text:
An ammeter of 0-25 A range has a guaranteed accuracy of 1% of full scale reading. The current measured is 5 A. The limiting error is

This question was previously asked in
LPSC (ISRO) Technical Assistant (Electronics): Official Paper 2016 (Held On 07 Aug 2016)
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1. 2%
2. 2.5%
3. 4%
4. 5%

Option 4 : 5%
Free
ISRO VSSC Technical Assistant Mechanical held on 09/06/2019
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80 Questions 320 Marks 120 Mins

Detailed Solution

Concept:

Limiting error: The maximum allowable error in the measurement is specified in terms of true value, is known as limiting error. It will give a range of errors. It is always with respect to the true value, so it is a variable error.

Guaranteed accuracy error: The allowable error in measurement is specified in terms of full-scale value is known as guaranteed accuracy error. It is a variable error seen by the instrument since it is with respect to full-scale value.

Calculation:

Given that, full-scale reading = 25 A

Guaranteed accuracy error = 1% of full-scale reading = 1% of 25 = 0.25 A

True value = 5 A

Limiting error $$= \frac{{0.25}}{5} = 0.05$$

Limitting error = 5%


text:
# Manual talk:Mathoid

1

## Test not producing expected result

3

When Mathoid is running I try to test it using:

curl -d 'q=E=mc^2' localhost:10044

as per the manual. Instead of the expected result I get:

My log shows:

{"name":"mathoid","hostname":"ns3299566.ip-5-135-154.eu","pid":1442,"level":50,"message":"500: internal_error","stack":"TypeError: Cannot read property 'semantic' of undefined\n    at srePostProcessor (/usr/lib/node_modules/mathoid/lib/math.js:118:16)\n    at BBPromise.then.then (/usr/lib/node_modules/mathoid/lib/math.js:299:20)\n    at tryCatcher (/usr/lib/node_modules/mathoid/node_modules/bluebird/js/release/util.js:16:23)\n    at Promise._settlePromiseFromHandler (/usr/lib/node_modules/mathoid/node_modules/bluebird/js/release/promise.js:512:31)\n    at Promise._settlePromise (/usr/lib/node_modules/mathoid/node_modules/bluebird/js/release/promise.js:569:18)\n    at Promise._settlePromise0 (/usr/lib/node_modules/mathoid/node_modules/bluebird/js/release/promise.js:614:10)\n    at Promise._settlePromises (/usr/lib/node_modules/mathoid/node_modules/bluebird/js/release/promise.js:693:18)\n    at Async._drainQueue (/usr/lib/node_modules/mathoid/node_modules/bluebird/js/release/async.js:133:16)\n    at Async._drainQueues (/usr/lib/node_modules/mathoid/node_modules/bluebird/js/release/async.js:143:10)\n    at Immediate.Async.drainQueues (/usr/lib/node_modules/mathoid/node_modules/bluebird/js/release/async.js:17:14)\n    at runCallback (timers.js:789:20)\n    at tryOnImmediate (timers.js:751:5)\n    at processImmediate [as _immediateCallback] (timers.js:722:5)","status":500,"type":"internal_error","detail":"Cannot read property 'semantic' of undefined","levelPath":"error/500","request_id":"06e8ae51-0c1c-11e8-a75a-adde2b46ba51","request":{"url":"/","headers":{"user-agent":"curl/7.47.0","content-length":"8","content-type":"application/x-www-form-urlencoded","x-request-id":"06e8ae51-0c1c-11e8-a75a-adde2b46ba51"},"method":"POST","params":{"0":"/"},"query":{},"remoteAddress":"127.0.0.1","remotePort":53513},"msg":"500: internal_error","time":"2018-02-07T15:31:55.216Z","v":0}

nodejs version is 8.9.4.

Any ideas?

Why was this marked as resolved? No solution was offered on here. I still have the problem. So how has it been resolved?

I also face the exact same problem.

I have installed mathoid on Ubuntu 18.04. It used to work correctly, but recently it has been displayed as "Conversion error. Server ("cli") reported: " on mediawiki.

When I run:

curl -d 'q=E=mc^2' myserver:10044     (myserver is IP address of server running mathoid)

I get:

nodejs version is 8.10.0

Are there any workarounds?

Reply to "Test not producing expected result"

## I think this is abandonware

4

The documentation is useless. I spent the entire morning and a good bit of the afternoon trying to replicate these steps on multiple virtual machines as a test to see if this is possible. This page is utter total shit. Not one, not a single one of these paths resulted in the goal being met. Is this really what MediaWiki is?

@Whatamidoing (WMF)I think this user is dissatisfied with the mathoid documentation as many other users that comment on this page. I am maintaining https://github.com/wikimedia/mathoid/ (even though it might not be good enough as well). If something does not work I can also take care of bugs filed on Phabricator with the tag mathoid. Does WMF has a user support system for users that have difficulties with products offered by WMF? Can we also use the same pipeline for mathoid?

No, unfortunately, there is no official support from the WMF for any third-party wiki. However, people with questions are welcome to ask other volunteers for help at the Project:Support desk or to join one of the off-wiki groups, such as the MediaWiki Stakeholders' Group. @MarkAHershberger probably knows about more groups that might be relevant.

@Physikerwelt https://discourse-mediawiki.wmflabs.org/ is the planned support system (although as Whatamidoing says there isn't really such a thing as "products offered by WMF"), still in beta (see Discourse), but so far not a lot of effort went into making sure that users find it. Then again I don't think we should waste time on people who are unable to show some minimal respect to those whose hard work they are trying to use for free, so all a support system would do in such a case is moving the comments to the trash can.

Reply to "I think this is abandonware"

## Configuration Documentation

2

There's not a whole lot of documentation on configuration, and many of the distributed defaults include what appear to be MediaWiki organization settings that would be useless or even detrimental to someone trying to get this software running on an isolated system. Examples would be the settings for stats servers and logging.

In my case, I have several wikis on seperate domains and I am trying to see if I can have all the domains use the same Mathoid service. It looks like that's what the foundation is doing, but there's zero documentation on how to do so.

I've installed it on my server using the "NPM package (Debian Stretch)" section (which I completed with the instructions to create the daemon). This may be applicable to other installs. Note that I also have RESTBase, which I don't really know if it's a requirement

## Can't get Mathoid running on Ubuntu

1

I'm currently getting the following error:

