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net profit ratio formula

It is one of the simplest profitability ratios as it defines that the profit is all the income which remains after deducting only the cost of the goods sold (COGS). Net Income Ratio Formula. This shows the percentage the profit â¦ The ratio is computed by dividing the gross profit figure by net sales. Gross margin: gross profit÷ revenue % All the efforts and decision making in the business is to achieve a higher net profit margin with an increase in net profits. Operating Profit = Net profit before taxes + Non-operating expenses – Non-operating incomes Net income and net profit mean the same thing â but many new businesspeople find this equivalency confusing. Formula to Calculate Net Profit Ratio Note – It is represented as a percentage so it is multiplied by 100. Thus, incomes such as interest on investments outside the business, profit on sales of fixed assets and losses on sales of fixed assets, etc are excluded. $960,000 Net sales) x 100 = 3.4% Net profit ratio. Following formula is used to calculate net profit ratio: Net profit ratio = (Net profit after tax / Net sales) × 100 It is expressed in percentage. Is The profit margin ratio determines what percentage of a company's sales consists of net income. Banking companies have a different format of their profit and loss account /income statement. It represents the proportion of sales that is left over after all relevant expenses have been adjusted. The que. Net profit margin is typically expressed as a percentage but can also be represented in decimal form. ... Net profit margin The net profit margin ratio is the percentage of a business's revenue left after deducting all expenses from total sales, divided by net revenue. Formula to Calculate Operating Profit Ratio Note – It is represented as a percentage so it is multiplied by 100.$5000,000 – $400,000(8% of gross sales) 1  It measures how effectively a company operates. Is it applied to all kind of business sectors? Net Profit Margin. If you have established industry benchmarks and strong knowledge of your competitors, … GP ratio 25% on sales. The Net Income Ratio measures how effective your organization is at generating profit on each dollar of earned premium. sir i have a question related to the ratio analysis.. the following info is given on a question, we have to find out net profit ratio as before tax, Sales – sales tax It’s a ratio of net income relative to revenue. This KPI is used to measure the profitability of your organization and is primarily used for internal comparison. The net profit ratio is really a short-term measurement, because it does not reveal a company's actions to maintain profitability over the long term, as may be indicated by the level of capital investment or expenditures for advertising, training, or research and development. The formula of net profit margin is written as follows: The following data has been extracted from income statement of Albari corporation. Net Profit Ratio = Net Profit after Tax / Net Sales x 100. or. Conversely, the reverse strategy may result in a very high net profit ratio, but at the cost of only capturing a small market niche. It explains in detail. what would you say is a reason for one company having net profit greater than the other, How to calculate net profit ratio of banks?? Following is the formula for Net Profit Margin: Net Profit Margin = Net Income/Revenue Using this, along with the bank's$23 billion in net income shows a ROE of 12.1%. However, unlike the previous two ratios, the net profit margin ratio also takes into account income from investments, one-time payments, taxes and debt. There is no norm to interpret this ratio. Let see all those ratios one by one : Profit Margin Ratios: These ratios compare various profits of the business (gross profit, operating profit, net profit, etc.) The ratio is determined by a formula that divides net profit after taxes by shareholder investment plus retained earnings. Formula: For the purpose of this ratio, net profit is equal to gross profit minus operating expenses and income tax. if the net profit ratio is lower than previous year,what should be the suggestion to the company? Net profit ratio is a ratio of net profits after taxes to the net sales of a firm. The higher the net profit margin, the more money a company keeps. PBT vs. EBIT. How to it will be calculate ??? Gross Profit Ratio = (Gross Profit/ Net Sales) x 100 Profit before taxes and earnings before interest and tax (EBIT) EBIT Guide EBIT stands for Earnings Before Interest and Taxes and is one of the last subtotals in the income statement before net income. Therefore, this calculation gives an accurate account of a company's overall ability to convert its income into a profit. Formula: In the above example, for every Rs. For the year ended on 31st march 2013 Is net profit ratio calculated on net profit (after tax)/net sales*100. The relationship between net profit and net sales may also be expressed in percentage form. Net Margin can be calculated using the above formula as, Net Profit Margin ratio = $200,000 /$ 2,000,000 x 100; Net Profit Margin Ratio will be â Net Profit Margin Ratio = 10%; The ratios calculated above shows strong gross, operating, and net profit margins. Please comment. Depending on what amounts a business chooses to include or exclude as part of its net income, it can effectively skew its final profit margin ratio result so that it appears higher, and more impressive, than it actually is. Net profit margin is displayed as a percentage. Pretax Profit = Sales â (All expenses except Taxes). =21.74%, crushing tonnes expenses how to find percentage expenses, how to calculate total expenses percentage how to find it. Net Profit margin is a profitability ratio that measures the amount of net income earned with total revenue generated within a specific period of time (Quarterly, half-Yearly or yearly). From another angle: net income equals net profit, but net income doesnât equal profit, in general . The net profit, which is also called profit after tax , is calculated by deducting all the direct and indirect expenses from the sales revenue. To calculate Pretax Profit margin, we need Pretax Profit; Net Sales; Let us find both the values and calculate the ratio. Net income ÷ total sales = net profit margin Gross profit ratio (GP ratio) is a profitability ratio that shows the relationship between gross profit and total net sales revenue. The profit margin formula simply takes the formula for profit and divides it by the revenue. Intrest paid =700. There are various types of Profitability ratios. For the purpose of this ratio, net profit is equal to gross profit minus operating expenses and income tax. Both of these figures are listed on the face of the income statement: one on the top and one on the bottom.Total revenue or total sales includes all the money a company earned from its operations during the perio… This ratio indicates the efficiency of management on Manufacturing, Administrative, Selling and other business activities. The net profit margin is equal to how much net income or profit is generated as a percentage of revenue. Then, the net profit margin is calculated by dividing the net profit by the sales revenue and is expressed in terms of percentage. A high ratio indicates the efficient management of the affairs of business. It is probably the most important margin used by businesses to know the total profit percentage over a period of time. Cost of good sold = 60,000 . Thanks in advance for your assistance. It shows the amount of each sales dollar left over after all expenses have been paid. From year to year, or even month to month, profits will change. The net profit is calculated after considering all the operating and non-operating incomes and expenses of the business. The net profit margin is a ratio formula that compares a business's profits to its total expenses. Accounting For Management. Put simply, it provides a measurement of how much profits are generated from a company's sales. Rather, it is better to compare the net income ratio with similar businesses, regarding size, shape, scope, and model. Explanations, Exercises, Problems and Calculators, Financial statement analysis (explanations). The net profit margin is the ratio of net profits to revenues for a company or business segment. The net profit margin turns the net profit (or bottom line) into a percentage. answer asap, Copyright 2012 - 2020. Itâs a ratio of net income relative to revenue. Net Profit Ratio measures the relationship between Net Profit and Net Sales. The Analysis of Financial Performance on Net Profit Margin at the Coal Company 107 H1: Current ratio positively affects the net profit margin H2: Leverage positively affects the net profit margin H3: Sales growth positively affects the net profit margin. Companies normally want profits to grow. Banks do not make sales, their revenues include interest on loans, discount on bills and commission etc. Net profit margin is a financial ratio that compares a company's net profit after taxes to revenue. Plz solve this. When it is shown in percentage form, it is known as net profit margin. III. Higher net profit margin indicates that entity was able to cover all of its expenses and still left with portion of revenue which is in excess of total expenses. Both the components of the formula (i.e., net profit and net sales) are usually available from trading and profit and loss account or income statement. The profit margin ratio formula can be calculated by dividing net income by net sales.Net sales is calculated by subtracting any returns or refunds from gross sales. The benefit margin formula is used to calculate how much benefit a product or business is. Comparing net income of two different periods or two different companies using the dollar values can sometimes be inappropriate because of size differences. the Operating Profit before interest and taxes. It shows the amount of each sales dollar left over after all expenses have been paid. The NPM ratio does tend to lend itself to some creative accounting practices where the formula figures are concerned.. how to calculate the 1)Gross Profit Ratio 2) Net Profit Ratio and 3)Fixed assets turnover ratio ? To find out what your net income ratio is, divide net profit or net income by net sales, and then multiply by 100. The ratio is computed by dividing the gross profit figure by net sales. â¦ The use of net profit ratio in conjunction with the assets turnover ratio helps in ascertaining how profitably the assets have been used during the period. The trick is this: there are many kinds of profit, but only net profit equals income. Another strategy that can artificially drive down the ratio is when a company's owners want to minimize income taxes, and so accelerate the recognition of taxable expenses into the current reporting period. Net profit margin (or profit margin, net margin) is a ratio of profitability calculated as after-tax net income (net profits) divided by sales (revenue). A 15% net profit ratio reveals that business has earned a net profit of $0.15 for every dollar sales revenue. Examples of non-operating revenues include interest on investments and income from sale of fixed assets. It is a popular tool to evaluate the operational performance of the business . Net profit margin calculator measures company's profitability or how much of each dollar earned by the company is translated into net profits.Net profit margin formula is:. 1. is interest on debentures to be deducted on gross profit? The net profit margin percentage is a related ratio. Net profit (NP) ratio is a useful tool to measure the overall profitability of the business. Banks have different format of b/s & p&l a/c… Why Net Profit Margin Is Important. It represents the proportion of sales that is left over after all relevant expenses have been adjusted. If the net profit margin is lower than previous year, what should be the suggestion to the company? Now the company was came netloss with its sales. Net profit margin (also called profit margin) is the most basic profitability ratio that measures the percentage of net income of an entity to its net sales. Arup did you read the whole article? Formula. how to calculate gross profit and net profit in the case of banks? Three ratios are commonly used. I want to use your website for studying purpose. Net profit ratio (NP ratio) is a popular profitability ratio that shows relationship between net profit after tax and net sales. how do you interpret net profit ratios when calculated? The term “financial efficiency” refers to how effectively a business or farm is able to generate income. Net Profit Ratio = Net Operating Profit / Net Sales x 100. or. Your formula is correct. Hii, i have a que. It is also known as net profit margin, net profit ratio or net margin in business terms. The formula is: (Net income ÷ Net … When net profit = profit after tax / net sales*100. The Profit to Sales Ratio calculation formula is as follows: Profit to Sales Ratio … Net Profit Margin (also known as “Profit Margin” or “Net Profit Margin Ratio”) is a financial ratio used to calculate the percentage of profit a company produces from its total revenue. (NP ratio taken together with the return on equity (ROE) ratio, shows how well the company marks up its goods for sale and how well it manages to contain its indirect expenses within the gross profit margin. companies to provide useful insights into the financial well-being and performance of the business Net profit ratio =10% on sales. Net income can also be calculated by adding a company's operating income to non-operating income and then subtracting off taxes. It is also known as net profit margin, net profit ratio or net margin in business terms. Net profit margin is used to compare profitability of competitors in the same industry. It is computed by dividing the net profit (after tax) by net sales. Net profit margin=profit for the year(less preference share dividend) /sales. Thus, this ratio relates revenue from operations of a