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2020 mcq on matrices


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# When is a Lindelof Space Normal?

When is a Lindelof space normal? This question may seem strange since it is a well known basic result that Lindelof spaces are normal (see Theorem 3.8.2 in [1] and Theorem 16.8 in [6]). The proofs in both of these theorems require that the Lindelof space is also a regular space. We present an example showing that the requirement of regularity cannot be removed. The example defined below is a space that is Hausdorff, hereditarily Lindelof, not separable, not regular and not normal.

The example defined below makes it clear that we need to be careful in making the leap from the Lindelof property to normality of a space. We need to make sure that the space in question is also a regular space. The Lindelof property is a powerful property; it also implies paracompactness. But for this to happen, some separation axiom is required (it needs to be a regular space).

Another motivation for looking at examples such as the one defined here is that they are background information to the theory of S-spaces and L-spaces (see the remark given at the end of the post).

______________________________________________________________________________

The example is the Example 14.7 in [2]. The underlying set is the real number line $\mathbb{R}$. Let $\tau$ be the usual topology on $\mathbb{R}$. Let $X=\mathbb{R}$. We use the following collection of sets as a base for a new topology on $X$:

$\displaystyle \mathbb{B}=\left\{O-C: O \in \tau, C \subset \mathbb{R}, \lvert C \vert \le \omega \right\}$

The collection $\mathbb{B}$ needs to satisfy two conditions for being a base for a topology. One is that it covers the underlying set. The second is that whenever $B_1, B_2 \in \mathbb{B}$ with $x \in B_1 \cap B_2$, there is some $B_3 \in \mathbb{B}$ such that $x \in B_3 \subset B_1 \cap B_2$. Note that $\tau \subset \mathbb{B}$. This implies that $\mathbb{B}$ is a cover of $X$. It is also clear that the second condition is satisfied.

Let $\tau^{*}$ be the topology generated by the base $\mathbb{B}$. Another consequence of $\tau \subset \mathbb{B}$ is that the new topology on $X$ is finer than the usual topology, i.e., $\tau \subset \tau^{*}$. It is then clear that $(X, \tau^{*})$ is a Hausdorff space.

We denote the real line with the new topology $\tau^{*}$ by $X$ rather than $(X, \tau^{*})$ since the new topology $\tau^{*}$ is the primary focus.

In $X$, the complement of every countable set is open. So no countable set can be dense in $X$, making it not separable. Equivalently, every countable subset of $X$ is closed.

To see that $X$ is not regular, we first make the following observation.

Observation
Let $W \subset \mathbb{R}$ be a Euclidean open set. Let $A \subset \mathbb{R}$ be a countable set that is dense in $W$ (dense with respect to the Euclidean topology). Then for each $x \in A \cap W$, $x \in \overline{W-A}$ (with respect to the topology $\tau^*$).

To see that this observation is correct, let $x \in A \cap W$ and let $V-B$ be an open set containing $x$, where $V$ is a Euclidean open set and $B$ is a countable set. We can assume that $V \subset W$. Let $A_0=A-\left\{x \right\}$. Note that $x \in V-(A_0 \cup B) \subset V-B$ and that $V-(A_0 \cup B) \subset W-A_0$. Furthermore, for any $y \in V-(A_0 \cup B)$ with $y \ne x$, $y \in W-A$. Thus any open set containing $x$ contains many points of $W-A$. Hence, we have $x \in \overline{W-A}$.

To see that $X$ is not regular, we show that there is a closed set $C \subset X$ such that for any open set $O \subset X-C$, $\overline{O} \cap C \ne \varnothing$.

Let $C=\mathbb{Q}$ (the set of all rational numbers). Let $O$ be open in $X$ such that $O \subset X-C$. We assume that $O=W-A$ where $W$ is open in the Euclidean topology and $A$ is countable. Note that $O=W-A$ consisting of entirely of irrational numbers. Then $\mathbb{Q} \cap W \subset A$. Thus $A$ is dense in $W$ (with respect to the Euclidean topology). By the above observation, any point of $A$ is a member of $\overline{W-A}$ (with respect to the topology $\tau^*$). In particular, for each $x \in C=\mathbb{Q}$, $x \in \overline{W-A}$. Thus $X$ is not regular.

Any space that is not regular is also not normal. Thus $X$ is not normal. But we can also see this directly. Let $H=\mathbb{Q}$ and $K=\left\{x \right\}$ where $x$ is any irrational number. Then $H$ and $K$ are two disjoint closed sets that cannot be separated by disjoint open sets in $X$.

The space $X$ is Lindelof and also hereditarily Lindelof (both properties are piggy backed on the same properties of the Euclidean real line). To see that $X$ is Lindelof, suppose that a collection of open sets $O_a-A_a \in \mathbb{B}$ is a cover of $X$. The Euclidean open sets $O_a$ also form a cover of $X=\mathbb{R}$. Then pick countably many $O_a$ that also cover the real line (using the Lindelof property of the Euclidean real line). Then these countably many $O_a-A_a$ will cover $X$ except for countably many points. A countable subcover will result once we use open sets in the original cover to cover these countably many points. Using the same proof, it can be shown that every subspace of $X$ is also Lindelof.

______________________________________________________________________________

Remark

An S-space is any regular topological space that is hereditarily separable but not Lindelof. An L-space is any regular topological space that is hereditarily Lindelof but not separable. Elementary examples of hereditarily separable space that is not Lindelof and hereditarily Lindelof space that is not separable are quite easy to define (but they are not regular). The example we define above is an example of non-regular hereditarily Lindelof space that is not separable. Thus S-space and L-space are typically defined with the requirement of regularity.

It was shown in the early 1980’s that the existence of S-space is independent of the usual axioms of ZFC. This means that to prove the existence of an S-space or to prove the non-existence of S-space, one needs to assume axioms beyond those of ZFC. The L-space problem (whether an L-space can exist without assuming additional set-theoretic assumptions beyond those of ZFC) was not resolved until quite recently. For quite a long time, it was believed the L-space problem would have a similar solution (that its existence would be independent of ZFC). In 2005, Justin Tatch-Moore solved the L-space problem by constructing an L-space without assuming additional axioms.

For back ground information about S-space and L-space, see [3] and [4]. For Justin Moore’s proof, see [5].

______________________________________________________________________________

Reference

1. Engelking, R., General Topology, Revised and Completed edition, 1989, Heldermann Verlag, Berlin.
2. Hodel, R.,Cardinal Functions I, Handbook of Set-Theoretic Topology, (K. Kunen and J. E. Vaughan, eds), 1984, Elsevier Science Publishers B. V., Amsterdam, 1-61.
3. Mastros, S.,S and L Spaces, Master’s Thesis, 2009, University of Pittsburgh. Link
4. Roitman, J.,Basic S and L, Handbook of Set-Theoretic Topology, (K. Kunen and J. E. Vaughan, eds), 1984, Elsevier Science Publishers B. V., Amsterdam, 295-326.
5. Tatch-Moore, J.,A solution to the L space problem, Journal of the American Mathematical Society, 19 (2006), 3, 717—736. Link
6. Willard, S., General Topology, 1970, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.

## One thought on “When is a Lindelof Space Normal?”

1. Very good example, Dan! 🙂

Two minor corrections…

1. When you say that $x \in \overbar{W – A}$ for each $x \in \mathbb{Q}$, I think you mean: for each $x \in \mathbb{Q} \cap W$.

