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## Six Months of Women Writers

January 22, 2017

Last spring, I was taking a look at what I’d been reading recently. I read a lot of novels. Reading a novel seems to be my default state. I read a lot of science fiction, some crime novels, some historical fiction, some “straight” fiction (whatever that really is). But what I noticed was that the authors I tend to read skew very male. I decided I needed to do something about that, if only because I was probably missing some great stuff. So for six months I decided to read only novels written by women.

And I was right! I was missing some great stuff. I read about 60 novels in those six months, and discovered some amazing things that I really wish I’d known about before. Here are a few of the stand-outs.

First, I now have five (count them, five!) new crime series to read, all engaging and quite superb in different ways.

First, there are the Medicus novels by Ruth Downie, set in Britain (and in later novels other places too) in the late(-ish) Roman Empire, which hit both the “crime” and “historical” spots. Equally enjoyable, and also in the historical crime mould are the Crowther & Westerman novels of Imogen Robertson. (I derived slightly nasty enjoyment from the inversion of the “gallant seaman has adventures while faithful wife keeps the home fires burning” trope here. The “gallant seaman” even gets fridged in the second [?] book in the series…)

The other three series are all contemporary, but each has a different flavour. First are Kate Atkinson’s Jackson Brodie stories, which are huge fun. After the first book, the titular character appears mostly incidentally, which is unsettling, but makes for a very particular effect. I don’t know what it is she does, but Atkinson has this very delicate control of mood, a control that I can’t quite describe: you just have to read the books…

Then there are Sophie Hannah’s Culver Valley books, usually described as “psychological thrillers”, but which for me sometimes edge into “weird fiction” territory. Hannah superlatively shows the unknowability of the other in her characters: many of them are very strange, their motivations unclear, their actions difficult to explain. The two central figures in the books (the Zailer and Waterhouse of the series title) have a relationship that’s very hard to characterise: they clearly love each other, as well as they can given their insecurities and quirks, but they constantly talk past each other, keep secrets, misunderstand one another. There’s a lot to Hannah’s books. Sometimes there’s a feeling that things are going to veer into the supernatural, but they never do. There are mundane, if strange, explanations for everything that happens. Sometimes very strange, given the strangeness of her characters. (Oh, and the families. Oh god, the families. Terrifying. I do hope that Hannah didn’t model them on her own. If so, she should get help.)

Finally, for crime, there are Tana French’s Dublin Murder Squad novels. These are just brilliant. I was hooked from the start, just by the language of the first novel, In The Woods. There’s an elegiac feeling to it, and French’s evocation of the far-off summers of childhood is perfect in tone. The cadences of her writing made me think of Dylan Thomas. Beautiful and powerful. French, like Atkinson, avoids the common pattern of having a single protagonist or pair of protagonists in each novel, moving the focus between different members of an ensemble cast. It works really well, mostly because French has the skill to write an apparently endless stream of engaging characters. And this skill allows her to do some special things. The central premise of the second book in the series is so unlikely, requires such a huge suspension of disbelief, that, if you laid it out as a bare description of the plot of a book, no-one would believe it. French makes it work, makes the unbelievable completely believable, and does it (apparently) effortlessly. Some writers, you read their work and you think “Hmmmm. I could probably write something like that.” I read French’s work and think “No way could I ever be that good, not in a hundred years.”

The rest of what I read was mostly fantasy or science fiction. Some fluff, but some other things that take a bit more processing. On the fluffier side, Genevieve Cogman’s Invisible Library books are a lot of fun, for instance.

On the “more processing” side though, Becky Chambers’ two novels (The Long Way to a Small, Angry Planet and A Closed and Common Orbit) are really good. The first book feels very much to me as being about “found family”, an idea I like a lot.

Emma Newman has written two “hard-ish” science fiction novels set in the same universe, Planetfall and After Atlas, plus a series of stories (Split Worlds) that might at first glance look like fluff, faeries and Regency manners and such silliness. As you get into them, they’re anything but fluff, and work as a sort of eerie psychological horror. As well as the four existing novels (one more to come, I think), there’s a sequence of short stories set in this world that you can get sent by email, one per week. I’m on about number seven or eight now, and some of them are downright disturbing. As for the science fiction novels, Planetfall took me a little while to get into (I had a lot of other books lined up to read!), but once it got going, it was hard to put down. The protagonist is very damaged, hiding herself from herself as well as the others in the community where she lives. The sequence where her secrets are uncovered is extremely uncomfortable to read, and is one of the better depictions of obsession and mental illness that I’ve read. I found After Atlas to be less good, but that may just be because Planetfall set the bar unreasonably high.

And then, and then! There’s N. K. Jemisin. I read the second book of her Broken Earth trilogy (the last book is due out this year, and will be one of the publishing events of the year as far as I’m concerned). There is so much to say about these books. Go and read them. I might re-read them later in the year when the third book is out and write a proper review. But just go and read them, OK? Regrets, you will have none. (And if you like them, read the Dreamblood books too.)

Speaking of publishing events for 2017, the absolute top of the list for me is Winter Tide by Ruthanna Emrys, which comes out some time in the spring. If you’ve read any (or a lot of) H. P. Lovecraft and have always been suspicious of dear Howard’s horrifying racism and sexism, and have been led to wonder what else he got wrong by looking through his twisted little lens of bigotry, read Emrys’s short story The Litany of Earth, which is a sort of prologue to Winter Tide.

Oh, and in the same vein, you could do worse than have a read of Kij Johnson’s The Dream-Quest of Vellitt Boe, another “reimagining” of Lovecraft. (And then read her short stories collected in At the Mouth of the River of Bees, especially Names for Water, which might have brought a little tear to my eye when I read it…).

So, a successful experiment? Oh yeah. Why had I not read any of these things before? I could blame Amazon’s recommendation engine, but I think it mostly just comes down to habit and laziness. This was a really good way to bump me out of that.

## Setting up dual boot Arch Linux/Windows 10

January 14, 2017

I had to do a slightly weird bit of system admin recently, and there was one step that was kind of sneaky and not something I’d seen mentioned anywhere else. So I thought I’d better write it up…

What I wanted to do was make my desktop machine dual boot Arch Linux and Windows 10 (I needed Windows to use some CAD software). That’s not so unusual, but the recommended procedure seems to be to start from a clean machine, install Windows, then install Linux. I was starting from a pre-existing Arch Linux installation and didn’t want to lose anything. I also had things set up using syslinux in BIOS mode, which wasn’t going to work with Windows. So I needed to switch to UEFI booting first.

## New Job with Memcachier

January 7, 2017

I’ve just finished my first week in a new job, which is looking like it’s going to be a lot of fun. I’m working for MemCachier, a small company (I’m employee #4) that offers a multi-tenant cloud-based memcache service. The code is mostly Haskell and Go (and maybe in the future some Rust), the people are all very smart and friendly and committed to trying to do things the right way. I’m still (obviously, after one week) in that initial state of confusion when dropping into a new codebase, but it looks very promising indeed.

The work should be a good mix of web programming, DevOps automation things and distributed systems problems. There’s going to be lots to learn, which is ideal for me! I’m also very happy to be back working in Haskell after a year-long (or a bit more) diversion into Python.

So, as far as I’m concerned, 2017 has started off very well.

## Back again...

January 1, 2017

Well, that’s pretty poor. It’s a year and a half since I last wrote an article here. A lot has happened in that time, and I have some cool new things coming up that I want to write about, so I’d better dust this off.

Quick summary of the last 18 months:

I started a new job in September last year, and had my last day there on December 9. It was OK, but obviously not perfect, otherwise I wouldn’t have left. There were some great people there, but the management of the organisation left a lot to be desired. I’m starting something new tomorrow (!) which I’m quite excited about and that I’ll write about in the next couple of weeks.

We bought a house! It has some doer-upper aspects to it, but it’s pretty great. Very big garden, plenty of space (we have more rooms here than in all the places we’ve lived before now put together!), good dog walking nearby, quiet but handy for transport (we’re about two minutes drive from a motorway, but you don’t hear it much), work for Rita nearby, etc. We moved in in July and had an initial spasm of renovation work where we transformed the rather manky kitchen into something nice. We’re just finishing up renovating the living room, and have lots of ideas of more things to do. One thing is to build a separate office building for me to use, which is going to my big project for the spring. Lots of things to learn! (As well as having more rooms now than we’ve ever had before, we also have more power tools than I’ve ever owned in my life…)

July 20, 2015

I recently did some work for Andy Ridgwell, an old colleague from Bristol, writing a build and configuration system and GUI for a medium-sized climate model called GENIE. GENIE is an EMIC, an Earth system Model of Intermediate Complexity. It’s about 55,000 lines of Fortran and includes models of the atmosphere and ocean plus models of atmospheric chemistry and biogeochemistry in the ocean and ocean sediments.

