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Similar Journals
 Designs, Codes and CryptographyJournal Prestige (SJR): 0.549 Citation Impact (citeScore): 1Number of Followers: 7      Hybrid journal (It can contain Open Access articles) ISSN (Print) 1573-7586 - ISSN (Online) 0925-1022 Published by Springer-Verlag  [2469 journals]

Abstract: Abstract A code C in a generalised quadrangle $${\mathcal {Q}}$$ is defined to be a subset of the vertex set of the point-line incidence graph $${\Gamma }$$ of $${\mathcal {Q}}$$ . The minimum distance $$\delta$$ of C is the smallest distance between a pair of distinct elements of C. The graph metric gives rise to the distance partition $$\{C,C_1,\ldots ,C_\rho \}$$ , where $$\rho$$ is the maximum distance between any vertex of $${\Gamma }$$ and its nearest element of C. Since the diameter of $${\Gamma }$$ is 4, both $$\rho$$ and $$\delta$$ are at most 4. If $$\delta =4$$ then C is a partial ovoid or partial spread of $${\mathcal {Q}}$$ , and if, additionally, $$\rho =2$$ then C is an ovoid or a spread. A code C in $${\mathcal {Q}}$$ is neighbour-transitive if its automorphism group acts transitively on each of the sets C and $$C_1$$ . Our main results (i) classify all neighbour-transitive codes admitting an insoluble group of automorphisms in thick classical generalised quadrangles that correspond to ovoids or spreads, and (ii) give two infinite families and six sporadic examples of neighbour-transitive codes with minimum distance $$\delta =4$$ in the classical generalised quadrangle $${\mathsf {W}}_3(q)$$ that are not ovoids or spreads.
PubDate: 2022-05-21

• Some hypersurfaces over finite fields, minimal codes and secret sharing
schemes

Abstract: Abstract Linear error-correcting codes can be used for constructing secret sharing schemes; however, finding in general the access structures of these secret sharing schemes and, in particular, determining efficient access structures is difficult. Here we investigate the properties of certain algebraic hypersurfaces over finite fields, whose intersection numbers with any hyperplane only takes a few values; these varieties give rise to q-divisible linear codes with at most 5 weights. Furthermore, for q odd, these codes turn out to be minimal and we characterize the access structures of the secret sharing schemes based on their dual codes. Indeed, the secret sharing schemes thus obtained are democratic, that is each participant belongs to the same number of minimal access sets and can easily be described.
PubDate: 2022-05-21

• Correction to: Dispelling myths on superposition attacks: formal security
model and attack analyses

PubDate: 2022-05-13

• A note on the Assmus–Mattson theorem for some binary codes

Abstract: Abstract We previously proposed the first nontrivial examples of a code having support t-designs for all weights obtained from the Assmus–Mattson theorem and having support $$t'$$ -designs for some weights with some $$t'>t$$ . This suggests the possibility of generalizing the Assmus–Mattson theorem, which is very important in design and coding theory. In the present paper, we generalize this example as a strengthening of the Assmus–Mattson theorem along this direction. As a corollary, we provide a new characterization of the extended Golay code $${\mathcal {G}}_{24}$$ .
PubDate: 2022-05-10

• Sharper bounds on four lattice constants

Abstract: Abstract The Korkine–Zolotareff (KZ) reduction and its generalisations, are widely used lattice reduction strategies in communications and cryptography. The KZ constant and Schnorr’s constant were defined by Schnorr in 1987. The KZ constant can be used to quantify some useful properties of KZ reduced matrices. Schnorr’s constant can be used to characterize the output quality of his block 2k-reduction and is used to define his semi block 2k-reduction, which was also developed in 1987. Hermite’s constant, which is a fundamental lattice constant, has many applications, such as bounding the length of the shortest nonzero lattice vector and the orthogonality defect of lattices. Rankin’s constant was introduced by Rankin in 1953 as a generalization of Hermite’s constant. It plays an important role in characterizing the output quality of block-Rankin reduction, proposed by Gama et al. in 2006. In this paper, we first develop a linear upper bound on Hermite’s constant and then use it to develop an upper bound on the KZ constant. These upper bounds are sharper than those obtained recently by the authors, and the ratio of the new linear upper bound to the nonlinear upper bound, developed by Blichfeldt in 1929, on Hermite’s constant is asymptotically 1.0047. Furthermore, we develop lower and upper bounds on Schnorr’s constant. The improvement to the lower bound over the sharpest existing one developed by Gama et al. is around 1.7 times asymptotically, and the improvement to the upper bound over the sharpest existing one which was also developed by Gama et al. is around 4 times asymptotically. Finally, we develop lower and upper bounds on Rankin’s constant. The improvements of the bounds over the sharpest existing ones, also developed by Gama et al., are exponential in the parameter defining the constant.
PubDate: 2022-05-09

• Optimal selection for good polynomials of degree up to five

Abstract: Abstract An $$(r,\ell )$$ -good polynomial is a polynomial of degree $$r+1$$ that is constant on $$\ell$$ subsets of $$\mathbb F_q$$ , each of size $$r+1$$ . For any positive integer $$r\le 4$$ we provide an $$(r,\ell )$$ -good polynomial such that $$\ell =C_rq+O(\sqrt{q})$$ , with $$C_r$$ maximal. This directly provides an explicit estimate (up to an error term of $$O(\sqrt{q})$$ , with explict constant) for the maximal length and dimension of a Tamo–Barg LRC. Moreover, we explain how to construct good polynomials achieving these bounds. Finally, we provide computational examples to show how close our estimates are to the actual values of $$\ell$$ , and we explain how to obtain the best possible good polynomials in degree 5. Our results complete the study by Chen et al. (Des Codes Cryptogr 89(7):1639–1660, 2021), providing $$(r,\ell )$$ -good polynomials of degree up to 5, with $$\ell$$ maximal (up to an error term of $$\sqrt{q}$$ ), and our methods are independent.
PubDate: 2022-05-07

• On permutation quadrinomials with boomerang uniformity 4 and the
best-known nonlinearity

Abstract: Abstract Motivated by recent works on the butterfly structure, particularly by its generalization introduced by Canteaut et al. (IEEE Trans Inf Theory 63(11):7575–7591, 2017), we first push further the study of permutation polynomials over binary finite fields by completely characterizing those permutations $$f_{\underline{\epsilon }}$$ defined over the finite field $${\mathbb F}_{Q^2}$$ (of order $$Q^2$$ ) having the following shape: \begin{aligned} f_{\underline{\epsilon }}(X):=\epsilon _1\overline{X}^{q+1} +\epsilon _2\overline{X}^qX+\epsilon _3\overline{X}X^q+\epsilon _4X^{q+1} \end{aligned} where $$q=2^k$$ , $$Q=2^m$$ , m is odd, $$\mathrm {gcd}(m,k)=1$$ , $$\overline{X}=X^Q$$ and $$\underline{\epsilon }=(\epsilon _1, \epsilon _2, \epsilon _3, \epsilon _4)\in {\mathbb F}_{Q}^4$$ . We shall provide an approach to handle the bijectivity of $$f_{\underline{\epsilon }}$$ for any $$k\ge 1$$ . Notably, we show that the problem of finding conditions for bijectivity of the quadrinomial $$f_{\underline{\epsilon }}$$ is closely related to the study of the famous equation $$X^{q+1}+X+a=0$$ (*). We then reduce the initial problem into the problem of finding conditions for which an equation of the form (*) has a unique solution in $${\mathbb F}_{Q}$$ for every $$a\in {\mathbb F}_{Q}$$ . In addition, as a crucial direct consequence our result, we prove the validity of the conjecture (Conjecture 19) proposed by Li et al. (Des Codes Cryptogr 89:737–761, 2021). We emphasize that our positive answer completely characterizes permutations with boomerang uniformity 4 from the butterfly structure, which leads to the view of the quadrinomial $$f_{\underline{\epsilon }}$$ as excellent candidates to design block ciphers in symmetric cryptography. Despite a lot of attention regarding the considered conjecture, it remains unsolved on its whole when the coefficients lie in $${\mathbb F}_{Q}$$ . However, this article is the first which propose an approach that solves the enter conjecture by handling both sides of it involving equivalence simultaneously. We believe that our novel approach and its strength could benefit from proving the bijectivity of other families of polynomials over finite fields.
PubDate: 2022-05-07