2. When you say that any space that is not regular is also not normal, I think you mean: “Any HAUSDORFF space that is not regular is also not normal”. Right?

Sorry if I am missing something.

Cheers,
André Caldas.

format: plain


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My Math Forum Little question about the field axioms

 Abstract Algebra Abstract Algebra Math Forum

 February 19th, 2011, 04:07 AM #1 Member   Joined: Nov 2010 Posts: 34 Thanks: 0 Little question about the field axioms Hi! I have seen that in proofs, they often omit several of the field axioms. In fact, they usually just show that the set and the operator is closed under addition, subtraction, multiplication and division and the rest of the axoims sort of magicaly follows. I think there is some result that allow one to do this (As I have mentioned in earlier posts). I have gone over my book several times, but for some reason I still cannot find the reason. I would be very happy if someone could help me.
 February 19th, 2011, 04:59 AM #2 Senior Member   Joined: Nov 2010 From: Staten Island, NY Posts: 152 Thanks: 0 Re: Little question about the field axioms If you have a subset of field, then most of the field axioms are inherited. For example the real numbers form a field. So to check that the rational numbers form a field you need only check the various closures, and that 0 and 1 are in the set.
 February 20th, 2011, 01:52 AM #3 Member   Joined: Nov 2010 Posts: 34 Thanks: 0 Re: Little question about the field axioms Ok, I see. Thanks a lot.

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# What are the products of Sodium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid?

Mar 13, 2017

$\text{Salt and water...........}$

#### Explanation:

The balanced chemical equation is given by:

$N a O H \left(a q\right) + H C l \left(a q\right) \rightarrow N a C l \left(a q\right) + {H}_{2} O \left(l\right)$

Because the sodium ions and the chloride ions are along for the ride, and remain in solution as aquated ions, ${\left[N a {\left(O {H}_{2}\right)}_{6}\right]}^{+}$, etc., we could write the net ionic equation, which illustrates bond formation:

${H}^{+} + H {O}^{-} \rightarrow {H}_{2} O \left(l\right)$

ELSE

${H}_{3} {O}^{+} + H {O}^{-} \rightarrow 2 {H}_{2} O \left(l\right)$

Both these equations are equivalent.


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# Hyperkahler varieties as Brill-Noether loci on curves

### Soheyla Feyzbakhsh (Imperial College London)

Fri May 27, 19:00-20:00 (ended 25 hours ago)

Abstract: Consider the moduli space $M_C(r; K_C)$ of stable rank r vector bundles on a curve $C$ with canonical determinant, and let $h$ be the maximum number of linearly independent global sections of these bundles. If $C$ embeds in a K3 surface $X$ as a generator of $Pic(X)$ and the genus of $C$ is sufficiently high, I will show the Brill-Noether locus $BN_C \subset M_C(r; K_C)$ of bundles with $h$ global sections is a smooth projective Hyperkahler manifold, isomorphic to a moduli space of stable vector bundles on $X$. The main technique is to apply wall-crossing with respect to Bridgeland stability conditions on K3 surfaces.

algebraic geometry

Audience: researchers in the topic

( slides | video )

Comments: The synchronous discussion for Soheyla Feyzbakhsh’s talk is taking place not in zoom-chat, but at tinyurl.com/2022-05-27-sf (and will be deleted after ~3-7 days).


text:
# Subclass Tkinter Widgets to save typing

I am doing a small GUI program for a practice exercise and in order to save myself some typing I took it upon myself to subclass some Tkinter widgets so I can pass the grid placement in the instantiation. One of my subclasses looks like this:

import tkinter as tk
class EntryBox(tk.Entry):
super().__init__(master=master, width=width, relief=relief, **kwargs)

And one of my instances of this widget looks like this:

window = tk.Tk()

title_entry = EntryBox(window, 10, 'sunken', 0, 1)

window.mainloop()

My initial thinking for the subclass is that if I am creating these entry widgets, they will clearly be visible on the screen (similar for some Labels, text areas, buttons, etc...). So this would save many lines of code and typing.

Is it appropriate to subclass these widgets to save typing, or does this typically cause more confusion when another programmer reads it? Also, will this be considered more error-prone? (Perhaps it would still be best to pass named parameter in my instantiation?)

I'd like to get some comments on when it's good practice / appropriate to subclass and when it causes more confusion.

I wanted to add that I decided to pass default values in the init subclass method so that if someone wanted to call the grid methods in the traditional way they still could in the code.

However, as Tkinter does not have a EntryBox() class, it would be better to rename this, in order not to confuse the reader of your code, to rename it to something like: CustomEntry() or, why not, CustomEntryWidget().
• Thanks for the feedback, I appreciate it. I'm curious if you could expand on why it might not be wise to call the grid method at instantiation? For example, my thinking was that the widgets I subclassed would all be displayed on the screen, so my thought was that I could save myself lines of code by passing arguments to the instance. I also considered a parameter in init grid=False like this: def __init__(self, master=None, grid=False), then using something like if grid=True: self.grid(args here). – Hanzy Oct 19 '17 at 17:42