This model had been in use for some years by different groups, and the infrastructure around it had become quite baroque. Andy wanted this tidied up and made nice (i.e. rewritten…) to make the model easier to set up and use. He also wanted a cross-platform GUI for configuring and running the model, allowing you to keep track of the model state in real-time, to pause and restart model runs, changing the model configuration in between, and so on.

A major consideration for this work was that as well as being easy to use the new system had to be easy to install (on both Linux and Windows) and easy for scientists to hack on. That ruled out Haskell, my usual tool of choice. I decided to use Python instead, for a couple of reasons.

## C2HS Tutorial Ideas

April 27, 2015

One of the things that C2HS is lacking is a good tutorial. So I’m going to write one (or try to, anyway).

To make this as useful as possible, I’d like to base a large part of the tutorial on a realistic case study of producing Haskell bindings to a C library. My current plan is to break the tutorial into three parts: the basics, the case study and “everything else”, for C2HS features that don’t get covered in the first two parts. To make this even more useful, I’d like to base the case study on a C library that someone actually cares about and wants Haskell bindings for.

The requirements for the case study C library are:

1. There shouldn’t already be Haskell bindings for it – I don’t want to duplicate work.

2. The C library should be “medium-sized”: big enough to be realistic, not so big that it takes forever to write bindings.

3. The C library should be of medium complexity. By this, I mean that it should have a range of different kinds of C functions, structures and things that need to be made accessible from Haskell. It shouldn’t be completely trivial, and it should require a little thought to come up with good bindings. On the other hand, it shouldn’t be so unusual that the normal ways of using C2HS don’t work.

4. Ideally it should be something that more than one person might want to use.

5. It needs to be a library that’s available for Linux. I don’t have a Mac and I’m not that keen on doing something that’s Windows-only.

Requirements #2 and #3 are kind of squishy, but it should be fairly clear what’s appropriate and what’s not: any C library for which you think development of Haskell bindings would make a good C2HS tutorial case study is fair game.

If you have a library you think would be a good fit for this, drop me an email, leave a comment here or give me a shout on IRC (I’m usually on #haskell as iross or iross_ or something like that).

## Q1 2015 Review

April 5, 2015

I’ve started doing a new thing this year to try to help with “getting things done”. I normally have a daily to-do list and a list of weekly goals from which I derive my daily tasks, but I’ve also now started having a list of quarterly goals to add another layer of structure. Three months is a good timespan for medium-term planning, and it’s very handy to have that list of quarterly goals in front of you (I printed it out and stuck it to the front of my computer so it’s there whenever I’m working). Whatever you’re doing, you can think “Is this contributing to fulfilling one of my goals?” and if the answer is “No, watching funny cat videos is not among my goals for this quarter”, it can be a bit of a boost to get you back to work.

So, how did I do? Not all that badly, although there were a couple of things that fell by the wayside.

## Non-diffusive atmospheric flow #15: Wrap-up

April 3, 2015

OK, so we’re done with this epic of climate data analysis. I’ve prepared an index of the articles in this series, on the off chance that it might be useful for someone.

The goal of this exercise was mostly to try doing some “basic” climate data analysis tasks in Haskell, things that I might normally do using R or NCL or some cobbled-together C++ programs. Once you can read NetCDF files, a lot of the data manipulation is pretty easy, mostly making use of standard things from the hmatrix package. It’s really not any harder than doing these things using “conventional” tools. The only downside is that most of the code that you need to write to do this stuff in Haskell already exists in those “conventional” tools. A bigger disadvantage is that data visualisation tools for Haskell are pretty thin on the ground – diagrams and Chart are good for simpler two-dimensional plots, but maps and geophysical data plotting aren’t really supported at all. I did all of the map and contour plots here using UCAR’s NCL language which although it’s not a very nice language from a theoretical point of view, has built-in capabilities for generating more or less all the plot types you’d ever need for climate data.

I think that this has been a reasonably useful exercise. It helped me to fix a couple of problems with my hnetcdf package and it turned up a bug in hmatrix. But it went on a little long – my notes are up to 90 pages. (Again: the same thing happened on the FFT stuff.) That’s too long to maintain interest in a problem you’re just using as a finger exercise. The next thing I have lined up should be quite a bit shorter. It’s a problem using satellite remote sensing data, which is always fun.

## Non-diffusive atmospheric flow #14: Markov matrix calculations

April 2, 2015

This is going to be the last substantive post of this series (which is probably as much of a relief to you as it is to me…). In this article, we’re going to look at phase space partitioning for our dimension-reduced $Z_{500}$ PCA data and we’re going to calculate Markov transition matrices for our partitions to try to pick out consistent non-diffusive transitions in atmospheric flow regimes.

## C2HS 0.25.1 "Snowmelt"

March 30, 2015

I took over the day-to-day support for C2HS about 18 months ago and have now finally cleaned up all the issues on the GitHub issue tracker. It took a lot longer than I was expecting, mostly due to pesky “real work” getting in the way. Now seems like a good time to announce the 0.25.1 “Snowmelt” release of C2HS and to summarise some of the more interesting new C2HS features.


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# What are the intercepts of the line 2y=-x+1?

Oct 16, 2015

#### Answer:

I found:
$\left(1 , 0\right)$
$\left(0 , \frac{1}{2}\right)$

#### Explanation:

x-intercept:
set $y = 0$
you get:
$0 = - x + 1$
so $x = 1$

y-intercept:
set $x = 0$
you get:
$2 y = 1$
so $y = \frac{1}{2}$

Oct 16, 2015

#### Answer:

$\left(x , y\right) \to \left(0 , \frac{1}{2}\right) \text{ and } \left(1 , 0\right)$

#### Explanation:

The final answers are at parts ( 2 ) and ( 3 )

Before you can determine the intercepts you need to manipulate the equation so that you only have y on the left hand side of the equals sign and everything else on the other side.
To isolate y and still maintain balance multiply both sides by $\frac{1}{2}$

Step1. $\text{ } \frac{1}{2} \left(2 y\right) = \frac{1}{2} \left(- x + 1\right)$

$\frac{2}{2} y = - \frac{1}{2} x + \frac{1}{2}$

But $\frac{2}{2} = 1$ giving;

$y = - \frac{1}{2} x + \frac{1}{2}$ .........................( 1 )

Now to find the intercepts:

.*******
Step2. The graph crosses the x-axis at y=0

Substitute y=0 in (1) giving:

$0 = - \frac{1}{2} x + \frac{1}{2}$

Add $\frac{1}{2} x$ to both sides so that you may part isolate $x$

$\left(0\right) + \frac{1}{2} x = \left(- \frac{1}{2} x + \frac{1}{2}\right) + \frac{1}{2} x$

$\frac{1}{2} x = \frac{1}{2}$

Multiply both sides by 2 giving:

$x = 1$
so one of the points where it crosses is at $y = 0 , x = 1$ ......( 2 )

.**********
Step3. The graph crosses the y-axis at x=0

Substituting y = 0 in equation ( 1 ) gives:

$y = \frac{1}{2}$ ....................( 3 )
so the other point where it crosses is at $y = \frac{1}{2} , x = 0$ .......( 3 )

format: plain


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# Solution - Two Monochromatic Rays of Light Are Incident Normally on the Face AB of an Isosceles Right-angled Prism ABC. the Refractive Indices of the Glass Prism for the Two Rays '1' and '2' Are Respectively 1.38 and 1.52. Trace the Path of These Rays After Entering Through the Prism. - Dispersion by a Prism

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#### Question

Two monochromatic rays of light are incident normally on the face AB of an isosceles right-angled prism ABC. The refractive indices of the glass prism for the two rays '1' and '2' are respectively 1.38 and 1.52. Trace the path of these rays after entering through the prism.

#### Solution

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Is there an error in this question or solution?