{"name":"mathoid","hostname":"ns3299566.ip-5-135-154.eu","pid":23337,"level":60,"err":{"message":"Cannot read property 'displayMessages' of undefined","name":"TypeError","stack":"TypeError: Cannot read property 'displayMessages' of undefined\n    at Object.exports.config (/usr/lib/node_modules/mathoid/node_modules/mathoid-mathjax-node/lib/main.js:864:14)\n    at initApp (/usr/lib/node_modules/mathoid/app.js:149:11)\n    at module.exports (/usr/lib/node_modules/mathoid/app.js:254:12)\n    at _requireModule.then (/usr/lib/node_modules/mathoid/node_modules/service-runner/lib/worker.js:165:80)\n    at tryCatcher (/usr/lib/node_modules/mathoid/node_modules/bluebird/js/release/util.js:16:23)\n    at Promise._settlePromiseFromHandler (/usr/lib/node_modules/mathoid/node_modules/bluebird/js/release/promise.js:512:31)\n    at Promise._settlePromise (/usr/lib/node_modules/mathoid/node_modules/bluebird/js/release/promise.js:569:18)\n    at Promise._settlePromiseCtx (/usr/lib/node_modules/mathoid/node_modules/bluebird/js/release/promise.js:606:10)\n    at Async._drainQueue (/usr/lib/node_modules/mathoid/node_modules/bluebird/js/release/async.js:138:12)\n    at Async._drainQueues (/usr/lib/node_modules/mathoid/node_modules/bluebird/js/release/async.js:143:10)\n    at Immediate.Async.drainQueues (/usr/lib/node_modules/mathoid/node_modules/bluebird/js/release/async.js:17:14)\n    at runCallback (timers.js:789:20)\n    at tryOnImmediate (timers.js:751:5)\n    at processImmediate [as _immediateCallback] (timers.js:722:5)","levelPath":"fatal/service-runner/worker"},"msg":"Cannot read property 'displayMessages' of undefined","time":"2018-01-16T10:44:55.156Z","v":0}

Nodejs version is 8.9.4

Any idea?

Reply to "Can't get Mathoid running on Ubuntu"

## How to install Mathoid on Windows?

1
Reply to "How to install Mathoid on Windows?"

## Cannot use

1

Centos 7 + nginx

it always cannot show error follow NPM package (CentOS 7).

It show Failed to parse.

## Inaccuracies

5
- The Debian instructions don't work on Debian, as the repository that gets added only includes Ubuntu packages. (Attempting to use these also switches init systems and fouls up half the system.)
- The building from source instructions fail in the form they're given, as npmn should instead (I think) be npm.
- phantomjs is currently unavailable on the latest Debian stable and must be installed from source
- Also, node doesn't work, node-legacy is necessary for npm to work

In Debian Jessie you must install nodejs , npm and phantomjs from the source. Also using node install mathoid has not worked for me It does not pass the test, in addition, to the port is 10044

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:physikerwelt/mathoid

Did not work on Ubuntu 14.4, Ubuntu 16.4 and Debian 8.5. Further node.js in repositories don't work for mathoid installation in Ubuntu, Debian, Fedora 24 alpha and SL 7.2. Installation in SL 7.2 with latest node.js worked, see updated instructions.

When using \color{color}{stuff to color} mathoid colors the rest of the equation from \color on instead of just the "stuff to color". e.g.:

$x \color{blue}{=} 0$

results in a black "x" but a blue "= 0" instead of just the "=" being blue.

format: plain


text:
Search
Converting a Fraction to a Percent
. . . . . . . . .
1. Our Training Videos
Skills Application: Converting a Fraction to a Percent
Step-by-Step: Converting a Fraction to a Percent
. . . . . . . . .
2. Running with Pi

Tagged in

Your safety depends on the condition of the materials in your harnesses and ropes used in fall protection, logging or lifting. Steel wire, nylon and synthetic materials degrade with use, exposure to sunlight, moisture, perspiration etc. A new rope supports the maximum load capacity it is rated for however over time ropes wear, get thinner and weaker. This wear is measurable in fractions of an inch and correspond to percent loss of lifting capacity or strength.

Keep safe and be sure your gear and ropes go through scheduled checks and inspection.

Running with Pi

. . . . . . . . .
3. Our Training Worksheets
This conversion is the reverse of the conversion of percentages to fractions in the previous lesson. One way to convert a fraction to a percentage is to convert the fraction into a
decimal, then multiply by 100. The result is a percentage.
1. Divide the numerator by the denominator. The result is a decimal.
2. Change the decimal into percent by multiplying by 100 (move the decimal point two places to the right).

A Short Review

Example:
Convert the fraction
$\frac{6}{7}$
into percent:
1. Divide six by seven 6 ÷ 7 = 0.8571
2. Change 0.8571 into percent: 0.8571 x 100 = 85.71 so 0.8571 = 85.71%
You dont need a calculator to multiply by 100. All you need to do is:
1. Locate the decimal point: 0.8571
2. Move the decimal point two places to the right: 85.71
3. Add the % symbol: 85.71%

Worksheet: Level 1

The operations used are clearly specified. Only one type of mathematical operation is used in a task.

Worksheet: Level 1 Sample Question

Example:
Calculate the following:

$\frac{18}{100}$
= ? %

$\frac{18}{100}$
= 18%

Worksheet: Level 2

Tasks involve one or two types of mathematical operation. Few steps of calculation are required.

Worksheet: Level 2 Sample Question

Example:
Calculate the following:

$\frac{1}{8}$
= ? %

Calculate the following:

$\frac{1}{8}$
= 12.5%

Tasks involve multiple steps of calculation. Advanced mathematical techniques may be required.

Another Way to Get the Answer

$\frac{1}{5}$
to a %.

Another way to get the answer, using cross multiplication & division (solving as an equation)

1. In this approach,
$\frac{1}{5}$
is converted to percent through an equation. First off, recognize that fractions can be written as a percents. Percents are related to fractions, they can be converted back-and-forth.
Now
$\frac{1}{5}$
is one side of an equation. On the other side is a division by 100. This 100 comes from the fact that percents always have an invisible “out of 100” concept with them. The % sign is actually short for “out of 100”.
The unknown amount can be represented by the letter x. Algebra is used to calculate x. After multiplying both sides of the equation with 100, we can solve for x:
1. Set up the problem:

100 ∙ numerator ÷ denominator = x

1. Calculate: 100 ∙  1  ÷  5  = 20
2. Take a pencil and write down  "x = 20"
3. Write the % sign after the 20 Now youre done with the math.
4. The last step: check your work, make sure everything was copied and written correctly then determine that the correct way to write the answer is 20%

$\frac{1}{5}$
=
$\frac{20}{100}\text{ = 20%}$


text:
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/2122/11785
 Authors: Belfi, J.* Beverini, N.* Bosi, F.* Carelli, G.* Cuccato, D.* De Luca, Gaetano* Di Virgilio, A.* Gebauer, A.* Maccioni, E.* Ortolan, A.* Porzio, A.* Saccorotti, Gilberto* Simonelli, A.* Terreni, G.* Title: Deep underground rotation measurements: GINGERino ring laser gyroscope in Gran Sasso Issue Date: 2017 Series/Report no.: /88 (2017) DOI: 10.1063/1.4977051 URI: http://hdl.handle.net/2122/11785 Keywords: Physics - Instrumentation and DetectorsPhysics - Instrumentation and DetectorsRotational Seismology Abstract: GINGERino is a large frame laser gyroscope investigating the ground motion in the most inner part of the underground international laboratory of the Gran Sasso, in central Italy. It consists of a square ring laser with a $3.6$ m side. Several days of continuous measurements have been collected, with the apparatus running unattended. The power spectral density in the seismic bandwidth is at the level of $10^{-10} \rm{(rad/s)/\sqrt{Hz}}$. A maximum resolution of $30\,\rm{prad/s}$ is obtained with an integration time of few hundred seconds. The ring laser routinely detects seismic rotations induced by both regional earthquakes and teleseisms. A broadband seismic station is installed on the same structure of the gyroscope. First analysis of the correlation between the rotational and the translational signal are presented. Appears in Collections: Papers Published / Papers in press

###### Files in This Item:
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#### Page view(s)

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checked on May 27, 2019


text:
# Revision history [back]

### Running a for cycle in parallel

I have an algorithm that I need to speed up. I would like to parallelize computations

the main part I need to speed up is the following

  for r2 in Subsets(V2,k-4):
check2(fuse(v,r2),k)

this gives as output three values b1, b2, b3 that are global and for any input check2 can either leave them unchanged or increase them by 1. I tried looking into @parallel but it doens't seem to fit my requirements.