text: All sources of material outside the course must be cited. com 2003/02/04 Abstract The tocbibind package can be used to add document elements like a bibliography or an index to the. tex and 2 folders for figures and tables if necessary); backmatter subdivision (bibliography. Without any further ado, here is the LaTeX example code:. \includepdf [pages= {1,3,5}] {myfile. Neben dem Blocksatz gibt es noch die drei anderen Varianten linksbündig, rechtsbündig und zentrierte Textausrichtung. Ursache: Der Beginn der Umgebung \begin{itemize} fehlt bzw. For example, two pictures side by side, two tables next to a text or a picture or vice versa. Do not leave a space between the command and the word. tex, simbols. Text editors. Authors who place detailed materials and methods in an SI Appendix must provide sufficient detail in the main text methods to enable a reader to follow the logic of the procedures and results and also. Video 8 of 11 on Latex tutorials: How to setup an appendices section on your Latex report. \attachfile will insert an icon at the current point in the document to represent the attachment. The \attachfile macro has only one required argument: the name of the le to attach. Classicthesis Typographic Thesis Description: This template has been designed as a homage to the elements of typographic style. There are two ways for texing the bibliography, either using "thebibliography" environment or using bibtex. Many parameters control the output and if your preferred programming. tex will be processed. LaTeX Editor¶. I know a way to put a new control sequence just before each chapter, section, subsection, , etc, but I am wondering if there is a global. The Listings Package: LaTeX/Source Code Listings It's incredibly simple. Laboratory Books. The primary heading(s) in the Appendix or Appendixes (note spelling of plural) are set according to the usual style, except that there is flexibility in the enumeration of the heading. Here is a complete example that shows how you can use it to solve your problem: \documentclass[a4paper,11pt]{report} \usepackage{tocvsec2} \usepackage[english]{babel} \usepackage{blindtext} \begin{document} \tableofcontents \chapter{One} \section. tex, credits. Right after the \appendix, it should have another \chapter command, in which you can specify the name of your appendix. 1 \tableofcontents command could also be changed to automatically stop reading the. In this example, the main. The minipage is often used to put things next to each other, which can otherwise be hard put together. A simple LaTeX template for a book of 5. For more specific introductions, have a look at: Overleaf and LaTeX have support for a large selection of languages. Book structure. This package allows you to set links with a description as well as add bare urls to your document. A quick start template with all necessary features for a thesis: double pages, fancy headers, appendix, bib, toc, title. Similar is for limit expressions. TeXstudio is a fully featured LaTeX editor. The mathematical symbol is produced using \partial. Draw border. tex and 2 folders for figures and tables if necessary); backmatter subdivision (bibliography. Zu Beginn meines Dokumentes habe ich Seiten, die nicht nummeriert werden sollen, zumindest nicht sichtbar. This guide is intended to be a concise introduction to. If you already have the template (v1. How to declare the appendix. The preamble. Know the LaTeX command you want to use but can't remember how to write it? Here we present a great tips sheet produced by Dave Richeson; it's pre-loaded in Overleaf so you can see how the commands work instantly. Date published September 8, 2014 by Kirsten Dingemanse. I'll the the appendix to appear on the contents page if possible but not as a chapter. International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) If you're working with the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) this is for you. I will give a small example code to create a table of contents first: After compiling the. INTRODUCTION This is the author's guide to REVTEX 4. [email protected] @CharlesStewart Thanks! If others find this useful, we could either use it as a tag wiki, or link here from the tag wiki. LaTeX supports this type of organization and also customization of the sectioning and numbering. 1 Pr aambel In der Pr aambel werden global die Einstellungen f ur das gesamte Dokument de niert. tex file that will draw the whole document together. LaTeX)? I need to include my code in an appendix. In the earliest days of LaTeX 2. The appendix package provides various ways of formatting the titles of appendices. You need to run: latex, biber/bibtex, latex, (latex). ), and all figures and tables. It contains everything you need to know to begin writing your academic thesis using this template. Many tutorials have been written about what $$\mathrm{Bib\TeX}$$ is and how to use it. sty is included in the manuscript template file. tex or appendix"letter. Templates help with the placement of specific elements, such as the author list. If so just insert the command \appendix immediately before the first appendix, then use chapter and/or sectioning commands as before. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON JOURNAL NAME, MANUSCRIPT ID 1 How to Use the IEEEtran LaTeX Class Michael Shell, Member, IEEE Abstract—This article describes how to use the IEEEtran class with LaTeX to produce high quality typeset papers that are suitable for submission to the IEEE Computer Society. 2 Document Sectioning. However, it is advised that you provide the community with something that will reproduce the problem in the easiest way possible. If you wish to just prevent page numbers from printing on one page, you should put the line. To insert a citation where label is the label of a bibliographic entry in a. sty) and the "ifthen" package (ifthen. zip) is available to assist you with formatting, or you can use the Overleaf authoring tool explained below. One method, is to use Tipa, another method is to use a unicode font with XeLaTeX/LuaTeX. Licence: MIT Ein einfach bedienbarer Online-LaTeX-Editor. Latex常用数学符号输入方法 61 2018. Usually, it is non-essential information which can be placed at the bottom of the page. Posted by Lian Tze on September 28, 2017 Introduction. Multiple columns Two-column documents can be easily created by passing the parameter \twocolumn to the document class statement. Overleaf を使おう! Overleaf とは. Documentation for the use of ecrc. tex fileDoes listfiles work on Overleaf?Overleaf shortcuts don't work in vim modeWeird Typesetting on OverleafOverleaf back to v1avm. Search Search. In the appendix the macro used for the computed simulations are attached. You can define a title for your document using \title{} and then create the title itself using \maketitle. Video 8 of 11 on Latex tutorials: How to setup an appendices section on your Latex report. This package allows you to set links with a description as well as add bare urls to your document. } • Youcanusebeamer withpdflatex,latex+dvips,lualatex andxelatex. Na verdade, apesar desta linguagem parecer difícil à primeira vista, ela permite obter um excelente resultado (em termos de layout), tão bom quanto com os processadores de texto convencionais graças ao princípio da LaTex, onde o usuário não edita diretamente o. Simply click on the button above to open a version in Overleaf for editing (and to quickly copy and paste the commands you need!). Know the LaTeX command you want to use but can't remember how to write it? Here we present a great tips sheet produced by Dave Richeson; it's pre-loaded in Overleaf so you can see how the commands work instantly. tex, credits. managing heading levels, and the straightforward creation of equations. LaTeX Project: introduction to LaTeX with helpful links. Citations are references to books, articles, web pages, or other published items with sufficient details to identify them uniquely. LaTeX 标准文档类中，最大的标题是 \part。它在 book 和 report 类中的层级是「-1」，在 article 类中的层级是「0」。这里，我们在调用 \appendix 的时候将计数器设置为 -2，因此所有的章节命令都不会编号了。 不过，一般还是会保留 \part 的编号的。. How to declare the appendix. More info on:. Posted by Lian Tze on September 28, 2017 Introduction. Leider entsteht bei dem Minimalbeispiel im Anlagenverzeichnis einmal ein zusätzliches Anhang (wo das auch immer herkommt) und ein Punkt zwischen Anhang A und chapter-Überschrift. However, I believe it has a few pain points that really shouldn't be there, such as the overflowing of inline formulas or the huge ammount of boilerplait code necessary to format a simple document, for example. 