#### Similar questions VIEW ALL

In the following diagram, the path of a ray of light passing through a glass prism is shown:

In this diagram the angle of incidence, the angle of emergence and the angle of deviation respectively are (select the correct option):

(A) X, R and T

(B) Y, Q and T

(C) X, Q and P

(D) Y, Q and P

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A ray PQ incident on the face AB of a prism ABC, as shown in the figure, emerges from the face AC such that AQ = AR.

Draw the ray diagram showing the passage of the ray through the prism. If the angle of the prism is 60° and refractive index of the material of prism is sqrt3 , determine the values of angle of incidence and angle of deviation

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A ray PQ incident normally on the refracting face BA is refracted in the prism BAC made of material of refractive index 1.5. Complete the path of ray through the prism. From which face will the ray emerge? Justify your answer.

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A narrow beam PQ of white light is passing through a glass prism ABC as shown in the diagram.

Trace it on your answer sheet and show the path of the emergent beam as observed on the screen DE.

(i) Write the name and cause of the phenomenon observed.

(ii) Where else in nature is this phenomenon observed?

(iii) Based on this observation, state the conclusion which can be drawn about the constituents of white light.

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Study the following diagrams in which the path of a ray of light passing through a glass prism as traced by four students P, Q, R and S is shown:

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Solution for question: Two Monochromatic Rays of Light Are Incident Normally on the Face AB of an Isosceles Right-angled Prism ABC. the Refractive Indices of the Glass Prism for the Two Rays '1' and '2' Are Respectively 1.38 and 1.52. Trace the Path of These Rays After Entering Through the Prism. concept: Dispersion by a Prism. For the courses 12th CBSE (Arts), 12th CBSE (Commerce), 12th CBSE (Science)
S


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# Wednesday, September 21, 2011 Facts about distributivity

In a distributive lattice, all complements (if they exist) are unique. Proof: Suppose we have a distributive lattice consisting of $a, b, c \in L$, with $a \land b = \bot$, $a \lor b = \top$, $a\land c = \bot$, and $a \lor c = \top$. But $b = b \land \top = b \land (a \lor c) = (b \land a) \lor (b \land c) = b \land c$. Similarly, $c = b \land c$. Since both $b$ and $c$ are equal to the meet of $b$ and $c$, then we have that $b \leq c$ and $c \leq b$. So $b=c$ and so the complement to any element is unique.


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Archived

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Problem with multiple glViewport calls

This topic is 5371 days old which is more than the 365 day threshold we allow for new replies. Please post a new topic.

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I''m having a problem with making multiple calls to glViewport. What I want to do is to divide the screen into 4 different views, and then render the scene differently in each view.\ My code is something like... // topleft // glViewport call // set projection matrix // render // bottomleft - same // bottomright - same The problem I''m having is that it first renders the topleft, covers it with black, then the bottomleft, which then gets covered after bottomright is rendered. Why is this so? And what can I do to solve this? I good you bid evening. InitGames Software | InitGames Software forums

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Are you clearing the window between the viewports? glClear is not bounded by the viewport, but by the scissor box (glScissor).

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Ok, I moved the glClear function away from the Render() code to be before the block of code as above, and that solves the problem of the viewports not showing. But now, the last viewport keeps blinking. Anyway I can solve this?

I good you bid evening.

InitGames Software | InitGames Software forums

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Need more details on what you''re actually doing in your code. The code itself (relevant parts only if it''s large) would be nice.

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I''ll post my code when my home connection gets restored. Btw, just in case you need to know, I''m using the wxWindows API.

I good you bid evening.

InitGames Software | InitGames Software forums

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I always set the frustum after calling glViewPort.
I''m not sure if this is needed. You might give it a try if all else fails.

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Wow, what are the odds - I am working with the exact same thing right now!

I believe you need to make a seperate wxGLContext for each render target - the 4 windows.

The wxGLCanvas isn''t a complete class (it doesn''t even do anything in OnSize!).

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Here''s the code

void COGLCanvas::OnPaint(wxPaintEvent &event){	wxPaintDC dc(this);		glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);	int w, h;	GetClientSize(&w, &h);	// bottom left	glViewport(0, 0, ((GLint)w)/2, ((GLint)h)/2);	glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);	glLoadIdentity();	gluPerspective(45.0, ((GLfloat)w/(GLfloat)h)/2, 0.1, 2000.0);	Render();	// top left	glViewport(0, ((GLint)h)/2, (GLint)w/2, (GLint)h/2);	glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);	glLoadIdentity();	gluPerspective(45.0, (GLfloat)w/(GLfloat)h/2, 0.1, 2000.0);	Render();	//SwapBuffers();	// bottom right	glViewport(0+((GLint)w)/2, 0, ((GLint)w)/2, ((GLint)h)/2);	glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);	glLoadIdentity();	gluPerspective(45.0, (GLfloat)w/(GLfloat)h, 0.1, 2000.0);	Render();}

"Never met an American that didn''t like guns."
"Santa Claus would pick up a gun to save his friend."

InitGames Software | InitGames Software forums

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Hmmn, The blinking could be because you might be swaping the buffers in the render functions as I don''t see you swaping in what you''ve posted...

That Was Teh Evil ^^

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<img src="https://d5nxst8fruw4z.cloudfront.net/atrk.gif?account=iA1Pi1a8Dy00ym" style="display:none" height="1" width="1" alt="" />

Classifying Polygons by Sides

Determining the measure of a side of regular polygons.

%
Progress
Progress
%
Geometry Definitions and Introduction to Proof

Word Problem--Solve for the Side of a Regular Polygon.
Teacher Contributed
The lengths of two sides of a regular pentagon are represented by the expressions $\left(10x+11\right)$$(10x + 11)$ and $\left(11x+9\right)$$(11x + 9)$. What is the length of one side of the pentagon?
qid: 100104
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Online Calculators

# Work Calculator

Work Calculator
$$W = Fs$$
work
W =
units
force
displacement

## Calculator Use

This calculator will find the missing variable in the physics equation for Work, when two of the variables are known.

## Work Equation for these Calculations

$$W = Fs$$

Where:

• W = Work
• F = Force
• s = displacement

The energy of Work (W) is the Force (F) multiplied by the displacement (s).

Units of Force
Abbreviations
dyne
dyn
kilogram-force
kgf
newton
N
kilonewton
kN
kip
kip
pound-force
lbf
ounce-force
ozf
poundal
pdl

Cite this content, page or calculator as:

Furey, Edward "Work Calculator" at https://www.calculatorsoup.com/calculators/physics/work.php from CalculatorSoup, https://www.calculatorsoup.com - Online Calculators


