with one gallon of water will provide two gallons of 10% solution. The tank’s previous owner said the tank was 150 gallon, but we have measured it at 120; however, the sump that came with it might be a 30 gallon sump (I can not test it as some of the joints are loose and need to be recaulked). How many ounces in one half gallon. Converts proof and volume into proof gallons. These should be okay in the freezer. If you use that 1100 gallons at 80 proof for tax determination, you'll have 880 proof gallons and $11,880 in tax. This article is based on a 16ft diameter, 4 ft tall tank, holding 6,000 gallons. B, C and E. 785411784 = L Calculations: 75 US gal x 3. If sprinkler irrigating, a simple way to determine flow rate in inches is the catch can test: Set several straight-walled cans at different locations along the radius beneath sprinklers. As a lightweight, I can only take small sips of the 78-proof moonshine. Duck Coat Liquid Rubber Basement Sealer is a highly elastic polymer emulsion sealer featuring advanced rubber technology. 545 liters Kilograms to US gallons Conversion acetone - 0. Size and Capacity: This tank is approximately 3-and-a-half-feet tall and wide by 10 feet long and will hold 400 gallons when filled to 80 percent. 571 = Factor to convert proof to % alcohol by volume Example 1 cask of Rum at a strength of 42 O. When the hydrometer, testing at 60° F. gal = fl bbl * 31. You will also notice that many flavored vodkas and similar liquors are bottled at 35 percent ABV (75 proof). 5 miles per gallon. 23 million proof gallons removed from the distillery or imported. How many proof gallons of alcohol were on hand at the end of the month? a. 226: Yesterday: 2. 4399: 80 Litres to Gallons (imperial) = 17. This online calculator is used to find the amount of water that needs to be added to dilute the alcoholic concentration. Chaptalization calculator finds how much sugar to add to your must to hit the desired Brix. of Triclopyr in a gallon of water per 1000 sq. 98 USD Per liter and therefore, 4. 1 trillion gallons. Drain Pan, Self-Evacuating Oil Drain, 18 gallons Capacity, Steel, Black, 36. 95 gallons divided by 5 gallons =. The Drain Time for Vertical Tanks Calculator is used to determine the time to drain a vertical vessel between any two liquid levels. 1667: Square centimeter (SCM) Square meter (SQM) 0. The hole is either 1 5/8″ or 1 3/4″ wide (as I need to get a flatter ruler to get a better measurement). Dry) (gal (US)) to Bushels (u. to 420,000 gallons, and all tanks are powder- and vacuum-insulated in the annular space. Storage Quantity Guidelines The quantity of flammable liquids that should be stored in flammable liquid storage rooms varies with the size of the room and the fire protection provided,. Put another way, from 5 gallons of 1. If you're looking for a 100 gal propane tank size, this is the right choice for you. 060 SG wort, you could fill the glass carboy its in almost 24 times with the CO 2! In the most extreme case shown on the graph (1. We give an in depth overview of the process used to solve this type of differential equation as well as a derivation of the formula needed for the integrating factor used in the solution process. New York City charges an additional tax of$1 per gallon of liquor and 12 cents per gallon of beer. Calculator 1: Calculate the percentage of a number. 9058838 L Conversion Table For quick reference purposes, below is a conversion table that you can use to convert from US gal to L. 1415)X(3)X(3)X(6) = 169. 11 liters and 3. At higher speeds, the estimated price per gallon is increased based on the additional fuel you use by driving faster. Definition of metric tonnes of water provided by WikiPedia The water ton is used chiefly in Great Britain, in statistics dealing with petroleum products, and is defined as 224 imperial gallons (35. 378 = 9 Liters. than one gallon, use construction designed by a licensed engineer that limits explosion damage and is acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction. Alcohol Dilution Calculator. The main drawback of using a glass aquarium is that most aquariums are narrow and tall in order to best display fish or reptiles. The number of "proof gallons" represented by a given number of wine gallons of spirits varies directly with the amount of alcohol in the spirit. Li'l Herc Repro Trash Bag 55-60 Gallon 1. Enter your measurements below to estimate how many rolls of our wallpaper you’ll need. For example, a Blood alcohol content BAC of 0. 5" inlet and a 2" drain with plug. To calculate the portion you can deduct for business purposes, divide the 15,000 — the number of business miles — by 25,000, or the total miles, to get 0. 5% of 25 = 0. A hose-end sprayer is simply a tool that siphons out products from a bottle and mixes the product with water for easy spraying. 19 = 19% alcohol. 45/gallon Illinois 0. Applicable Standards TREMproof 250GC meets or exceeds the following specifications: ASTM C836 Standard Specifications for High Solids Content, Cold Liquid-Applied Elastomeric Waterproofing Membrane for Use with Separate Wearing Course. Consider, a 1,500 square foot house could collect over 800 gallons of water for every 1 inch of rain. In states where taxes vary depending upon the price of the motor fuel (for example, where the tax rate is set as a percentage of the sales price rather than a cents per gallon method), the state average listed on the chart is a snapshot based upon the price of fuel (as reported by AAA) on the date the chart is updated. Disclaimer: Whilst every effort has been made in building this calculator, we are not to be held liable for any damages or monetary losses arising out of or in connection with the use of it. Any differences between the data you enter in the calculator and the actual amount in a drink could significantly affect the accuracy. What size pond liner should I buy? Enter the dimensions that represent the longest, widest and deepest dimensions of your pond. A 8 gallon run with a starting alcohol of 10%, a final proof of 100, and a collection efficiency of 85% will yield 0. BevTax alcohol tax calculator. Select the type of pond liner you wish to order before pressing the 'Buy Now' button. Dilution Water Calculator. Presidential Dollar Coins The Presidential Dollar Coin Program went from 2007 -2016. I struggled to finish an entire gallon at first but now I’m drinking 1. Calculate volume of Ethanol per weight, it weighs 789. To claim mileage as a medical expense, you must use your personal car to get to the place of treatment. Use this calculator to find percentages. Some high-proof liquors—primarily whiskeys and rums—reach over 50 percent ABV (100 proof). 1967-1971 Jeep Commando 12 gallon “side fill” gas tank. Envirosafe manufactures gasoline, oil and diesel fuel storage tanks in a variety of sizes, including 1,000 gallon, 5,000 gallon, 10,000 gallon, 15,000 gallon, and 20,000 gallon as well as custom sizes. A 100-proof whiskey contains about 122 calories in a 1. According to many experts, the best way to improve the truck's fuel economy is to add a tonneau cover. 1: Browse through the page and find the unit you want to convert from. Pressure and force are related, and so you can calculate one if you know the other by using the physics equation, P = F/A. 75 oz Tube, 2 oz Tube, Quarts, Gallons, 5 Gallons, 55 Gallons. 209 gal/kg /n flour - 0. This light is attractive and won’t pull attention away from your tank. G = Proof Gallon L. For Spot Control of Brush, Vines and Weeds Use hand-operated spray equipment such as backpack sprayers, pump-up sprayers or sprinkling cans, or ATV/tractor-mounted sprayers. 5 = gallons (e. Discharge coefficient, K d. A 5 gallon run with a starting alcohol of 20%, a final proof of 100, and a collection efficiency of 85% will yield 1. ballast solution will stay freeze proof down to about –50F. The application must be applied in a continuous, unbroken seal of a minimum dry thickness of no less than 30 mils (the thickness of a dime). The QUIKRETE® Companies - Largest manufacturer of packaged concrete in the United States and leader in the commercial building and home improvement industries. Water consumption is decreased before and after this maximum use. 04% means 0. 