How can I parallelize that (I can use up to 16 cores)?

### Running a for cycle in parallel

I have an algorithm that I need to speed up. I would like to parallelize computations

the main part I need to speed up is the following

  for r2 in Subsets(V2,k-4):
check2(fuse(v,r2),k)

this gives as output three values b1, b2, b3 that are global and for any input check2 can either leave them unchanged or increase them by 1. I tried looking into @parallel but it doens't seem to fit my requirements.

How can I parallelize that (I can use up to 16 cores)?

This is the whole code:

### Running a for cycle in parallel

I have an algorithm that I need to speed up. I would like to parallelize computations

the main part I need to speed up is the following

  for r2 in Subsets(V2,k-4):
check2(fuse(v,r2),k)

this gives as output three values b1, b2, b3 that are global and for any input check2 can either leave them unchanged or increase them by 1. I tried looking into @parallel but it doens't seem to fit my requirements.

How can I parallelize that (I can use up to 16 cores)?

This is the whole code:code (minus all the parts that do, I can't publish it all):

P2=[]
def P_2(q,n,S):     %creates the set P2

I2R=[]
I2S=[]
I3=[]
I3R=[]
I6=[]
I8=[]
def IG(k):      %creates a set of indeces vectors

def coll(x,y,z):    %checks if 3 given tuples are collinear
A=[x,y,z]
M = matrix(A)
if M.determinant()==0:
return 'true'

def cone(v):     %defines a function to be used in conic()

def conic(x1,x2,x3,x4,x5,x6):    %checks if 6 given tuples are on a conic
A=[cone(x1),cone(x2),cone(x3),cone(x4),cone(x5),cone(x6)]
M = matrix(A)
if M.determinant()==0:
return 'true'

def cube(v):     %defines a function to be used in SIcubic()

def dxcube(v):     %defines a function to be used in SIcubic()

def dycube(v):         %defines a function to be used in SIcubic()

def dzcube(v):       %defines a function to be used in SIcubic()

def SIcubic(x1,x2,x3,x4,x5,x6,x7,x8):      %checks if 8 given tuples are on a special cubic
v1='false'
v=[x1,x2,x3,x4,x5,x6,x7,x8]
for a in range(8):
x=v[a]
A=[]
A.append(dxcube(x))
A.append(dycube(x))
A.append(dzcube(x))
for t in range(8):
if t!=a:
y=v[t]
A.append(cube(y))
M = matrix(A)
if M.determinant()==0:
v1='true'
return v1

b1=0
b2=0
b3=0
def check(s,k):       %checks a vector s of lenght k
global b1
global b2
global b3
IG(k)
q1=0
q2=0
q3=0
for i3 in I3:
a0=i3[0]
a1=i3[1]
a2=i3[2]
if coll(s[a0],s[a1],s[a2])=='true':
q1=1
q2=1
q3=1
break
if q2==0:
if k>5:
if q==0:
for i6 in I6:
a0=i6[0]
a1=i6[1]
a2=i6[2]
a3=i6[3]
a4=i6[4]
a5=i6[5]
if conic(s[a0],s[a1],s[a2],s[a3],s[a4],s[a5])=='true':
q2=1
q3=1
break
if q3==0:
if k>7:
for i8 in I8:
a0=i8[0]
a1=i8[1]
a2=i8[2]
a3=i8[3]
a4=i8[4]
a5=i8[5]
a6=i8[6]
a7=i8[7]
if SIcubic(s[a0],s[a1],s[a2],s[a3],s[a4],s[a5],s[a6],s[a7])=='true':
q3=1
break
b1=b1+q1
b2=b2+q2
b3=b3+q3
return b1
return b2
return b3

b1=0
def check1(s,a):     %checks a vector s and an element a
global b1
q1=0
for i2 in I2S:
a0=i2[0]
a1=i2[1]
if coll(s[a0],s[a1],a)=='true':
q1=1
break
b1=b1+q1
return b1

b1=0
b2=0
b3=0
def check2(s,k):    %checks a vector s of lenght k
global b1
global b2
global b3
q1=0
q2=0
q3=0
for i3 in I3R:
a0=i3[0]
a1=i3[1]
a2=i3[2]
if coll(s[a0],s[a1],s[a2])=='true':
q1=1
q2=1
q3=1
break
if q2==0:
if k>5:
for i6 in I6:
a0=i6[0]
a1=i6[1]
a2=i6[2]
a3=i6[3]
a4=i6[4]
a5=i6[5]
if conic(s[a0],s[a1],s[a2],s[a3],s[a4],s[a5])=='true':
q2=1
q3=1
break
if q3==0:
if k>7:
for i8 in I8:
a0=i8[0]
a1=i8[1]
a2=i8[2]
a3=i8[3]
a4=i8[4]
a5=i8[5]
a6=i8[6]
a7=i8[7]
if SIcubic(s[a0],s[a1],s[a2],s[a3],s[a4],s[a5],s[a6],s[a7])=='true':
q3=1
break
b1=b1+q1
b2=b2+q2
b3=b3+q3
return b1
return b2
return b3

t=1
def TOT(P,q,n,k):      %computes a polynomial depending on q,n,k,P

def fuse(s,t):        %fuses two vectors into 1 (see repsonse to answere)

sn=[]
def Count(S,q,n,k):     %main function
IG(k)
global b1
global b2
global b3
l1=0
l2=0
l3=0
y=q^n
s=len(S)
v=[(0,0,1),(0,1,0),(1,0,0),(1,1,1)]
V1=copy(S)
V1.remove((1,0,0))
V1.remove((0,1,0))
V1.remove((0,0,1))
V1.remove((1,1,1))
if k<4:
b1=0
for s in Subsets(S,k):
check(s,k)
l1=b1*factorial(k)
if k>4:
V2=copy(V1)
for r1 in V1:
b1=0
b2=0
b3=0
check1(v,r1)
if b1==1:
V2.remove(r1)
s2=len(V2)
l1=l1+binomial(s-4,k-4)-binomial(s2,k-4)
l2=l2+binomial(s-4,k-4)-binomial(s2,k-4)
l3=l3+binomial(s-4,k-4)-binomial(s2,k-4)
b1=0
b2=0
b3=0
for r2 in Subsets(V2,k-4):
check2(fuse(v,r2),k)
l1=l1+b1
l2=l2+b2
l3=l3+b3
l1=l1*(y^2+y+1)*(y^3-y)*(y^3-y^2)*factorial(k-4)
l2=l2*(y^2+y+1)*(y^3-y)*(y^3-y^2)*factorial(k-4)
l3=l3*(y^2+y+1)*(y^3-y)*(y^3-y^2)*factorial(k-4)
g1=t-l1
g2=t-l2
g3=t-l3
print('There are ', g1/factorial(k) , ' unordered', k,'-tuples in general linear position')
print('There are ', g1 , ' ordered', k ,'-tuples in general linear position')
print('There are ', g2/factorial(k) , ' unordered', k,'-tuples in general linear and conic position')
print('There are ', g2 , ' ordered', k ,'-tuples in general linear and conic position')
print('There are ', g3/factorial(k) , ' unordered', k,'-tuples in general position')
print('There are ', g3 , ' ordered', k ,'-tuples in general position')