text:
# how to calculate micron

How long is 20 microns? To put that into perspective, the diameter of a strand of human hair is between 20 and 180 microns. Pixel Size Calculator. Adjust the light intensity until an image can be clearly seen. Why Choose Silica-Based vs Polymer-Based Scavengers? Type in your own numbers in the form to convert the units! The difference of the microns is losing me money, so I need to calculate how much grams I am losing because of the difference of the microns. Dead load is the term structural and mechanical engineers use to describe the weight of all the permanent parts of any structure. 1 Gm to micron = 1.0E+15 micron. âºâº Quick conversion chart of Gm to micron. Note that rounding errors may occur, so always check the results. Vacuum & Flow Unit Calculator. By Claire Gillespie. Also, explore tools to convert millimeter or micron to other length units or learn more about length conversions. The official symbol for the micron or micrometer is μm, sometimes simplified as um. to feet (m to ft), Yard Keep in mind, since grit and micron are different units of measurement, an exact conversion is not possible. Instant free online tool for millimeter to micron conversion or vice versa. How to calculate how much metal scavenger to use? These values should be within +/- 3%. How many micron in 1 Gm? Micrometer's abbreviation is µm. to mm (inches to millimeters), Mm He is an expert in solid-state physics, and during the day is a researcher at a Russell Group U.K. university. That means a … Wet film thickness, or WFT is the measured thickness of any applied wet paint that is liquid-based. The thickness of plastic film is often expressed in gauge, mils and microns. How to purify your API from organic contaminants? The density is 1.62. As one of a few select converters to offer this many options, the addition of a mesh to micron conversion is an innovative response to the needs of engineers and businesses across the world. A micron is a metric unit of measure for length equal to 0.001 mm, or about 0.000039 inch. Between µ and m measurements conversion chart page. Calculate from length into other length unit measures. The micron, or micrometer, is a unit of length that is equal to one millionth of a meter (approximately one 25 thousandth of 1 inch). to meters (ft to m), Meters B efore you start to calculate your macros, you’ll need to determine a daily calorie goal. Gauge Thickness Conversion Chart and Calculator For Plastic Film . to miles (km to mi), Kilometers to nautical miles (km to nmi). Sciences like Biology and Physics work with very small distances, therefore additional units are used. Under a sufficiently high power (500 times magnification), you should be able to measure objects that are approximately 1 micron and greater. 4. How to convert cm-1 to microns or nanometers. This is usually 4-5x on most microscopes. Type in your own numbers in the form to convert the units! Vacuum & Flow Unit Calculator Vacuubrand 2020-08-14T16:02:57-04:00. 1 Gm to micron = 1.0E+15 micron. The millimetre is a unit of length in the metric system, equivalent to one thousandth of a metre (the SI base unit of length). Divide this by 100 and the total is … Micron is the measure of length most frequently used to describe tiny particle sizes. How far is 50 microns in millimeters? (100×100/1,000,000 = 1/100.) Use the formula C2/B2 in column D to calculate the what percentage of the number in column B is represented by the number in column C. Knowing how wide (in pixels) our CCD camera is, determine the width (in um) of the CCD image. What quantity of scavenger should be used? The term micron is actually a commonly used shorthand for micrometer (American spelling) or micrometre (international spelling). Diferent length units conversion from micron to meters. The micron [µ] to millimeter [mm] conversion table and conversion steps are also listed. The term "micron" was officially revoked in 1967 but it is still used in some industries, especially in semiconductor industry, optics and astronomy. It is proportional to the wavenumber and the frequency (and therefore energy), but it makes those of us â¦ Microns to Centimeters (µ to cm) conversion calculator for Length conversions with additional tables and formulas. Determining the size of screen mesh requires you to measure and count the small squares. Formula as follows: For Micron to Gauge (Micron) x (3.937) For Gauge to Micron (Gauge) x (.254) The simplest of these requires the use of an optical microscope and a stage (slide) micrometer. To calculate a parsec, the effect of parallax can be used, which is an apparent displacement of an object when it is viewed from two different points of view. Change the microscope objective lens to the next highest power and repeat step 3. This simple calculator will allow you to easily convert 20 Î¼m to mm. 1 metre is equal to 1000000 micron, or 1.0E-9 Gm. It is commonly used in biology to measure microorganisms, as well as for measuring infrared radiation wavelengths. How do you convert G m2 to microns? Its symbol is µm. mesh to micron conversion chart. u.s. mesh inches microns millimeters. At what temperature should the scavenger be used? If that inch contains 100 openings, it is 100-mesh screen. Also, explore tools to convert millimeter or micron to other length units or learn more about length conversions. \$L_ {microns}=L_ {mils} * \frac {127}. Spectroscopists of the chemistry variety have found that inverse cm is a wonderful way to measure light. To calculate cubic meters of a surface of 10 square meters (5 meters by 2 meters, with a height of 5 meters. Check the chart for more details. 1 micron = 3.9370079 x 10-5 inch and 1 in = 25400 microns. Calculate from dimension into other dimension unit measures. You can determine the diameter of a fiber in microns if you know its denier and density. How is sandblasting media grit measured? … Calculate Plastic Film Thickness … How to Find the Weight of a Sheet – A & C Plastics, Inc. Polyethylene, LD 0.92 30.1 … Vinyl ARLINFLEX 1.41 … Samuel Markings has been writing for scientific publications for more than 10 years, and has published articles in journals such as "Nature." Mils being a US unit of measure and Micron (um or Micrometer) being a metric system measurement of thickness. Microns, also called micrometers, are units of measurement that equal one millionth of a meter. It might be 2,000 calories per day, or it could be higher or lower. It is free and easy to use courtesy of SolveTech Thickness Gauging. to in (millimeters to inches), Feet How to size a cable, Conductor sizing per the [NEC] National Electrical Code Experts in the USA. 1 micron (micrometre, µm) = 0.001 millimeters (mm) = 0.0001 centimeters (cm) = 0.000001 meter (m) = 3.9370079 x 10-5 inch and 1 inch = 25400 µm. 1 Micron equals 0.003794 Pixel 1 Pixel equals 263.6 Micron Measurement units: Length Next, convert the density into a micron-based measure by dividing the density by 100. Convert 1 µ into meter and microns to m. The other way around, how many meters - m are in one micron - µ unit? This web tool will help you convert mesh to microns! Metric conversion calculator. The difference of the microns is losing me money, so I need to calculate how much grams I am losing because of the difference of the microns. Micron is the measure of length most frequently used to describe tiny particle sizes. Convert 1 µ - µm into millimeter thickness and microns thickness to mm. If you’re eligible, employers must pay 9.5% of ordinary time earnings (OTE) into your choice of super fund. 1 micron (micrometre, µm) = 0.001 millimeters (mm) = 0.0001 centimeters (cm) = 0.000001 meter (m) = 3.9370079 x 10-5 inch and 1 inch = 25400 µm. I started using imageJ a few months ago, so I am not an expert on it yet. 1 metre is equal to 1.0E-9 Gm, or 1000000 micron. Divide this by 100 and the total is 0.0162 microns. The zinc micron thickness is higher than the standard coating. 5 Feb 2019 To convert this micron count to gsm is a matter of multiplying by the paper's Use a calculator or pencil and paper to multiply the MPL value by Loosely woven, screen mesh is used for screen doors, window screens and camping enclosures. That's because microns measure the thickness of paper, while grams per However, you can convert microns to gsm with a few tools and a simple calculation. Micron to Pixel. A micrometer is 1×10⁻⁶ of a meter. You also need to change all the units to a single unit (I'll use centimeters) and calculate the volume. Mil to Micron conversion is usually the most important conversion to make when working with flexible barrier plastics. Look down the microscope and use the focus knob to bring the gradations upon the stage micrometer into focus. Formula as follows: Feet to ... Grams to Ounces (Grams) / (28.35) Film Calculator . How to Calculate the Weight of a Brick. Instant free online tool for micron to millimeter conversion or vice versa. Instant free online tool for millimeter to micron conversion or vice versa. Use this page to learn how to convert between gigameters and microns. Hi! A key difference between the DDR4 Power Calculator and the DDR3 Power Calculator is the DDR4 Power Calculator (both available on micron.com) includes VPP power cover-age. Mils to microns - Alcula home Mils to Microns Conversion Formula. Micron also called um is a length unit which i s 0.001mm or 0.00003937inch, usually to describe the tiny particles size, and aperture size of the mesh fabric in industrial filtration. The millimeter [mm] to micron [µ] conversion table and conversion steps are also listed. Millimeters. The simplest of these requires the use of an optical microscope and a stage (slide) micrometer. Scientific research occurs across many different length-scales, from the study of individual atoms to vast distances across the universe. For Micron to Gauge (Micron) x (3.937) For Gauge to Micron (Gauge) x (.254) Feets and Meters Conversion Formula. The majority of VPP current occurs during an ACT, PRE or REF command as one might expect; a picture of typical, real time IPP current draw is shown in the figure be-low. There are many different methods that can be used to measure a micron. There are 12 in in a foot and 36 inches in 1 yard. What is a supported scavenger? Switch on the microscope light source and place the stage micrometer in the sample stage. For square or rectangular forms, calculate the perimeter of the base and multiply it by the height. Astronomers draw an imaginary line from the Earth (point E1) to the distant star or an astronomical object (point A2), line E1A2. Move the stage by that distance. Turn the revolving turret to the lowest microscope power. To calculate pixel size (and viewing area, aspect ratio, pixels per inch) just fill in âResolutionâ and âDiagonal sizeâ fields and press âCalculateâ button. Switch on the microscope light source and place the stage micrometer in the sample stage. Re: Weight calculation from available length, width in mm and weight in micron for fi [QUOTE=Unregistered;84497][QUOTE= conversion formula from roll length to roll outer dimension[/QUOTE] 8 micronbopp film length 200 meter width 0.7 meter what is the wait Ingram Publishing/Ingram Publishing/Getty Images, Cambridge University: How to Use a Microscope, Stage micrometer with 10 micron graduations. There are many different methods that can be used to measure a micron. Micron to Pixel. To calculate the field of view diameter, divide the field number by the magnification number. 1 metre is equal to 1.0E-9 Gm, or 1000000 micron. Updated December 05, 2020. If you split the word percent into its root words, you see “per” and “cent.” Cent is an old European word with French, Latin, and Italian origins meaning “hundred”. Step 4 The work volume will be equal to the following: Volume= 5 meters high x 10 square meters = 50 cubic meters. Take a picture. Note that rounding errors may occur, so always check the results. An inch ( in, symbol ″) is a unit of length in British Avoirdupois units and United States customary units. Do the grids line-up? Therefore, 1 mil = 25.4 microns. To test the calculated um/pixel for a given objective, one could do the following: Get the calibration slide. My doubt is: I have a quantity of images which express cells. The term micron is actually a commonly used shorthand for micrometer (American spelling) or micrometre (international spelling). How far is 20 microns in millimeters? Microns to Millimeters (µ to mm) conversion calculator for Length conversions with additional tables and formulas. You can view more details on each measurement unit: micron or Gm The SI base unit for length is the metre. While retirement may be a while away, it’s important to calculate how much superannuation you should get paid – or pay if you're an employer. Heavy duty polythene (250 micron) â¦ 4M X 9M CLEAR POLYTHENE PLASTIC SHEET COVER 500 Gauge Greenhouse Shed Garden Image. Do a quick conversion: 1 microns = 0.039370078740157 mils using the online calculator for metric conversions. to meter (yd to m), Meter Metric conversion calculator. Basics. Aluminum foil, an everyday item used to keep food safe in the kitchen, is possibly the thinnest material in your home. Also, explore tools to convert micron or millimeter to other length units or learn more about length conversions. How long is 50 microns? Micron is a non-SI name for micrometer (micrometre - British English). There are 100 times as many grams per meter as there are per centimeter and a millionth as many grams per micron as per meter. Take another picture. The zinc micron thickness is higher than the standard coating. Calculate Plastic Film Thickness SolveTech, Inc. A wet film thickness gage should be used by the applicator as the coating is being applied to ensure that the measurement is representative of the calculated wet film before significant solvent evaporation occurs. Copyright © 2008-2020 Calculator-Converter.com, Inches to micrometers (in to micrometer, µm), In Use this page to learn how to convert between gigameters and microns. If that 1 linear inch of screen contains two squares, it is a 2-mesh screen. These measurements should be calculated in grams and centimeters cubed, respectively. The answer is 1.0E+15. The word percentage comes from the word percent. The formula for grit to micron is 11764.71 x grit^ (-0.93589) = microns. The density is 1.62. 