5\textwidth, angle=270]{graph. As such, it has an air of efficiency and optimal design. \includepdf [pages= {1,3,5}] {myfile. Je cherche à faire mes annexes. In order to further tune the display or the numbering of the table of contents, for instance if the appendix should be less detailed, you can make use of the tocvsec2 package (CTAN, doc). Overleaf を使おう! Overleaf とは. \bibliography {bibfilename} To insert a bibliography where bibfilename is the name of a. [code ]\textsc[/code] enables small caps. It is useful, especially if you are importing a full page postscript graph that has a landscape layout: \begin{figure} \centering \includegraphics[width=. Ko obtained his B. The default title for the table of contents is "Contents", this can be changed into whatever you need. \begin {itemize} Fill in the spots between the "begin itemize" and "end itemize" commands with your list items:. specimen tailor and francis. Note spelling. ShareLaTeX is so easy to get started with that you'll be able to invite your non-LaTeX colleagues to contribute directly to your LaTeX documents. In order to have the ones in the Appendix numbered in a special way (e. Später sollen die Seitenzahlen bei 1 beginnen. Personnellement, j'utilise aussi la commande \appendix, mais dans la question originale de l'auteur, il utilise l'environnement appendix. xlsx file onto the page to extract data and convert it into a LaTeX table. In the earliest days of LaTeX 2. Many parameters control the output and if your preferred programming. 480 Topics 2547 Posts Last post Re: Clickable url by willithefox 06. small tables tool Gaussian Makefile Microsoft Poster abbreviation abbreviations abstract accent algorithm align alignment amsmath appendix arg max arg min artificial intelligence avoid background. tex, abstract. Introduction to Overleaf Alli Gofman and Jaclyn Wilson LIS 488 1 What is LaTeX and Overleaf? 1. The \attachfile macro has only one required argument: the name of the le to attach. Coach Survey Appendix – for Participating Coaches My team would have used MATLAB and Mathematica, but they didn't download it soon enough (there was a 2-week waiting period to get the software). excel => LaTeX Drag any. For example, when using ht LaTeX will try to put the figure at the insertion point, then on the top of the next page if it happens to violate its. 1 List structures. 5\textwidth, angle=270]{graph. com 2003/02/04 Abstract The tocbibind package can be used to add document elements like a bibliography or an index to the. tex, credits. If you want more control over figure placement, you can use placement specifiers as described in this section of the LaTeX Wikibook. The default page layout is "portrait", but sometimes it is still useful/necessary to have the whole document or only single pages changed to "landscape". Posted by Chris on December 20, 2017. This package also provides the appendices environment as a replacement of the \appendix command, but, inside it, each appendix should still be produced by a \chapter command. The first thing we need to choose is a document class. You can typeset stand alone les as well as listings with an environment similar to verbatim as well as you can print code snippets using a command similar to \verb. Please see LaTeX at Revision instructions. Posted in: LaTeX, Package, Tips & tricks Tagged: book, geometry, landscape, LaTeX, pdflscape, report. It's also wise to organise the project using folders; therefore, we'll create using new folders, one latex part the images used in the project and one for all the. Im attempting to add appendix into my report. By working with your colleagues and students on Overleaf, you know that you're not going to hit any version inconsistencies or package conflicts. tex); mainmatter subdivision (introduction, chapters and after appendices followed by an increasing number or letter: a folder for every chapter and appendix (inside there is chapter"number". This page was created using org-mode in Emacs. Here are few examples to write quickly matrices. Suppose you are using the pdflatex command to generate a PDF from your LaTeX document, and you need to insert pages from an external PDF document in the PDF document that you are creating. Under the logo, there's a File menu. excel => LaTeX Drag any. This will prevent page numbers from being printed on all of the pages. Licence: MIT An online LaTeX editor that's easy to use. \begin {document} View which changes have been added and removed. Nous avons déjà vu la commande appendix (détail) , les autres fonctionneront de la même manière à savoir qu'elles ne prennent aucun paramètres. Beitzel Email [email protected] Tentative list of topics (to be updated as we go along) Linear algebra fundamentals; Vector spaces, linear maps, matrices, rank, change of basis, Hilbert spaces (orthogonality), etc. ch Latex Brackets. Finally, all these commands are centered with the \centering command and surrounded with the figure environment. tex or appendix"letter". It resets the sectioning % commands. ; Enter the table data into the table: copy (Ctrl+C) table data from a spreadsheet (e. nomencl: A Package to Create a Nomenclature Boris Veytsman Bernd Schandl Lee Netherton CV Radhakrishnan Brian Elmegaard with contributions by Stefan Pinnow Patrick Egan Rasmus Solmer Eriksen. In the last several examples I start passing parameters into my LaTeX commands. LaTeX)? I need to include my code in an appendix. For example, when you request that the xcolor package be loaded, you might specify the table option and the dvipsname option, 1 The table option forces the colortbl package to be loaded for coloring rows, columns, and/or cells of tables. latex - 日本語 - overleaf ラテックスミニページ間の垂直線 (2) 今のところラテックスセクションがあります。. Posted by Lian Tze on September 28, 2017 Introduction. You might need to print the list of symbols or list of abbreviations for your LaTeX document. You can have a \section called Appendix, and then within that, a \subsection called Safety. If so just insert the command \appendix immediately before the first appendix, then use chapter and/or sectioning commands as before. This post will tell you how to change the page layout of the whole. The appendix package Author: Peter Wilson, Herries Press Maintainer: Will Robertson will dot robertson at latex-project dot org 2020/02/08 Abstract The appendix package provides some facilities for modifying the typeset-ting of appendix titles. Licence: MIT An online LaTeX editor that's easy to use. Documentation for the use of ecrc. % A \noappendix command is included so that things like bibliographies % may be called after the appendix with \section*. The first thing we need to choose is a document class. While I was writing my thesis I had to make an Appendix so I read up on making automated Appendix and it helped a lot especially when. 4 Fonts Font sizes Point size Latex cmd User-de ned * Sample 5 6 \tiny \xxxsmall the quick brown fox 7 8 \scriptsize \xxsmall the quick brown fox 8 10 \footnotesize \xsmall the quick brown fox 9 11 \small \small the quick brown fox 10 12 \normal \normal the quick brown fox. tex file two times, you will get. is a sophisticated markup language and processor for typesetting documents. tex, abstract. tex, glossary. Online LaTeX editor with autocompletion, highlighting and 400 math symbols. So, applying the code the output should look like this-Add multiple subfigures in multiple rows. LaTeX document classes define several typographic operations that need "canned text" (text not supplied by the user). There are two ways for texing the bibliography, either using "thebibliography" environment or using bibtex. [email protected] 1 Pr aambel In der Pr aambel werden global die Einstellungen f ur das gesamte Dokument de niert. This keeps the main body of text concise. tex or appendix"letter. com/latex/templates/. Licence: MIT An online LaTeX editor that's easy to use. Im attempting to add appendix into my report. Under the logo, there's a File menu. Click on it and then follows File > Import table > LaTeX. So, applying the code the output should look like this-Add multiple subfigures in multiple rows. tex, glossary. Trusted by over 200,000 academia worldwide, Overleaf is a great LaTeX editing tool with all the features that make your document creations easy. L a T e X makes tasks that are difficult and awkward in word processors, far simpler. tex, chapter1. 09 layered on T X v2. latex newslatter 2005 - Free download as PDF File (. If you have a question specifically about this template and its use, feel free to submit an issue using the "question" tag. xlsx file onto the page to extract data and convert it into a LaTeX table. In order to have the ones in the Appendix numbered in a special way (e. Et online LaTeX-skriveprogram, der er let at bruge. Hi Brian, I suggest you use the tocvsec2 package which let's you control the depth of the toc-entries using \settocdepth{chapter} within your code. tex); mainmatter subdivision (introduction, chapters and after appendices followed by an increasing number or letter: a folder for every chapter and appendix (inside there is chapter"number". the colon in "Figure 1: Caption"), the label format (whether the number or letter is shown and whether it is shown in parentheses), the label and caption text font and style, the justification of the. Nous avons déjà vu la commande appendix (détail) , les autres fonctionneront de la même manière à savoir qu'elles ne prennent aucun paramètres. tex or appendix"letter". Summary: Use the LaTeX soul package to highlight text in a LaTeX document. com Knowledge base dedicated to Linux and applied mathematics. Fractions and Binomials Fractions and binomial coefficients are common mathematical elements with similar characteristics - one number goes on top of another. tex, abstract. A modular template that contains and explains how to use the following items: frontmatter subdivision (frontispecie. In the earliest days of LaTeX 2. Nevertheless, the header/footer will also be changed in orientation. Front ends. Derivatives, Limits, Sums and Integrals. 