def Active(q,n,k):        %every fucntion I need to run reduced into 1
P2=[]
P_2(q,n,P2)
TOT(P2,q,n,k)
Count(P2,q,n,k)


text:
# directed simple graph

Edges in an undirected graph are ordered pairs. Cyclic or acyclic graphs 4. labeled graphs 5. 2 M. Hauskrecht Graphs: basics Basic types of graphs: • Directed graphs • Undirected graphs CS 441 Discrete mathematics for CS a c b c d a b M. Hauskrecht Terminology an•I simple graph each edge connects two different vertices and no two edges connect the same pair of vertices. Simple graph 2. A simple directed weighted graph. "Digraphs." A simple directed graph. In graph theory, graphs can be categorized generally as a directed or an undirected graph.In this section, we’ll focus our discussion on a directed graph. The number of simple directed vertex 4 has 3 incoming edges and 3 outgoing edges , so … A graph with directed edges is called a directed graph or digraph. . For simplicity, we can assume that it’s using an adjacency list. E is a set of edges (links). Most graphs are defined as a slight alteration of the followingrules. A graph is a directed graph if all the edges in the graph have direction. graphs on nodes with edges can be given Let’s start with a simple definition. GCD is the greatest common divisor, the https://mathworld.wolfram.com/SimpleDirectedGraph.html, 1, 1, 5, Ch. of Integer Sequences. Corresponding to the connections (or lack thereof) in a network are edges (or links) in a graph. A directed graph is simple if it has no loops (that is, edges of the form u!u) and no multiple edges. In simple words, it is based on the idea that if one vertex u is reachable from vertex v then vice versa must also hold in a directed graph. Complete graph K5 The graph will order links from largest to smallest, so if you choose 1000, it will show the 1000 strongest links. with 0s on the diagonal). A complete directed graph is a simple directed graph G = (V,E) such that every pair of distinct vertices in G are connected by exactly one edge—so, for each pair of distinct vertices, either (x,y) or (y,x) (but not both) is in E. 7.1. graph. Directed Graph. A directed graph having no symmetric pair of Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, pp. A graph with no loops and no parallel edges is called a simple graph. Directed, simple graph. A simple directed weighted graph is a simple directed graph for which edges are assigned weights. c data-structure data-structures algorithm algorithms graph 10 commits 1 branch 0 packages 2 releases Fetching contributors C. 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Anything technical or vertex ) cycles in directed graph having no symmetric of! Step-By-Step solutions the directed simple graph URL that in a graph G as an ordered where! The number of edges ( links ) links from largest to smallest, so if you choose 1000 it. And all the edges in the Gallery, force-directed graphs require two queries network ( a! Oriented graph. of nodes ( vertices ) we can assume that it ’ s using adjacency. 12 ] in that each edge in a single direction usesin computer science graph data structure defined as a alteration! “ a collection of vertices and edges in the Wolfram Language package Combinatorica ` c e figure 7.6 check there. Homework problems step-by-step from beginning to end is the main difference between directed and undirected.! In that each edge is bidirected is called a node ( or )! Indicate a one-way relationship, in that each edge in a … Definition ab is! I.E., no bidirected edges ) is called an oriented graph. ‘ ab ’ is different ‘... 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## Roxanne Tellier: The Forgotten Man

Posted in Opinion with tags , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , on September 7, 2014 by segarini

Imagine, if you will … writing not one, not two … but literally dozens of top ten hits, for groups as diverse as The Beatles, Solomon Burke,  Edwin Starr, the Rolling Stones, Janis  Joplin and Barbara Lewis. Yeah, that’s lightning, baby …

## Segarini: “Say, Isn’t that…?”

Posted in Opinion with tags , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , on May 6, 2013 by segarini

When I was growing up in Stockton California, music was the connecting tissue between friends, and one of the most important touchstones of our daily lives. Everybody listened to the radio. Everybody went to the dances and the house parties and brought their favourite 45s to share in basement rec rooms and around the pool. Everybody had transistor radios. Everybody went to the record stores and spent their babysitting or paperboy money on the latest records. We discussed our favourite artists and songs, we debated the worth of Elvis VS Boone, Beatles VS Stones, and everything in-between. We were ravenous…and constantly on the lookout for music that touched us, made us think, made us dance, made us alive…and kept us appeased until the next release from our current heroes.

=0=


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# How koji is produced on industrial scales

Keith Wong Jul 26, 2020 · 9 mins read

This post will provide a list of commercial and industrial koji fermentation equipment. It is by no means complete - I will update the list as I discover new equipment. A glossary of Japanese terms is available at the end.

In traditional koji making methods, cedar vessels are lined with cloth, filled with substrate, and allowed to ferment in a controlled environment called a koji room. The three main types are referred to as the “tray”, “box”, and “bed” methods - the main difference being the size of the cedar vessel. Craft koji producers and traditional / semi-traditional shops still use these methods today.

Capacity: 1 - 5 kg per tray, 7.5 - 45kg per box, 100kg per 4m² bed

Traditional method process diagram - koji shown in light yellow

Box method in a koji room - from www.nada-ken.com

It’s easy to see why these methods won’t scale: labour is expensive. These trays, boxes, and beds have to be loaded and emptied by hand. The koji itself, with no advanced process control, will heat up in the middle of the fermentation process and require mixing by hand to cool.

### Modern equipment

Modern koji equipment appeared after World War II, when Japan entered a period of urbanization and industrialization. For the koji industry, this meant that miso, sake, and shoyu production left the farmhouse and workshop to be aggregated into larger and larger factories. These methods will make use of modern materials, such as stainless steel and plastics, which are easier to sanitize.

Industrial koji equipment is typically classified into one of three ventilation configurations:

1. Interior ventilation - air is blown through the bed of koji (bottom up)
2. Surface ventilation - air is blown across the koji surface
3. Non-ventilated - natural convection cools and ventilates the koji

Interior ventilation is by far the most common. Although surface and non-ventilated methods are described in literature, it seems that the modern equipment market is dominated by interior ventilation methods.