business to its net profit. How to Calculate Net Profit Margin For example, the net profit margin from Company Z would be$30,000/ $100,000 = 30%. Net sales include both Cash and Credit Sales, on the other hand, Operating Profit is the net operating profit i.e. This number is useful for determining how well an organization's finances are being managed. Consequently, you should evaluate the net profit ratio alongside a variety of other metrics to gain a full picture of a company's ability to continue as a going concern. A higher net profit margin means that a company is more efficient in converting sales into actual profit and vice-versa. Depending on what amounts a business chooses to include or exclude as part of its net income, it can effectively skew its final profit margin ratio result so that it appears higher, … The net profit margin formula is calculated by dividing net income by total sales.Net Profit Margin = Net Profit / Total RevenueThis is a pretty simple equation with no real hidden numbers to calculate. Why closing stock is deducted from net sales. To calculate your net profit margin, divide your net income by your total sales revenue. This figure is calculated by dividing net profit by revenue or turnover, and it represents profitability, as a percentage. Net Income ratio is a measurement of financial efficiency and is determined based on information derived from a business or farm operations’ financial statements, specifically using the financials that determine gross farm income. The net profit margin is the ratio of net profits to revenues for a company or business segment. Both the components of the formula (i.e., net profit and net sales) are usually available from trading and profit and loss account or income statement. What does a net loss percentage ratio means? It shows the amount of each sales dollar left over after all expenses have been paid. After reducing all the expenses from Sales except the Tax expenses, we get below values (Refer Income Statement above) Alpha Inc. = â¦ In business, Profit to Sales Ratio is the ratio of net profit divided by net sales for the period, usually expressed as a percentage. Then, the net profit margin is Net profit margin is one of the profitability ratios and an important tool for financial analysis.It is the final output, any business is looking out for. So, it should revise the marketing plan for company. how to interpret net profit ratio? In such cases, it may be a mistake to assume that a company is doing poorly, when in fact it may own the bulk of the market share precisely because of its low margins. It measures the amount of net profit a company obtains per dollar of revenue gained. Through the comparison of the net income and net sales of a company, creditors, investors, and management can use the profit margin ratio to see how effectively a company converts sales into net income. Definition. Can you explain more about if I owned 5 star homes regarding to the net profit ratio? The net profit margin is a ratio that compares a company's profits to the total amount of money it brings in. #2 â Net Profit Margin Ratio. general decline i guess , since an increase is generally looked at as positive growth. Operating Profit ratio helps to find out Operating Profit earned in comparison to revenue earned from operations. Your net profit margin shows what percentage of your sales is actual profit. Net profit margin (also called profit margin) is the most basic profitability ratio that measures the percentage of net income of an entity to its net sales. To calculate profit growth, analysts use a percent-change formula. Eg. Dear accountant, Why are we dividing net income to sales????? Please explain. Formula to Calculate Operating Profit Ratio Net\;profit\;margin = \frac{Net\;profit\;(after\;taxes)}{Net\;Sales}\times100 Net Profit Margin calculator is part of the Online financial ratios calculators, complements of our consulting team. What should be the action if the NP ration is lower than the previous year? The net profits are obtained after deducting income-tax and, generally, non-operating expenses and incomes are excluded from the net profits for calculating this ratio. The benefit margin formula is used to calculate how much benefit a product or business is. Net Profit Margin. To see whether the business is constantly improving its profitability or not, the analyst should compare the ratio with the previous years’ ratio, the industry’s average and the budgeted net profit ratio. Net Profit Ratio = (Net Profit/Net â¦ The ratio is determined by a formula that divides net profit after taxes by shareholder investment plus retained earnings. The following formulae are used to calculate net profit ratio. It shows the amount of each sales dollar left over after all expenses have been paid. Another issue with the net profit margin is that a company may intentionally keep it low in accordance with a low-pricing strategy that aims to grab market share in exchange for low profitability. 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How to calculate sales in the case of banks? NET PROFIT RATIO=NET PROFIT AFTER TAX/REVENUE FROM OPERATIONS (NET SALES)* 100. My net profit ratio is coming 8.85percent…..?? The profit margin is a ratio of a company's profit (sales minus all expenses) divided by its revenue. Net profit margin is the ratio of net profits to revenues for a company or business segment. It is probably the most important margin used by businesses to know the total profit percentage over a period of time. Net Profit Ratio. So what is its interpretation and analysis?? Net profit margin is an important profitability ratio which measures the profit of the company over total sales for a particular period and it is stated in percentage (%). For investors, this is a way to see that profits are high enough to generate a return for them, while creditors will also want to see that profits are high enough for the company to repay its debt. 25 is made towards meeting the fixed expenses and then the profit comparison for P/V ratios can be made to find out which product, department or process is more profitable. This approach is most commonly found in a privately held business, where there is no need to impress outside investors with the results of operations. Expressed as a percentage, the net profit margin shows how â¦ Profit to Sales Ratio Definition. By using the formula we can see that Net Profit = 100,000 - 20,000 - 30,000 - 10,000 - 10,000 =$30,000 Net Profit vs. Net Profit Margin Net profit margin tells you how much of a company’s revenue translates to profit after expenses are paid. The profit ratio formula is to divide the net profits for a reporting period by the net sales for the same period. Return on capital employed (ROCE): operating profit ÷ (non-current liabilities + total equity) % 2. If net profit is less than the previous year what will be the suggestion given to the company. There are two main reasons ]why net profit margin is useful: Net Profit Margin is calculated using the formula given below Net Profit Margin = (Net Income / Sales)* 100 Net Profit Margin = ($90,913,600 /$2,942,425,700) * 100 what if there was a net loss instead of a profit, how do you calculate for that? The net worth ratio is used to analyze the effectiveness of a company's utilization of shareholder investment to create a positive return on the investment. Net profit margin (or profit margin, net margin, return on revenue) is a ratio of profitability calculated as after-tax net income (net profits) divided by sales (revenue). Also, a company may delay a variety of discretionary expenses, such as maintenance, to make its net profit ratio look better than it normally is. Example of Net Profit Margin Formula Let’s understand the calculation of net profit margin by an example. =$4,600,000, Np ratio = ($1000,000/$4,600,000)*100 It's always expressed as a percentage. The net profit which is also called profit after tax (PAT) is calculated by deducting all the direct and indirect expenses from the sales revenue. Now, when the gross profit ratio is explained in form of percentage, the ratio is multiplied by hundred so as to arrive percentage and it is signified as gross profit percentage or gross profit margin. The net profit margin allows analysts to gauge how effectively a company operates. Net Profit = Operating Income – (Direct Costs + Indirect Costs) Net Sales = (Cash Sales + Credit Sales) – Sales Returns how to calculte net profit ratii if there is loss in the company? Profit is necessary to give investors the return they require, and to provide funds for reinvestment in the business. To obtain the net profit percentage, the net profit is divided by the value of sales and both these items are taken from the income statement of the business. if the net profit ratio is lower than the previous year, the company is in recession period of business cycle. Calculate the net profit earned during the year. (NP ratio taken together with the return on equity (ROE) ratio, shows how well the company marks up its goods for sale and how well it manages to contain its indirect expenses within the gross profit … Higher the net profit ratio, higher is the profitability of the business. The Profit to Sales Ratio Calculator is used to calculate the profit to sales ratio. Return on assets = net income ÷ total average assets for the period (it can also be calculated as net profit margin X asset turnover) Formulas for Both Balance Sheets and Income Statements When you can analyze both an income statement and a balance sheet side-by-side, you can calculate several additional financial ratios. Required: Compute net profit ratio of Albari corporation using above information. Also known as Net Profit Margin ratio, it establishes a relationship between net profit earned and net revenue generated from operations (net sales).Net profit ratio is a profitability ratio which is expressed as a percentage hence it is multiplied by 100. Cautions & Further Explanation. Definition of net profit ratio: Net profit ratio is the ratio of net profit (after taxes) to net sales.It is expressed as percentage. Cautions & Further Explanation. Net income equals total revenues minus total expenses and is usually the last number reported on the income statement. if total net loss is 2,613,360 and total sales is 8,033,786. Return on sales (ROS): operating profit÷ revenue % 3. All non-operating revenues and expenses are not taken into account because the purpose of this ratio is to evaluate the profitability of the business from its primary operations. Net profit margin (or profit margin, net margin) is a ratio of profitability calculated as after-tax net income (net profits) divided by sales (revenue). This is after factoring in your cost of goods sold, operating costs and taxes. Show your love for us by sharing our contents. Net Profit Ratio. It shows the percentage of Net Profit earned on Revenue from Operations. Net profit margin also called net profit ratio or simply profit margin determines net profit generated by each dollar of revenue earned during the period. Formula: Gross Profit Ratio = Gross Profit/ Net sales. Gross profit ratio (GP ratio) is a profitability ratio that shows the relationship between gross profit and total net sales revenue. Net profit margin (or profit margin, net margin, return on revenue) is a ratio of profitability calculated as after-tax net income (net profits) divided by sales (revenue).Net profit margin is displayed as a percentage. Profit is the amount of money a company makes after deducting expenses. All non-operating revenues and expenses are not taken into account because the purpose of this ratio is to evaluate the profitability of the business from its primary operations. You can calculate it using the income statement. Plugging this information into our net profit margin formula, we get:$97,500 net profit ÷ $500,000 revenue = 0.195 net profit margin, or 19.5%; Intrest received =1200. An equation for net â¦ Profit Before Tax = Revenue â Expenses (Exclusive of the Tax Expense) Profit Before Tax =$2,000,000 â $1,750,000 =$250,000 . The profit margin ratio compares profit to sales and tells you how well the company is handling its finances overall. The net profit ratio is also known as the profit margin. Net profit margin is used to compare profitability of … So, how is net income ratio calculated? The formula for the net profit ratio is to divide net profit by net sales, and then multiply by 100. Examples of non-operating expenses include interest on loan and loss on sale of assets. Higher the P/V ratio, more will be the profit and lower the P/V ratio, lesser will be the profit. It is a popular tool to evaluate the operational performance of the business . If a company has a 20% net profit margin, for example, that means that it keeps $0.20 for every$1 in sales revenue. Net profit margin is displayed as a percentage. The net worth ratio is used to analyze the effectiveness of a company's utilization of shareholder investment to create a positive return on the investment. Net profit margin (also known as âreturn on salesâ) is a profitability ratio that measures the percentage of net income to sales. The cost of the goods sold includes those expenses only which are associated with production or the manufacturing of the selling items directly only like raw materials an… Net profit margin is displayed as a percentage. The NPM ratio does tend to lend itself to some creative accounting practices where the formula figures are concerned.. How would you interpret the results and what could be the possible cause? It ’ s understand the calculation of net income doesnât equal profit, but net income of two periods!????????????????. To sales and tells you how well the company is handling its finances overall if was! Banks do not make sales, on the other hand, operating profit earned in comparison to revenue from. Margin=Profit for the net profit ( or bottom line ) into a percentage business is to achieve a higher profit... 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# Rainbow table reduction function