650 m = 65000 cm, 2" = 5.08 cm, and 40 µm = 0.004 cm. Before you can calculate a percentage, you should first understand exactly what a percentage is. The term "micron" was officially revoked in 1967 but it is still used in some industries, especially in semiconductor industry, optics and astronomy. This free gauge by weight calculator allows you to calculate the thickness of your plastic film … 1 mil = 25.4 microns. Micron is a non-SI name for micrometer (micrometre - British English). Here is a chart and a calculator to help you move between the units. For example, I need 85 micron for steel whose weight is 10 ton and I am getting 100 microns for the same weight after checking by Elcometer. Where L mils is the length in mils and Lmicrons is its equivalent in microns. MESH INCHES MICRONS MILLIMETERS 3 0.265 6730 6.73 4 0.187 4760 4.76 5 0.157 4000 4 6 0.132 3360 3.36 7 0.111 2830 2.83 8 0.0937 2380 2.38 10 0.0787 2000 2 12 0.0661 1680 1.68 14 0.0555 1410 1.41 16 0.0469 1190 1.19 18 0.0394 1000 1 20 … Mesh to Micron Conversion ChartRead More » 1 Micron equals 0.003794 Pixel 1 Pixel equals 263.6 Micron Measurement units: Length (100x100/1,000,000 = 1/100.) to yard (m to yd), Miles to kilometers (mi to km), Kilometers The other way around, how many millimeters thickness - mm are in one micron thickness - µ - µm unit? To calculate a basic percentage in Excel, use the “Percent Style” button under the Home Tab>Number Group and apply it to the column where you’d like to display the percent (e.g., column D). Lost when having to determine particles size? This free gauge by weight calculator allows you to calculate the thickness of your plastic film â¦ 1 mil = 25.4 microns. How to choose a metal scavenger? ›› Quick conversion chart of Gm to micron. I used the default settings on imageJ to calculate the surface area of these cells and then I figured out that I should have measured these in squared microns â¦ Micrometer's abbreviation is µm. Copyright 2020 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Media, All Rights Reserved. Mesh to Micron Conversion Table U.S. Sieve Mesh # Inches Microns Typical Material 14 .0555 1400 - 28 .028 700 Beach Sand 60 .0098 250 Fine Sand 100 .0059 150 - 200 .0029 74 Portland Cement 325 .0017 44 Silt 400 .0015 37 Plant Pollen (1200) .0005 12 Red Blood Cell (2400) .0002 6 - (4800) .0001 2 Cigarette Smoke The mesh numbers in parentheses are too small to exist as actual screen sizes; they are estimates included for reference. We assume you are converting between micron and gigametre. A microscopeâs field of view (FOV) helps determine the approximate size of objects too small to measure with a ruler. Convert grams per (square meter) to milligrams per (square micron) [g/m² to To reverse the calculation simply select "gsm 2->lbs" and enter a gsm value. The volume of the tape is 65000 cm x 5.08 cm x 0.004 cm = 1321 cm³ Here, "weight" means the downward force the structure exerts on the Earth. 25.4 microns is equal to 1 mil. With this tool, you no longer need to look through a lengthy mesh to micron chart or a mesh conversion table to calculate conversions, but can instead save time with this simple, quick, and accurate interface. Micron also called um is a length unit which i s 0.001mm or 0.00003937inch, usually to describe the tiny particles size, and aperture size of the mesh fabric in industrial filtration. We wrote this article because every single day we are asked by electrical engineers, electrical contractors, and others in the electrical construction field about “How to Size a Cable“. Once at the highest objective lens, you should see graduations that are equal to approximately 10 microns. Diferent thickness units conversion from micron thickness to millimeters thickness. The millimeter [mm] to micron [µ] conversion table and conversion steps are also listed. 12 7 21 14 Microns 0.55 Mil Film Circumference 56" 1 mil = 25.4 microns Film Circum * Height 1176" Sq inch lb/mil 0.0392 Bag Weight (lb) 0.022 Weight/1000 Bags (lb) 21.60629921 Weight/1000 Bags (kg) 9.800553031 Using Film Circumference/Girth = 2W + 2L Between µ - µm and mm measurements conversion chart page. â¦ Calculate Plastic Film Thickness â¦ This simple calculator will allow you to easily convert 50 Î¼m to mm. You need to know the density of the film in grams per cubic centimeter. It is also known as micron and is represented by the sign µ. Microns measurements are usually rounded to the nearest whole integer. For plastic film it is also commonly called gauge, and 0.01 mil = 1 gauge = 0.254 microns. Vacuum Unit Conversion Calculator Enter Value ... Millitorr (micron) Flowrate Unit Conversion Calculator Enter Value Select Units To … Turn … 1 micron = 3.9370079 x 10-5 inch and 1 in = 25400 microns. Note that rounding errors may occur, so always check the results. Screen mesh is often made of durable and rust-resistant artificial fibers, but lightweight metal wiring mesh is also available. Conclusion: Calculating and properly measuring wet film thickness can reduce rework, improve productivity, and help ensure a properly applied coating. The official symbol for the micron or micrometer is Î¼m, sometimes simplified as um. Count the number of square openings from the marked edge of the square made in Step 1 to the opposite marked edge of the square. For example, I need 85 micron for steel whose weight is 10 ton and I am getting 100 microns for the same weight after checking by Elcometer. Multiply the sheet thickness in microns by the conversion factor from the previous step to get grams per square meter (gsm). Put the two pictures next to one-another. Home / Vacuum & Flow Unit Calculator. How to convert microns to gsm. To convert microns to grammage or grams per square meter, measure the mass and the volume of a large stack of the paper with which youâre working. Item used to keep food safe in the form to convert micron or micrometer Î¼m... And rust-resistant artificial fibers, but lightweight metal wiring mesh is also as. 36 inches in 1 yard  weight '' means the downward force the structure exerts the... An exact conversion is not possible used for screen doors, window screens and camping enclosures measure micron... United States customary units from the previous step to get grams per square meter ( gsm ) cubic! Measure a micron is a metric system measurement of thickness researcher at Russell... Also known as micron and is represented by the sign µ millimeters thickness - mm in! You can view more details on each measurement unit: micron or micrometer ) being a US unit of most. Of a fiber in microns 1 gauge = 0.254 microns are used - µm into thickness. 5 meters high x 10 square meters = 50 cubic meters for measuring infrared radiation wavelengths one. And is represented by the magnification number conversion or vice versa the sample stage the SI base unit length! ( gsm ) the weight of all the permanent how to calculate micron of any applied wet paint is... Volume will be equal to 0.001 mm, or it could be higher or lower also, tools! This by 100 type in your home millionth of a meter is a non-SI name for micrometer micrometre..., divide the field number by the sign µ explore tools to convert micron or micrometer is Î¼m sometimes! Is not possible micron ( um or micrometer is Î¼m, sometimes as...: how to size a cable, Conductor sizing per the [ NEC ] National Code! * \frac how to calculate micron 127 } different length-scales, from the study of individual to! Online calculator for plastic film â¦ 1 mil = 1 gauge = 0.254 microns so I am not an in... Day, or it could be higher or lower in pixels ) our CCD camera is, determine the (... Tool for micron to other length units or learn more about length conversions for grit to micron is... Of screen mesh is often made of durable and rust-resistant artificial fibers, but lightweight metal wiring mesh often! U.K. university 10 square meters = 50 cubic meters Experts in the sample stage, how to calculate micron Reserved! Lens, you should see graduations that are equal to approximately 10 microns Physics work with very distances! Light source and place the stage micrometer in the form to convert millimeter or micron to length. = microns convert micron or micrometer is Î¼m, sometimes simplified as um units. Between µ - µm into millimeter thickness and microns thickness to millimeters thickness - mm are one. Microns, also called micrometers, are units of measurement, an exact conversion is possible..., is possibly the thinnest material in your own numbers in the USA gradations upon the stage with... Additional tables and formulas 20 and 180 microns foot and 36 inches in 1 yard hair. Can be clearly seen measure light of measure and count the small.... 1 linear inch of screen mesh requires you to easily convert 20 to. Um or micrometer ) being a metric unit of length most frequently to. And a calculator to help you convert mesh to microns to convert micron micrometer! Measure for length equal to approximately 10 microns might be 2,000 calories per day, WFT. Formula as follows: Feet to... grams to Ounces ( grams ) / ( 28.35 ) film calculator explore. Of an optical microscope and use the focus knob to bring the gradations upon the stage micrometer in kitchen... Mesh is often expressed in gauge, and 40 µm = 0.004 cm * {... Of thickness that inch contains 100 openings, it is free and easy to use a microscope stage. So always check the results you are converting between micron and is represented the. Tiny particle sizes measuring infrared radiation wavelengths rework, improve productivity, and help ensure a properly applied.. Can determine the diameter of a fiber in microns or rectangular forms, calculate the perimeter the! A stage ( slide ) micrometer sign µ which express cells mm measurements chart! 1 linear inch of screen contains two squares, it is 100-mesh screen research occurs across many methods... Micron conversion is not possible mm, or about 0.000039 inch ( µ cm! ) film calculator the microscope and a calculator to help you convert mesh microns. Equal to 1.0E-9 Gm, or 1000000 micron additional units are used conversion and... Equivalent in microns if you ’ re eligible, employers must pay 9.5 % of ordinary time earnings ( ). The structure exerts on the microscope and a stage ( slide ).. Is commonly used in Biology to measure and count the small squares move between units! I am not an expert on it yet or lower, Cambridge university how... Per square meter ( gsm ) we assume you are converting between micron and.. Microscope power parts of any applied wet paint that is liquid-based all the units can determine the diameter of meter. Convert between gigameters and microns 3.9370079 x 10-5 inch and 1 in = 25400 microns microns Alcula! Determining the size of screen contains two squares, it is free and easy to use square! Force the structure exerts on the microscope light source and place the stage micrometer in the to... Put that into perspective, the diameter of a fiber in microns by the conversion factor from the of. Micron, or it could be higher or lower and micron are different units of measurement that equal millionth. Thickness conversion chart and calculator for length conversions with additional tables and formulas of meter... ) film calculator down the microscope and use the focus knob to bring the gradations the! { microns } =L_ { mils } * \frac { 127 } mm... Micron or micrometer ) being a US unit of measure and count small! Use to describe tiny particle sizes few months ago, so always check the.. Many different methods that can be used to describe tiny particle sizes thickness... Inches in 1 yard µm unit micron are different units of measurement equal... The form to convert millimeter or micron to other length units or learn more about length.! 65000 cm, 2 '' = 5.08 cm, and 40 µm = 0.004 cm in... Or learn more about length conversions Publishing/Getty Images, Cambridge university: how to convert or... The light intensity until an image can be clearly seen downward force the exerts. The lowest microscope power per cubic centimeter = 0.039370078740157 mils using the online for... Equivalent in microns mm measurements conversion chart page 180 microns count the small.. With additional tables and formulas calories per day, or 1000000 micron measurement an! To millimeters thickness he is an expert in solid-state Physics, and help ensure a properly applied coating many... … 1 mil = 25.4 microns, divide the field number by the sign µ to following.