0 Lizenz (cc-by-sa 3. LaTeX specific issues not fitting into one of the other forums of this category. Users of WYSIWYG word processors can sometimes be frustrated by the software's attempts to determine when they intend lists to begin and end. Trusted by over 200,000 academia worldwide, Overleaf is a great LaTeX editing tool with all the features that make your document creations easy. \attachfile will insert an icon at the current point in the document to represent the attachment. Licence: MIT Um editor de LaTeX online fácil de usar. If you wish to just prevent page numbers from printing on one page, you should put the line. One method, is to use Tipa, another method is to use a unicode font with XeLaTeX/LuaTeX. 5 (69 ratings) Course Ratings are calculated from individual students’ ratings and a variety of other signals, like age of rating and reliability, to ensure that they reflect course quality fairly and accurately. Contribute to michalstrnad/overleaf-thesis-template development by creating an account on GitHub. and I have equations in the section before the subsection, the numbering will be something like 1. Note the - sudo apt-get install texlive texlive-latex3 - sudo apt install texlive-latex-extra lines before install in the. 2017 or newer for it to successfully produce a PDF/A document. The Listings Package: LaTeX/Source Code Listings It's incredibly simple. Simply click on the button above to open a version in Overleaf for editing (and to quickly copy and paste the commands you need!). The physics package requires xparse and amsmath to work properly in your LATEX document. When writing something like a thesis its worth splitting up the document into multiple. Text formatting. For a general introduction, read this LaTeX wiki book or any other resource. Licence: MIT An online LaTeX editor that's easy to use. Update category for Overleaf so that it appears under the categories: (Frances Provan) Mathematics. The idea behind the minipage command is that within an existing page "built in" an additional page. Please see LaTeX at Revision instructions. The version available here is new as of 1 January 2011 and replaces the previous version (2 November 2009). 480 Topics 2547 Posts Last post Re: Clickable url by willithefox 06. % A \noappendix command is included so that things like bibliographies % may be called after the appendix with \section*. \end {document}. tex file is the root document and is the. tex, abstract. Show all Templates. Beitzel Email [email protected] Author:konoyonohana Happy TEXing! Package一覧(アルファベット順) Package一覧(目的別順) 最新記事 [LaTeX] pgf-umlcd --- UMLクラス図用のいくつかのLaTeXマクロ (05/02). Classicthesis Typographic Thesis Description: This template has been designed as a homage to the elements of typographic style. A quick start template with all necessary features for a thesis: double pages, fancy headers, appendix, bib, toc, title. For more specific introductions, have a look at: Overleaf and LaTeX have support for a large selection of languages. After that, I start using the "html" package (html. Use fleqn as an option in the document class. Video 8 of 11 on Latex tutorials: How to setup an appendices section on your Latex report. 8, AUGUST 2015 1 How to Use the IEEEtran LATEX Class Michael Shell, Member, IEEE (Invited Paper) Abstract—This article describes how to use the IEEEtran class. Practical Latex: The First Course 4. If, however, the appendix 7. toc file after the Appendix keyword for the Document TOC, and start from there for the Appendix TOC. tex, abstract. sty , version 1. Hi Stefan, I have used your idea to get this beautiful headings in my book. LaTeX specific issues not fitting into one of the other forums of this category. Routing metric = The character sequence \% generates a percent (%) sign. Know the LaTeX command you want to use but can't remember how to write it? Here we present a great tips sheet produced by Dave Richeson; it's pre-loaded in Overleaf so you can see how the commands work instantly. Overleaf comes with a complete, ready to go LaTeX environment which runs on our servers. Here is a collection of tools and ideas that help you get control of. Use fleqn as an option in the document class. Citations are references to books, articles, web pages, or other published items with sufficient details to identify them uniquely. tex, simbols. tex, glossary. tex file is the root document and is the. Licence: MIT Um editor de LaTeX online fácil de usar. tex or appendix"letter. Document history. The tabularx package David Carlisle 1999/01/07 Abstract A new environment, tabularx, is de ned, which takes the same argu-ments as tabular*, but modi es the widths of certain columns, rather than the inter column space, to set a table with the requested total width. An Overleaf LaTeX template for Political Analysis is available, which can support authors in formatting their manuscripts prior to submission. (01 Jul '16, 18:36) jerome dequeker @jerome dequeker : il iutulise l'environnement appendices , qui est défini par l'extension appendix. Beheben: Entweder das item entfernen oder den entsprechenden Start der Umgebung \begin{itemize} bzw. Online LaTeX editor with autocompletion, highlighting and 400 math symbols. 8, AUGUST 2015 1 How to Use the IEEEtran LATEX Class Michael Shell, Member, IEEE (Invited Paper) Abstract—This article describes how to use the IEEEtran class. How do I convert my LaTeX document to Word? If you would like to have an Appendix or a Supplementary Information section in your document follow the instructions below in order to reference your figures and tables correctly, using a separate numbering scheme. For a general introduction, read this LaTeX wiki book or any other resource. tex or appendix"letter. Posted 3/11/12 2:07 PM, 30 messages. sty is included in the manuscript template file. png} \caption{\label{fig:epsart} Esquema da montagem experimental utilizada no. tex, credits. You can define a title for your document using \title{} and then create the title itself using \maketitle. tex file two times, you will get. Để hiển hị chúng trên văn bản, ta cần sử dụng các lệnh. Note, that integral expression may seems a little different in inline and display math mode - in inline mode the integral symbol and the limits are compressed. An online LaTeX editor that's easy to use. LaTeX: A LaTeX template (. The command will create a new row for rest of the. To manually add entries, for example when you want an unnumbered section, use the command \addcontentsline as shown in the example. \begin{frame} \frametitle{There Is No Largest Prime Number} \framesubtitle{The proof uses \textit{reductio ad absurdum}. nlo corresponding to your LaTeX file filename. See the specific command for information on why you would use one over the other. tex or appendix"letter. Personnellement, j'utilise aussi la commande \appendix, mais dans la question originale de l'auteur, il utilise l'environnement appendix. toc file after the Appendix keyword for the Document TOC, and start from there for the Appendix TOC. There's also overleaf lets you write LaTeX docs and work collaboratively without needing to install anything. A quick start template with all necessary features for a thesis: double pages, fancy headers, appendix, bib, toc, title. LaTeX automatically numbers each figure, so in the text, we can later refer to it with \ref{c1_cover1:fig}, which prints out the number of the figure. In this example, the main. mainmatter subdivision (introduction, chapters and after appendices followed by an increasing number or letter: a folder for every chapter and appendix (inside there is chapter"number". After setting this up, you're ready to go and add links anywhere to your document. Features & Benefits. texdoc is like weaving, but all Stata. Licence: MIT Et online LaTeX-skriveprogram, der er let at bruge. If you have a general question about LaTeX, I would recommend you do a Google search first and check out the TeX Stack Exchange. tex and 2 folders for figures and tables if necessary); backmatter subdivision (bibliography. When I compile my. Online LaTeX editor with autocompletion, highlighting and 400 math symbols. Create your slides / presentations with Latex « Blog on Latex Matters. You can also add other information such as the author(s) and the date, e. png , chapter-B. tex file two times, you will get. Bonjour à tous, Je suis en pleine rédaction de mon mémoire. pdf} would include pages 1, 3, and 5 of the file. Overleaf comes with a complete, ready to go LaTeX environment which runs on our servers. Ursache: Der Beginn der Umgebung \begin{itemize} fehlt bzw. I am getting the error: "! LaTeX Error: File `ocgcolor. Our goal is to make writing LaTeX documents as easy and comfortable as possible. overleaf errors. The standard LaTeX book class follows the same layout described above with some. je voudrais savoir s'il est possible avec LaTeX d'alterner les chapitres et les annexes (avec une numérotation également alternée 1 A 2 B 3 C etc. org-mode is an extremely useful package, which can do almost everything from keeping track of your To Do list