1. May 23, 2008

### fedaykin

I recently did some personal research into the aforementioned functions.

I created a few simple functions based in part on sine (and cosine).
Anyway, the basic idea was to get a seed from the sine of some number, since -1 =< sin N =< 1.

However, I think that sine is not an ideal function to get a pseudo-random seed (assuming a pseudo-random input). If f(x) = sin x, then f'(x) = cos x.

Since the derivative is non-linear, and sine is a smooth function (and also non-linear), then there is a greater chance of picking picking some numbers relative to others.

EX: for some interval of the function, a small change in x will result in a disproportionate change in f(x) relative to a different interval.
I would be overjoyed if someone could debunk or backup my assumptions.

2. May 23, 2008

### CRGreathouse

Since cos(x) is smooth, a small change in x may result in only a small change in sin(x), yes.

format: plain


text:
# A fight between the floor and the ceiling

Algebra Level 3

$\large \left\{ \left \lfloor x \right \rfloor \right\} \ \boxed{\phantom{0}} \ \left\{\left \lceil x \right \rceil \right\}$

Let $$x$$ be any real number. Which of the given signs should fill the box to make the equation above true?

Notations:-

×


text:
## anonymous 4 years ago What is the midpoint of (–2, 0) and (4, –2)? (0, 0) (2, –2) (1, –1) (–6, 2)

1. anonymous

What is the distance between points (12, 4) and (18, –1)? Round to the nearest tenth. 7.8 6.1 4.7 9.9

2. anonymous

mid point x2-x1/2 y2-y1/2

3. anonymous

does that apply to question two too?

4. anonymous

$distance=\sqrt{(x2-x1)^2+(y2-y1)2}$

5. UnkleRhaukus

|dw:1352553953588:dw|

6. anonymous

(1,-1) is ans

7. UnkleRhaukus

|dw:1352554035396:dw|

8. UnkleRhaukus

|dw:1352554166824:dw|

9. anonymous

You guys are the best thank you all. I will calculate and tell you if i got right then close. You're all lifesavers thank you!

10. anonymous

my ans is frist question means mid point

11. UnkleRhaukus

|dw:1352554456108:dw|

12. anonymous

this is right fig.

13. anonymous

Thats what my teacher has for the question though and I got 1,-1

14. anonymous

why

15. UnkleRhaukus

|dw:1352554954836:dw|

16. anonymous

Unkle could you explain to me how to get the distance to second one with the formula I keep getting 45 am i supposed to square root it right?

17. anonymous

distance is 7.8

18. UnkleRhaukus

$d=\sqrt{5^2+6^2}=\sqrt{25+36}=\sqrt{61}\approx8$

19. anonymous

Ooh thank you okay sunny thank you too

20. anonymous

this is true but solve |dw:1352555257628:dw|


text:
# Weight

Written by Jerry Ratzlaff on . Posted in Classical Mechanics

When you think of weight, abbreviated as W or WT, it is probably associated with mass.  But weight is not mass.  Weight is a force on an object accelerated by gravity.  Weight is a vector quantity having magnitude and direction, some of these include acceleration, displacement, drag, force, lift, momentum, thrust, torque, and velocity.

## Weight formula

 $$\large{ W = m \; g }$$

### Where:

$$\large{ W }$$ = weight

$$\large{ g }$$ = gravitational acceleration

$$\large{ m }$$ = mass

Tags: Equations for Weight


text:
# Help me find the password!

All stories in this puzzle are fictions.

Once I was checking my old notes, and found a small chest with a 6-letter lock and 4 strange papers.

Paper #1

inventor a b d h t m
s 0 1 8 9 7 9
o 3 5 1 5 2 7
a 4 7 0 1 8 9
e 7 3 2 3 6 2
i 4 2 8 4 6 5
y 6 3 1 5 4 2
qwertyuiop
asdfghjkl;
zxcvbnm,./

Paper #2, a story

On the first day he thought about reversing words, or move one character from the end to the beginning; but soon he abandoned this unbrilliant idea. On the second day, he looked at his table, and suddenly found something. An inventor wouldn't let any ideas go away. Finally, inspired by an old machine, he invented the encoder on the fifth day, but it's extremely dangerous.