33; Dilution is now 100 Units [e. In the United States, the actual alcohol content, by volume, is half of whatever the proof number reads, so that a 200 proof liquor is 100% alcohol and a 100 proof liquor is 50% alcohol by volume. All Coatings are normally measured and calculated in "Mil Thickness", (thousands of an inch) Formulas For Calculating Coatings Consumption (This must assume that the surface to be coated is flat and smooth) There are 1,604 sq. Online charts and tables to convert currency, temperature, length, area, mass and volume. 62mm thickness required use of another calculator before use of torus calculator. Large capacity barrel holds 75 gallons. Free Solid Geometry calculator - Calculate characteristics of solids (3D shapes) step-by-step This website uses cookies to ensure you get the best experience. 015% for 100 gallon cans to 0. The 205 gallon Pickup Truck Tank (A-PU0205-52) fits in the following trucks:Nissan Frontier, GMC Canyon, Toyota Tacoma, Ford Ranger, Dodge Dakota, Chevrolet Colorado The 210 gallon Pick up Track tank (TN5128PT) Depending upon which way the tank is turned the bottom width can be either 39" or 48" to accommodate both full-size and “mini” trucks. New York City charges an additional tax of $1 per gallon of liquor and 12 cents per gallon of beer. Fuel Containment IPI products FUEL BERMS for truck tank and Tankers Fuel BLADDERS, BUILDINGS, TEMPORARY Containment for fuel trucks and fuel tankers, SAFETY LOCKERS like fuel storage Gas and Diesel Fuel Transfer Caddies, Fuel Containment Bladder Tanks, Berms, Flammable Safety Cans and Cabinets, Drum Storage Cabinets, Outdoor Drum Storage, Fuel Spill Kits, Fuel Sumps, and Marine Fuel Bladders. This is the most common definition of a US gallon. 88 = Metric Tonnes 33,500 cubic ft nat gas makes 1 ton anhydrous ammonia. 95 USD per liter of absolute alcohol (1. 75 oz Tube, 2 oz Tube, Quarts, Gallons, 5 Gallons, 55 Gallons. If you're like me and want to finish work, go home like any other normal person and not have to spend inordinate amounts of unpaid time recording and calculating drivers hours, the WTD, last weeks driving and working hours, paybacks and other details that you need to track to comply with legislation, the My Driving Hours Driver Calculator is a. Don't miss an ounce, pinch, or dash with Recipe Converter brought to you by WebstaurantStore! Whether you're feeding a crowd of 100 or a family of 4, this recipe converter makes it easy to calculate the exact amount of ingredients you need. Alcohol Dilution Calculator. Your task is not to make ethanol solution with exact conc. This is typically measured in proof gallons (US) or in liters of absolute alcohol (elsewhere). ** Please reference UN performance packaging code for your specific needs. 50 less any credit for wine and flavor content. Food cans that are not bulging, open, or damaged: 1 cup (8 ounces or 240 mL) 5 gallons (18. Understanding how many gallons are within a square foot of water is useful in determining the amount of water required to fill a structure such as a pool or a pond. All expansion rates and times given are temperature critical. Chaptalization is the process of adding sugar to must early in wine making process to boost the Brix and thus the total alcohol in the finished wine. Again, as of now, these extensive changes to the tax rates are only available through the end of Year 2019. This across-the-board alcohol tax is$13. Gallon to liter is a US gallons to liters volume converter. There are no sales taxes in Big Sky Country and property taxes are below the national average, with an average effective rate of just 0. Presidential Dollar Coins The Presidential Dollar Coin Program went from 2007 -2016. Type these dimensions into the calculator to get the meters squared required. 378 = 9 Liters. 272 gal/kg /n sugar, beet - 0. Free Upgraded Shipping For Orders $250+ Most orders over$250 qualify for FREE upgraded shipping! Your order will be delivered 1-5 days after it ships out. Proof gallon (PFG) Proof liter (PFL) 3. Gas Savings Calculator. Norwesco 1350 Gallon Above Ground Water Tank - Green. Converting U. All one gallon beer recipes will work with the Small Batch Starter Kit or Go Pro Small Batch Starter kit. A water heater heats up water in your home to provide you with hot water for your daily needs. Fuel Containment IPI products FUEL BERMS for truck tank and Tankers Fuel BLADDERS, BUILDINGS, TEMPORARY Containment for fuel trucks and fuel tankers, SAFETY LOCKERS like fuel storage Gas and Diesel Fuel Transfer Caddies, Fuel Containment Bladder Tanks, Berms, Flammable Safety Cans and Cabinets, Drum Storage Cabinets, Outdoor Drum Storage, Fuel Spill Kits, Fuel Sumps, and Marine Fuel Bladders. Buy Water Storage Tanks for sale at the lowest prices online. a 18ft square that is 4ft tall will hold 9,720 gallons) Liner Dimensions: You. With a 90 proof distilled beverage you can use this formula. How many proof gallons are contained in 5 gallon of 70% v/v alcohol Applying the formula: Value in proof = % strength of alcohol x 1. 5 gallons of brandy. Chaptalization is the process of adding sugar to must early in wine making process to boost the Brix and thus the total alcohol in the finished wine. The master meter prover solution having. You calculate the proof of a spirits product is by multiplying the percent of alcohol by volume by two (2). Cost/Gallon: When driving 50 mph, price per gallon is assumed to be the same as the pump price. All of the above. One gallon of Vodka (80 proof) has 0. ) cans over 100 gallons have an uncertainty of +/- 0. 75 Liter bottle of this stuff in LA/ LA County? Bevmo doesn't have it. ft = 1 lb C/Tax = Volume Weight = lbs x 0. Calculate MIL Thickness Product Rate-Of-Use Information. 42 Proof: Use six, 12-ounce cans of frozen apple juice concentrate and 2 extra cinnamon sticks. Calculate volume of Ethanol per weight, it weighs 789. Use the calculator below to figure out the correct square footage of your project. 95 Details. 9 proof gallon to make a case of bourbon 12/750 ml. Then we know proof is just the percent alcohol times two. Pure Ethanol, 200 Proof Ethyl Alcohol. If you are a home-brewer who loves creating homemade beer or wine, the ABV, or alcohol by volume calculator will enable you to make a reliable estimation of the alcohol your brew contains. 264172052 US gallon = 0. 190 Proof Denatured Ethanol means that the ethanol (ethyl alcohol) is produced so that it is unfit for human consumption by adding one or more chemicals (denaturants) to it. In spite of this, the excise alcohol taxes on standard drinks of beer, wine, and spirits varies greatly. 62mm thickness required use of another calculator before use of torus calculator. Kilogram (kg) is a unit of Weight used in Metric system. Alcohol distillation is an ancient process that is both an art and a science. The inputs would be weight and pct of proof and the outputs would be wine gallons and proof gallons. To test the finished product from your moonshine still float a Proof and Tralle hydrometer in the spirits. How do you figure what proof an alcoholic. Use my location. 84 Litres P. Distilling alcohol at home is an exciting process that requires skill and diligence. For example, a spirits product that has a 40% alcohol content by volume is 80 proof [40 multiplied by 2 = 80]. gallon of wine. Item# 1592073. 7% Glyphosate - 2. The best way to clean your sprayer is to triple rinse it between uses. Norwesco 1350 Gallon Above Ground Water Tank - Green. Tel: 01524 850685 Email: [email protected] The Current USA Orbit Marine Aquarium LED Light is one of the Best 48 inches LED lights for 55-gallon aquariums. 0001: Square meter (SQM) Square centimeter (SCM. Use this page to learn how to convert between milliliters and gallons. Hi! This is Sally Jo Headlee, I am so excited, and humbled as to how much work is ahead of me to try and make our website more user-friendly, to share new projects, updates, and specials. 1176471* = 19. 1000 Gallon Vertical Plastic Water Storage Tank. Hard cider carries a $0. All expansion rates and times given are temperature critical. 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# Importing videos in Mathematica