• On the generalization of the construction of quantum codes from Hermitian
self-orthogonal codes

Abstract: Abstract Many q-ary stabilizer quantum codes can be constructed from Hermitian self-orthogonal $$q^2$$ -ary linear codes. This result can be generalized to $$q^{2 m}$$ -ary linear codes, $$m > 1$$ . We give a result for easily obtaining quantum codes from that generalization. As a consequence we provide several new binary stabilizer quantum codes which are records according to Grassl (Bounds on the minimum distance of linear codes, http://www.codetables.de, 2020) and new q-ary ones, with $$q \ne 2$$ , improving others in the literature.
PubDate: 2022-05-01

• On equivalence of cyclic and dihedral zero-divisor codes having nilpotents
of nilpotency degree two as generators

Abstract: Abstract Zero-divisor codes are codes constructed using group rings where their generators are zero-divisors. Generally, zero-divisor codes can be equivalent despite their associated groups are non-isomorphic, leading to the proposed conjecture “Every dihedral zero-divisor code has an equivalent form of cyclic zero-divisor code”. This paper is devoted to study equivalence of zero-divisor codes in $$F_2G$$ having generators from the 2-nilradical of $$F_2G$$ , consisting of all nilpotents of nilpotency degree 2 of $$F_2G$$ . Essentially, algebraic structures of 2-nilradicals are first studied in general for both commutative and non-commutative $$F_2G$$ before specialized into the case when G is cyclic and dihedral. Then, results are used to study the conjecture above in the cases where the codes generators are from their respective 2-nilradicals.
PubDate: 2022-05-01

• Complete b-symbol weight distribution of some irreducible cyclic codes

Abstract: Abstract Recently, b-symbol codes are proposed to protect against b-symbol errors in b-symbol read channels. It is an interesting subject of study to consider the complete b-symbol weight distribution of cyclic codes since b-symbol metric is a generalization for Hamming metric. The complete b-symbol Hamming weight distribution of irreducible cyclic codes is known in only a few cases. In this paper, we give a complete b-symbol Hamming weight distribution of a class of irreducible cyclic codes with two nonzero b-symbol Hamming weights.
PubDate: 2022-05-01

• Phase orthogonal sequence sets for (QS)CDMA communications

Abstract: Abstract For various quasi-synchronous (QS) CDMA systems, to reduce or eliminate the multiple access interference and multipath interference, it is required to design a set of spreading sequences which are mutually orthogonal within a designed shift zone. In this article, we demonstrate that a concept of irregular spatial assignment, with flexibility to assign different number of users to different cells, can be used to provide the maximal number of orthogonal sequences in any three adjacent cells in networks with a regular tessellation of hexagonal cells. We first consider p-phase spreading sequences of length $$p^m$$ (thus nonbinary p-valued sequences) suitable for synchronous (S)-CDMA applications, for $$p>3$$ , and give an efficient design method for reaching the maximal cardinality achievable (being $$p^m$$ ). A simple solution for a flexible assignment of our orthogonal sets of spreading sequences to the cells in hexagonal networks is given. To address QS-CDMA applications as well, an efficient method to combine these orthogonal sequences with Zadeoff–Chu sequences is proposed for the purpose of designing sets of zero correlation zone (ZCZ) sequences (within a certain shift zone) with optimal parameters, thus reaching the Tang–Fan–Matsufuji bound. A similar design framework, based on the use of some special classes of Boolean functions, is then employed for the binary case to provide the maximum cardinality of pairwise orthogonal sequences of length $$2^m$$ through this irregular spatial assignment. This improves upon the best known results achieved in Zhang et al. (IEEE Trans Inf Theory 62:3757–3767, 2016), which assigns $$2^{m-2}$$ orthogonal sequences (users) per cell, by doubling the number of users in one third of the network.
PubDate: 2022-05-01

• On the automorphisms of generalized algebraic geometry codes

Abstract: Abstract We consider the class of generalized algebraic geometry codes (GAG codes) formed by two collections of places, with places of the same degree in each collection. We introduce the concept of $$N_1N_2$$ -automorphism group of a GAG code in this class-that is, a subgroup of the automorphism group of the code. Then we determine a subgroup of the $$N_1N_2$$ -automorphism group in the general case and the $$N_1N_2$$ -automorphism group itself in the rational function field case. We also explicitly construct such a group. This paper presents a method to obtain similar results for the GAG codes that have more collections of places of the same degree in their construction.
PubDate: 2022-04-30

• On $$\alpha$$ α -points of q-analogs of the Fano plane

Abstract: Abstract Arguably, the most important open problem in the theory of q-analogs of designs is the question regarding the existence of a q-analog D of the Fano plane. As of today, it remains undecided for every single prime power order q of the base field. A point P is called an $$\alpha$$ -point of D if the derived design of D in P is a geometric spread. In 1996, Simon Thomas has shown that there always exists a non- $$\alpha$$ -point. For the binary case $$q = 2$$ , Olof Heden and Papa Sissokho have improved this result in 2016 by showing that the non- $$\alpha$$ -points must form a blocking set with respect to the hyperplanes. In this article, we show that a hyperplane consisting only of $$\alpha$$ -points implies the existence of a partition of the symplectic generalized quadrangle W(q) into spreads. As a consequence, the statement of Heden and Sissokho is generalized to all primes q and all even values of q.
PubDate: 2022-04-27

• Minimal binary linear codes: a general framework based on bent
concatenation

Abstract: Abstract Minimal codes are characterized by the property that none of the codewords is covered by some other linearly independent codeword. We first show that the use of a bent function g in the so-called direct sum of Boolean functions $$h(x,y)=f(x)+g(y)$$ , where f is arbitrary, induces minimal codes. This approach gives an infinite class of minimal codes of length $$2^n$$ and dimension $$n+1$$ (assuming that $$h: {\mathbb {F}}_2^n \rightarrow {\mathbb {F}}_2$$ ), whose weight distribution is exactly specified for certain choices of f. To increase the dimension of these codes with respect to their length, we introduce the concept of non-covering permutations (referring to the property of minimality) used to construct a bent function g in s variables, which allows us to employ a suitable subspace of derivatives of g and generate minimal codes of dimension $$s+s/2+1$$ instead. Their exact weight distribution is also determined. In the second part of this article, we first provide an efficient method (with easily satisfied initial conditions) of generating minimal $$[2^n,n+1]$$ linear codes that cross the so-called Ashikhmin–Barg bound. This method is further extended for the purpose of generating minimal codes of larger dimension $$n+s/2+2$$ , through the use of suitable derivatives along with the employment of non-covering permutations. To the best of our knowledge, the latter method is the most general framework for designing binary minimal linear codes that violate the Ashikhmin–Barg bound. More precisely, for a suitable choice of derivatives of $$h(x,y)=f(x) + g(y)$$ , where g is a bent function and f satisfies certain minimality requirements, for any fixed f, one can derive a huge class of non-equivalent wide binary linear codes of the same length by varying the permutation $$\phi$$ when specifying the bent function $$g(y_1,y_2)=\phi (y_2)\cdot y_1$$ in the Maiorana–McFarland class. The weight distribution is given explicitly for any (suitable) f when $$\phi$$ is an almost bent permutation.
PubDate: 2022-04-11

• Application of optimal p-ary linear codes to alphabet-optimal locally
repairable codes

Abstract: Abstract Linear codes have widespread applications in data storage systems. There are two major contributions in this paper. We first propose infinite families of optimal or distance-optimal linear codes over $${\mathbb F}_p$$ constructed from projective spaces. Moreover, a necessary and sufficient condition for such linear codes to be Griesmer codes is presented. Secondly, as an application in data storage systems, we investigate the locality of the linear codes constructed. Furthermore, we show that these linear codes are alphabet-optimal locally repairable codes with locality 2.
PubDate: 2022-04-09

• Constructions of two-dimensional Z-complementary array pairs with large
ZCZ ratio