ABC
COMPOSE YEAR
´Ã£óEÕ´CDCE×Ç´BöB÷ÖBs"ÖBsróDBò÷Âä2æ2w§£2òô2ò÷Ä"Ä"Âóä"ÅBô"Ã2ó$Âòô"Âò÷ÂäÂæ£'ÄtróärôtwÆC"Ö2÷¢÷§Å  Paper #4 Index from #1 p b 2 w 9 5 - r 5 q i i t v 7 q i o i j l n 6 w 1 5 r p 5 o t h q 1 l 4 q h m 9 q l 9 u d q g 3 c l h 8 g i q c m y q b e d - z x y e b r 9 h 8 q b 8 c y s w v 2 d i b p c 9 p f (21,22)(37,16)(15,19)(35,13) For #1  Can you help me find out the correct password? HINT Search for Mozart's symphony No.35, "Haffner". And do what "he" did. • Nice - I like the question - I don't know that I would have given out all the hints so early though :) Feb 19 at 11:59 • To add on to what @Graylocke said, if you think hints are necessary to solve the puzzle, it's better to work those hints into the puzzle than to add them as hints later (of course, gauging whether or not the hints are needed to solve is easier said than done). Feb 20 at 2:14 • No, hints are not necessary. May I remove them? Only think some steps are too hard. Well I'll leave some hints, but remove the others. Feb 20 at 2:41 • You mention 5 papers in the backstory but the puzzle only shows 4 papers... – Sid Feb 20 at 4:34 • Only a typo @Sid Feb 20 at 4:35 ## 1 Answer Well I waited for really a long time but there's no response. So I decided to give the answer: Answer: arrest. First look at paper #3, ´Ã£óEÕ´CDCE×Ç´BöB÷ÖBs"ÖBsróDBò÷Âä2æ2w§£2òô2ò÷Ä"Ä"Âóä"ÅBô"Ã2ó$Âòô"Âò÷ÂäÂæ£'ÄtróärôtwÆC"Ö2÷¢÷§Å:

Convert the characters into ASCII hex values: b4c3a312f345d5b443444345d7c7b442f642f7d6427322d6427372f34442f2f7c2e432e63277a7a332f2f432f2f7c422c422c2f3e422c542f422c332f32412c2f2f422c2f2f7c2e412c2e617a327c47472f3e472f47477c64322d632f7a2f7a7c5; then notice paper #2, 'he' moved the last character to the beginning. We do that: 5b4c3a312f345d5b443444345d7c7b442f642f7d6427322d6427372f34442f2f7c2e432e63277a7a332f2f432f2f7c422c422c2f3e422c542f422c332f32412c2f2f422c2f2f7c2e412c2e617a327c47472f3e472f47477c64322d632f7a2f7a7c, then convert it back: [L:1/4][D4D4]|{D/d/}d'2-d'7/4D//|.C.c'zz3//C//|B,B,/>B,T/B,3/2A,//B,//|.A,.az2|GG/>G/GG|d2-c/z/z|. That's a piece of ABC notation. Convert it into score, and you'll get the beginning of Mozart's work, 'Haffner', which was composed in 1782.

Then paper #4, (21,22)(37,16)(15,19)(35,13) For #1.

For each set (ab,cd), we find the two letters in the keyboard grid in paper #1: 1. at ln a, col b; 2. at ln c, col d. You'll get as my to be. That's the clue for paper #1.

Then paper #1:

For each word xy in as my to be, find the number at row x, col y. You'll get 0223. Together with the year 1782 you get a date 1782.02.23. James Watt's bidirectional steam engine was patented. So the inventor is jameswatt.

Finally, paper #4:

The clues are jameswatt and dangerous (from the story). Turn every number n in the table into the n-th letter of jameswatt. Find for the letters d a n g e r o u s. They are on: 1. row p, col a; 2. row s, col s; 3. row w, col o; 4. row r, col d; 5. row -, col i; 6. row s, col -; 7. row a, col r; 8. row r, col e; 9. row s, col t. Combine them: password-is-arrest.

• If you think one of your questions has been lacking an answer for too long, you can bring more attention to it by placing a bounty on it (ideally with a new hint or two), in order to encourage more people to try it. May 9 at 3:59


text:
?

Free Version
Easy

# Recurrence Relation for a Series about Zero

DIFFEQ-2RSJNL

Consider the equation $y''-xy'-y=0$.

If we seek a power series solution $y=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}a_n(x-c)^n$ with center $c=0$, the recurrence relation is given by:

A

$a_{n+2}=\frac{1}{n+2}a_n, n=0,1,2,\ldots$

B

$a_{2k+1}=0, k\in\mathbb{Z}_{+}$$,$$a_{2k}=\frac{1}{2k}a_{2k-2}, k\in\mathbb{Z}_{+}$

C

$a_{n+2}=\frac{x}{n+2}a_{n+1}+\frac{1}{(n+2)(n+1)}a_n$

D

$a_0=0, a_2=0,\ a_{n+2}=\frac{1}{n+2}a_n, n\ge 1$


text:
# ActionsAdd stix font for mathjaxClosed, DeclinedPublic

Description

We should add that Stix font MathJax always seems to use. Perhaps it can be piggy back on webfonts extension ?

Otherwise manually install them I guess.

Version: unspecified
Severity: enhancement
https://bugzilla.wikimedia.org/show_bug.cgi?id=63016

bzimport added a project: Math.Via ConduitNov 22 2014, 12:17 AM
bzimport set Reference to bz35498.
TheDJ created this task.Via LegacyMar 26 2012, 6:43 PM
brion added a comment.Via ConduitMar 26 2012, 8:08 PM

The webfonts are present and already managed by the extension. (What we didn't include are the so-called "image fonts", which is a butt-ton of PNG images at fixed sizes.)

Right now it's set to default to the Tex web fonts; I'm not sure whether/what benefit there is to using the Stix web fonts instead/in addition.

TheDJ added a comment.Via ConduitApr 1 2012, 11:53 AM

The TeX webfonts seem present yes, but it does not seem the StiX fonts are installed. I believe MathJax does not provide them by default as webfonts, because they are rather large and take a lot of time to download.

bzimport added a comment.Via ConduitApr 18 2012, 12:16 PM

mal.malego wrote:

Right, STIX fonts are currently not available as webfonts. What I have done is to take STIX fonts when they are available locally, and fall back to TeX fonts when they are not. See change: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User%3ANageh%2FmathJax.js&diff=485010389&oldid=484594591

The benefit of the STIX font set seems that it's a bit nicer than the TeX fonts. Also, it is the only font that works with the MathML output mode.

Edokter added a comment.Via ConduitSep 6 2012, 8:54 PM

+1 for STIX fonts, eiher when locally installed, but preferably as webfonts.

Pkra added a comment.Via ConduitMar 6 2013, 11:20 PM

MathJax is working with the STIX group to create webfonts versions of the STIX fonts. In particular, MathJax will get an option to use them.

gerritbot added a comment.Via ConduitMay 19 2013, 4:24 PM

Related URL: https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/64527 (Gerrit Change I18d9ad32ef011ef8a361ed0c6b54e3c62a234491)

gerritbot added a comment.Via ConduitSep 8 2013, 1:59 PM

Change 64527 abandoned by TheDJ:


text:
Browse Questions

# For the reaction $A\;\;\;\underrightarrow{k_1}\;\;\;B\;\;\;\underrightarrow{k_2}\;\;\;C$, select the correct statement:

(A) $[B]_\text{max}=[A_o]\big(\frac{k_1}{k_2-k_1}\big)^{\large{k_2/k_2+k_1}}$ <\p> (B) $[B] = \large\frac{k_2[A_o]}{k_2-k_1}$$\big(e^{-k_2t}-e^{-k_1t}) <\p> (C) [C] = [A]_0$$ \big ( 1 - \large\frac{k_1 e^{-k_2t} - k_2e^{k_1t}}{k_2+k_1}$$\big) <\p> (D) t_\text{max} = \large\frac{1}{k_2-k_1}$$\ln \large\frac{k_1}{k_2}$, the time at which concentration of $[B]$ is maximum

Answer: $t_\text{max} = \large\frac{1}{k_2-k_1}$$\ln \large\frac{k_1}{k_2} is correct For the consecutive reactions A \rightarrow B \rightarrow C, at t=0, [A] = [A]_0, [B] = 0, [C] = 0, and at all times [A]+[B]+[C] = [A]_0 It follows that the rate equations for concentrations of A, B and C are as follows: \quad \large\frac{d[A]}{dt}$$ = -k_1[A]$
$\quad \large\frac{d[B]}{dt}$$= -k_1[A] - k_2[B] \quad \large\frac{d[C]}{dt}$$ = -k_1[B]$
Integrating $\large\frac{d[A]}{dt}$$= -k_1[A] \rightarrow [A] = [A]_0 e^{-k_1t} Integrating \large\frac{d[B]}{dt}$$ \rightarrow [B] = \large\frac{k_1[A_o]}{k_2-k_1}$$\big(e^{-k_1t}-e^{-k_2t}) Since [C] = [A]_0 - [B] - [A], we get: [C] = [A]_0$$ \big ( 1 + \large\frac{k_1 e^{-k_2t} - k_2e^{k_1t}}{k_2-k_1}$$\big) To arrive at [B]_\text{max}, \large\frac{d[B]}{dt}$$ = 0 = \large\frac{k_1[A_o]}{k_2-k_1}$$\big(e^{-k_1t}-e^{-k_2t}) \Rightarrow t_\text{max} = \large\frac{1}{k_2-k_1}$$\ln \large\frac{k_1}{k_2}$, which when substituted back in the equation for [B]. we get:
$[B]_\text{max}=[A_o]\big(\frac{k_1}{k_2}\big)^{\large{k_2/k_2-k_1}}$


text:
# RunProcess Does not Stop

I want to convert a latex file to a pdf file, using Mathematica. To do that, I installed MikTex and the I can run the following command in cmd:

lualatex main.txt

It works and it creates the pdf. So now, I wanted to let it run through MAthematica.