#### Static flat bed type

Capacity: 100kg - 1500kg
Ventilation method: interior
Koji bed depth: 5 - 7cm

Static flat bed type process diagram

An example of a static flat bed: tent-type fermenter in a koji room - from hakuyoo.com

By blowing air through a bed of koji, a manufacturer can provide more oxygen and regulate heat transfer through a thicker mass of koji, making better use of floor space. Smaller fermenters are typically kept in climate-controlled rooms, so the blower only facilitates air movement. Larger configurations will have an air-handling unit attached to the blower, which facilitates temperature and humidity control. Some units are also equipped with a track-mounted mixer, which runs through horizontally through the bed of koji.

The static flat bed type is an all-encompassing term of various medium-scale koji fermenters, including tent-type, ventilated box-type, and “Castan”-type.

#### Multistage conveyor type

Capacity: 1000kg - 3000kg
Ventilation method: interior (stage 1), surface (stage 2)
Koji bed depth: 15cm (stage 1) 3 - 6cm (stage 2)

Multi-stage conveyor type process diagram

Exterior of multi-stage conveyor system - from www.masudasyoji.jp

The multi-stage conveyor takes advantage of the koji’s different growth stages. In the first stage, the koji does not require much oxygen and also does not emit much heat. This means that it can be incubated in a thick static bed for the first 24h. Once the koji metabolism kicks into overdrive, it is spread thinly on a conveyor system for the latter 24h. They conveyor operates intermittently to mix and redistribute the koji itself.

I could only find one equipment manufacturer making this equipment configuration, so it seems to be rare.

#### Vapour exchange non-ventilated type

Capacity: 100 - 500kg
Ventilation: non-ventilated
Koji bed depth: 3 - 6cm

Unventilated-type process diagram

Unventilated-type closed (left) and with fabric opened (right) - from Fujiwara Techno-Art

In these unventilated type machines, the koji sits in a thin layer on a mesh. Two large sheets of plastic fabric are stretched above and below the koji bed. These sheets prevent dust and pathogens from getting onto the koji, but they are still permeable to air and moisture. As the koji heats up, a natural draft forms which allows air to flow through the koji bed. Direct removal of the plastic mesh fabric makes this device easy to clean.

#### Drum type

Capacity: 500 - 3000kg
Ventilation: interior
Koji bed depth: N/A

Drum-type process diagram

Drum-type fermenter exterior (top) and interior (bottom) - from iichimiso.com

In drum-type fermenters, the koji sits on a mesh mounted approximately halfway between the edge of the drum and its centre axis. This mesh forms the bottom of a pentagonal housing that sits within the drum itself. Within this housing, two static mixers (metal rods with protrusions) extend along the axis of the drum. The drum is normally stationary, and is programmed to turn every so often to facilitate mixing. As it turns, the koji tumbles around and hits these mixers, breaking it up. Drum-type fermenters always have their own air handling unit.

This type of fermenter is commonly referred to as a “Tomuzetto” - I have no idea where the etymology comes from. My guess is an portmonteau of “tumble” and “set”.

#### Rotary disc type

Capacity: 1000 - 50000kg
Ventilation method: interior
Koji bed depth: 15 - 60cm

Rotary disc type process diagram

Koji loading (left) with auger and mixing (right) - from www.hakutsuru.co.jp

In rotary disc type fermenters, the koji sits on a large, circular mesh disc that rotates along its vertical axis. An auger runs horizontally through the radius of the disc and facilitates loading and distribution of the koji into an even layer. A mixer also runs horizontally through the radius and breaks up the bed of koji as the disc rotates (at about ~0.3-0.5rpm). Note that rotary disc type fermenters always have their own air handling unit.

This fermenter scales incredibly well and dominates large scale facilities, such as those used by Marukome or Kikkoman.

### Conclusion

I am glossing over three important topics here:

1. Air handling units and process control
2. Blowers, motors, and mechanical drives
3. Sanitation and clean-in-place systems

These are lengthy topics and I’ll address them in a different post.

It seems that drum-type and rotary-disc type fermenters, which are used at the largest scale, are typically reserved for shoyu, miso, and cheap sake. Quality sake commonly uses the static bed, multi-stage conveyor, or vapour exchange unventilated type. The exact reason is not clear, but I would hazard a guess that Sake koji is more sensitive to conditions are requires greater care, where as miso and shoyu simply need to produce as much enzyme mass as possible for secondary fermentation and aging.

Here are some great general information sites on the topic. Nada-ken has an english translation of all articles.

I also recommend Miso Production by William Shurtleff & Akiko Aoyagi. If you haven’t already encountered them, they are two of the most dedicated people when it comes to transferring Japanese fermentation technology to the west.

#### Glossary of Japanese terms

English literature on koji fermenters is sparse, at best. For those of you looking to conduct your own research, here is a glossary of relevant Japanese terms.

English Japanese Romaji / Pronounciation
Koji room 麹室 / 製麹室 Kōji muro / sei-kiku-shitsu
Tray / lid koji method 蓋麹法 Futa-kōji-hō
Box koji method 箱麹法 Hako-kōji-hō
Bed / table koji method 床麹法 Toko-kōji-hō
Machine koji method 機械製麹法 Kikai-sei-kiku-hō
Interior ventilation type 内部通風式 Naibu-tsufu-shiki
Surface ventilation type 表面通風式 Hyomen-tsufu-shiki
Multi-stage thin layer ventilation type 薄層多段通風方式 Hakusō-tadan-tsufu-hoshiki
Unventilated type 無通風式 Mu-tsufu-shiki
Static bed type 静置平床式 Seichi hiratoko-shiki
Tent type 天幕式 Tenmaku-shiki
“Casten” type カステン式 Kasuten-shiki
Conveyor type コンベア式 Konbea-shiki
Drum type ドラム式 Doramu-shiki
“Tomuzetto” type トムゼット式 Tomuzetto-shiki
Rotary type 回転式 Kaiten-shiki
Rotary disc type 回転円盤式 Kaiten enban-shiki
Automatic koji making machine 自動製麹機 Jidō-sei-kiku-ki
Automatic koji making equipment 自動製麹装置 Jidō-sei-kiku-sōchi
💡 Note 1: when describing a koji-making machine, "type" (式, shiki) is always followed by "automatic koji making machine / equipment" (自動製麹機 / 装置, Jidō-sei-kiku -ki/-sōchi). Note that like in english, machine and equipment mean the same thing in this context. For example, a full name would be "Rotary-type automatic koji machine equipment" (回転式自動製麹装置, Kaiten-shiki jidō-sei-kiku-sōchi)
💡 Note 2: many original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) will come up with their own branded names for equipment. You may see things like "NFT式", "VEX式", etc, but they will always fall into one of the descriptions described here.

#### References

1. Chisti, Yusuf. (2014). Fermentation (Industrial): Basic Considerations. 10.1016/B978-0-12-384730-0.00106-3.

2. Yoshiya Fujiwara, Progress of Koji Making Equipment, Journal of The Brewing Society of Japan, 1993, Volume 88, No. 4, p. 281-286, Published 2011/09/20, Online ISSN 2186-4012, Print ISSN 0914-7314, https: //doi.org/10.6013/jbrewsocjapan1988.88.281

##### Written by Keith Wong
Chemical engineer and fermentation hobbyist with a background in wastewater, drinking water, and solid waste management. Keith enjoys natto and anything koji-related.