Abstract: Abstract Two-dimensional (2-D) Z-complementary array pair (ZCAP) is a pair of 2-D arrays, whose 2-D autocorrelation sum gives zero value at all time shifts in a zone around the (0, 0) time shift, except the (0, 0) time shift. The zone is called a zero correlation zone (ZCZ). 2-D ZCAPs include 2-D Golay complementary array pairs (GCAPs) as special cases, and can be applicable in 2-D synchronization. In this paper, we focus on designing new 2-D ZCAPs by exploring two promising approaches. The first construction of 2-D ZCAPs uses 1-D ZCPs as the initial stage, such that any binary ZCP and q-phase ZCP can produce a q-phase 2-D ZCAP. The second construction of 2-D ZCAPs is based on 2-D generalized Boolean functions (GBFs), and the resulting 2-D ZCAPs can have the largest 2-D ZCZ ratio 6/7, compared with known 2-D ZCAPs but not 2-D GCAPs in the literature. Here the ZCZ ratio is defined as the ratio of the ZCZ size over the array size.
PubDate: 2022-04-05

• Polycyclic codes associated with trinomials: good codes and open questions

Abstract: Abstract Polycyclic codes are a generalization of cyclic and constacyclic codes. Even though they have been known since 1972 and received some attention more recently, there have not been many studies on polycyclic codes. This paper presents an in-depth investigation of polycyclic codes associated with trinomials. Our results include a number of facts about trinomials, some properties of polycyclic codes, and many new quantum codes derived from polycyclic codes. We also state several conjectures about polynomials and polycyclic codes. Hence, we show useful features of polycyclic codes and present some open problems related to them.
PubDate: 2022-04-05

• On Pappus configurations in Hall planes

Abstract: Abstract As the finite Hall planes are Non-Desarguesian, the Pappus Theorem does not hold in them. In this paper we state and prove some weaker versions of Pappus’s Theorem in Hall planes.
PubDate: 2022-04-02

• Attribute-based signatures from lattices: unbounded attributes and

PubDate: 2022-04-02

• An STP-based model toward designing S-boxes with good cryptographic
properties

Abstract: Abstract The substitution box (S-box) is an important nonlinear component in most symmetric cryptosystems and thus should have good properties. Its difference distribution table (DDT) and linear approximation table (LAT) affect the security of the cipher against differential and linear cryptanalysis. In most previous work, differential uniformity and linearity of an S-box are two primary cryptographic properties to impact the resistance against differential and linear attacks. In some cases, the branch number and fixed point are also be considered. However, other important cryptographic properties such as the frequency of differential uniformity (resp. linearity) and the number of Bad Input and Bad Output (BIBO) patterns in DDT (resp. LAT) are often ignored. These properties substantially affect lightweight cryptography based on substitution bit permutation networks (SbPN) such as PRESENT, GIFT and RECTANGLE. This paper introduces a new method to search for S-boxes satisfying all above criteria simultaneously. In our strategy, we transform the process of searching for S-boxes under certain constraints on cryptographic properties into a satisfiability (SAT) problem. As applications, we use our new approach to search out 4-bit and 5-bit S-boxes with the same or better cryptographic properties compared with the S-boxes from well-known ciphers. Finally, we also utilize our method to verify a conjecture proposed by Boura et al. in the case of all 3-bit and 4-bit S-boxes. We propose a proposition and two corollaries to reduce the search space in this verification.
PubDate: 2022-04-02

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# why is women's empowerment important for development pdf