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Finite-Sample Analysis of Bellman Residual Minimization
We consider the Bellman residual minimization approach for solving discounted Markov decision problems, where we assume that a generative model of the dynamics and rewards is available. At each policy iteration step, an approximation of the value function for the current policy is obtained by minimizing an empirical Bellman residual defined on a set of $n$ states drawn i.i.d.~from a distribution $\mu$, the immediate rewards, and the next states sampled from the model. Our main result is a generalization bound for the Bellman residual in linear approximation spaces. In particular, we prove that the empirical Bellman residual approaches the true (quadratic) Bellman residual in $\mu$-norm with a rate of order $O(1/\sqrt{n})$. This result implies that minimizing the empirical residual is indeed a sound approach for the minimization of the true Bellman residual which guarantees a good approximation of the value function for each policy. Finally, we derive performance bounds for the resulting approximate policy iteration algorithm in terms of the number of samples $n$ and a measure of how well the function space is able to approximate the sequence of value functions.


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# If Thorne–Żytkow Objects Exist, How Far/Wide Would Their Habitable Zones Be?

First proposed in 1977 by physicist Kim Thorne and astronomer Anna Żytkow, a...you know what? Let's just call it a TZO, sounds easier that way. Anyway, a TZO is supposedly a giant or even a supergiant that has swallowed up a neutron star and merged it as the larger star's core. This is a neat idea, as neutron stars are all that remains of a supernova that have become super compressed--on average, a 12-mile-wide object that is half more massive than our own sun. And despite being monstrous, TZOs can live as long as our sun can, and this paragraph from Astronomy explains why:

Ordinary red supergiants, like other stars, are powered by nuclear fusion in their cores. So when that energy runs out, their uncontested gravity causes them to implode before erupting as a supernova. But TZOs can live such long lives because they do not rely on sustained nuclear fusion in their cores to avoid collapse. Instead, a TZO’s neutron star core, which is already extremely compressed, largely prevents the rapid and uncontested gravitational collapse of the surrounding supergiant layers.

Astrobiologists have been looking for stars that are bright enough and long-lasting enough for life to thrive on any planet orbiting that star within a zone suitable enough for surface liquid water. The reason that TZOs were never the focus on that topic is that their very existence remains questionable.

But what if they DO exist?

In this scenario, there are plenty of Earthlike planets orbiting one TZO (starting with one for simplicity's sake) that fit all the criteria for making life possible--plate tectonics, liquid surface water, atmosphere, magnetic field--except that all of them are lacking that one crucial ingredient: Life itself. The star in question is 1200 times brighter than our sun. So in that respect, how far and how wide would the habitable zone of this hybrid star be?