Mathematica's Import command is purportedly able to import .AVI files. However, I find that many files that I want to import do only result in MMA showing a blank frame or another placeholder. All or some of my video-players are able to show these AVI files.

This is an example where it works as advertised:

Import["http://er.jsc.nasa.gov/seh/jfkrice.avi", {"ImageList", 2}]

However,

Import["http://people.sc.fsu.edu/~jburkardt/data/avi/ccvt_box.avi", {"ImageList", 2}]

doesn't work (VLC does). I get an empty white frame.

More examples:

Import["http://people.sc.fsu.edu/~jburkardt/data/avi/sine_wave.avi", {"ImageList", 2}]

(works on VLC and mediaplayer classic)

Import["http://people.sc.fsu.edu/~jburkardt/data/avi/star_collapse.avi", {"ImageList", 2}]

BIG-126 MB!!
Should have looked like this: and works on Windows Media Player, VLC and mediaplayer classic, but I get a white box in MMA.

This is on windows 7-64/MMA8.04. I have the k-lite codecs pack installed.

UPDATE

Responding to Thomas' comment below I found most of the sample files I linked to in my original post gone. I tried to gather a new set and found some that worked and some that don't:

Importable:

Import[#, "VideoEncoding"] & /@
{"http://er.jsc.nasa.gov/seh/jfkrice.avi",
"http://redmine.yorba.org/attachments/615/MVI_0572.AVI",
"http://www-eng-x.llnl.gov/documents/a_video.avi",
"http://redmine.yorba.org/attachments/628/MVI_4981.AVI",
"http://www.csoft.co.uk/video/original/earth.avi",
"http://www.mysticfractal.com/video/fp.avi",
"http://www.softage.ru/files/video-codec/uncompressed/suzie.avi",

{"msvc", "MJPG", "msvc", "MJPG", "msvc", "msvc", "YUV", "Uncompressed"}

Don't import:

Import[#, "VideoEncoding"] & /@
{"https://code.ros.org/trac/opencv/export/7213/trunk/opencv/samples/cpp/tutorial_code/HighGUI/video-input-psnr-ssim/video/Megamind.avi",
"http://samples.mplayerhq.hu/avi/verona60avi56k.avi",
"http://samples.mplayerhq.hu/avi/filedoesitbetter.avi",
"http://www.infognition.com/ScreenPressor/browsing-divx.avi"
}