This is because women are a necessary resource to the growth of every nation. He finds that maternal income increases family nutrition by four to seven times more than, bargaining power. With access to education… The study identified a positive impact of NGO initiatives on the empowerment of rural women. children's nutritional status (measured by height for age, weight for, anthropometric outcomes (weight for age and height for age). One of the keys to empowering the youth is with skill development. 2013. Equal access to financial services, helping women build assets and professionalizing the care-giving sector can help accelerate progress in women’s economic empowerment The flagship event helped share recommendations from the UN Secretary-General’s High-Level Panel on Women’s Economic Empowerment (HLP) report with delegations attending the 2017 WBG – IMF Spring Meetings UN Women supports UN Member States as they set global standards for achieving gender equality, and works with governments and civil society to design laws, policies, … Accordingly, the definitions of women's empowerment, gender equality, and sustainable development will be addressed based on the literature, and such definitions will, mutatis mutandis, be applied to the paper throughout the discussion. It is the integration of women into the global economies by improving their status and assisting in total development. UN Women is the UN organization dedicated to gender equality and the empowerment of women. Economic Benefits: Women Empowerment also leads to more economic benefits not to the individuals but to the society as well. http://wber.oxfordjournals.org/content/10/1/1.short. Posted on May 29, 2015 May 29, 2015 by supriyabmandal In the past decades, the health and education levels of women and girls in developing countries have improved a great … Women in development is an approach of development projects that emerged in the 1960s, calling for treatment of women's issues in development projects. It implies control over resources and decisions. The empowerment of women would result in overall development of society both at micro and macro level. Journal of the European Economic Association, of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of In, India? 2. Women’s empowerment in Africa plays an integral role in the region’s efforts to reduce poverty. Working Paper Global Poverty Research Group, Ravallion, M., and G. Datt. Strong and robust evidence, including mother fixed 1 effects regressions, shows that conflict significantly increases girl mortality. It discusses three important dimensions of gender equality: economic empowerment, human development, and laws and institutions — all areas in which government action can bring about change. Women's economic empowerment. These empowered women can help produce more economic output … Education is milestone of women empowerment because it enables them to responds to the challenges, to confront their traditional role and change their life. The impact of empowering women on economic growth is investigated through testing the influence of proportion of women candidates in parliaments. Moreover, we investigate the role of the unorganized sector in influencing the growth of the registered employment. Growth and Empowerment. This paper analyzes the jobless growth problem in India in terms of a Kaldorian framework where the linkages between agriculture and industry enter the labour demand through the changes in the terms of trade between the two sectors. Why is women's economic empowerment important for development It’s about economic equality: such as closing the gender pay gap, increasing job opportunities, or access to loans. Promoting gender equality and empowering women (Millennium Development Goal 3) is not only an important goal in itself but also represents a powerful strategy for achieving other MDGs, especially MDG 5, which is to improve maternal health. By contrast, over the past twenty years, some non-governmental organizations, such as the Self-Employed Women's Association in India, have been effective in improving women's economic status because they have started with the premise that women are fundamental to the process of economic development. Sustainable development relies on ending discrimination towards women, and providing equal opportunities for education and employment. Yet women's empowerment must not mean simply adding to their burdens of responsibilities or building expectations of women as 'sustainability saviours'. Why women empowerment is important? This comment on "Where Is the Missing Labour Force?" Their earnings, however, are generally low. Many celebrities are all for girl power such as Liza Koshy and Lilly Singh … To explore the major problems faced by Indian women today. A compilation of relevant materials will be developed and added to on an ongoing basis. Women’s Economic Empowerment: Guidance Note Importance of women's empowerment: Women's empowerment is vital. Women's population alone cannot be taken for granted. Based on data from the United States, Brazil, and Ghana, the paper documents, effect is found for women (De Mel, McKenzie, and Woodruff, Table 1: Levels and trends in sector wise co, Source: Authors’ calculations from several rounds of NSSO unit level, Orissa and West Bengal; West - Gujarat, Maharashtra and Goa; South. Numerous programmes have been initiated by Indian Government and for the development of women in rural areas. Why is women’s economic empowerment important for development? The human development, economic and business gains from empowering women are substantial. Conclusion Women’s empowerment is a part to encourage women to feel strong by telling them that they can do everything that they want to do. Women empowerment refers broadly to the expansion of freedom of choice and action to shape one’s life. In the olden times, the women were given the name of their husbands but today time has changed and women love to carry their own identity in every walk of life. Recent cross-country studies assume that economic growth first lowers female labour market participation and then increases it in the long-run ( the 'feminisation U') but do not give precise estimation results. TOWARDS OPERATIONAL STRATEGIES PDF | On Jan 1, 2017, Meenakshi Lohani and others published Women empowerment: A key to sustainable development | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate Many communities still abide by the traditional family roles of women withthree out of four householdsrun by men. Using both macro-level and household survey (NSS) data, we find that the recent fillip in the process of structural transformation has pushed a large number of females out of agriculture. Apart from Government various non-governmental organizations, local self-governance institutions and Self-help groups bear a significant role in women empowerment in rural areas which is instrumental to their development. This is reflected in the higher investments in women's reproductive rather than their productive roles, mainly in population programs. (3) What is the economic status of those who dropped out of the labour force for reasons other than education? Later, the Gender and development (GAD) approach proposed more emphasis on gender relations rather than seeing women… A strong patriarchal society with deep- rooted socio-cultural values continues to affect the progress of women’s empowerment in the country. A sizable literature claims that female labor force participation (FLFP) follows a U-shaped trend as countries develop due to structural change, education, and fertility dynamics. Active labour market policies are needed particularly in developing countries to promote women's labour market participation in the interest of overall economic growth. Many celebrities are all for girl power such as Liza Koshy and Lilly Singh … Women empowerment and economic development are closely related: in one direction, development alone can play a major role in driving down inequality between men and women; in … To obtain a long-term view, cross-country analysis is performed in parallel using 10 years World Bank data of 72 countries divided into the UN income-groups: 1-high, 2-upper-middle, 3-lower-middle, and 4- low-income. There is a growing understanding that addressing the constraints to women’s economic empowerment is fundamental to lasting, inclusive, and sustainable economic growth, poverty reduction, and food security, and to the achievement of gender equality. This paper assesses \emph{causal} impacts (Intent-to-Treat) of NREGA on public works participation, labor force participation, and real wages of casual workers by exploiting its phased implementation across Indian districts. participation, our results suggest that at the state level, there is no systematic U-shaped relationship between level of domestic product and women's LFPR. Interested in research on Women Empowerment? Women’s empowerment is defined as a woman’s opportunity to make important life choices, whether economic, familial, personal or social. Why is the Labour Force Participation of Women Declining in India. We conclude that the feminization U hypothesis as an overarching secular trend driving FLFP in the development process has little empirical support. 2 Women's Empowerment in Development. India is an agrarian economy. Table2: Women participation in the education and labour force participation rate, women will have to work hard. Occupational segregation by sex occurs everywhere, causing labour market rigidity and economic inefficiency, wasting human resources, preventing change, disadvantaging women and perpetuating gender inequalities. EMPOWERMENT FOR.SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT :. and women’s empowerment as a priority for development, and sets an ambitious target requiring that eighty per cent of all Australia’s aid, regardless of objectives, perform effectively in promoting gender equality. Active participation of women in economic activities and decisions, would contribute … They are free to decide what they want to do. UN Women is the United Nations organization dedicated to gender equality and the empowerment of women. However, the impact of NREGA on wages of casual male workers has only been marginal (about 1%). Moreover, cross-country differences in levels of FLFP related to historical contingencies are more important than the muted U patterns found in some specifications. This is only possible if we women understand our powers and utilize it to the fullest. Women’s economic empowerment boosts productivity, increases economic diversification and income equality in addition to other positive development outcomes. Whether they are a housewife or working professional, their identity means everything for them. identify the sub-sectors within manufacturing and service sectors that could create jobs for new female job aspirants and those older women displaced from agriculture in recent years; and thus to understand the conditions under which female LFPR could be raised. Social Protection Discussi. Given that women’s roles in conflict are complex, there is a need for relevant systematic policy research and analysis, including on issues related to dispute-resolution, access to justice and economic empowerment. Education of women … The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA), enacted in August 2005, is one such program in India. The mean + S.D age is 62 + 11 years. The analysis suggests that the euphoria about high employment growth during 1999-2004 was not justified nor does the concern about jobless growth in the subsequent years capture the changes in employment structure. 2009. Because its origins are often stated as being from the South, it may appeal to Northern development institutions who wish to avoid charges of cultural imperialism, especially in relation to gender . The empowerment and autonomy of women and the improvement of their political, social, economic and health status is a highly important end in itself. • There are many pathways to women’s empowerment but important enabling conditions include women’s an ODI project that aims to collective http://www.unfpa.org/gender/empowerment2.html, socio cultural factors influencing entrepreneurship, Development policies and programs tend not to view women as integral to the economic development process. To unveil the desired connection, two approaches are implemented. How […] Empowerment is critical to poverty eradication and to development. Empowering women not only benefits the women but their families and communities as well. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. In one direction, development alone can play a major role in driving down inequality between men and . Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. This paper re-examines the trends in employment and unemployment as thrown up by successive National Sample Surveys from the mid-1970s. To understand the relation between the women empowerment and the poverty. We show that empirical support for this secular trend is feeble and depends on the data sources used, especially GDP estimates. On examining the relationship between the structure of the economy and women's economic activity, we find that it is not economic growth but rather the composition of growth that is relevant for women. Gender equality has been conclusively shown to stimulate economic growth , which is important, especially in countries with higher unemployment rates and less economic opportunity. Reducing discrimination in access to education and the labour market would make better use of women’s skills and abilities. This leaflet specifies what gender equality and women's empowerment mean, providing specific examples. Higher status families choose to educate their daughters, but at the same time, restrict their independence through labor force withdrawal. A global champion for women and girls, UN Women was established to accelerate progress on meeting their needs worldwide. (2) What proportion of the decline can be attributed to an increase in enrolment for education? Yet women throughout the developing world engage in economically productive work and earn incomes. Women’s empowerment and equality is a fundamental human right and critical to achieve development objectives, including health. Women’s Economic Empowerment: Guidance Note Therefore, these guidelines specifically aim to: Provide practical advice to practitioners seeking to measure women’s economic empowerment (WEE) in PSD programming; Document how to … The empowerment approach to women in development offers a number of attractions for development agencies over the other approaches. shape of female participation in workforce. Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose (SMBG) is a vital constituent of diabetes care. Two competing theories potentially explain this phenomenon – one based on cultural factors and the other on labor market options. A global champion for women and girls, UN Women was established to accelerate progress on meeting their needs worldwide. women can play a very important role in the development of the country. In this paper we use the Indian National Sample Survey data for 1993-94 to examine the relationship between women’s education and labor force participation. However, with the massive increase in female enrollment in secondary and higher levels of education, it could be expected that the substitution effect of the increase in real wage would become stronger if appropriate measures are taken by the government, which are suggested. Since formal sector jobs only comprise 7 percent of all jobs, opportunities for these desirable jobs is limited, resulting in labor force withdrawal of women. GTZ and the KfW development bank have played an important part in redrafting the G markers. Women’s economic empowerment is critical to achieving gender equality and sustainable development. Our empirical findings also support the anti-U feminisation hypotheses in case of higher educated females. The empowerment approach to women in development offers a number of attractions for development agencies over the other approaches. It will help women to be self-sufficient. Thus we can conclude that NGOs in India are effectively working towards upliftment of socioeconomic status of the poor women in the rural areas thereby attaining the goal of rural management. While several studies suggest a U-shaped relationship between development and women's labor force, In this paper, we try to develop a simple theoretical model of joining work of a married female under different income levels; there exists a critical level of income of the family; if that is achieved, then female devotes her time at home. Women take up the same responsibilities as men and do a wonderful job in showcasing their talents when given an opportunity to. The analysis suggests that gender imbalances in infant mortality are driven by the selection induced by a higher vulnerability of boys in utero rather than by gender discrimination. It has significant policy implications. Large fluctuations seen after 1993-94 appear to be a result of the movement in and out of labourforce of a substantial section of the population which is vulnerable and in the informal sector in a phase of rising overall rates of economic growth. “How Important to India’s Poor Is the Sectoral Composition of. Empowerment can be defined in many ways, however, when talking about women's empowerment, empowerment means accepting and allowing people (women) who are on the outside of the decision-making process into it. Gender-transformative research promotes women’s empowerment, including shared control of resources and decision-making. Women empowerment is essential today because earlier, women were not allowed to receive higher education, the society was backward and the times were different. Women are key contributors to economies as producers of food, managers of natural resources and as entrepreneurs and employees. It implies control over resources and decisions. The econometric specification does not control, Brazil. Promoting gender equality and empowering women (Millennium Development Goal 3) is not only an important goal in itself but also represents a powerful strategy for achieving other MDGs, especially MDG 5, which is to improve maternal health. the paper is divided into four sections: the definition and dimension of women empowerment, the status of empowerment in africa, and the relationship between women empowerment, and sustainable development the relationship between women empowerment and sustainable development in africa. T Paul Schultz. For example, Hsieh et al. There are good reasons to believe that empowering women helps economic development. there by reduction in the poverty levels and improvement in the economic growth happens. They work primarily in agriculture and in the informal, India has experienced steady economic growth over the last two decades alongside a persistent decline in women's labor force participation (LFPR). The detection of chronic complications of DM was comparable between those who practice SMBG and those who do not. So that we can’t neglect the importance of education in reference to women empowerment and India poised to becoming superpower in recent years. IMPACT OF NGO INITIATIVES ON EMPOWERMENT OF RURAL WOMEN, تمكين المرأة لتحقيق التنمية المستدامة في افريقيا women empowerment for sustainable development in africa, The Impact of Women Parliamentarians on Economic Growth: Modelling & Statistical Analysis of Empirical Global Data, Impact of Self-monitoring of Blood Glucose on Glycaemic Control in Type 2 Diabetic Nigerians who Reside in Lagos, Do Girls Pay the Price of Civil War? What’s stopping women from joining the workforce? Public works programs, aimed at building a strong social safety net through redistribution of wealth and generation of meaningful employment, are becoming increasingly popular in developing countries. The method demonstrates superior results. In contrast, structural arguments suggest that educated women – like educated men – prefer white collar jobs. It discusses three important dimensions of gender equality: economic empowerment, human development, and laws and institutions — all areas in which government action can bring about change. A global champion for women and girls, UN Women was established to accelerate progress on meeting their needs worldwide. In this family structure, it is usually the responsibility of the women to care for the family and provide all necessities, such as food, shelter and clothing. strategies. Often such projects fail because they are motivated by welfare and not development concerns, offering women temporary and part-time employment in traditionally feminine skills such as knitting and sewing that have limited markets. Despite the strong association between female empowerment and development, we can't conclude that every empowerment initiative helps development. Women empowerment and economic development are closely related: in one direction, development alone can play a major role in driving down inequality between men and women; in the other direction, empowering women may benefit development. Debnarayan Sarker, 143. The publication of the summary results has generated a lot of controversy. Women will be able to contribute to our national development if they are empowered. The Women in Development (WID) approach promotes women’s integration in development efforts by focusing on women, looking at how the process of development has made an impact on the position of women in society. What are … Development policies and programs tend not to view women as integral to the economic development process. What is gender-transformative research, and why is it so important? However, it is important to extend the vision of empowerment to national governments, some of which are bein g.progressively disempowered by macro policy adjustment programs over which they appear to have no capacity to exercise control . Why is women’s economic empowerment important? In addition, it is essential for the achievement of sustainable development. This leaflet specifies what gender equality and women's empowerment mean, providing specific examples. involved in many fields and make economy as developed. Similarly, NREGA has a significant positive impact on the wages of female casual workers - real wages of female casual workers increased 8% more in NREGA districts compared with the increase experienced in non-NREGA districts. The major contribution of this paper is: to explore both micro- and macro-level factors which determine female labour force participation rate (LFPR); to examine the “U shape” female LFPR, by examining the likely income and substitution effects of the real wage increase, to. It to the society as well examine whether job availability or patriarchal controls an! The European economic Association, of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of in, access to services. Spheres of life and society and income equality in addition, in formal wage employment support... 58 ( 2 ) what is the most crucial point to be noted for the overall development of would! An old-age pension compared hellip ; ] women ’ s withdrawal from labor force is associated with in. 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# From the analysis of the 55Mn HFI values, the oxidation state com