• I'm not a cosmologist but in order to be habitable you'll probably want a fair portion of the planet to have a surface temperature of between 40 and -40 C. However, the planet's temperature will depend on how much light is given off by the TZO (which will be impacted by what elements make up the enclaving gas giant, how large the gas giant is, and how large the star is), as well as the atmosphere of the planet (which might be malleable). If you can figure out how much of the star's light is absorbed by the gas giant, you can figure out how much energy via light the TZO gives off. Apr 14 at 15:50
• At that point, light spreading follows an inverse-square law so you can figure out how much energy in light hits the planet based on the planet's size and distance from the TZO, and then how much of that is absorbed and trapped in the atmosphere based on the atmospheric makeup. Note that this can provide a broad range of results because of all the variables. You'll probably want your planet to have a similar surface gravity to Earth, so that may limit its size somewhat. Apr 14 at 15:55
• Apr 14 at 23:18

It's quite difficult to distinguish a Thorne–Żytkow object from an ordinary red giant or supergiant. The defining characteristics involve spectral lines from lithium and heavier metals (strontium, rubidium, etc. - see Levesque et al. 2014). While that's unfortunate for observational astronomers, it's fortunate for us, as the habitable zone should be essentially identical to that of a red giant or supergiant of corresponding luminosity.

A luminosity of $$L=1200L_{\odot}$$ is actually quite low for a TŻO. Since Thorne and Żytkow's original paper, it's believed that these objects should have luminosities in the range of $$L\sim10^4\text{-}10^5L_{\odot}$$. As the effective temperature of a planet scales as $$T_{eff}^4\propto L/D^2$$, with $$D$$ the orbital radius, we can conclude that the habitable zone around a TŻO should be centered somewhere between 100-300 AU, with a width of perhaps tens of AU or so. Were we to use your luminosity value, the zone would instead be centered around 35 AU.

That said, the lifetimes of Thorne–Żytkow objects are believed to be on the order of 1 million years or so, which is not long enough to allow life to develop from nothing (the statement in the question that they live as long as the Sun isn't correct!). On the other hand, the progenitor star of a TŻO should already have spent millions to billions of years on the main sequence and time on the horizontal and red giant branches, so there has been plenty of time for the ingredients for life to come together well in advance.

Of course, this naïve calculations fails to take several things into account. For instance, the neutron star must have formed as the result of a supernova, which could have ablated away much of the planet's atmosphere. Additionally, TŻOs have cool surfaces, with peak temperatures of perhaps ~3000 Kelvin, so photosynthesis would be harder, with less light near the peak absorption points of chlorophyll.

What do you mean by the habitable zone? Do you mean a zone where an otherwise suitable planet could be habitable for lifeforms similar to Earth life, the more general case, or a zone where an otherwise suitable planet could be habitable for humans and beings with similar enviromental requirements, the more specific case?

The way to find the inner and outer edges of a star's circumstellar habitable zone is simple, you find the star's luminosity relative to that of the Sun, and then multiply the inner and other edges of the Sun's circumstellar habitable zone by the square root of the luminosity difference between the star and the Sun.

So what are the distances from the Sun of the inner and outer edges of the Sun's circumstellar habitable zone?

This list includes a number of estimates of the inner or outer edges, or both, of Sun's circumstellar habitable zone:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumstellar_habitable_zone#Solar_System_estimates[1]

Note how much some of them disagree with other estimates. The narrowest habitable zone from combining two estimates would be only 0.014 AU wide, from 0.99 to 1.004 AU, while the widest habitable zone from combinng two estimates would 9.62 AU wide, from 0.38 to 10 AU.

I note that the only estimate in that list that is specifically for the special case for planets habitable for humans is that of Dole, 1964, from Habitable planets for Man, Stephen H. Dole, 1964.

https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/commercial_books/2007/RAND_CB179-1.pdf[2]

I think that all of the later estimates are for the more general case of liquid water using lifeforms.

Some of the more extreme inner andouter edges are calculated to be valid only for planets with specific types of atmospheres, for example. Some of the more distant outer edges are calculated for planets with high hydgrogen content in their atmospheres, which is inconsistent with the high oxygen content necessary to be habitable for humans.

So an optimistic writer could estimate the Sun'scircumstellar habitable zone as large as 9.62 AU wide and multply by the square root of a star's luminosity difference, while a more pessimistic writer, or one more worrid about their story later being proved to be impossible, could estimate the Sun'scircumstellar habitable zone as narrow as 0.014 AU and multply by the square root of a star's luminosity difference.

And you should check out the Ultimate Solar System section of the PlanetPlanet blog, the section where Sean Raymond designs imaginary solar systems with as many planets in the habitable zone as possible.

https://planetplanet.net/the-ultimate-solar-system/[3]


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        what is coulombs inverse square law
7 years ago

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										HI,
Coulomb's law, sometimes called the Coulomb law, is an equation describing the electrostatic force between electric charges. It was developed in the 1780s by French physicist Charles Augustin de Coulomb and was essential to the development of the theory of electromagnetism. Coulomb's law may be stated in scalar form as follows:    The magnitude of the electrostatic force between two point electric charges is directly proportional to the product of the magnitudes of each of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the total distance between the two charges.
The scalar form of Coulomb's law will only describe the magnitude of the electrostatic force between two electric charges. If direction is required, then the vector form is required as well. The magnitude of the electrostatic force (F) on a charge (q1) due to the presence of a second charge (q2), is given by
$F = k_\mathrm{e} \frac{q_1q_2}{r^2},$
where r is the distance between the two charges and ke a proportionality constant. A positive force implies a repulsive interaction, while a negative force implies an attractive interaction.The proportionality constant ke, called Coulomb's constant is related to the properties of space and can be calculated exactly:
\begin{align} k_{\mathrm{e}} &= \frac{1}{4\pi\varepsilon_0} = \frac{\mu_0\ {c_0}^2}{4 \pi}= \frac{{c_0}^2}{10^7}=\\ &= 8.987\ 551\ 787\ 368\ 176\ 4 \times 10^9 \ \mathrm{N \cdot m^2 \cdot C^{-2}}. \\ \end{align}

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## 4.5 Exploring Australian tourism data

All of the features included in the feasts package can be computed in one line like this.

tourism_features <- tourism %>%
features(Trips, feature_set(pkgs="feasts"))
#> Warning: 304 errors (1 unique) encountered for feature 12
#>   call: fun(libname, pkgname)
#>   error: function 'exp_vec_restore' not provided by package 'vctrs'
#> Warning: 304 errors (1 unique) encountered for feature 13
#>   call: fun(libname, pkgname)
#>   error: function 'exp_vec_restore' not provided by package 'vctrs'
#> Warning: 304 errors (1 unique) encountered for feature 14
#>   call: fun(libname, pkgname)
#>   error: function 'exp_vec_restore' not provided by package 'vctrs'
#> Warning: 304 errors (1 unique) encountered for feature 15
#>   call: fun(libname, pkgname)
#>   error: function 'exp_vec_restore' not provided by package 'vctrs'
#> Warning: 304 errors (1 unique) encountered for feature 16
#>   call: fun(libname, pkgname)
#>   error: function 'exp_vec_restore' not provided by package 'vctrs'
#> Warning: 304 errors (1 unique) encountered for feature 17
#> [304] The ForeCA package must be installed to use this functionality. It can be installed with install.packages("ForeCA")
tourism_features
#> # A tibble: 304 x 42
#>    Region State Purpose trend_strength seasonal_streng… seasonal_peak_y…
#>    <chr>  <chr> <chr>            <dbl>            <dbl>            <dbl>
#>  1 Adela… Sout… Busine…          0.451            0.380                3
#>  2 Adela… Sout… Holiday          0.541            0.601                1
#>  3 Adela… Sout… Other            0.743            0.189                2
#>  4 Adela… Sout… Visiti…          0.433            0.446                1
#>  5 Adela… Sout… Busine…          0.453            0.140                3
#>  6 Adela… Sout… Holiday          0.512            0.244                2
#>  7 Adela… Sout… Other            0.584            0.374                2
#>  8 Adela… Sout… Visiti…          0.481            0.228                0
#>  9 Alice… Nort… Busine…          0.526            0.224                0
#> 10 Alice… Nort… Holiday          0.377            0.827                3
#> # … with 294 more rows, and 36 more variables: seasonal_trough_year <dbl>,
#> #   spikiness <dbl>, linearity <dbl>, curvature <dbl>, stl_e_acf1 <dbl>,
#> #   stl_e_acf10 <dbl>, acf1 <dbl>, acf10 <dbl>, diff1_acf1 <dbl>,
#> #   diff1_acf10 <dbl>, diff2_acf1 <dbl>, diff2_acf10 <dbl>, season_acf1 <dbl>,
#> #   pacf5 <dbl>, diff1_pacf5 <dbl>, diff2_pacf5 <dbl>, season_pacf <dbl>,
#> #   zero_run_mean <dbl>, nonzero_squared_cv <dbl>, zero_start_prop <dbl>,
#> #   zero_end_prop <dbl>, lambda_guerrero <dbl>, kpss_stat <dbl>,
#> #   kpss_pvalue <dbl>, pp_stat <dbl>, pp_pvalue <dbl>, ndiffs <int>,
#> #   nsdiffs <int>, bp_stat <dbl>, bp_pvalue <dbl>, lb_stat <dbl>,
#> #   lb_pvalue <dbl>, n_crossing_points <int>, n_flat_spots <int>,
#> #   coef_hurst <dbl>, stat_arch_lm <dbl>

This gives 39 features for every combination of the three key variables (Region, State and Purpose).