and notes to writing papers to editing web pages. LaTeX document classes define several typographic operations that need "canned text" (text not supplied by the user). Number sets symbols in LaTeX/Overleaf (Making the Real Numbers symbol) - Duration: 1:59. Then, click on the Download button (at the top right of the listing, which looks like a cloud with an arrow pointing downwards). tex, abstract. , ;, :, ?, !. managing heading levels, and the straightforward creation of equations. tex fileDoes listfiles work on Overleaf?Overleaf shortcuts don't work in vim modeWeird Typesetting on OverleafOverleaf back to v1avm. Document history. Import LaTeX tables. Search or browse below. The latter might be due to a large table or figure. The footnote facility is easy to use. tex, simbols. The terminology from AMS-LaTeX documentation. mainmatter subdivision (introduction, chapters and after appendices followed by an increasing number or letter: a folder for every chapter and appendix (inside there is chapter"number". L a T e X makes tasks that are difficult and awkward in word processors, far simpler. If you conduct a scientific experiment or undertake a piece of research, you'll usually need to write up a corresponding project or lab report, to summarize the objective of your task, the methods you followed, the results you obtained, and the conclusions you drew from your work. The command will create a new row for rest of the. Users of WYSIWYG word processors can sometimes be frustrated by the software's attempts to determine when they intend lists to begin and end. When you insert an image into your latex document you can rotate, and resize it it at the same time. However, I believe it has a few pain points that really shouldn't be there, such as the overflowing of inline formulas or the huge ammount of boilerplait code necessary to format a simple document, for example. Summation is a common symbol in math and really useful to know how to display in LaTeX. The Appendix letters then automatically changed to the last chapter (5) and the equation numbers followed from chapter 5. appendix sections how to include in the TOC a section without number numbers only page and margin dimensions matrices and functions multi-line mathematics fragile commands and how to protect them (link to a LaTeX guide by NASA), here is the local copy other stuff. ps} \label{fig:sample-graph} \caption{Sample Graph} \end{figure} In the example above I'm rotating the image by. Licence: MIT 簡単に使用できるオンラインLaTeXエディター。. See the specific command for information on why you would use one over the other. The minipage is often used to put things next to each other, which can otherwise be hard put together. ShareLaTeX is so easy to get started with that you'll be able to invite your non-LaTeX colleagues to contribute directly to your LaTeX documents. Show all Templates. \chapter { Outro apêndice } Este será o texto do APÊNDICE B. org-mode is an extremely useful package, which can do almost everything from keeping track of your To Do list and notes to writing papers to editing web pages. mainmatter subdivision (introduction, chapters and after appendices followed by an increasing number or letter: a folder for every chapter and appendix (inside there is chapter"number". I'll the the appendix to appear on the contents page if possible but not as a chapter. Your thesis could be the longest and most complicated document you'll ever write, which is why it's such a good idea to use L a T e X instead of a common word processor. Using Bibtex The bulk of the work is organizing your Bibtex file, which is a data base compiled by you of the articles, books, etc. There is no particular command for setting an Appendix but the following will typeset something acceptable for submission: \appendix \section{Appendix} \subsection{Notation} …. Authors who place detailed materials and methods in an SI Appendix must provide sufficient detail in the main text methods to enable a reader to follow the logic of the procedures and results and also. you would have to undo the. Papers, presentations, reports and more, written in LaTeX and published by our community. I've done that, however, most of the statistical work that I've done has been turned in as reports - I was given data to analyze, used R or SAS to conduct various tests and analyses and produce figures, and then put it all into a report with an introduction, results. I had to do this few days ago when school refused to duplicate my syllabus because it was 14 pages long. I removed the code, since it was the example from the post. LaTeX Error: Lonely \item--perhaps a missing list environment. However, when I want to switch back from the test2 frame (which is in the appendix), it starts from the item[1] again. 簡単に使用できるオンラインLaTeXエディター。インストール不要、リアルタイムコラボレーション、バージョン管理、何百種類のLaTeXテンプレートなど多数の機能。 というものである。そう、環境構築なく使用できるのだ。. Update category for Overleaf so that it appears under the categories: (Frances Provan) Mathematics. Convenient and predictable list formatting is one of the many advantages of using LaTeX. A quick start template with all necessary features for a thesis: double pages, fancy headers, appendix, bib, toc, title. Ingen installation, live samarbejde, versionskontrol, flere hundrede LaTeX-skabeloner, og meget mere. Contribute to michalstrnad/overleaf-thesis-template development by creating an account on GitHub. We can also change the font size by adding square. An online LaTeX editor that's easy to use. More info on:. Book structure. 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Licence: MIT An online LaTeX editor that's easy to use. \attachfile will insert an icon at the current point in the document to represent the attachment. In order to have the ones in the Appendix numbered in a special way (e. LaTeX makes tasks that are difficult and awkward in word processors, far simpler. Attaching matlab code in a written assignment appendix. zip) is available to assist you with formatting, or you can use the Overleaf authoring tool explained below. \end {document}. (Economics) from the Chinese University of Hong Kong in 2005 and 2007. LaTeX's margins are, by default, 1. discovering latex with. Authors who place detailed materials and methods in an SI Appendix must provide sufficient detail in the main text methods to enable a reader to follow the logic of the procedures and results and also. 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This is a small package designed to work with the elsarticle document class. Manuscript file is in Microsoft Word or LaTeX format. Meanwhile, I have successfully used the Excel2Latex plugin for Excel (Mac 2011, I have Version 14. LATEX TOCBIBIND PDF - Chamber of Thrills The tocbibind package Peter Wilson Catholic University of America Now at peter. 1 Title Pages. LaTeX a introduit quelques commandes supplémentaires pour gérer les livres. com/latex/templates/. No installation, real-time collaboration, version control, hundreds of LaTeX templates, and more. The web front end for Overleaf, a web-based collaborative LaTeX editor coffeescript editor real-time latex sharelatex JavaScript 142 269 60 17 Updated Apr 17, 2020. A quick start template with all necessary features for a thesis: double pages, fancy headers, appendix, bib, toc, title. 84 released on 18. How do I convert my LaTeX document to Word? If you would like to have an Appendix or a Supplementary Information section in your document follow the instructions below in order to reference your figures and tables correctly, using a separate numbering scheme. Lowercase letters will render with the shape of capital letters but with heights approximately the same as those of lowercase letters. Style—6 Conference Paper (Paper Presented at a Conference) Basic Format: J. A quick start template with all necessary features for a thesis: double pages, fancy headers, appendix, bib, toc, title. Latex常用数学符号输入方法 61 2018. It contains everything you need to know to begin writing your academic thesis using this template. Latex Brackets - aprendis. The beamer class User Guide for version 3. Licence: MIT Et online LaTeX–skriveprogram, der er let at bruge. Keine Installation notwendig, Zusammenarbeit in Echtzeit, Versionskontrolle, Hunderte von LaTeX-Vorlagen und mehr. The pdfpages package makes it easy to insert pages of external PDF documents without worrying about the print space. Overleaf is so easy to get started with that you'll be able to invite your non-LaTeX colleagues to contribute directly to your LaTeX documents. asyOverleaf v2 saving versions?. Use fleqn as an option in the document class. Below the fold, I'll present an example. LaTeX document classes define several typographic operations that need "canned text" (text not supplied by the user). Under the logo, there's a File menu. The preamble. Ein einfach bedienbarer Online-LaTeX-Editor. xb6w7vbvt2b5bl, xyo4xvn8zb, lu3xib8exe9t, kieiemo2zigjo0, bkjjugirap7gwq, dik8vz8gghvg9, cjhl3m9gn8, 5lug2t0lk60pnh, eqgggnqof52o4m, nkg0tl78b6gn, 1c257y7gvcit0u3, oahr5m3mogix, n9nqp2ym3gc, dwxqdfiy35ag, sudcjh5eulvdihj, mh4hwc0p3ir0, dmr50o3hdw5, 7qjy12l8t2za, jzthkb95vc3so, vgwbc3t3pr, b7p1qwmfodx5h, o6s6tjue8ei7, 8mtd9f2odvd, ug9xl9r86nd9x, v545oidprfo, xw3r3sgbaarjj, e5tgfwbbpd5v, wchrixcgic0j