What I did was:

SetDirectory[NotebookDirectory[] <> "...PATH"]
RunProcess[{"lualatex", "main.txt"}]

... It starts to do something, but it does not end ? When I run itfrom cmd it takes about 20s to finish.

Anyone knows how to fix it ?

• Yes, it's almost certainly this. To force the process to quit on error, use -halt-on-error -interaction=nonstopmode. I use these in MaTeX. tex.stackexchange.com/a/451013/6302 – Szabolcs Jul 8 '19 at 8:44


text:
deutsch

# Control theory: control path parameter estimation

First you have to define the control path. This is done by selecting the control element types in the table below. The parameters of the control elements are estimated with the differential evolution algorithm. The type of control elements that are part of the control path have to be guessed before.

## Control path parameters

Number Control element Parameter K Parameter T Parameter D Transfer function
1
2
3
4

## Real control path step response measured data

The measurement data has to be entered in the text area in the form t, u, y (time, input signal, output signal).

## Step response simulation parameters

 Step height Step time Simulation end time Maximum number of iteration steps


text:
# TeX Font Mapping

I am using a package written on top of XeLaTeX. This package uses fontspec to specify fonts for different parts of your text: latin, non-latin, math mode, ...

The package comes with several sample files. I was able to xelatex most of them that depend on regular ttf or otf files. However, one of them tries to set the font of digits in math mode to some font, say "NonLatin Digits". But, the font doesn't seem to be a regular font. There are two files in the same directory called "nonlatindigits.map" and "nonlatindigits.tec". TECkit uses these mapping files to generate TeX fonts. However, for some reason it fails to create the files, and xelatex issues the following error message.

`````` kpathsea: Invalid fontname `NonLatin Digits', contains ' '

! Font \zf@basefont="NonLatin Digits" at 10.0pt not loadable: Metric (TFM) file or
``````

The kpathsea program complains about the whitespace, but removing the whitespace does solve the problem with loading the TFM file.

Any clues what I am doing wrong?

-

What's the actual font file name? There have been discussions recently on the XeTeX mailing-list, about a bug that prevented from loading font files with spaces in their names on Windows (look for it in the archives). If changing the file name works for you, you may have just run into this bug.

The kpathsea invocation you see is only a side effect: it indicates that the font hasn't been found by the system libraries that XeTeX uses on top of TeX's default font lookup system, and XeTeX falls back to looking up a TFM file, the most basic file format.

TECkit has nothing to do with fonts, it converts characters on the fly; in your case, I guess you could use a mapping to convert, say, Arabic numbers to Indic numbers (so that you don't need to input the latter in your source file directly). But it does not generate fonts in any way whatsoever.

-
The font I am trying to use is called "Parsi Digits". And, the file I am trying to compile is a sample file provided by the xepersian (ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/xetex/latex/xepersian) package. The error occurs when processing the command \setdigitfont[Scale=1]{Parsi Digits}. Removing the space from the fontname doesn't help. The package maintainer refused to answer my question for he judged it as a basic question from a newbie. Therefore, there should be something obvious going wrong. –  reprogrammer Oct 6 '09 at 18:34
OK, that's bad. Where can I download the font from? I could check if there is anything wrong it. –  Arthur Reutenauer Oct 6 '09 at 18:54
The link to the package is provided in my comment above. I have it installed as part of my TeXLive distribution. –  reprogrammer Oct 6 '09 at 18:59
I have the package, too, but not any fonts. Some of them can be downloaded from the links provided in the package's README file, but not all, in particular not Parsi Digits. Where did you download yours from? –  Arthur Reutenauer Oct 6 '09 at 19:11
That's exactly the problem! I don't know where to get that Parsi Digits font from. –  reprogrammer Oct 6 '09 at 19:12

As others have mentioned, you should try XeTeX, and you should make sure you have the correct fonts installed. Use the command xelatex in place of pdflatex, to enable use of non-Latin characters in .tex files.

You didn't say which font encoding you want, but the following two should work pretty well: Linux Libertine, and Computer Modern Unicode. The OpenSuSE package names are LinuxLibertine and cm-unicode; hopefully it's similar on other systems.

Add the following as the first imports in your document:

``````\usepackage{xunicode,fontspec,xltxtra}
\usepackage[english]{polyglossia}
% EXAMPLE: \setotherlanguages{russian} % set as "other" so English hyphenation active
``````

and add the following after all other imports (so it won't be overridden by older package imports),

``````\defaultfontfeatures{Mapping=tex-text,Scale=MatchLowercase}
\setromanfont{Linux Libertine O}
\setsansfont{Linux Biolinum O}
\setmonofont[Scale=0.9]{Courier New}
``````

or, if you want Computer Modern fonts,

``````\setromanfont{CMU Serif}
\setsansfont{CMU Sans Serif}
\setmonofont{CMU Typewriter Text}
``````
-

with xetex or xelatex, the poitn is that you don't have to specify tex fonts, you should use your system fonts.

you should post the code and preamble of the parts where you are getting an error. Much like html+css, different tex distros can render things slightly different from one another.

Minimally, your preamble should look something like this:

`````` \documentclass[12pt,letterpaper]{article}

\usepackage{fontspec}% provides font selecting commands
\usepackage{xunicode}% provides unicode character macros
\usepackage{xltxtra} % provides some fixes/extras

\setromanfont[Mapping=tex-text]{Font Name}
``````

What is the effect of `\defaultfontfeatures{Mapping=tex-text,Scale=MatchLowercase}` ? –  Mark Richman Feb 14 at 19:57
Parsi Digits is a font that you currently do not have and the error, you are getting is because you do not have the font. Simply replace `Parsi Digits' with another font and it all should go fine. \setdigitfont is a command that makes digits in math mode Persian and it can accept `Scale' as an option.


text:
# Tag Info

14

If this requires a single answer among 1/2/3/4 (rather than none), I would select 3, by the following reasoning: Digital Signature provides confidentiality while message authentication code can not We can summarily exclude this, since since Digital Signature simply do not provide confidentiality. Digital Signatures works faster than ...

7

Alice could just generate a random number (to be their shared key), sign it, encrypt it with Bob's public key, and send it to Bob. I, as an eavesdropper, can capture this exchange. In fact, I can capture many of these as I want with other people communicating with Bob. Then, fast forward to some point in the future, if I can compromise Bob's private ...

7

The correct term for bytes to be signed is “message”. Generally, it does not really matter if a message to be signed is human readable or not. Sometimes, you may also find it mentioned as “digital message”… which practically is the same and merely extends the term to explicitly hint at the fact the message is digitally stored and/or processed. References ...

6

As pointed by CodesInChaos, you'll need to know the padding used; depending on application that could be RSASSA-PKCS1-V1_5, or RSASSA-PSS, or some of the three schemes of ISO/IEC 9796-2, etc.. Hashing, and padding check, are a significant part of the code. In any case, yes, it is possible to implement RSA-2048 signature verification on a Cortex-M0 ...

6

Can I compute the only hash of the modulus for integrity? Well, if we allow the attacker to modify the value of $e$ you use (because it's in untrusted storage and you don't verify it), how can he exploit that? Well, the most obvious approach for him would be to modify $e$ to be the value 1; that would make generating forgeries really quite simple. ...

6

Note that the signature is $(s,e)$ where $s=k-xe$. If you can learn $k$ since it is predictable, then you can learn the secret signing key by computing $x = (s-k)/e$. Note that even without a concrete attack, the proof of security completely breaks down if the value $k$ is not chosen randomly. Having said this, it is possible to change the scheme to be ...