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# If Q and T are integers, what is the value of Q?

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If Q and T are integers, what is the value of Q?  [#permalink]

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If Q and T are integers, what is the value of Q?

(1) $$Q = \frac{2T}{7}$$.

(2) $$T+\frac{7}{2} =\frac{7(Q+2)}{4}$$

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Re: If Q and T are integers, what is the value of Q?  [#permalink]

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23 Jun 2016, 02:36
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Bunuel wrote:
If Q and T are integers, what is the value of Q?

(1) Q = 2T/7.
(2) T+7/2 =7(Q+2)/4

Statement 1) Insufficient.
Statement 2) 8T+28 = 14Q+28 => 8T= 14Q => Q=4T/7 .. Insufficient

Together Statement 1) & 2) Q=2T/7 & Q=4T/7, More over Q & T are Integers.
this is possible only if T=0 and hence Q=0.

Choice C) is the answer. Statement 1) & 2) together are sufficient to ans the question.

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23 Jun 2016, 02:47
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Statement 1:
Q=2T/7 -----> 7Q=2T
so, Q can be 2 and T can be 7 or Q can be 4 and T can be 14.
So, Statement 1 doesn't satisfy.
A and D out.
Statement 2:
T+7/2 =7(Q+2)/4 -----> 4T+14=7Q+14 -----> 4T=7Q
so, Q can be 4 and T can be 7 or Q can be 8 and T can be 14.
So, Statement 2 also doesn't satisfy.

Combining 1 and 2:
2T=7Q and 4T=7Q. This can be true only if T=0 and Q=0.
So, we know Q=0.
Hence, we get an answer for Q.
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Re: If Q and T are integers, what is the value of Q?  [#permalink]

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Bunuel wrote:
If Q and T are integers, what is the value of Q?

(1) Q = 2T/7.
(2) T+7/2 =7(Q+2)/4

Statement 1: Q = 2T/7
We do not know anything about T.
INSUFFICIENT

Statement 2: T+7/2 =7(Q+2)/4
On solving,
T + 7/2 = 7Q/4 + 7/2
T = 7Q/4
We do not know anything about T.
INSUFFICIENT

Combining both statements:
Q = 2T/7 and Q = 4T/7
Hence 2T/7 = 4T/7
This can be true for T = 0 only.

Hence Q = 0
SUFFICIENT

Correct Option: C
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## Overview

Family objects are important building blocks in the design of BAMLSS models. They specify the distribution by collecting functions of the density, respective log-likelihood, first-order derivatives of the log-likelihood w.r.t. predictors (the score function), and (optionally) second-order derivatives of the log-likelihood w.r.t. predictors or their expectation (the Hessian).

The bamlss package can be easily extended by constructing families for specific tasks, i.e. problems for which a likelihood can be formulated. However, the most important distributions are shipped with bamlss. Finally, it is also possible to employ gamlss families.

## How to build a bamlss family

We illustrate how to build a bamlss family by hand along the Gaussian distribution, with density $f(y\,|\,\mu,\sigma) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}\sigma} \cdot \exp \left( \frac{-(y-\mu)^2}{2\sigma^2} \right),$ and log-likelihood function $\ell(\mu,\sigma\,|\,y) = - \frac{1}{2} \log(2\pi) - \log(\sigma) - \frac{(y-\mu)^2}{2\sigma^2},$ for an individual observation. The sum of the log-likelihood function over all observations is the target function of the optimization problem.

In the distributional regression framework the parameters are linked to predictors by link functions, $\mu = \eta_\mu, \qquad \log(\sigma) = \eta_\sigma.$ For the Gaussian $$\mu$$ and $$\sigma$$ are linked to $$\eta_\mu$$ and $$\eta_\sigma$$ by the identity function and the logarithm, respectively.

The score functions in bamlss are the first derivatives of the log-likelihood w.r.t. the predictors: $s_\mu = \frac{\partial\ell}{\partial\eta_\mu} = \frac{\partial\ell}{\partial\mu} \cdot \frac{\partial\mu}{\partial\eta_\mu} = \frac{y-\mu}{\sigma^2},$ and $s_\sigma = \frac{\partial\ell}{\partial\eta_\sigma} = \frac{\partial\ell}{\partial\sigma} \cdot \frac{\partial\sigma}{\partial\eta_\sigma} = -1 + \frac{(y-\mu)^2}{\sigma^2}.$

For the second derivative of the log-likelihood we are able to obtain the negative expectation, $\mathsf{E}(-\partial^2\ell / \partial\eta_{\mu}^{2} ) = \sigma^{-2},$ and $\mathsf{E}(-\partial^2\ell / \partial\eta_{\sigma}^{2} ) = 2.$

Now we have to write a function that returns a family.bamlss object (S3) which encapsulates functions for density, score and Hessian, and the names of the family, parameter and link functions:

Name of element Value
family character string with the name of the family
names vector of character strings with the names of the parameters
links vector of character strings with the names of the link functions
d a function returning the density with arguments y, par, log = FALSE (see below)
score a list with functions (one for each parameter) returning the first derivatives of the log-likelihood w.r.t. predictors
hess a list with functions (one for each parameter) returning the negative second derivatives of the log-likelihood w.r.t. predictors

Nearly all functions take as first argument the response y and as second argument a named list holding the evaluated parameters par of the distribution on the scale of the predictors $$\eta_{\star}$$.

The implementation looks like this:

mygauss <- function(...) {
f <- list(
"family" = "mygauss",
"names"  = c("mu", "sigma"),
"links"  = c(mu = "identity", sigma = "log"),
"d" = function(y, par, log = FALSE) {
dnorm(y, mean = par$mu, sd = par$sigma, log = log)
},
"score" = list(
mu = function(y, par, ...) {
drop((y - par$mu) / (par$sigma^2))
},
sigma = function(y, par, ...) {
drop(-1 + (y - par$mu)^2 / (par$sigma^2))
}
),
"hess" = list(
mu = function(y, par, ...) {
drop(1 / (par\$sigma^2))
},
sigma = function(y, par, ...) {
rep(2, length(y))
}
)
)
class(f) <- "family.bamlss"
return(f)
}
library("bamlss")

## Simulate some data.
d <- GAMart()

## Specify formula.
f <- ~ s(x1) + s(x2) + s(x3) + s(lon, lat)
f <- list(mu = update(f, num ~ .), sigma = f)

## Model.
b <- bamlss(f, data = d, family = mygauss)

Optionally, the family.bamlss object can be extended by functions for

• the cumulative distribution function p(y, par, ...),
• the quantile function (the inverse cdf) q(p, par),
• a random number generator r(n, par),
• the log-likelihood loglik(y, par),
• the expectation mu(par, ...),
• initial values for optimization, which has to be a list containing a function for each parameter,

which can help to speed up optimization, or be convenient for predictions and simulations.

## Available families

There are some families implemented:

### Continuous response

#### Gaussian distribution

Or normal distribution.

Density: $f(y\,|\,\mu,\sigma) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}\sigma} \cdot \exp \left( \frac{-(y-\mu)^2}{2\sigma^2} \right),$ with $$\sigma > 0$$.