{"XVID", "MP42", "MJPG", "DX50"}

• I think it has to do with how it is encoded. A lot of the video files you see floating on the internet with a .avi extension are not really AVI files. I'm don't think that mma utilizes the codecs in your system, whereas VLC does. As such, mma can only import videos that are truthful to the AVI specs (if there are any) – rm -rf Jan 18 '12 at 14:53
• @R.M The problem is that AVI is a container which may hold variously encoded material. Apparently, but not entirely understandable, MMA is not able to handle many codecs although they are present on my PC. However, I would have expected the Microsoft test movies to work, as they are explicitly meant as confirming to MS standards. – Sjoerd C. de Vries Jan 18 '12 at 14:59
• <insert "MS has standards?" joke here?> :) – rm -rf Jan 18 '12 at 15:02
• I am not that familiar with Windows's multimedia playback system, but my guess is this: Windows has two big frameworks: Video for Windows (VfW) and DirectShow (DS). VfW is outdated, but seems to be still used by Mathematica. When you install codecs, most of them are made for DS, and won't work with VfW. – Szabolcs Jan 18 '12 at 15:28
• This may be a Windows-specific issue: With Mathematica 8.0.4 under Mac OS X 10.6.8, I evaluated each of the Import commands you listed, and every one of them worked except for the final one -- the star collapse. But even for that one, I don't get a white box; rather, I get a black box with some variegated pixels in a band along the top of that box. I cannot test the Microsoft .avi's you cite, since the link you gave is to an .exe, and of course an .exe is not an OS X executable. – murray Jan 18 '12 at 16:01

64-bit Windows only

Note for Mathematica 11.3: There is a potential conflict between MathMF and the built-in MediaTools package. See here for details and here for an example of how to use MediaTools in place of MathMF.

Note for Mathematica version 10: The Wolfram Library has been updated in version 10 and you will need to recompile the MathMF DLL. This is most easily accomplished by evaluating "MathMF"//FindLibrary//DeleteFile prior to loading the package.

I have written a package called MathMF which uses a LibraryLink DLL to do frame-by-frame video import and export with Windows Media Foundation. It should be able to read a reasonable variety of movie files, including AVI, WMV and MP4. Exporting is currently limited to WMV and MP4 formats (AVI encoding is not natively supported by Media Foundation)

Here is the sort of code you can write with it. The code first opens a video file for reading, and creates a new video file for writing to. It then runs a loop in which each frame is sequentially read from the input stream, processed in Mathematica and then written to the output stream. So Mathematica is effectively being used as a video filter.

{duration, framerate, width, height} =

MFInitSinkWriter["C:\\Users\\Simon\\Desktop\\filtered.wmv",
width, height, "FrameRate" -> framerate]

While[
(image = MFGrabFrame["RealImage"]) =!= EndOfFile,
] ~Monitor~ image

MFFinaliseSink[]

The package can be downloaded from the GitHub link at the top of this post, it is too large to include in full here.

The package includes the library source code, and on first use will attempt to compile the library locally. I believe the compilation should work if you have Visual Studio 2010 or later installed, and probably won't work if you use a different compiler. There is a pre-built DLL available if the compilation fails (see the readme on GitHub for more details)

I hope some people find this useful, it has been hovering in my mind as something to try to do for quite some time, hindered mainly by my total lack of experience with C++ and COM programming.

• Excellent Simon! I had to download the Visual C++ Redistributable for Visual Studio 2012 before it worked for me, but after that, flawless. One small point: I don't think we should distribute software in the form of binaries, as that can have terrible security implications. – Sjoerd C. de Vries Apr 27 '14 at 14:07
• @Sjoerd, thank you. I agree about distributing the binary, I have now uploaded a .m package and the C++ source code. The package will attempt to build the library from source when it is first loaded. There are various header files which the compiler needs, I think any system with VS2012 or the Win7 SDK will have these available but I'm not sure. I'd be grateful if you could try it out when you have the chance. – Simon Woods Apr 27 '14 at 20:34
• as confirmed in chat, compiling works. Using avi to wmv converters available on the internet should allow avi import as well. – Sjoerd C. de Vries Apr 27 '14 at 22:07
• @Sjoerd, avi import should just work. MF supports reading avi, just not writing. – Simon Woods Apr 27 '14 at 22:15
• @Simon Woods: Please have a look at mathematica.stackexchange.com/questions/186349/…. Thanks. – mrz Nov 28 at 16:50

(Thanks to K.H. from Wolfram):

Even on Windows, if QuickTime is installed, Mathematica uses the native QuickTime install (excluding added, third-party codecs) to import AVI files, and the supported codecs are listed in:

Internal$VideoEncodings  (Without an installation of QuickTime, only uncompressed AVI files are supported by Mathematica.) For the file http://people.sc.fsu.edu/~jburkardt/data/avi/ccvt_box.avi, QuickTime on Windows can not open it, so Mathematica has problem importing it. • Thanks, that explains a lot. So, we must hope Apple upgrades QT a bit then... – Sjoerd C. de Vries Jan 20 '12 at 20:34 • Given the current legal wranglings over video formats, and the fact that AVI is considered to be inferior to current formats, and the fact that Apple doesn't like supporting other people's technology, hope is the operative word... – cormullion Jan 21 '12 at 10:50 If you only need to access the video frame by frame you can use ffmpeg to decode the video. Reposting a previous answer: If you only want to read it linearly you can tell ffmpeg to dump the video to stdout and then read widthheightbytes-per-pixel bytes at a time to get the video frame-by-frame: openVideo[fname_, w_, h_] := Module[{video}, video["stream"] = OpenRead[ "!ffmpeg -i " ~~ fname ~~ " -loglevel quiet -f rawvideo -pix_fmt rgb24 -", BinaryFormat -> True]; video["SkipFrame", n_Integer: 1] := Skip[video["stream"], Byte, n*3*w*h]; video["NextFrame"] := Partition[Partition[ BinaryReadList[video["stream"], "Byte", 3*w*h] , 3], w]; video["NextFrame", n_Integer] := Table[video["NextFrame"], {n}]; video["NextImage"] := Image[video["NextFrame"], "Byte"]; video["NextImage", n_Integer] := Table[video["NextImage"], {n}]; video]  Here's an example: (* Create a test movie *) file =$TemporaryPrefix <> "testvid.avi";
Export[file,Table[Rasterize[i, ImageSize -> {352, 200}], {i, 1, 50}]];

video = openVideo[file,352,200]
video["NextImage",2]
video["SkipFrame",10]
video["NextImage"]

For some reason Mathematica seems to read through the entire video when doing Close[video["stream"]] and it might be worth to kill -15 the ffmpeg process manually to speed it up for large files.