5

No, plain RSA signatures are existentially forgeable under a key only attack. This is because of the following attack strategy: Given a verification key $(e,N)$, set the message to $m=s^e \bmod{N}$ for an arbitrary $s$ in the message space and set the corresponding signature to $s$. Output the message signature pair $(m,s)$ as a forgery. It is easy to ...

5

The standard way to do this is with a hash list. That is, you would hash each of the messages $m_i$ to produce a hash $h_i = H(m_i)$, and then combine all the hashes and hash them to obtain a master hash $h = H(h_0 \| h_1 \| h_2 \| \dots \| h_n)$. Finally, you can e.g. digitally sign the master hash to prove that the hash, and by extension all the ...

5

Although I can't see any immediate weaknesses, I also don't see how it adds significant value over DSA (while being significantly slower). It claims to be based on two hard problems, discrete log and factoring. However, it doesn't give any particular proof that if you could forge signatures, you can solve both problems. It also doesn't look particularly ...

5

Towards the security of the signature scheme, no precaution against timing attack is necessary when verifying an asymmetric signature. That's because there is no secret involved, thus no information leak to fear. However it can happen that the message, or the signature itself, is intended to be secret; a leak by timing dependency (during computation of the ...

5

My answer is not original, as I am simply summing up information from different questions already solved in this site. Nevertheless, I thought it could be interesting to collect everything in one answer. The first thing you have to know is to differentiate between a digital signature and a message authentication code (MAC). In this case, HMAC is a MAC and ...

5

I'd say that most of the time the signature is accompanied by the certificate of the signer. This certificate contains the public key. Most container formats such as CMS (used in S/MIME, also known as PKCS#7) or XML digsig contain specific fields that may contain certificates - and usually do. When the certificate is received the Public Key Infrastructure ...

4

The short answer is that there's no link between your physical signature and any cryptographic signature. Indeed, from the high-level description of how DocuSign works and their security manifesto there's no reason to believe that any cryptography goes into the signature process itself. Note that “signature” is an overloaded word. In this post, I will refer ...

4

The main benefit of adding randomness in RSA signature padding is that it simplifies and strengthens security arguments. At least that's claimed by PKCS#1v2, paragraph above 8.1.1 (emphasis mine) RSASSA-PSS is different from other RSA-based signature schemes in that it is probabilistic rather than deterministic, incorporating a randomly generated salt ...

4

DSA relies on $k$ being independent from $d$. You define $k$ as: $k=z^\prime d\mod n$ Substituting $k$ in the signing equation you get: $s = k^{-1} (z+rd) \mod n$ $s z^\prime d = z + rd \mod n$ $d=z (sz^\prime -r)^{-1} \mod n$ The attacker knows everything on the right side and can recover the private key.

4

The question "why is preimage resistance needed for hash functions" is not really relevant. This is because collision resistance implies preimage resistance. Thus, it is just a fact that if you have collision resistance then you must have preimage resistance. So, instead, I will relate to what preimage resistance is good for at all. In more technical ...

4

If he gets the signature for the message 00000..00000, then the checksum will be $t_1 2^w$. For any other message, the checksum will be smaller, and hence the there will be at least one digit $i$ within the checksum for which the $c_i$ digit with value $v$ for the signed message will be larger than the corresponding digit for the new message. The attacker ...

4

First lets be precise on some definitions : Integrity = only the authorized users can modify the information. Confidentiality = only the authorized users can access the information. Here the information is in plain view. Authentication = Proof of the identity of the content/sender (sort of proof of identity), be sure to not mistake it with identification. ...

4

One of the main differences is that Message Authentication Codes don't prove authorship of the message. Imagine the situation, when Bob sent a signed contract to Alice. In case of digital signature Alice can go to court claiming that Bob has signed the contract. A judge can verify the signature and make sure that the contract was really signed by Bob as only ...

3

Proofs of Storage (PoS) are challenge-response protocols that allow a client to verify that a server is truthfully storing a file. See this paper from Ateniese, Kamara and Katz for an example of PoS. The basic idea is explained in this quote from that paper: Viewing the file $\vec f$ as an $n$-dimensional vector, the client begins by tagging each ...

3

By fixing the first byte of both the private and the public key you actually reduce the key space by about 16 bits, because only about one in $2^{16}$ key-pairs has that property – as you notice. (If there is no way to exploit the restriction on both keys at the same time, you may lose less security but I would assume the worst.) Doing this is fine, unless ...

3

I'm trying to get my head around how the crypto solves this problem. It doesn't. You need to trust the platform you use to do the signing. For instance, my bank has replaced the "signature" generation device that I previously used with one that displays the actual transaction, so I don't have to trust the information on the computer screen that much.

3

If we signed a secret message $m$ by publishing its signature $σ$ computed as $m^d\bmod N$, at least two very bad things would happen: The message would not be so secret anymore That's because anyone knows the public key $(N,e)$, and thus from $σ$ can compute $σ^e\bmod N$, which is $m\bmod N$. This reveals a lot of information about $m$, which goes ...

3

An attack is described in Section 4.1.6 of the SEC1 document. Regarding xagawa's answer: The attack you describe is different from that described in Section 4.5 of the Blake-Wilson--Menezes paper. Specifically, their attack: (a) does not require knowledge of the secret ephemeral key $k$, and (b) changes the reference point $P$, which is not allowed in ...

3

First to explain you, why you get 512-bit outputs from a 256-bit curve: The output is basically a point (x-coordinate is enough) and a message-dependant value, with the x-coordinate being expressed as integer. You can verify the signature by checking for a specific relationship between the point and the message-dependant value and the public key point. In ...

3

In this notation, $f^k(x)$ means "apply $f$ $k$ times in succession". For example, $f^3(x)$ is defined to be $f(f(f(x)))$. Because of this definition $f^a(f^b(x)) = f^{a+b}(x)$ holds trivially (even though we known nothing else about $f$), as the the left side means "do $f$ $b$ times, and then do it $a$ times", while the right means "do $f$ $a+b$ times". ...

3

At first I want to cite Lindell and Katz book: A "plain Rabin" encryption scheme, constructed in a manner analogous to plain RSA encryption, is vulnerable to a chosen-ciphertext attack that enables an adversary to learn the entire private key. Although plain RSA is not CCA-secure either, known chosen-ciphertext attacks on plain RSA are less damaging ...

3

Among several aspects of the question, I'll cover only protection against replay of commands. A common technique (among several) is to have commands tied to a nonce, that somewhat is accepted only once by the slave device receiving the command. The nonce is included in the input of a MAC or public-key signature algorithm that protects the integrity of the ...

3

If Eve can find an $n'$ that is prime (and $n'-1$ is relatively prime to $e$),then she can easily sign any message with that $n', e$ pair. So, the question is: what is the probability that there exists a prime $n'$ such that there is only one bit difference between $n$ and $n'$, and $n' \not\equiv 1 \pmod {e}$ ? The answer is that it is quite good if \$e ...

3

Peter Schwabe, one of the authors of Ed25519, directed me to a recent paper titled "EdDSA for more curves". The section "Security notes on prehashing", page 5, says that the Ed25519 algorithm without prehashing the message is resistant to collisions in the hash function, while using the algorithm with prehashing is not. Of course the hash function is not ...

Only top voted, non community-wiki answers of a minimum length are eligible


text:
Entanglement of macroscopically distinct states of light. (arXiv:1811.01041v3 [quant-ph] UPDATED)

Schr\"odinger's famous Gedankenexperiment has inspired multiple generations
of physicists to think about apparent paradoxes that arise when the logic of
quantum physics is applied to macroscopic objects. The development of quantum
technologies enabled us to produce physical analogues of Schr\"odinger's cats,
such as superpositions of macroscopically distinct states as well as entangled
states of microscopic and macroscopic entities. Here we take one step further
and prepare an optical state which, in Schr\"odinger's language, is equivalent
to a superposition of two cats, one of which is dead and the other alive, but
it is not known in which state each individual cat is. Specifically, the alive
and dead states are, respectively, the displaced single photon and displaced
vacuum (coherent state), with the magnitude of displacement being on a scale of
$10^8$ photons. These two states have significantly different photon statistics
and are therefore macroscopically distinguishable.


text:
# Bush Administration Makes An End Run Around Congress

• News
mgb_phys
Homework Helper
Are the people making that tradeoff the engineers or the consumers.? What value do engineers put on a human life? OK hopefully they don't, but management apparently does.
Generally consumer's are the worst at valueing life - look at the poor take-up of smoke alarms and the number of people who smoke.

The only people worse are politicians! Quick quiz, which killed twice as many people ?
The height of terrorism in Northern Ireland .vs. Traffic accidents in the same time.