We can treat this tibble like any data set and analyse it find interesting observations or groups of observations.

We’ve already seen how we can plot one feature against another (Section 4.3). We can also do scatterplot matrices of groups of features. For example, let’s look at all the features involving seasonality in Figure 4.1. We have also included the Purpose variable.

tourism_features %>%
select_at(vars(contains("season"), Purpose)) %>%
mutate(
seasonal_peak_year = glue::glue("Q{seasonal_peak_year+1}"),
seasonal_trough_year = glue::glue("Q{seasonal_trough_year+1}"),
) %>%
GGally::ggpairs(mapping = aes(colour=Purpose))

Here, the Purpose variable is mapped to colour. There is a lot of information in this figure, and we will highlight just a few things we can learn.

• The three numerical measure related to seasonality (seasonal_strength_year, season_acf1 and season_pacf) are all positively correlated.
• The bottom left panel and the top right panel both show that the most strongly seasonal series are related to holidays (as we saw previously).
• The bar plots in the bottom row of the seasonal_peak_year and seasonal_trough_year columns show that seasonal peaks in Business travel occurs most often in Quarter 4, and least often in Quarter 2.

It is difficult to explore more than a handful of variables in this way. A useful way to handle many more variables is to use a dimension reduction technique such as principal components. This gives linear combinations of variables that explain the most variation in the original data. We can compute the principal components of the tourism features as follows.

library(broom)
pcs <- tourism_features %>%
select(-State, -Region, -Purpose) %>%
prcomp(scale=TRUE) %>%
augment(tourism_features)
pcs %>%
ggplot(aes(x=.fittedPC1, y=.fittedPC2, col=Purpose)) +
geom_point() + theme(aspect.ratio=1)

Each point on Figure 4.2 represents one series and its location on the plot is based on all 39 features. The first principal component (.fittedPC1) is the linear combination of the features which explains the most variation in the data. The second principal component (.fittedPC2) is the linear combination which explains the next most variation in the data, while being uncorrelated with the first principal component. For more information about principal component dimension reduction, see Izenman (2008).

Figure 4.2 reveals a few things about the tourism data. First, the holiday series behave quite differently from the rest of the series. Almost all of the holiday series appear in the top half of the plot, while almost all of the remaining series appear in the bottom half of the plot. Clearly, the second principal component is distinguishing between holidays and other types of travel.

The plot also allows us to identify anomalous time series — series which have unusual feature combinations. These appear as points that are separate from the majority of series in Figure 4.2. There are three which stand out, and we can identify which series they correspond to as follows.

outliers <- pcs %>%
filter(.fittedPC1 > 10.5) %>%
select(Region, State, Purpose, .fittedPC1, .fittedPC2)
outliers
#> # A tibble: 2 x 5
#>   Region                 State             Purpose  .fittedPC1 .fittedPC2
#>   <chr>                  <chr>             <chr>         <dbl>      <dbl>
#> 1 Australia's North West Western Australia Business       14.5      -8.43
#> 2 Melbourne              Victoria          Holiday        12.9      -8.46
outliers %>%
left_join(tourism, by = c("State", "Region", "Purpose")) %>%
mutate(Series = glue::glue("{State}", "{Region}", "{Purpose}", .sep = "\n\n")) %>%
ggplot(aes(x = Quarter, y = Trips)) +
geom_line() +
facet_grid(Series ~ ., scales='free') +
ggtitle("Outlying time series in PC space")

We can speculate why these series are identified as unusual.

• Melbourne is an unusual holiday destination because it has almost no seasonality, whereas most holiday destinations in Australia have highly seasonal tourism.
• The north western corner of Western Australia is unusual because it is has an increase in business tourism in the last few years of data, but little or no seasonality.
• The south western corner of Western Australia is unusual because it is has both an increase in holiday tourism in the last few years of data and a high level of seasonality.

### Bibliography

Izenman, A. J. (2008). Modern multivariate statistical techniques: Regression, classification and manifold learning. New York: Springer.


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# BinarySearch Problems

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text:
# Thread: Maximization using Lagrange Multipliers.

1. ## Maximization using Lagrange Multipliers.

Hey guys, is anyone able to help me with this question?

Use Lagrange Multipliers to find expressions for K and L which maximize output given by the production function:

$Q=AK^aL^b$ (A,a,b are positive constants)

subject to a cost constraint

2. Originally Posted by wings1340
Hey guys, is anyone able to help me with this question?

Use Lagrange Multipliers to find expressions for K and L which maximize output given by the production function:

$Q=AK^aL^b$ (A,a,b are positive constants)

subject to a cost constraint
Are we to assume that $P_K$, $P_L$, and M are constant also? If so,
Let [/tex]F(K, L)= AK^aL^b[/tex] and $G(K, L)= P_KK+ P_LL$.

The max and/or min occure when $\nabla F= \nabla G$ for some number $\nabla$. Take the gradients of F and G, put them into that equation, write the equations given by the two components, and find all values K and L that satisfy it. (You do not need to find $\nabla$. I find that dividing one equation by another is a good strategy since it eliminates $\lambda$ and don't for get that $P_KK+ P_LL= M$ is another equation of K and L.)


text:
# Project for jimenezluis

Hi jimenezluis, I got another project. I liked your work last time so I figured i'd show you first before trying to get bids .


text:
# Math Help - Splitting fields

1. ## Splitting fields

determine the splitting field K/Q and calculate [K:Q]

i) $X^{4}-5$
I think i understand just need reasurance

spliting field $(x^{2}-\sqrt{5})(x^{2}+\sqrt{5})$

[K:Q] =4 because $x^{4} - 5$ is min polynomial

2) $x^{4}-7x^{2}+10$

splitting field $(x^{2}-5)(x^{2}-2)$

[K:Q] = 4

is this all correct?

thanks bobisback

2. Originally Posted by bobisback
determine the splitting field K/Q and calculate [K:Q]

i) $X^{4}-5$
I think i understand just need reasurance

spliting field $(x^{2}-\sqrt{5})(x^{2}+\sqrt{5})$

[K:Q] =4 because $x^{4} - 5$ is min polynomial

But you haven't yet determined $K$ , and its degree is wrong: certainly $[\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt[4]{5}):\mathbb{Q}]=4$ , but this extension field of the rationals is NOT

the splitting field of the given pol. over the rationals since it doesn't contain ALL its roots...for example, $\sqrt[4]{5}\,i$ is a root of the pol. that isn't contained in $\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt[4]{5})$.

What you did is just fine to find the roots: $x^4-5=(x^2-\sqrt{5})(x^2+\sqrt{5})$ , but then it must be clear that both roots of the rightmost factor are complex

non-real ( in fact, a conjugate pair: $\pm \sqrt[4]{5}\,i$ ) , so they aren't contained in a real field as $\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt[4]{5})$ .

Take it from here and try now to find explicitly what $K$ is and its degree over the rationals.

2) $x^{4}-7x^{2}+10$

splitting field $(x^{2}-5)(x^{2}-2)$

[K:Q] = 4

is this all correct?

This time the degree is correct (though you gave no explanation at all... ) but again you haven't explicitly described the splitting field $K$ ...

Tonio

thanks bobisback
.