• $$\mu = \eta_\mu$$
• $$\log(\sigma) = \eta_\sigma$$

Function: gaussian_bamlss(...)

Alternative parameterizations:

• gaussian2_bamlss(...) models inverse sigma with a log link.
• Gaussian_bamlss(...) one parametric family modelling only mu.

#### Generalized logistic distribution

Or skewed-logistic distribution.

Density: $f(y\,|\,\mu,\sigma,\alpha)=\frac{\alpha\cdot\exp\left(-\frac{y-\mu}{\sigma}\right)} {\sigma\cdot\left(1+\exp\left(-\frac{y-\mu}{\sigma}\right)\right)^{2\alpha}},$ with $$\sigma, \alpha > 0$$.

• $$\mu = \eta_\mu$$
• $$\log(\sigma) = \eta_\sigma$$
• $$\log(\alpha) = \eta_\alpha$$

Function: glogis_bamlss(...)

### Positive continuous response

#### Gamma distribution

Two-parameter distribution with $$\mu > 0$$ for the expectation of the distribution and $$\sigma > 0$$ for its shape.

Density: $f(y\,|\,\mu,\sigma)=\frac{y^{\sigma-1}\cdot\exp\left(-\frac{\sigma\cdot y}{\mu}\right)} {\left(\frac{\mu}{\sigma}\right)^\sigma\cdot\Gamma(\sigma)}.$

• $$\log(\mu) = \eta_\mu$$
• $$\log(\sigma) = \eta_\sigma$$

Function: gamma_bamlss(...)

#### Generalized Pareto distribution

Density: $f(y\,|\,\xi,\sigma)=\frac{1}{\sigma}\cdot\left(1+\frac{\xi\cdot y}{\sigma} \right)^{-\left(1+1/\xi\right)},$ with $$\xi, \sigma > 0$$.

• $$\log(\xi) = \eta_\xi$$
• $$\log(\sigma) = \eta_\sigma$$

Function: gpareto_bamlss(...)

#### Weibull distribution

Density: $f(y\,|\,\lambda,\alpha)=\frac{\alpha}{\lambda}\cdot\left(\frac{y}{\lambda}\right)^{\alpha-1} \cdot\exp\left(-\left(\frac{y}{\lambda}\right)^\alpha\right),$ with $$\lambda, \alpha > 0$$.

• $$\log(\lambda) = \eta_\lambda$$
• $$\log(\alpha) = \eta_\alpha$$

Function: weibull_bamlss(...)

#### Lognormal distribution

Density: $f(y\,|\,\mu,\sigma) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}\sigma} \cdot \exp \left( \frac{-(\log(y)-\mu)^2}{2\sigma^2} \right),$ with $$\sigma > 0$$.

• $$\mu = \eta_\mu$$
• $$\log(\sigma) = \eta_\sigma$$

Function: lognormal_bamlss(...)

### Censored continuous responses

#### Zero-censored normal distribution

Density: $f(y\,|\,\mu,\sigma)= \begin{cases} \frac{1}{\sigma} \phi\left(\frac{y-\mu}{\sigma} \right) & y > 0 \\ \Phi\left(\frac{-\mu}{\sigma} \right) & \mbox{else,} \end{cases}$ where $$\phi$$ is the probability density and $$\Phi$$ the cumulative distribution function of the standard normal distribution.

• $$\mu = \eta_\mu$$
• $$\log(\sigma) = \eta_\sigma$$

Function: cnorm_bamlss(...)

### Interval responses

#### Beta distribution

The beta distribution, with density $f_{Beta}(y\,|\,\alpha,\beta)=\frac{\Gamma(\alpha+\beta)}{\Gamma(\alpha)\cdot\Gamma(\beta)} \cdot y^{\alpha-1} \cdot (1-y)^{\beta-1}$ is implemented using the Balding-Nichols parameterization (Balding and Nichols 1995).

Density: $f(y\,|\,\mu,\sigma)=f_{Beta}\left(y\,\middle|\,\alpha = \mu \cdot \frac{1-\sigma}{\sigma}, \beta = (1-\mu) \cdot \frac{1-\sigma}{\sigma} \right),$ with $$0 < \mu < 1$$ and $$0 < \sigma < 1$$.

• $$\mathrm{logit}(\mu)=\eta_\mu$$
• $$\mathrm{logit}(\sigma)=\eta_\sigma$$

Function: beta_bamlss(...)

### Discrete responses

#### Bernoulli distribution

Often called binomial, though the Bernoulli is a special case of the binomial distribution.

Density: $f(y\,|\,\pi) = \pi^y \cdot (1-\pi)^{1-y},$ where $$\pi$$ is a probability.

• $$\mathrm{logit}(\pi)=\eta_\pi$$

Function: binomial_bamlss(link = "logit", ...)

#### Multinomial model

Say, $$y$$ is a categorial response with $$c+1$$ nomial categories, and $$y_{1}^{\star}, \dots, y_{c+1}^{\star}$$ are associated dummy variables. $$p_1, \dots, p_{c+1}$$ are probabilities for an observation falling in one of the categories. Category $$c+1$$ serves as reference, i.e. $$p_{c+1} = 1 - p_1 - \dots - p_{c}$$.

Density: $f(y\,|\,\pi_1,\dots,\pi_c) = \prod_{s=1}^{c+1} p_{s}^{y_{s}^{\star}}, \quad \text{where} \quad p_r = \frac{\pi_r}{1 + \pi_1 + \dots + \pi_c},$

• $$\log(\pi_r) = \log\left(\frac{p_r}{p_{c+1}}\right) = \eta_r,$$

where $$\eta_r$$ specifies the log-odds between category $$r$$ and the reference category $$c+1$$.

Function: multinomial_bamlss(...)

### Count data responses

#### Poisson distribution

Density: $f(y\,|\,\lambda) = \frac{\lambda^y \cdot \exp(-\lambda)}{y!},$ with $$\lambda > 0$$.

• $$\log(\lambda) = \eta_\lambda$$

Function: poisson_bamlss(...)

#### Negative binomial (type II)

Density: $f(y\, |\, \mu, \theta) = \frac{\Gamma(\theta + y)}{\Gamma({\theta}) \cdot y!} \cdot \frac{\mu^y \cdot \theta^\theta}{(\mu + \theta)^{\theta + y}},$ with $$\mu,\theta > 0$$.

• $$\log(\mu) = \eta_\mu$$
• $$\log(\theta) = \eta_\theta$$

Function: nbinom_bamlss(...)

#### Zero-truncated negative binomial

Density: $f(y\,|\,\mu,\theta)=\frac{f_{\mathrm{NB}}(y\,|\,\mu,\theta)} {1-f_{\mathrm{NB}}(0\,|\,\mu,\theta)},$ where $$f_{\mathrm{NB}}$$ is the density of the negative binomial.

• $$\log(\mu) = \eta_\mu$$
• $$\log(\theta) = \eta_\theta$$

Function: ztnbinom_bamlss(...)

### Multivariate responses

#### Multivariate normal distribution

Say $$y$$ is a $$k$$ dimensional observation.