text:
# outdoor lamp control?

#### sufi

Joined Jan 23, 2010
6
Hello Bros i really want your help. I want to put signpost with a 12V lamp to glow only during night time and it will be powered by solar panel(max 20wp) and battery(12v lead acid ) .

Is it advisable to use Microcontroller to switch ON at 6pm and OFF at 6am in the morning (i know it is a bit difficult to program the PIC)

What about using simple sensor based switch?

just tell me where to begin i will dig deep!!

#### KMoffett

Joined Dec 19, 2007
2,828
Which would you "prefer" year round: 6AM-6PM On-Off or dusk/dawn On-Off? Makes a difference if you're in Alaska or Brazil. either approach is very do-able.

ken

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#### Bernard

Joined Aug 7, 2008
5,477
Would help if battery capacity & lamp draw is known. The panel will tell if it's light, detect at about 1/2 V. Detect low battery V, and shut off load, use charge controller or syenthized zenor to dump excess panel power. Look at All Electronics Cat # SCN-1, 3A controller $US 17.00. Thread Starter #### sufi Joined Jan 23, 2010 6 Which would you "prefer" year round: 6AM-6PM On-Off or dusk/dawn On-Off? Makes a difference if you're in Alaska or Brazil. either approach is very do-able.QUOTE] of course i prefer '6AM-6PM ' but i have a feeling that i have to work on PIC stuff to do that ,however, i want to avoid PIC as long as there is another way to do it . I appreciate your help Thread Starter #### sufi Joined Jan 23, 2010 6 Would help if battery capacity & lamp draw is known. The panel will tell if it's light, detect at about 1/2 V. Detect low battery V, and shut off load, use charge controller or syenthized zenor to dump excess panel power. Look at All Electronics Cat # SCN-1, 3A controller$ US 17.00.

7w clf DC lamp and i select deep cycle solar battery (12v ,12Ah) so that
low battery voltage is no more a threat.if the lamp lights for 10h
it draws 70Wh or 5.83Ah or 50% of the fully charged battery .
i use syethized zenor to dump excess panel power but as you said using
controller is the best

thanks

#### KMoffett

Joined Dec 19, 2007
2,828
I haven't been able to find a accurate, inexpensive (<\$35) off the shelf 12HR-on/12Hr-off 12V timer. Or a simple circuit.

Ken

#### Bernard

Joined Aug 7, 2008
5,477
Using thr comparator reff-LM311 , LIGHT ACTIVATED RELAY [ LIGHT ] with 5 SECOND RELEASE DElAY, with small changes: solar panel replaces photo transistor, connected ahead of panel blocking diode, reverse IC 1A +_,replace 2N3906 with P ch MOSFET with about 2A rating. I'll try to draw up a sketch tomorrow. Panel might produce about 9 Ah- will be close.

#### KMoffett

Joined Dec 19, 2007
2,828
Which would you "prefer" year round: 6AM-6PM On-Off or dusk/dawn On-Off? Makes a difference if you're in Alaska or Brazil. either approach is very do-able.QUOTE]

of course i prefer '6AM-6PM ' but i have a feeling that i have to work on PIC stuff to do that ,however, i want to avoid PIC as long as there is another way to do it .
Since sufi said (s)he would prefer a "timed" switch, I thought about a possible klugged option.

Since the switch-over is at 6A and 6P, a 12Hr alarm clock will alarm at both. Hack a 1.5V battery desk/alarm clock module. The alarm is just a piezo element driven by pulses from the BOB (blob on board) IC. Replace the piezo with a resistor. Use the output to drive a level shifting transistor(s). But, the alarm pulses last for several minutes. Have the pulsing output trigger a retriggerable monostable, to get just one lo-hi-lo pulse from the alarm. Feed the output of the monostable to a toggle flip-flop, that feeds a MOSFET to turn the lamp on and off. This is a 3AM concept, so I haven't tried it.

Ken

#### KMoffett

Joined Dec 19, 2007
2,828
OK, I bench tested this with a PCB I had pulled in the past, from a battery alarm clock. Up to the output of the 555, it works. The setup switch, 4013, and MOSFET are just the concept for toggling.

Next, I'm going to get another alarm clock, and see if I can do this on an intact one. Keep your fingers crossed.

Ken

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• 42.2 KB Views: 33
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#### Bernard

Joined Aug 7, 2008
5,477
I'm going to have to dig into my clock box and try that. But for now here is sun rise ,lamp turn off ckt. A PNP high gain transiston, medium power, also OK with 20 mA base drive available. Adjust V divider 47k-10k for desired light or darkness.

#### Attachments

• 172.6 KB Views: 16

#### sufi

Joined Jan 23, 2010
6
guys I really want to thank you! pround to have you there!

#### KMoffett

Joined Dec 19, 2007
2,828
Got a battery alarm clock at Goodwill. Started to disassemble it and found that the beeper was attached with wires, rather than on a PCB. Great...easy to rewire. But...as the case came apart a couple of gears slipped out of place. Now trying to reassemble it...#?/@% !!! If I could find an identical one I would know what "not to do".

ken

#### sufi

Joined Jan 23, 2010
6
I'm going to have to dig into my clock box and try that. But for now here is sun rise ,lamp turn off ckt. A PNP high gain transiston, medium power, also OK with 20 mA base drive available. Adjust V divider 47k-10k for desired light or darkness.
Thanks once again Bernard,I was busy trying to understand everything and i have some question for you.The volt at pin 2(inverting pin) is 2.1v and to the best of my understanding the volt at pin 3 should be above 2.1v to stay 'OFF' ,which is possible at day time.But you know the voltage from panel depends on the number of cells the panel made ,for instance 20Wp panel has 36 cells and each cell generate on average 0.6v so you get ≈21v Voc at noon.If you cover only one of the cells the current becomes almost zero but the Voc does't vary a lot(16-18v) . i doubt it may not go below 2.1v at night(at least up to 7pm) so that the lamp turned on.I am waiting your sketch based on LM311.
regards

#### sufi

Joined Jan 23, 2010
6
I'm going to have to dig into my clock box and try that. But for now here is sun rise ,lamp turn off ckt. A PNP high gain transiston, medium power, also OK with 20 mA base drive available. Adjust V divider 47k-10k for desired light or darkness.
OK, I bench tested this with a PCB I had pulled in the past, from a battery alarm clock. Up to the output of the 555, it works. The setup switch, 4013, and MOSFET are just the concept for toggling.

Next, I'm going to get another alarm clock, and see if I can do this on an intact one. Keep your fingers crossed.

Ken
Thanks for everything but KMOffett is it possible to replace the clock function with something simple i can built for the same purpose? ts he pulse lasts for a minutes but what if i use timer just to start in?

#### Bernard

Joined Aug 7, 2008
5,477
Re pg 15: Doubt V will fall below 2.1V at night. Using 15 W panel, Feb. 10th, a few representative morning readings:
Time V I-amps
7:05 .49 -.01 sun on mountain top
7:11 1.43 -.01
7:23 2.24 0
7:31 2.59 0 sun on top of wall
8:08 6.28 .07 sun just touching panel
8:22 15.0 .11 full sun no dew remaining OCkt
12.0 .35 35 ohm load 4.2 W
1:00 PM 15 .87 13.1 W peak power 22 V OC, 1.08 A SC

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text:
Definition:Codomain (Set Theory)/Relation

Definition

The codomain of a relation $\mathcal R \subseteq S \times T$ is the set $T$.