From the analysis of the 55Mn HFI values, the oxidation state compositions of the OEC could be deduced: S0 3Mn(III) 1Mn(IV); S1 2Mn(III) 2Mn(IV); S2 1Mn(III) 3Mn(IV). Furthermore,

values for the exchange couplings were obtained and an assignment of the oxidation states to individual Mn ions in the cluster was proposed, see Fig. 6 (Kulik et al. 2007). Fig. 6 Top: Field-swept echo detected EPR spectrum at Q-band of the S2-state of the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) in Photosystem II (BBY Angiogenesis inhibitor particles from spinach). The simulation has been obtained with four axial 55Mn HFI tensors and an anisotropic g-tensor (Kulik et al. 2005, 2007). Bottom: 55Mn ENDOR spectra both at Q-band and X-band (black) together with their simulations (red lines) using four different 55Mn hf tensors (colored lines). Note the better nuclear Zeeman resolution at Q-band. The inset in the upper panel shows the assignment of oxidation

states to the four Mn ions and the exchange coupling J among these ions Spin-polarized RP \( P_700^ \bullet + A_1^ \bullet – \) in plant Photosystem I In plant Photosystem I (PSI), the photosynthetic charge separation is triggered by the light absorption of the primary electron donor P 700. From its excited state P*, the electron is transferred through intermediate acceptors to the electron acceptor A1 (vitamin K1). As a result of the fast charge separation, the RP \( P_700^ \bullet + A_1^ \bullet – \) is created in a spin-correlated state that can be observed by EPR and ENDOR techniques. The system of two interacting electron spins has four AZD5582 purchase eigenstates, which can be ADAMTS5 described in terms of singlet and triplet states. Since spin multiplicity is conserved during fast electron transfer, the system is initially in the singlet state. In the course of spin learn more evolution also the triplet sublevels become populated. The general theory of ESE and ENDOR in polarized RPs is rather complicated (Fursmann et al. 2002; Poluektov et al. 2005). However, the situation is simplified in the weak coupling case, when the difference of the Larmor frequencies of two electron

spins Δω is much larger than the strength of the exchange and magnetic dipolar interactions between these spins. The system approaches this situation with increasing external magnetic field, since Δω increases due to the difference in g-factors of the radicals in the RP. This was utilized in pulse ENDOR studies of the laser flash generated spin-polarized RP \( P_700^ \bullet + A_1^ \bullet – \) (Fursmann et al. 2002; Epel et al. 2006). The Q-band transient EPR spectrum of this RP is shown in the top panel of Fig. 7. The numerical simulation shows that this spectrum is composed of the contributions of the signals of \( P_700^ \bullet + \) and \( A_1^ \bullet – \), each of which is spin polarized.


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Pairs Satisfying a Cubic

$$n$$ and $$m$$ are positive integers that satisfy $$n^3 + 2n^2 = m^2$$. If $$1 \leq n \leq 1000$$, how many possible ordered pairs of $$(n,m)$$ are there?

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# Reducing fractions?

I want to reduce the two following fractions:

$$\frac{2x + 2y}{x + y}$$

$$\frac{3ab^2}{12ab}$$

I fully understand the concept of reduce fractions of this type:

$$\frac{15}{20}$$

but i do not know what steps to take for reducing fractions like the two above. Anyone that can explain the steps needed, or point me to a website explaining it?

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For the first: factor out the 2 so you can see what to cancel. – J. M. Aug 30 '11 at 15:09
For the second: you know what $3/12$ is in lowest terms, and that $a/a=1$ and that $b^2/b=b$... – J. M. Aug 30 '11 at 15:10

For the first fraction:

\begin{align} \frac{2x + 2y}{x + y} &= \frac{2(x + y)}{x + y} \\ &= 2 \text{ assuming } (x+y) \neq 0 \text{ and dividing both numerator and denominator by (x + y)} \end{align}

For the second fraction:

\begin{align} \frac{3ab^2}{12ab} &= \frac{3ab \times b}{3ab \times 4}\\ &= \frac{b}{4} \quad\text{ assuming } 3ab \neq 0 \text{ and dividing both numerator and denominator by (3ab)} \end{align}

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HINT $\ \ \$You need the knowledge of how you multiply two algebraic expressions and the distributive property (also factoring).