For a 720x404 h264 mp4 video on a modest laptop it takes 13s to skip 200 frames and 0.07s to read a frame. The skipping could possibly be sped up by starting a new ffmpeg process that begins at desired frame. I would compare speeds to Import but Mathematica can't read it (for the test video Import takes .2s for first frame compared to .02s ). So as a bonus with this way you can work with many many more video formats :)

• Doesn't seem to work for me. I tested that ffmpeg is present; tried it either with specifying its full path, and without path but directory set with SetDirectory. Nothing. Also tested with ReadList["!\"c:\\Program Files (x86)\\ConvertHelper\\ffmpeg.exe\" -h \ ", String] that ffmpeg actually executes. It does. – Sjoerd C. de Vries Apr 10 '13 at 17:32
• There is a minus sign without option letter at the end of the ffmpeg call. Is that intentional? – Sjoerd C. de Vries Apr 10 '13 at 19:56
• @SjoerdC.deVries The last - makes it output to stdout, do you get anything interesting on stderr when running from a terminal without -loglevel quiet? (Whatever windows equivalent of ffmpeg -i video.avi -f rawvideo -pix_fmt rgb24 - >/dev/null is, maybe > nul`) – ssch Apr 11 '13 at 22:47
• For comparison, this is what I get for above test video: pastie.org/7458920 – ssch Apr 11 '13 at 22:58
• A Library for importing using FFmpeg: mathematica.stackexchange.com/a/47545/4568 – Karolis May 15 '15 at 14:32

I think the problem is the fact that you cannot open the video at

http://people.sc.fsu.edu/~jburkardt/data/avi/ccvt_box.avi

by QuickTime. Try it. Download free QuickTime and try to open it in that player and is most probably won't work. It means that to make the video a non-standard video encoding was used which is not a subset of formats understood by QuickTime. High chance this is why M. cannot open it - my best guess.

• Well, I'm on windows and Quicktime player is not the first choice on that platform. Anyway, that doesn't show a thing. As I wrote above, all the movies listed can be played by one of more of the players I have on my PC. The codec pack installed on my PC makes an enormous amount of standard and exotic codecs available to Windows and any player/importer that uses the appropriate system API should be able to use them. It looks like MMA doesn't go through the codecs that are installed on the machine and instead only uses a few built-in codecs; apparently a very small set. – Sjoerd C. de Vries Jan 20 '12 at 18:47

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When doing predictions using a generalized linear model, how to get the prediction interval or prediction distribution? My model has a gamma distribution and a reciprocal link function in particular. Can anyone please help me on solving this by either analytical methods or simulation?
2. ### Prediction interval of generalized linear model

I am trying to do predictions using a generalized linear model, and my model has a gamma distribution for the response variable and a reciprocal link function. Are there ways to obtain the prediction interval or prediction distribution by simulation? I couldn't find any software with such a...


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# 13.7 Probability  (Page 6/18)

 Page 6 / 18

Landing on a vowel

$\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\frac{1}{2}.\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$

Not landing on blue

Landing on purple or a vowel

$\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\frac{5}{8}.\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$

Landing on blue or a vowel

Landing on green or blue

$\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\frac{1}{2}.\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$

Landing on yellow or a consonant

Not landing on yellow or a consonant

$\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\frac{3}{8}.\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$

For the following exercises, two coins are tossed.

What is the sample space?

Find the probability of tossing two heads.

$\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\frac{1}{4}.\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$

Find the probability of tossing exactly one tail.

Find the probability of tossing at least one tail.

$\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\frac{3}{4}.\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$

For the following exercises, four coins are tossed.

What is the sample space?

Find the probability of tossing exactly two heads.

$\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\frac{3}{8}.\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$

Find the probability of tossing exactly three heads.

Find the probability of tossing four heads or four tails.

$\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\frac{1}{8}.\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$

Find the probability of tossing all tails.

Find the probability of tossing not all tails.

$\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\frac{15}{16}.\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$

Find the probability of tossing exactly two heads or at least two tails.

$\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\frac{5}{8}.\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$

For the following exercises, one card is drawn from a standard deck of $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}52\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ cards. Find the probability of drawing the following:

A club

A two

$\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\frac{1}{13}.\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$

Six or seven

Red six

$\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\frac{1}{26}.\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$

An ace or a diamond

A non-ace

$\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\frac{12}{13}.\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$

A heart or a non-jack

For the following exercises, two dice are rolled, and the results are summed.

Construct a table showing the sample space of outcomes and sums.

1 2 3 4 5 6
1 (1, 1)
2
(1, 2)
3
(1, 3)
4
(1, 4)
5
(1, 5)
6
(1, 6)
7
2 (2, 1)
3
(2, 2)
4
(2, 3)
5
(2, 4)
6
(2, 5)
7
(2, 6)
8
3 (3, 1)
4
(3, 2)
5
(3, 3)
6
(3, 4)
7
(3, 5)
8
(3, 6)
9
4 (4, 1)
5
(4, 2)
6
(4, 3)
7
(4, 4)
8
(4, 5)
9
(4, 6)
10
5 (5, 1)
6
(5, 2)
7
(5, 3)
8
(5, 4)
9
(5, 5)
10
(5, 6)
11
6 (6, 1)
7
(6, 2)
8
(6, 3)
9
(6, 4)
10
(6, 5)
11
(6, 6)
12

Find the probability of rolling a sum of $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}3.\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$

Find the probability of rolling at least one four or a sum of $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}8.$

$\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\frac{5}{12}.$

Find the probability of rolling an odd sum less than $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}9.$

Find the probability of rolling a sum greater than or equal to $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}15.$

$\text{\hspace{0.17em}}0.$

Find the probability of rolling a sum less than $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}15.$

Find the probability of rolling a sum less than $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}6\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ or greater than $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}9.$

$\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\frac{4}{9}.\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$

Find the probability of rolling a sum between $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}6\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ and $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}9\text{,}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ inclusive.