As an example a broken rail in the UK in 2000 killed 4 people - the first serious rail accident in 10 years. The public inquiry cost more than fitting smoke detectors to every house in the country. Repairs to rails in the rest of the country to meet new sandards cost over $1Bn and closing rail lines for months while the repairs were done led to an estimated 10% rise in road deaths! We are drifting too far from the OP. Our tort system is being changed in a manner that bypasses those elected to do it. The Bush administration hijacked the judicial branch and now it appears the legislative branch is sitting on its thumbs will drastic changes that will affect many Americans are being made in an almost subversive manner. We do/did need tort reform, but as I stated earlier this is more like tort elimination in favor of big business. They will have no longer have an incentive to produce reliable safe products. Engineers always have to make a trade-off between cost and safety. When designing a sky-scraper, it's designed to withstand some windspeed. Surely they could spend more, and build it able to withstand higher windspeed. But at some point the chance of those winds occuring is not worth the extra cost in building the structure. It's up to the government to regulate minimum safety standards, anything beyond that should be left as a cost benefit analysis to corporations. As long as a product meets the minimum standards set by the government, and the company hasn't attempted to deceive anyone about additional safety features, there should be no lawsuit. I would suggest that the minimum standards should be raised significantly, and that the current process for setting them is severely flawed, but that is an entirely different discussion. chemisttree Science Advisor Homework Helper Gold Member We are drifting too far from the OP. Our tort system is being changed in a manner that bypasses those elected to do it. The Bush administration hijacked the judicial branch and now it appears the legislative branch is sitting on its thumbs will drastic changes that will affect many Americans are being made in an almost subversive manner. We do/did need tort reform, but as I stated earlier this is more like tort elimination in favor of big business. They will have no longer have an incentive to produce reliable safe products. You obviously haven't read the text of the CAFA 2005 legislation. Here is the part that the Attorney's find so despicable. (a review of the Act by the CBO) S. 5 would impose a private-sector mandate by possibly limiting the size of awards that attorneys could receive in certain class-action settlements. If a proposed class-action settlement provides coupons to a class member, the bill would require the attorneys' fees to be based on the value of the coupons that are redeemed or on the amount of time reasonably expended working on the case by class counsel. In current practice, the attorney's fee is sometimes based on the total value of the settlement. According to information from industry representatives and academic studies, settlements with coupons account only for about 10 percent of all class-action settlements. Moreover, according to those sources, attorneys' fees correlate very closely with the amount of time spent on such cases by class counsel. Therefore, because attorneys' fees would still be negotiated as part of any settlement, CBO estimates that the direct cost of the mandate, as measured by loss of income for attorneys in class-action settlements, would be small, if any. Oh woe! The Attorneys will have to live with a small (potential) loss of income. The authors of the Sun article have interpreted the Administration policy as meaning that litigants would potentially receive less in Federal Court than in State Court. The Administration's intent is: The Administration strongly supports the bill's proposal to establish a consumer class action bill of rights that would require heightened judicial review of settlements that either result in a net loss to the class members or give class members only coupons. The Administration also supports the provision prohibiting a court from approving a settlement that discriminates among plaintiffs on account of their geographical location. The bill also would make long-needed changes to the requirements for Federal diversity jurisdiction over class action cases. The Administration strongly supports the proposal to permit, in certain cases, removal of a class action to Federal court if the aggregate amount in controversy exceeds$5 million and there is minimal diversity (at least one claimant and one defendant are from different States). The Administration also strongly supports the bill's coverage of "mass actions" in its diversity jurisdiction and removal reform sections. Like class actions, mass actions can be used to adjudicate substantial numbers of claims simultaneously in a single trial. Failure to include mass actions would create a significant loophole and would undermine the purpose of this legislation. Combined with existing Federal rules for consolidation of related Federal cases, this proposal would help avoid the inefficiency, waste, and unfairness that have too often resulted from multiple overlapping class action suits.
http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=s109-5

This is law passed by the Legislative Branch! There is no end around!

BARAK VOTED FOR IT!

Engineers always have to make a trade-off between cost and safety. When designing a sky-scraper, it's designed to withstand some windspeed. Surely they could spend more, and build it able to withstand higher windspeed. But at some point the chance of those winds occuring is not worth the extra cost in building the structure.

It's up to the government to regulate minimum safety standards, anything beyond that should be left as a cost benefit analysis to corporations. As long as a product meets the minimum standards set by the government, and the company hasn't attempted to deceive anyone about additional safety features, there should be no lawsuit.

I would suggest that the minimum standards should be raised significantly, and that the current process for setting them is severely flawed, but that is an entirely different discussion.
I agree to a great extent and it is not an entirely different discussion. Raising minimum standards would solve half of the problem. The other half would be in filtering out the shyster lawyers and their frivolous law suits.

I just believe that the legislative branch should be doing it and not the executive. Although I readily admit the congress has not done their job, we will now end up in a situation where many legitimate concerns can not be addressed in the courts.

chemisttree
Homework Helper
Gold Member
I just believe that the legislative branch should be doing it and not the executive. Although I readily admit the congress has not done their job, we will now end up in a situation where many legitimate concerns can not be addressed in the courts.
This is the craziest thing I've ever heard. Should the Legislative branch control the operation of the Justice Department? You don't see a problem with that? Have you read the Constitution?

This is the craziest thing I've ever heard. Should the Legislative branch control the operation of the Justice Department? You don't see a problem with that? Have you read the Constitution?
I didn't say that. You did. The legislative branch makes the laws that the Justice Department upholds. The Executive branch has bypassed that process.

Should the executive branch control the operation of the Justice Department? It certainly has been.

edit: From the OP

In some instances, judges seem as exercised as consumer advocates about the FDA's undermining of lawsuits under state tort law.

In a recent decision, a federal appeals court judge wrote that the FDA has for over three-quarters of a century viewed state tort law as complementary to the agency's safety warnings on prescription drug packages and ''only for the last two years has it claimed otherwise.''

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chemisttree
Homework Helper
Gold Member
I didn't say that. You did. The legislative branch makes the laws that the Justice Department upholds. The Executive branch has bypassed that process.

Should the executive branch control the operation of the Justice Department? It certainly has been.
You mean the FBI, federal prosecutors, FDA, etc?

Please tell me you aren't confusing the Justice Department with the Judicial Branch of the gov't........

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chemisttree
Homework Helper
Gold Member
In some instances, judges seem as exercised as consumer advocates about the FDA's undermining of lawsuits under state tort law.

In a recent decision, a federal appeals court judge wrote that the FDA has for over three-quarters of a century viewed state tort law as complementary to the agency's safety warnings on prescription drug packages and ''only for the last two years has it claimed otherwise.''
You mean since CAFA was enacted by the Legislative Branch? Should all of our laws remain unchanged when Congress has passed laws meant to change them?

You mean the FBI, federal prosecutors, FDA, etc?

Please tell me you aren't confusing the Justice Department with the Judicial Branch of the gov't........

chemisttree
Homework Helper
Gold Member
You mean that you believe that federal prosecutors, the FDA and the NHTSA are part of the Judical branch?

You clearly do.

The legislative branch makes the laws that the Justice Department upholds. The Executive branch has bypassed that process.
Legislative branch... Executive branch... Justice Department. This is obviously what you believe to be the three branches of our form of government! It ain't!
Even Wiki gets this right:
The President is at the head of the executive branch of the federal government, whose role is to enforce national law as given in the Constitution and written by Congress.
(Hint: All agencies of the Federal government, especially those that have "department" as part of their name are controlled by the EXECUTIVE BRANCH of the Government)

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You mean since CAFA was enacted by the Legislative Branch? Should all of our laws remain unchanged when Congress has passed laws meant to change them?
You seem to be stuck on CAFA, there is a lot more involved now.

BTW This was not my quote it was the quote of a Federal Appeals Court judge in reference to an FDA decision. Blessed by the Bush Administration Federal agencies have started bypassing due process in the tort system. But you already know that you seem to just talk around it.

In a recent decision, a federal appeals court judge wrote that the FDA has for over three-quarters of a century viewed state tort law as complementary to the agency's safety warnings on prescription drug packages and ''only for the last two years has it claimed otherwise.''
The link is in the OP should you care to read it.


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# Tag Info

2

You may always promote "couplings constants" (charge, mass, etc...) to fields. Now, as a physicist, you need to make some contact with reality. So you have to tell why and which field you are using (for instance the Higgs field (up to a constant), which has a $SU(2)$ charge, is used to replace a constant mass coupling in the interaction \$m (\bar e_R e_L + ...

1

The Einstein equivalence principle states : The outcome of any local non-gravitational experiment in a freely falling laboratory is independent of the velocity of the laboratory and its location in spacetime. Emphasis added. Note that this principle has done well in explaining quite a few things about gravity. So there is no a priori reason why you ...

-1

I found many explanations for this type of questions http://settheory.net/cosmology http://settheory.net/general-relativity It's better than "The Meaning of Einstein's Equation" (John Baez). In particular - It is directly applied to an important example (universal expansion) - The expression is simpler (relating 1 component of the energy tensor to 3 ...