So note how $2x + 2y = 2(x + y)$. For the second, note that you can express the fraction like so:$${3ab^2\over 12ab}= {3ab \times b\over3 ab \times 4}$$

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# Expected waiting time at traffic signals [duplicate]

I came across the problem below:

Calvin has to cross several signals when he walks from his home to school. Each of these signals operate independently. They alternate every 80 seconds between green light and red light.At each signal, there is a counter display that tells him how long it will be before the current signal light changes. Calvin has a magic wand which lets him turn a signal from red to green instantaneously. However, this wand comes with limited battery life, so he can use it only for a specified number of times.

a. If the total number of signals is 2 and Calvin can use his magic wand only once, then what is the expected waiting time at the signals when Calvin optimally walks from his home to school?

b. What if the number of signals is 3 and Calvin can use his magic wand only once?

I found that it was asked before here but I am not able to understand the accepted answer. The accepted answer states that it takes 40 seconds for the lights to change from Red to Green and from Green to Red.

But should it not be 80 seconds as stated in the question?

• It is exactly the same question. But I have some doubts about the answer. So thought to ask again. – chintan s Sep 9 '16 at 14:58

Calvin approaches a light. 3 options. The light is green (50%) The light is red and the counter is low, and Calvin chooses to wait it out. The light is red and the counter is high, and Calvin uses his putter outer.

What is the expected wait time if Calvin doesn't use the putter-outer?

0.5*40 = 20 (40 because the time on the countdown time is uniformly distributed over an 80 second interval, and the mean is 1/2 the size of the interval)

a) If Calvin gets to the first light, and he can save more than 20 seconds, (counter>20) he will use his putter outer.

options: green light 0 wait 1/2 red light uses putter outer 0 wait 3/8 red light 20 sec or less wait, waits it out 1/8 expected wait = 10/8 chance of using putter outer 3/8

at the second light... 3/8 likelihood doesn't have the putter outer and must wait. expected wait 3/8*20

total = 70/8 seconds

b) before looking at 4 lights, lets look at 3.

If he uses the putter outer at the 1st light, he has an expects wait of 40 seconds for the rest of the way home. If he doesn't he expect to wait 8.75 seconds.

he can save himself 31.25 seconds, he uses the putter outer.

expected wait.

(31.25/160) (31.25/2) wait at the 1st light +(111.25/160) 8.75 + (48.75)/160 * 40 wait at the second light

21.3 seconds expected wait

4 lights 60 - 21.3 = 38.7 if the counter reads 38.7 (or more) at the 1st light, use the putter outer.

(38.7/160)(38.7/2) + (118.7/160)(21.3) + (41.3/160)(60)

• Thanks Doug for your detailed reply but I am still confused. How to derive the 40 based on uniform distribution? Also, why do you have 50% for the green light in the first option? This may sound stupid but I can't seem to connect the dots. – chintan s Sep 9 '16 at 16:14
• Ok, I found that the Expected value of a Uniformly Distributed Random variable is 0.5*interval, in this case it will be (80-0)/2 = 40. But please tell me what do you mean by 50% for the Green option. Thanks! – chintan s Sep 9 '16 at 16:18
• Also, why do you have 0.5*40 = 20? Should it not be 0.5*80 = 40? – chintan s Sep 9 '16 at 16:20
• Ok, 50% Green comes from the fact that the light is either Red or Green with 1/2 probability. Am I right? – chintan s Sep 9 '16 at 16:33
• Lots of comments. I was away from my computer and unable respond. Sounds like you figured it out though. In a 160 second interval, the light is red for 80 seconds and green for 80 seconds. When it is red, the expected value of a uninformly distributed variable is the midpoint of its range. – Doug M Sep 10 '16 at 5:12


text:
## Conditional Expectation

As our course begins to move towards estimation and prediction, it is a good idea to formalize some ways of quantifying how one variable is related to another. We are going to want to use information given about one variable to predict the unknown value of another.

In the language of random variables, "information given about one variable" is conditioning, of course. You have been calculating conditional probabilities and conditional distributions for some time now. We will start this section with a formal definition of a conditional distribution, though you can continue to work with your intuitive sense of what that is if you prefer.

Here is an example followed by the definition. After that, we will define conditional expectation.

### Conditional Distribution

Let $X$ and $Y$ be i.i.d., and suppose $X$ has the distribution given below.

$~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~x$ $1$ $2$ $3$
$P(X = x)$ $0.25$ $0.5$ $0.25$

Let $S = X+Y$.

The joint distribution of $X$ and $S$ is the set of all possible values $(x, s)$ of the pair $(X, S)$, along with all the probabilities $P(X = x, S = s)$.

An example of the probability calculations:

$$P(X = 2, S = 3) ~ = ~ P(X = 2, Y = 1) ~ = ~ 0.5 \times 0.25 ~ = ~ 0.125$$

As usual, we will display the joint distribution in a table.

$~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~$ $X = 1$ $X = 2$ $X = 3$
$S = 2$ $~~~~~0.0625~~~~~$ $~~~~~~0~~~~~~$ $~~~~~~0~~~~~~$
$S = 3$ $~~~~~0.125~~~~~$ $~~~~~0.125~~~~~$ $~~~~~~0~~~~~~$
$S = 4$ $~~~~~0.0625~~~~~$ $~~~~~0.25~~~~~$ $~~~~~0.0625~~~~~$
$S = 5$ $~~~~~~0~~~~~~$ $~~~~~0.125~~~~~$ $~~~~~0.125~~~~~$
$S = 6$ $~~~~~~0~~~~~~$ $~~~~~~0~~~~~~$ $~~~~~~0.0625~~~~~~$

Recall that summing along the rows will give us the distribution of $S$:

$~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~s$ $2$ $3$ $4$ $5$ $6$
$P(S = s)$ $0.0625$ $0.25$ $0.375$ $0.25$ $0.0625$

Now suppose someone runs the experiment and tells you that $S = 3$. Given this information, what is the distribution of $X$?

Given $S=3$, you can ignore all the rows of the table except the one corresponding to $S = 3$.

The probabilities in that row don't form a probability distribution, because they don't sum to 1. But it's clear by looking at the row that given the sum $S = 3$, the first draw is equally likely to be 1 or 2.

To turn the row into a probability distribution, we have to divide each element by the sum of the row. We'll get the same answer in the first two cells, and the third will be 0.

The calculation for the first cell is

$$P(X = 1 \mid S = 3) ~ = ~ \frac{P(X = 1, S = 3)}{P(S = 3)} ~ = ~ \frac{0.125}{0.25} ~ = ~ 0.5$$

By analogous calculations in all the cells, we get one conditional distribution in each row:

$~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~$ $X = 1$ $X = 2$ $X = 3$
Conditional distribution of $X$ given $S = 2$ $~~~~~1~~~~~$ $~~~~~0~~~~~$ $~~~~~~0~~~~~~$
Conditional distribution of $X$ given $S = 3$ $~~~~~0.5~~~~~$ $~~~~~0.5~~~~~$ $~~~~~~0~~~~~~$
Conditional distribution of $X$ given $S = 4$ $~~~~~0.1667~~~~~$ $~~~~~0.6667~~~~~$ $~~~~~0.1667~~~~~$
Conditional distribution of $X$ given $S = 5$ $~~~~~~0~~~~~~$ $~~~~~0.5~~~~~$ $~~~~~0.5~~~~~$
Conditional distribution of $X$ given $S = 6$ $~~~~~0~~~~~$ $~~~~~0~~~~~$ $~~~~~~1~~~~~~$

#### Definition

In general, if $V$ and $W$ are two random variables on the same outcome space, then for a fixed value $w$ of $W$, the conditional distribution of $V$ given $W=w$ is:

• the set of all possible values of $V$ under the condition that $W=w$, and
• all the corresponding conditional probabilities $P(V = v \mid W = w)$

There are four letters in that last probability, so it's a good idea to be clear about what each one represents. The two upper case letters $V$ and $W$ are the names of the two random variables. It is important to note that the number $w$ is fixed: it is the known value of $W$. The number $v$ represents a generic possible value of $V$ and is the only number that could vary.