Find the probability of rolling a sum of $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}5\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ or $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}6.\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$

$\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\frac{1}{4}.\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$

Find the probability of rolling any sum other than $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}5\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ or $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}6.\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$

For the following exercises, a coin is tossed, and a card is pulled from a standard deck. Find the probability of the following:

A head on the coin or a club

$\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\frac{3}{4}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$

A tail on the coin or red ace

A head on the coin or a face card

$\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\frac{21}{26}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$

No aces

For the following exercises, use this scenario: a bag of M&Ms contains $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}12\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ blue, $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}6\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ brown, $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}10\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ orange, $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}8\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ yellow, $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}8\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ red, and $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}4\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ green M&Ms. Reaching into the bag, a person grabs 5 M&Ms.

What is the probability of getting all blue M&Ms?

$\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\frac{C\left(12,5\right)}{C\left(48,5\right)}=\frac{1}{2162}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$

What is the probability of getting $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}4\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ blue M&Ms?

What is the probability of getting $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}3\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ blue M&Ms?

$\frac{C\left(12,3\right)C\left(36,2\right)}{C\left(48,5\right)}=\frac{175}{2162}$

What is the probability of getting no brown M&Ms?

## Extensions

Use the following scenario for the exercises that follow: In the game of Keno, a player starts by selecting $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}20\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ numbers from the numbers $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}1\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ to $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}80.\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ After the player makes his selections, $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}20\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ winning numbers are randomly selected from numbers $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}1\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ to $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}80.\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ A win occurs if the player has correctly selected $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}3,4,\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ or $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}5\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ of the $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}20\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ winning numbers. (Round all answers to the nearest hundredth of a percent.)

what is Economics?
Is the study of human behaviour as a relationship between ends and scares mean which have alternative use
Alhaji
yes
Tawa
what is monopoly
Alhaji
what is labour
LABOUR is a measure of work done by human being
Blessing
It is all form of human effort use to utilize in production
Alhaji
Why is scarcity a foundermental problem in economics
Alhaji
Why is scarcity a foundermental problem in economics
scarcity occur unbalance demand and supply at this time cost goods increase then inflation very increase
Tesfaye
scarcity is a foundermental problem because its a natural situation and it affects the world at Large.in other words,it's limit in supply relating to deman
Akwosih
'Economics is about making choices in the presence of scarcity"
. 'Economics is about making choices in the presence of scarcity" - Dscuss.
manoj
describe the producer's scarce resources.. I.e land,Labour,capital and enterprise
short in supply
Charles
What are human behaviour?
the rationality in decision making
Charles
how can you describe economic goods in a much better easier way?
any thing that have utility
Charles
what is deman and supply
Demand can be defined as the ability and willingness to buy commodities in a given price of goods and services in a particular period of time
Alasana
supply refers to the ability and willingness to offered commodities for sale in a given price of goods and services in a period of time .
Alasana
Demand can refer to the ability and willingness to purchase a commodity at a giving price and time.
habib
what must the producer do if total costs exceed total revenue
raise price
Nguyen
reduce cost
Charles
scarcity resources sample
land
Charles
what's scarcity
resources short in supply
Charles
hello
scarcity is excess against human wants.
Kennedy
scarcity is limit in supply relating to demand
Akwosih
students
Hamdu
shortge of resources .imbalance of wants to resources .
Hamdu
hlo
Yahya
limitation of supply in relation to their demand for commodity
Prince
what are the two types of economic theory's?
i thick it is microeconomic theory and macroeconomic theory. or it can be normative and positive economic theories.
Deep
yes^
Nguyen
with diagrams show thé change in prices in thé different time period that can result in an increase in demande
define momentary period
Fankam
What is a monopsony?
monopsony is a situation where only one buyer is available in the market
The
And with many sellers?
Allan
oligopsony
The
to be more specific, oligopsony is a situation with many sellers but few buyers
The
Thank you
Allan
economic is tha process of banking
Pls can u explain it into details
Praise
Cause I don't understand what you are saying
Praise
Got questions? Join the online conversation and get instant answers!


text:
# man(1) continued

## How do I find commands?

Once upon a time, we talked a bit about man pages, and how useful they are for learning about a new program. We didn’t really get into how you find programs that you might want to run. This is what we’ll start exploring in the rest of this post.

First, a few things to know. Most executable files, also called “binaries” are stored in a bin directory. This is just convention, since technically a binary file can live anywhere. There are generally a few bin directories on any given UNIX system. Some of them are:

/bin - User utilities fundamental to both single and multi-user environments. These programs are statically compiled and therefore do not depend on any system libraries to run.

/sbin - System programs and administration utilities fundamental to both single and multi-user environments. These programs are statically compiled and therefore do not depend on any system libraries to run.

/usr/bin - Common utilities, programming tools, and applications.

/usr/sbin - System daemons and utilities (executed by users).

/usr/local/bin - Local executables, libraries, etc.

/usr/local/sbin - Local executables, libraries, etc.1

But, there can be many more. A quick use of the find(1) command (we talked about find [last week][find]) can help me get a picture of how many there are on my system:

$find / -type d -name "bin" find: /home/erica/.ssh: Permission denied /usr/X11R6/bin /usr/local/bin /usr/bin find: /usr/libexec/auth: Permission denied find: /var/authpf: Permission denied find: /var/backups: Permission denied find: /var/cron/atjobs: Permission denied find: /var/cron/tabs: Permission denied find: /var/db/ldap: Permission denied find: /var/db/yubikey: Permission denied find: /var/games/hackdir/save: Permission denied find: /var/nsd/etc: Permission denied find: /var/nsd/run/xfr: Permission denied find: /var/quotas: Permission denied /var/spool/ftp/bin find: /var/spool/ftp/bin: Permission denied find: /var/spool/ftp/etc: Permission denied find: /var/spool/ftp/hidden: Permission denied find: /var/spool/smtpd: Permission denied /var/www/bin find: /var/www/cache: Permission denied find: /var/sysmerge: Permission denied /bin find: /etc/iked/private: Permission denied find: /etc/isakmpd/private: Permission denied find: /etc/ldap/certs: Permission denied find: /etc/skel/.ssh: Permission denied find: /etc/ssl/private: Permission denied find: /etc/ssl/acme/private: Permission denied find: /etc/acme: Permission denied find: /root: Permission denied  That’s a lot more output than I care about, so I can use two more tools we’ve learned about previously to clean it up a bit. I’m going to use the pipe operator | to send the output of my find command to the grep command. I’m also going to tell grep to ignore (-v) lines that match the pattern “Permission Denied”: $ find / -type d -name "bin" |grep -v "Permission denied"
find: /home/erica/.ssh: Permission denied
/usr/X11R6/bin
/usr/local/bin
/usr/bin
find: /usr/libexec/auth: Permission denied
find: /var/authpf: Permission denied
find: /var/backups: Permission denied
find: /var/cron/atjobs: Permission denied
find: /var/cron/tabs: Permission denied
find: /var/db/ldap: Permission denied
find: /var/db/yubikey: Permission denied
find: /var/games/hackdir/save: Permission denied
find: /var/nsd/etc: Permission denied
find: /var/nsd/run/xfr: Permission denied
find: /var/quotas: Permission denied
/var/spool/ftp/bin
find: /var/spool/ftp/bin: Permission denied
find: /var/spool/ftp/etc: Permission denied
find: /var/spool/ftp/hidden: Permission denied
find: /var/spool/smtpd: Permission denied
/var/www/bin
find: /var/www/cache: Permission denied
find: /var/sysmerge: Permission denied
/bin
find: /etc/iked/private: Permission denied
find: /etc/isakmpd/private: Permission denied
find: /etc/ldap/certs: Permission denied
find: /etc/skel/.ssh: Permission denied
find: /etc/ssl/private: Permission denied
find: /etc/ssl/acme/private: Permission denied
find: /etc/acme: Permission denied
find: /root: Permission denied

And, that did not work at all! The reason is the “Permission denied” message is being output on what is knows as “standard error” while the rest of the messages are being output on what is known as “standard output”. We’ll get into those in a later post, for now we’ll just fix the issue by redirecting standard error to standard output before piping it to grep:

$find / -type d -name "bin" 2>1 |grep -v "Permission Denied" /usr/X11R6/bin /usr/local/bin /usr/bin /var/spool/ftp/bin /var/www/bin /bin  Nice. Finally we have the output we were looking for. This is one of the things that I love about the command line. It can be such a rich learning environment. You go in thinking you’re just going to write a quick post on how to find commands, and next thing you know you have 3 more things you need to explain before you can do that. All that to say, that there could be many bin dirs on your system, and there are generally “binaries” or “programs” in those directories. It can be fun to poke around in there and see what is available. You might find some gems. For example, say I’m feeling very “elly” and want to see some commands that start with the letter l: $ cd /usr/bin
$ls l* lam ld less libnetcfg locale logger look lpr last ldd lesskey libtool locate login lorder lprm lastcomm leave lex lndir lock logname lpq ltrace  Voila! A bunch of programs that all start with the letter l, and all should have a man page I can read to learn more about. Sometimes when I’m bored, I just pick a random program from my system and read it’s man page. Another good way to find programs that’s a bit less labour intensive is the apropos command, also known as man -k. You just pass a keyword to the apropos command and it will return you a list of programs that are related to that keyword. So, for example say I want to know about users, I could do: $ man -k users
rusers(1) - who is logged in to machines on local network
users(1) - list current users
getusershell, endusershell, setusershell(3) - get legal user shells
npppd-users(5) - user database file
rpc.rusersd(8) - logged in users server
endusershell, setusershell, getusershell(3) - get legal user shells
crontab(1) - maintain crontab files for individual users
help(1) - help for new users and administrators
last(1) - indicate last logins of users, ttys, and hosts
mesg(1) - display (do not display) messages from other users
rwall(1) - send a message to users logged on a host
skeyaudit(1) - warn users if their S/Key will soon expire
w(1) - display users who are logged on and what they are doing
wall(1) - write a message to users
__thrsleep, __thrwakeup(2) - userspace thread sleep and wakeup
__thrwakeup, __thrsleep(2, 3) - userspace thread sleep and wakeup
Net::Netrc(3p) - OO interface to users netrc file
rpc.rwalld, rwalld(8) - write messages to users currently logged in server
rwalld, rpc.rwalld(8) - write messages to users currently logged in server

From there, you can read those man pages and find even more information, especially in the “See Also” section of the program’s man page. It’s not quite as fun as randomly clicking on Wikipedia links, but… a close second.

# New Terms

stderr
Standard error. A magic place where errors can be sent. They will also echo on your screen.
stdout
Standard output. A magic place where output is sent. It also echo’s to your screen.
apropos
Equivalent to man -k but much more fun to type. A program for searching for man pages on a given topic.

1. http://man.openbsd.org/OpenBSD-current/man7/hier.7 [find]: /post/Finding-Files ↩


text:
# zbMATH — the first resource for mathematics

On the oscillations of fourth order functional differential equations. (English) Zbl 1180.34064
Summary: We establish some sufficient conditions for the oscillations of all solutions of fourth-order functional differential equations
$\frac {d}{dt}\Bigg(a(t)\bigg( \frac{d^2}{dt^3}x(t)\bigg)^\alpha\Bigg)+ q(t)f(x[g(t)])=0$
and
$\frac {d}{dt}\Bigg(a(t)\bigg( \frac{d^2}{dt^3}x(t)\bigg)^\alpha\Bigg)= q(t)f(x[g(t)])+ p(t)h(x(t)])$
when $$\int^\infty a^{-1/\alpha}(s)\,ds<\infty$$. The case when $$\int^\infty a^{-1/\alpha}(s)\,ds=\infty$$ is also included.
##### MSC:
 34K11 Oscillation theory of functional-differential equations


text:
STM32 3-wire SPI MOSI high impedance

I have a sensor with a 3-wire SSC interface, which is SPI compatible, but only has one bidirectional data line. Now I try to read this sensor (https://www.infineon.com/dgdl/Infineon-Angle_Sensor_TLE5012B-UM-v01_02-en-UM-v01_02-EN.pdf?fileId=5546d46146d18cb40146ec2eeae4633b) out and it sends me data back, but since MISO and MOSI are shorted together (as recommended from the chip manufacturer), the data is blocked after the 470Ohm data line resistance, because MOSI needs to go high-impedance after the command was sent.