0

Let us clearly draw the line between two things here, since the question can easily involve opinion based answers, which may also be dubbed non-mainstream (which isn't welcome on this site). 1) The existence of dark matter is generally believed by a majority of the Physics community, since astronomical observations, notably by the Planck space ...

6

Yes, there have been suggestions that such particles exist, and an example is the sterile neutrino. But your question is a little more involved than you might think at first sight. For example if the sterile neutrino only interacts through gravity what interaction caused it to be created in the first place? There is nothing in the Standard Model that could ...

2

This answer is within the current physics and theoretical understanding, which has developed a successful formalism that includes all the experimentally seen particles in the Standard Model. The model has been very successful in predicting several new particles using its symmetry and mathematics, the experimental observation of the Higgs boson serving as ...

2

Vella and Mahadevan explain the effect as follows: For simplicity, we consider the latter case schematically illustrated in Fig. 2, although the explanation of the clustering of many bubbles is similar. Here, the air–water interface is significantly distorted by the presence of the wall the well-known meniscus effect, and because the bubble is ...

Top 50 recent answers are included


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# R: How to “control” for another variable in Linear Mixed Effects Regression model?

Essentially, I have two collinear variables which could be seen as either random or as fixed effects, a dependent variable I'm fitting the model to, and a variable that's assuredly a random effect.

Dependent var: Number of neuron spikes (FiringRate) in a specific region of mousebrain

Fixed effects:

1) Time at which data sample was taken (on a linear scale in days -- so day two would be 2, day 5 would be 5, and so on)

2) The Age of the mouse in days (so there's definitely collinearity between this and the Time variable, but there are enough mice of different ages to make this worthwhile as a separate variable)

Random effect: Subject -- "Name" (ID number) of the mouse

Essentially, I'm wondering if it would be appropriate to run two LMEs. In the first, I'd treat Age and Subject as random variables in order to control for the effects of Age (and thus the collinearity between Age and Time) and see if Time is a significant predictor of the # of spikes (dependent variable). In the second, I'd enter Time and Subject as random variables to see if Age was a significant predictor.

library(lme4)
a = lmer(FiringRate ~ Time + (1|Age) + (1|Subject))
b = lmer(FiringRate ~ Age + (1|Time) + (1|Subject))

-
 It seems to me model b makes more sense, since you could imagine fixed developmental effects occurring at particular ages in all mice, but occasion specific conditions (captured by the random intercept, grouped by time) may be more thought of as random perturbations. – Macro Apr 6 '12 at 1:48 Thanks, I can see that... – Julie Apr 6 '12 at 3:05


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Submit a request

Inserting math equations

You can insert math equations in your Boss Battles or Quests. Click on the pi symbol in the text editing box to open the “Insert Equation” feature.

Under “Type equation” on the lefthand side, enter commands in the LaTeX language. (LaTeX enables teachers to render various mathematical expressions using simple text editing.) A preview of your equation will be displayed on the righthand side.

Here are a few examples of commands that you might find useful:

• Use \sum to add the ∑ symbol
• Use \int to add the ∫ symbol
• Use \pi to add the 𝜋 symbol
• Use \frac{numerator}{denominator} to display fractions
• Use ^{x} to display text as exponents

For a more exhaustive list of LaTeX commands, check out this cheat sheet.

Once you’re done, click “insert.” Your formula will be displayed in code in the text editing box, but you can click on it to get a preview of how it will be displayed for your students. Click on “Edit” to return to the “Insert Equation” screen and modify your formula, or hit “Delete” to remove it entirely.


text:
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://ah.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/32583

 Title: 主成分選取與因子選取在費雪區別分析上的探討Discussion of the Fisher's Discriminant Analysis Based on Choices of Principal Components and Factors Authors: 李婉菁 Contributors: 姜志銘李婉菁 Keywords: 主成分Principal Component Date: 2006 Issue Date: 2009-09-17 13:47:42 (UTC+8) Abstract: 當我們的資料變數很多時，我們通常會使用主成分或因子來降低資料變數；在選取主成分與因子時，我們通常會以特徵值來做選擇，然而變異數大(亦即特徵值大)的主成分或因子雖然解釋了大部分變異，但卻不一定保留了最多後續要分析的資訊，例如利用由特徵值所選取出來最好的主成分或因子來當做區別資料之變數，所得結果不一定理想。在此我們假設資料是來自於兩個多維常態母體，我們將分別利用由Mardia等人 (1979) 和Chang (1983) 所提出的兩種方法來選取出具區別能力的主成分，將其區別結果與由特徵值所選取出最好的主成分之區別結果作一比較；並且將此二方法應用在選取因子上。同時我們也證明Mardia等人 (1979) 和Chang (1983)的方法對於主成分及因子(利用主成分方法轉換)有相同的選取順序。本文更進一步地將Mardia等人所提出之方法運用至三群資料上，探討當資料來自於三個多維常態母體時，我們該如何利用此方法來選取具區別能力之變數。Principal component analysis or factor analysis are often usedto reduce the dimensionality of the original variables.However, the principal component or factor, which haslarger variance (i.e eigenvalue) explaining larger proportion of total samplevariance, may not retain the most information for other analyses later.For example, using the first few principal components or factorshaving the largest corresponding eigenvalues asdiscriminant variables, the discriminant resultmay not be good or even appropriate.\hspace{2.05em}We first discuss two methods, given by Mardia et al. (1979) and Chang (1983)for choosing discriminant variables when data are randomly obtained froma mixture of two multivariate normal distributions.We then use the discriminant result (or classification error rates)to compare these two methods and the traditional method of using theprincipal components, which have the larger corresponding eigenvalues,as discriminant variables. We also prove that the both the two methodshave the same selection order on principal components and factor (obtainedby the principal component method).Furthermore, we use the method ofMardia et al. to select appropriate discriminators when data is fromthree populations. Reference: [1] Mardia K.V., Kent J.T. and Bibby J.M., Multivariate Analysis, AcademicPress, (1979), 322–324.[2] Chang W.C., On using principal components before separating a mixture of twomultivariate normal distributions, Appl. Statist., 32 (1983), 267–275.[3] Jolliffe I.T., Morgan B.J.T. and Young P.J., A simulation study of the use ofprincipal components in linear discriminant analysis, J. Stat. Comput. Simul.,55 (1996), 353–366.[4] Jolliffe I.T., Morgan B.J.T. and Young P.J., A note on using principal componentsin linear discriminant analysis, (1995). Submitted for publication.http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/jolliffe95note.html[5] Murry G.D., A cautionary note on selection of variables in discriminant analysis,Appl. Statist., 3 (1977), 246–250.[6] Namkoon G., Statistical analysis of introgression, Biomtrics, 22 (1966), 488–502.[7] Wolfe J.H., Computational methods for estimating the parameters of multivariatenormal mixtures of distribution, U.S. Naval Personnel Research Activity,San Diego (1967), SRM 68–2.[8] Dillon W.R., Mulani N. and Frederick D.G., On the use of component scoresin the presence of group structures, J. Consumer Research, 16 (1989), 106–112.[9] Kemsley E.K., Discriminant analysis of high-dimensional data: a comparsionof principal components analysis and least squares data reduction methods,Journal of Statistical Computitation and Simulation, 55 (1996), 353–366.[10] Song C.C., Jiang T.J. and Kuo K.L., On the Fisher’s discriminant analysis,Technical Report # NCCU 701-05-T04-01, Department of Mathematical Sciences,National Chengchi University.20[11] Jackson J.E., A user’s guide to principal components, Wiley, New York (1991).[12] Flury B.D., Developments In Principal Component Analysis, (1995), 14–23.[13] Johnson R.A., Wichern D.W., Alllied Multivariate Statistical Analysis, PrenticeHall, (2002). Description: 碩士國立政治大學應用數學研究所9475100195 Source URI: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0094751001 Data Type: thesis Appears in Collections: [Department of Mathematical Sciences] Theses

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# All Questions

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## anonymous one year ago The table shows the outputs y for different inputs x: Input (x) 3 7 11 15 Output (y) 4 6 8 10 Part A: Do the data in this table represent a function? Justify your answer. (3 points) Part B: Compare the data in the table with the relation f(x) = 5x – 21. Which relation has a greater value when x = 11? (2 points) Part C: Using the relation in Part B, what is the value of x if f(x) = 99? (5 points)

1. PhantomCrow

How would you define a function?

2. jdoe0001

well, a function means, no X-REPEATS if the function has any x-repeats in its "input" values, then is NOT a function

3. jdoe0001

so.... any ideas? $$\begin{array}{ccllll} x&y \\\hline\\ 3&4\\ 7&6\\ 11&8\\ 15&10 \end{array}$$