In our example about the conditional distribution of $X$ given $S=3$, the probabilities along the row corresponding to $S=3$ are $P(X = x \mid S = 3)$ where $x$ could be 1 or 2. In fact $x$ could also be 0, but we don't count that as a possible value of $X$ given $S=3$.

In the table above, the conditional distributions given different values of $S$ are different. In other words, the distribution of $X$ changes depending on the given value of $S$. Knowing the value of $S$ changes the probabilities for $X$, so $X$ and $S$ are dependent. You knew that already based on the descriptions of the two variables, and you now have confirmation in the conditional distributions.

### Conditional Expectation

The expectation of $X$, also called the unconditional expectation of $X$, is easy to see from the distribution table:

$~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~x$ $1$ $2$ $3$
$P(X = x)$ $0.25$ $0.5$ $0.25$

Clearly $E(X) = 2$ by symmetry. If you want, you can calculate it using the defintion of expectation. But using symmetry is quicker.

Now suppose we know the value of $S$. Given that $S$ has the value $s$, the conditional distribution of $X$ is just an ordinary distribution and thus has an expectation. This is called the conditional expectation of $X$ given $S=s$ and is denoted $E(X \mid S = s)$. Remember that this expectation depends on the given value $s$.

$~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~$ $X = 1$ $X = 2$ $X = 3$ $E(X \mid S = s)$
Conditional distribution of $X$ given $S = 2$ $~~~~~1~~~~~$ $~~~~~0~~~~~$ $~~~~~~0~~~~~~$ $~~~~~~~~~~~~1~~~~~~~~~~~~$
Conditional distribution of $X$ given $S = 3$ $~~~~~0.5~~~~~$ $~~~~~0.5~~~~~$ $~~~~~~0~~~~~~$ $~~~~1.5~~~~~~~~~$
Conditional distribution of $X$ given $S = 4$ $~~~~~0.1667~~~~~$ $~~~~~0.6667~~~~~$ $~~~~~0.1667~~~~~$ $~~~~~~2~~~~~~~~~~~~$
Conditional distribution of $X$ given $S = 5$ $~~~~~~0~~~~~~$ $~~~~~0.5~~~~~$ $~~~~~0.5~~~~~$ $~~~~~2.5~~~~~~~~~$
Conditional distribution of $X$ given $S = 6$ $~~~~~0~~~~~$ $~~~~~0~~~~~$ $~~~~~~1~~~~~~$ $~~~~~~~~~~~~3~~~~~~~~~~~~$

The values of $E(X \mid S=3)$ and $E(X \mid S=5)$ are clear by symmetry. The value of $E(X \mid S=4)$ can be calculated using the definition of expectation:

$$E(X \mid S = 4) ~ = ~ 1(0.1667) + 2(0.6667) + 3(0.1667) ~ = ~ 2$$

### Expectation by Conditioning

We know that $E(X) = 2$. We also know the conditional expectation of $X$ given each value of $S$:

$~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~s$ $2$ $3$ $4$ $5$ $6$
$E(X \mid S=s)$ $1$ $1.5$ $2$ $2.5$ $3$

Surely the unconditional expectation $E(X) = 2$ is some kind of average of all these conditional expectations.

And indeed it is. It is the weighted average of all the conditional expectations, where the weights are the chances of the given events.

We found those chances earlier, in the distribution of $S$:

$~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~s$ $2$ $3$ $4$ $5$ $6$
$P(S = s)$ $0.0625$ $0.25$ $0.375$ $0.25$ $0.0625$

Augment the conditional expectation table by another row, as follows:

$~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~s$ $2$ $3$ $4$ $5$ $6$
$E(X \mid S=s)$ $1$ $1.5$ $2$ $2.5$ $3$
$P(S = s)$ $0.0625$ $0.25$ $0.375$ $0.25$ $0.0625$

And now find the weighted average of the conditional expectations:

$$1(0.0625) + 1.5(0.25) + 2(0.375) + 2.5(0.25) + 3(0.0625) ~ = ~ 2 ~ = ~ E(X)$$

We will conclude the chapter by examining this new way of calculating expectation.


text:
# Homework Help: Conservation of Energy Problem

1. Oct 21, 2015

### student34

1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data

A man on his bike have an initial velocity of 8.5m/s. He begins to go up an incline that has a vertical height of 5.2m. Once he reaches the top of the incline, he only has a velocity of 3.00m/s. The man and his bike combined weigh 80kg. What is the total work done on the man from the bottom of the incline to the top?

2. Relevant equations

Ek1 + U1 + W = Ek2 + U2

3. The attempt at a solution

0.5(80kg)(8.5m/s)^2 + 0 + W = 0.5(80kg)(3m/s)^2 + 5.2m(9.81m/s^2)(80kg)

W = 0.5(80kg)(3m/s)^2 + 5.2m(9.81m/s^2)(80kg) - 0.5(80kg)(8.5m/s)^2

W = 1550.96J

But that is definitely the wrong answer. I can't think of any way that to get the right answer.

2. Oct 22, 2015

### Matejxx1

are we suppose to just ignore friction?
because when the man is travelling uphill there will be friction acting against the way he is moving

3. Oct 22, 2015

### Orodruin

Staff Emeritus
Why do you think the answer is wrong?

Technically, it is impossible to know the answer here because the question only specifies the mass of man+bike and wants to know the work done on the man. Edit: Of course, the intent of the question is probably to ask what work is being done on man+bike ...

You should also round your answer to a reasonable number of significant digits. Using six significant digits is far too much unless you know all parameters to a precision of six digits (for example, the mass of the man to an accuracy of a few mg).
Friction is irrelevant. You know the initial and final energies and the work done on the man includes any possible negative work done by friction.

4. Oct 22, 2015

### student34

Yeah, the question said to ignore friction.

5. Oct 22, 2015

### student34

Yes, sorry, it asks what the work done on the man and the bike is.

6. Oct 22, 2015

### Orodruin

Staff Emeritus
This still does not answer the relevant question in my post: Why do you think your answer is wrong?

7. Oct 22, 2015

### student34

My physics professor uses an online assignment marker. It marked my answer wrong. It gives hints if the answer is close or just off by some sig-digs; it did not give me any hints.

8. Oct 22, 2015

### Matejxx1

Does he start at h=0?

9. Oct 22, 2015

### Matejxx1

Well that doesnt actually matter

10. Oct 22, 2015

### haruspex

I've always been a bit confused about this, but is it not more correct to say that the work done in getting up the hill was done on the Earth-man-bike system, rather than on the man&bike system? To put it another way, something (engine? muscles?) did 1551J of work, but gravity also did negative work on man&bike, so the net work done on them is just $\Delta KE$.

11. Oct 22, 2015

### Orodruin

Staff Emeritus
I would say this depends on where you consider gravitational energy is "stored". In the case of considering man+bike in a setting where the gravitational field is a background, it makes some sense to assign the potential energy to the man+bike system. In other cases it would depend on how you treat the potential.

You might be correct in that this might be the intention of the questioner, but this needs to be specified.

12. Oct 22, 2015

### haruspex

A quick search on Work-Energy Theorem suggests work done on a body is only the KE change. See e.g. http://faculty.wwu.edu/vawter/physicsnet/topics/Work/WorkEngergyTheorem.html [Broken]

Last edited by a moderator: May 7, 2017
13. Oct 22, 2015

### Dodsy

The answer should just be Eg, given the law of conservation of energy.

Et = Eg + Ek

Et = Eg

Eg= mgh

Eg = (80kg)(9.8n/kg)(5.2m)

Eg = 4'076.8 J

Just a thought, if I'm wrong so be it.

To prove this you can see how fast he would be going if he went down the hill. Take whichever number you get and add it to this formula :

Etotal = W = Ek

Ek = ½ mv2

W = ½ (80kg)v2

V2= (2(4076.8))/(80.0kg)

V2 = 101.92

V= 10.09 m/s

If I am wrong, I apologize.

Last edited: Oct 22, 2015
14. Oct 22, 2015

### Orodruin

Staff Emeritus
Yes, you are right. Taking the potential energy separate from the man+bike system does make sense. I am swayed to the opinion of adding the negative work done by gravity to end up with the difference in kinetic energies.