So, how can I achieve a high impedance MOSI pin on a STM32F410CBU6? I could define it as an input, but then I need to re-init the SPI interface. Is there a simpler solution with less overhead?

Edit: I tried now to configure the SPI in the half-duplex mode. Since I use CubeMX, the configuration for this was easy, but I have no success yet. When the SPI is in the half-duplex mode, the SCK seems to have some small offset (maybe about 0.4V) and the MOSI line has also a strange behaviour. When I switch to the full-duplex mode, this behaviour is gone. What could cause this? I'm reading the sensor our likes this:

HAL_GPIO_WritePin(SPI_CS_PORT, SPI_CS, LOW);
spi_pos->Instance->CR1 |= (1<<BIDIOE);
HAL_SPI_Transmit(spi_pos,&command,1,1);
spi_pos->Instance->CR1 &= ~(1<<BIDIOE);
asm("nop"); // Since sensor needs some ns to switch to sender mode
HAL_GPIO_WritePin(SPI_CS_PORT, SPI_CS, HIGH);

The SPI is configured as follows:

  /* SPI2 parameter configuration*/
hspi2.Instance = SPI2;
hspi2.Init.Mode = SPI_MODE_MASTER;
hspi2.Init.Direction = SPI_DIRECTION_2LINES;
hspi2.Init.DataSize = SPI_DATASIZE_16BIT;
hspi2.Init.CLKPolarity = SPI_POLARITY_LOW;
hspi2.Init.CLKPhase = SPI_PHASE_2EDGE;
hspi2.Init.NSS = SPI_NSS_SOFT;
hspi2.Init.BaudRatePrescaler = SPI_BAUDRATEPRESCALER_32;
hspi2.Init.FirstBit = SPI_FIRSTBIT_MSB;
hspi2.Init.TIMode = SPI_TIMODE_DISABLE;
hspi2.Init.CRCCalculation = SPI_CRCCALCULATION_DISABLE;
hspi2.Init.CRCPolynomial = 15;

MOSI Full Duplex:

SCK Full Duplex:

MOSI Half Duplex:

SCK Half Duplex:

Edit 2: Here are the settings in CubeMX:

• I believe that for the STM32's you should not be shorting MISO to MOSI but rather operating the STM32 SPI engine in a mode which uses one of the pins bi-directionally. Please see the programmer's manual applicable to your specific STM32. – Chris Stratton Oct 30 '18 at 15:56

The SPI peripheral of the STM32F4 is configureable for a single wire bidirectional half duplex transfer. In this mode the MOSI pin is used as a master or the MISO as a slave, no need to short the pins together on the STM32 side as only one is used.

For that you need to use the BIDIMODE (=1) bit in SPI_CR1. To set the data direction, you have to use the BIDIOE bit (1 = output, 0 = input) also in SPI_CR1.

So to send data you set BIDIOE to 1 and transfer all the data with writing to SPI_DR after that you reset BIDIOE to 0 and receive data with dummy writing something to SPI_DR (in order to generate the clock, which will tell the slave to send the data) and reading the received data from SPI_DR.

I haven't used this feature yet, and I do not use the peripheral libraries provided by ST, so I can't comment on their capability on using this feature.

• It does still not work in the half-duplex mode. I had a look at the transmit() and receive() function provided in the HAL libraries and they set the BIDIOE flag correctly when used. What could cause this half floating behaviour in the half-duplex mode? I tried already to define the MISO pin, which is shorted but not used for half duplex, as an input or let it in the default state. Both should be high-Z then and not influence the behaviour, right? – HansPeterLoft Oct 31 '18 at 7:39
• @HansPeterLoft well if a pin is switched to high-Z the line will float to some value which is determined by leakage currents, so I'm not surprised to see that behaviour. It seems like your sensor is not answering. Have you checked that you set the SPI in the correct mode (the data is sampled on the falling edge of the SCK by the sensor)? Can't make that out on the diagrams you provided. – Arsenal Oct 31 '18 at 7:58
• I have exactly the same settings as for the Full-Duplex mode with clock polarity low. Should I configure the unused MISO pin as a pull-down input, so the line is not floating anymore? The sensor does not answer, since at the startup the data line ist high. – HansPeterLoft Oct 31 '18 at 8:15
• What I also see is, that I can somehow not set the register with the command "spi_pos->Instance->CR1 |= (1<<SPI_CR1_BIDIOE);". The switching works only in the transmit() and receive() function from the HAL libraries. Otherwise I could let it as output and so this would Pull-Down the line. – HansPeterLoft Oct 31 '18 at 8:24
• @HansPeterLoft ah, yes if the sensor is expecting a low level to work correctly, using a pull down on the lines is probably a good idea. I have seen the pins floating in full duplex configuration as well, so I would not rely on setting the pin to output with the SPI peripheral. – Arsenal Oct 31 '18 at 12:01

You could try using a resistor between the MOSI and the MISO pins on the uC (microcontroller). Then, connecting the MISO pin on the uC to the bidirectional data pin on the sensor. If all the outputs are push-pull type, with no pull-up or pull-down resistors, it might work just fine with your working code.

A short analysis: if the sensor must read a command, the resistor allows the uC to send the command and read what was sent at the same time; if the sensor must send data, it will switch from input to output and drive the line. Even if the MOSI pin is also driving the line, either a HIGH or a LOW level, it will only result in a resistor load and won't change the level driven by the sensor.

The resistor value be must chosen so that the current it draws is bellow both the uC and sensor limits.

Please let me know if you tried this approach and it worked.