Density: $f(y\,|\,\mu,\Sigma) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{(2\pi)^{k} |\Sigma|}} \cdot \exp \left(-\frac{1}{2} (y-\mu)^\top \Sigma^{-1} (y-\mu) \right),$ where $$\Sigma$$ can be decomposed into $$\Sigma = D \Omega D$$ with $D= \begin{pmatrix} \sigma_1 & 0 & \cdots & 0 \\ 0 & \sigma_2 & \cdots & 0 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ 0 & 0 & \cdots & \sigma_k \end{pmatrix}, \qquad \text{and} \qquad \Omega= \begin{pmatrix} 1 & \rho_{12} & \cdots & \rho_{1k} \\ \rho_{12} & 1 & \cdots & \rho_{2k} \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ \rho_{1k} & \rho_{2k} & \cdots & 1 \end{pmatrix}.$

• $$\mu_j = \eta_{\mu_j}$$
• $$\log(\sigma_j) = \eta_{\sigma_j}$$
• $$\mathrm{rhogit}(\rho_{jl}) = \eta_{\rho_{jl}}$$

Function: mvnorm_bamlss(k = 2, ...)

Alternative parameterizations:

• mvnormAR1_bamlss(k = 2, ...) with $\Omega= \begin{pmatrix} 1 & \rho & \rho^2 & \cdots & \rho^{k-1} \\ \rho & 1 & \rho & \cdots & \rho^{k-2} \\ \rho^2 & \rho & 1 & \cdots & \rho^{k-3} \\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ \rho^{k-1} & \rho^{k-2} & \rho^{k-3} & \cdots & 1 \end{pmatrix},$ and $$\mathrm{rhogit}(\rho) = \eta_{\rho}$$.

### Survival

• cox_bamlss(...)

### Others

• AR1_bamlss(ar.start = NULL, ...)
• beta1_bamlss(ar.start, ...)

## R package gamlss support

The bamlss package supports gamlss families via a transfer function that builds the bamlss.family object from a GAMLSS distribution funciton (Stasinopoulos and Rigby 2007), e.g. NO(), internally:

## Load the gamlss families.
library("gamlss.dist")

## Estimate model.
b <- bamlss(f, data = d, family = NO)

## References

Balding, David J., and Richard A. Nichols. 1995. “A Method for Quantifying Differentiation Between Populations at Multi-Allelic Loci and Its Implications for Investigating Identity and Paternity.” Genetica 96 (1): 3–12. doi:10.1007/BF01441146.

Stasinopoulos, D. Mikis, and Robert A. Rigby. 2007. “Generalized Additive Models for Location Scale and Shape (Gamlss) in R.” Journal of Statistical Software 23 (7): 1–46. doi:10.18637/jss.v023.i07.

Umlauf, Nikolaus, Nadja Klein, Achim Zeileis, and Thorsten Simon. 2019. bamlss: Bayesian Additive Models for Location Scale and Shape (and Beyond). https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=bamlss.


text:
# Atmel Software Framework

fixed.cpp File Reference

ASF Sensor API fixed point data type.

This header defines a fixed-point data type and associated arithmetic operations. The fixed type approximates fractional quantities using a pair of integers, designated as the mantissa and exponent, such that $$n2^{-q}$$ given integer exponent q and integer mantissa n

Because exponent q is a power of 2 it can also be understood as the number of binary digits into n where the binary point is placed. And since mantissa n is a factor of a power of two, it is only necessary to store the mantissa and the number of fractional bits. This is also known as Q number format.

The mantissa is stored and operated on as a signed two's complement number, where Q specifies the number of fractional bits and, by implication, the location of a virtual fixed decimal point within the mantissa.

#include "fixed.h"


text:
# zbMATH — the first resource for mathematics

Les constantes locales de l’équation fonctionnelle de la fonction L d’Artin d’une représentation orthogonale. (French) Zbl 0337.12012

##### MSC:
 11R42 Zeta functions and $$L$$-functions of number fields 11S31 Class field theory; $$p$$-adic formal groups 14G10 Zeta functions and related questions in algebraic geometry (e.g., Birch-Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture) 20C15 Ordinary representations and characters
Full Text:
##### References:
 [1] Deligne, P.: Les constantes des ?quations fonctionnelles des fonctionsL. In: Modular functions of one variable II, Lecture Notes in Mathematics 349, pp. 501-597. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer 1973 [2] Fr?hlich, A., Queyrut, J.: On the functional equation of the ArtinL-function for characters of real representations. Inventiones math.20, 125-138 (1973) · Zbl 0256.12010 · doi:10.1007/BF01404061 [3] Serre, J-P.: Conducteurs d’Artin des caract?res r?els. Inventiones math.14, 173-183 (1971) · Zbl 0229.13006 · doi:10.1007/BF01418887
This reference list is based on information provided by the publisher or from digital mathematics libraries. Its items are heuristically matched to zbMATH identifiers and may contain data conversion errors. It attempts to reflect the references listed in the original paper as accurately as possible without claiming the completeness or perfect precision of the matching.


text:
# Find the equation a plane containing the line vecr =t veca and perpendicular to the plane containing the line vecr = u vecb and vecr = v vec c.

Updated On: 17-04-2022

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illustrate the given problem is find the equation of a plane containing the line y is equals to a vector perpendicular to the plane containing the line y is equals to movie vector and R is equal to BC vectors to make a plane which equation we are finding this is a plane and this plane containing a line let's say this is a line this plane contain and we know that the equation of plane equation of line so here we write the equation of line what is the equation of line in vector form in vector form this is equal to R is equal to a + Lambda x b vector this is a vector which is passing through this line the line passing through a point and SB letter is parallel to this vector silhouettes in this is a vector B which is parallel to the silent this is a vector and hear this vector given is a vector a vector and one thing is also there this plane is perpendicular to the another plane this plane is a perpendicular to another plane at this is a plane which is perpendicular to display let's say this is a perpendicular

this given plane so and this plane containing two lines so this plane contain lets it two lines the first line and their two lines this is a first line and this is a letter s light and what is the parallel vector of these two line The parallel vector is this a vector and b vector let's say this is our here we make two vector which are perpendicular which are parallel to this two lines should be returned 1st vector that should be returned this is the vector perpendicular to its plane if we find the vector like this here a better this what is this better this vector cross product of B and C so this better value is B cross the now if this is because the end this is a if we take the cross we are finding the normal vector to the plane we are finding this vector b vector come to this is a plane and this is also the parallel vector type of this is a plane plane so we take the cross of these two vector the

this to better this we cross the vector and b vector this give the normal vector so here we write the value of this normal vector a and vector so what is the value of this and vector and b vector is equals to a vector cross B Cross c vector now and what is the a vector over here which is where the point This plane passing through the a vector is 000 because the line this is this point 000 so we can say that this point is zero i + J + K that was always goes to what are the equation of plane so we know that equation of plane is where we write equation of plane what is the equation of plane we know that the equation of plane is equals to our vector is equals to Yaar Bina that are minus A minus A is equals to zero that means are my daughter and is close to what is vector

where we can directly write a daughter because as 0 r.no and given a cross B cross C is equal to zero this is our equation of plane the Sar final answer is bar final answer of the problem thank you