Last edited by a moderator: May 7, 2017
15. Oct 22, 2015

### Orodruin

Staff Emeritus
No, this is not how work done works. What you are computing is just the work related to the gravitational force.

16. Oct 22, 2015

### Orodruin

Staff Emeritus
No, this is not how work done works. What you are computing is just the work related to the gravitational force.


text:
Home OALib Journal OALib PrePrints Submit Ranking News My Lib FAQ About Us Follow Us+
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 Mathematics , 2010, Abstract: The structural constants of an evolution algebra is given by a quadratic matrix $A$. In this work we establish equivalence between nil, right nilpotent evolution algebras and evolution algebras, which are defined by upper triangular matrix $A$. The classification of 2-dimensional complex evolution algebras is obtained. For an evolution algebra with a special form of the matrix $A$ we describe all its isomorphisms and their compositions. We construct an algorithm running under Mathematica which decides if two finite dimensional evolution algebras are isomorphic.
 Patrick S. Osmer Physics , 2003, Abstract: This article reviews and discusses 1) the discovery and early work on the evolution of quasars and AGNs, 2) the different techniques used to find quasars and their suitability for evolutionary studies, 3) the current status of our knowledge of AGN evolution for 0 < z < 6, 4) the new results and questions that deep radio and X-ray surveys are producing for the subject, 5) the relation of AGNs to massive black holes being found in local galaxies and what they tell us about both galaxy and AGN evolution, and 6) current research problems and future directions in quasar and AGN evolution.
 Computer Science , 2011, Abstract: Evolution is one of the major omnipresent powers in the universe that has been studied for about two centuries. Recent scientific and technical developments make it possible to make the transition from passively understanding to actively mastering evolution. As of today, the only area where human experimenters can design and manipulate evolutionary processes in full is that of Evolutionary Computing, where evolutionary processes are carried out in a digital space, inside computers, in simulation. We argue that in the near future it will be possible to move evolutionary computing outside such imaginary spaces and make it physically embodied. In other words, we envision the "Evolution of Things", rather than just the evolution of code, leading to a new field of Embodied Artificial Evolution (EAE). The main objective of the present paper is to offer an umbrella term and vision in order to aid the development of this high potential research area. To this end, we introduce the notion of EAE, discuss a few examples and applications, and elaborate on the expected benefits as well as the grand challenges this developing field will have to address.
 Horace Lockwood Fairlamb Cosmos and History : the Journal of Natural and Social Philosophy , 2007, Abstract: Since both modern moral theory and evolutionary theory arose in the shadow of Newtonian and Humean conceptions of nature, debates about evolutionary ethics have typically been vexed by deeper problems with the nature of evolution itself as well as meta-ethical questions about the link between facts and values. Humean skepticism and mechanistic selectionism have recently coincided in postmodern attacks on essentialism,on meta-narratives of progress, on models of human nature, and on moral collectivism. Against this most recent wave of skepticism, however, contemporary reconstructions of evolution in light of complex systems science suggest useful ways of reinterpreting both evolutionary causation, the biology of human nature, and their implications for ethics.
 Quantitative Biology , 2007, DOI: 10.1162/artl.2008.14.3.14300 Abstract: The evolution of complexity has been a central theme for Biology [2] and Artificial Life research [1]. It is generally agreed that complexity has increased in our universe, giving way to life, multi-cellularity, societies, and systems of higher complexities. However, the mechanisms behind the complexification and its relation to evolution are not well understood. Moreover complexification can be used to mean different things in different contexts. For example, complexification has been interpreted as a process of diversification between evolving units [2] or as a scaling process related to the idea of transitions between different levels of complexity [7]. Understanding the difference or overlap between the mechanisms involved in both situations is mandatory to create acceptable synthetic models of the process, as is required in Artificial Life research. (...)
 Russell K. Standish Physics , 2000, Abstract: In the {\em Many Worlds Interpretation} of quantum mechanics, the range of possible worlds (or histories) provides variation, and the Anthropic Principle is a selective principle analogous to natural selection. When looked on in this way, the process'' by which the laws and constants of physics is determined not too different from the process that gave rise to our current biodiversity, i.e. Darwinian evolution. This has implications for the fields of SETI and Artificial Life, which are based on a philosophy of the inevitability of life.
 Computer Science , 2013, Abstract: We show that, if truth assignments on $n$ variables reproduce through recombination so that satisfaction of a particular Boolean function confers a small evolutionary advantage, then a polynomially large population over polynomially many generations (polynomial in $n$ and the inverse of the initial satisfaction probability) will end up almost certainly consisting exclusively of satisfying truth assignments. We argue that this theorem sheds light on the problem of novelty in Evolution.
 Quantitative Biology , 2000, Abstract: The idea of this review is to connect the different models of evolution to those of biological ageing through Darwin's theory. We start with the Eigen model of quasispecies for microevolution, then introduce the Bak-Sneppen model for macroevolution and, finally, present the Penna model for biological ageing and some of its most important results. We also explore the concept of coevolution using this model.
 Physics , 2002, Abstract: A simple model of macroevolution is proposed exhibiting both the property of punctuated equilibrium and the dynamics of potentialities for different species to evolve towards increasingly higher complexity. It is based on the phenomenon of "fractal evolution" which has been shown to constitute a fundamental property of nonlinear discretized systems with one memory- or random-based feedback loop. The latter involves a basic "cognitive" function of each species given by the power of distinction of states within some predefined resolution. The introduction of a realistic background noise limiting the range of the feedback operation yields a pattern signature in fitness space with a distribution of temporal boost/mutation distances according to a randomized devil's staircase function. Introducing a further level in the hierarchy of the system's rules, the possibility of an adaptive evolutionary change of the resolution itself is implemented, thereby providing a time-dependent measure of the species' cognitive abilities: an additional feedback loop makes use of the inevitable intrinsic fluctuations within the fitness landscape to direct the temporal change of the resolution. Feeding back the small adaptive changes of resolution into the essentially directionless variations of the patterns' lifetimes in fitness space effectively leads to a clear tendency towards increasing evolution potentials for each species ("hierarchically emergent fractal evolution").
 Koedoe : African Protected Area Conservation and Science , 1959, DOI: 10.4102/koedoe.v2i1.854 Abstract: Observations and thoughts on the evolution of facial mimic
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text:
## An introduction to the theory of modes and modals.(English)Zbl 0776.08003

Algebra, Proc. Int. Conf. Memory A. I. Mal’cev, Novosibirsk/USSR 1989, Contemp. Math. 131, Pt. 3, 241-262 (1992).
[For the entire collection see Zbl 0745.00034.]
This work is a short survey of the theory of modes and modals. A mode is an idempotent algebra $$(A,\Omega)$$ which is entropic in the sense that the following equality $w(w'(x_{11},\dots,x_{n1}),\dots, w'(x_{1m},\dots,x_{nm}))= w'(w(x_{11},\dots, x_{ 1m}),\dots, w(x_{n1},\dots, x_{nm})$ holds for all fundamental operations $$w,w'\in\Omega$$ and all $$x_{ij}\in A$$. An algebra $$(A,+,\Omega)$$, where $$(A,+)$$ is a semilattice, $$(A,\Omega)$$ is a mode with distributive laws for all $$w\in\Omega$$, is called a modal (compare with the notion of a module). Natural examples of modes are semilattices, affine spaces over prime fields, the algebras $$(A,(0,1))$$, where $$A$$ is a convex subset of $$\mathbb{R}^ n$$ and $$p\in (0,1)$$ is a binary operation defined by $$p(x,y)=px+(1-p)y$$, idempotent medial groupoids of Kepka and Ježek. Modes (and modals) appear in many branches of pure mathematics and also in applied mathematics, e.g., in game theory and mathematical economy. There are 86 papers referred to.

### MSC:

 08-02 Research exposition (monographs, survey articles) pertaining to general algebraic systems 06-02 Research exposition (monographs, survey articles) pertaining to ordered structures 51-02 Research exposition (monographs, survey articles) pertaining to geometry 52-02 Research exposition (monographs, survey articles) pertaining to convex and discrete geometry

Zbl 0745.00034