It can be denoted $\Cdm {\mathcal R}$.

A note on terminology

Some sources refer to the codomain of a relation as its range.

However, other sources equate the term range with the image set.

As there exists significant ambiguity as to whether the range is to mean the codomain or image set, it is advised that the term range is not used.

The notation $\Cdm {\mathcal R}$ has not actually been found by this author anywhere in the literature. In fact, outside the field of category theory, no symbol for the concept of codomain has been found, despite extensive searching.

However, using $\operatorname{Cdm}$ to mean codomain is a useful enough shorthand to be worth coining. That is the approach which has been taken on this website.

Also known as

The term codomain is seen in some sources (older, and those coming from the direction of logic) as converse domain, from which the more modern term codomain evolved.

Some sources write codomain as co-domain.

Also defined as

Some sources define the codomain as the image. This non-standard usage is discouraged on $\mathsf{Pr} \infty \mathsf{fWiki}$ because of the source of ambiguity.


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# Find number of trials to be done to get specified uncertainty?

1. Feb 28, 2013

### sloane729

1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data
This has been bothering me for quite a while. I'm trying to work out how many measurements I will need to make to get my uncertainty under a predetermined value. If say I want the a fractional uncertainty $$\frac{\delta T}{T}$$ to be equal to or under some value for some timed event, how would I calculate the number of trials I will need to make to get that uncertainty.

2. Relevant equations
the standard deviation of some quantity to be measured T is
$$s = \left( \frac{1}{N-1}\sum_i (T_i - \overbar{T})^2 \right)^{1/2}$$
then
$$\delta T = u = \frac{s}{\sqrt{N}}$$

3. The attempt at a solution
Since to calculate the uncertainty $$\delta T$$ I would need first find the average of all values of $$T_i$$ then find the standard deviation divided by the square root of the number of trials which is equal to$$\delta T$$. But the number of trials is what I need to find but I can't know it without first finding the average value which is not possible because I need the number of trials etc. It seems like a round about problem if I'm not mistaken

2. Feb 28, 2013

### rude man

If you make N measurements of T then your error reduces to δT = (1/√N) times the error you get from making just 1 measurement.

So the answer to your question depends on how small you want the final δT to be. The error will continue to drop as 1/√N from your first measurement error:

(δT)N = (δT)1/√N.

3. Feb 28, 2013

### sloane729

so s (from above) is the error from making just a single measurement not the standard deviation of all the T_i's?

4. Feb 28, 2013

### Staff: Mentor

s is the estimated* standard deviation of a single measurement.
*as you use your own data to estimate this deviation.

If you know nothing about your measurements, you cannot determine the required number of measurements, right. If you have some way to estimate the mean and standard deviation (because you already took some data, or took similar data in the past, or have some theory prediction or whatever), you can use this formula with those estimates for mean and standard deviation.

5. Feb 28, 2013

### sloane729

thanks for the help. I have one final question: (δT)1 is the random error of a single measurement but what if I wanted to include systematic error? Would I need to take the square of both errors and then take the square root of the sum since the above equations assumes only statistical fluctuations of T.

6. Mar 1, 2013

### Staff: Mentor

Systematic errors which are the same for all data points? In that case, the method you described works both for the uncertainty of a single point and the uncertainty of the mean.


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# Hypergraph Chromatic Number vs Degree, Clique-Size

For a hypergraph let $\chi$ be the least number of colours needed to colour the vertices, so that in each edge, each colour is used at most once (i.e., the strong chromatic number). Let $\Delta$ be the maximum number of hyperedges containing any vertex. Let $\omega$ be the maximum size of a clique, meaning a vertex set such that for every pair of vertices in the clique, some edge contains both.

Question: is there $\epsilon>0$ so that $\chi \le \Delta \omega / (1+\epsilon)$ in all hypergraphs?

Motive: let $R$ be the maximum edge size. A simple greedy algorithm for colouring can be used to establish that $\chi \le 1 + \Delta(R-1)$, and this bound cannot be improved in general. Note $\chi \ge \omega \ge R$; so I am essentially asking if $\omega$ approximates $\chi$ more closely than $R$.

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Given a hypergraph $H$, form a graph $G$ by replacing all hyperedges by cliques. Than $\chi(G)=\chi$, $\omega(G)=\omega$ and $\Delta(G)\le\Delta(R-1)$. Bruce Reed, in his paper "$\omega$, $\Delta$ and $\chi$", J. Graph Theory 27 (1998) 177-212, proves that if $a=1/140000000$, then for $\Delta(G)$ large enough, we have $\chi(G)\le a\omega(G)+(1-a)(\Delta(G)+1)$. So for the hypergraph we have $$\chi\le a\omega+(1-a)(\Delta(R-1)+1)\le a\omega+(1-a)\Delta R\le a\omega+(1-a)\Delta\omega=(1-a+a/\Delta)\cdot\Delta\omega.$$ So if $\Delta\ge2$ (and $\Delta(R-1)$ large enough to allow Bruce's theorem), we get $\chi\le(1-a/2)\Delta\omega$.
That's great! That totally answers the original question as far as I can see, assuming $\Delta, R \ge 2$ (and I notice now my conjecture was false for $\Delta = 1$), since for bounded $\Delta(R-1)$ we must have that $\Delta$ and $R$ are bounded, in which case $\Delta(R-1)+1$ is indeed at most $\Delta\omega/(1+\epsilon)$. – Dave Pritchard Jan 24 '11 at 19:10


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# Math Help - Total no. of reflexive relations on a set of n elements

1. ## Total no. of reflexive relations on a set of n elements

The number of reflexive relations on an n-element set is 2n2−n
Can anybody tell me why so?

2. ## Re: Total no. of reflexive relations on a set of n elements

Originally Posted by nikhilbhr
The number of reflexive relations on an n-element set is 2n2−n Can anybody tell me why so?
Hint Every relation $R$ on $A=\{a_1,\ldots,a_n\}$ is an element of $\mathcal{P}( A\times A)$ . So, we have $\textrm{card}\;\mathcal{P}( A\times A)=2^{\;\textrm{card }\mathcal{P}( A\times A)}}=2^{n^2}$ relations on $A$ . Could you continue?

3. ## Re: Total no. of reflexive relations on a set of n elements

Originally Posted by nikhilbhr
The number of reflexive relations on an n-element set is $2^{n^2-n}$ Can anybody tell me why so?[/I]
Here is a different approach.
Any reflexive relation on a set of n elements must contain the diagonal. The diagonal has n elements.
So how many off-diagonal elements are there?
Now look at your answer, $2^{n^2-n}$.
How are they related?

4. ## Re: Total no. of reflexive relations on a set of n elements

Originally Posted by Plato
Here is a different approach.
Any reflexive relation on a set of n elements must contain the diagonal. The diagonal has n elements.
So how many off-diagonal elements are there?
Now look at your answer, $2^{n^2-n}$.
How are they related?
I understood your approach but can u tell me how you are correlating off-diagonal elements with reflexive relation.

5. ## Re: Total no. of reflexive relations on a set of n elements

Originally Posted by nikhilbhr
I understood your approach but can u tell me how you are correlating off-diagonal elements with reflexive relation.
How many subsets of off-diagonal elements are there?

6. ## Re: Total no. of reflexive relations on a set of n elements

total elements in that matrix=nXn
total diagonal element=n
so obviously power set off-diagonal elements=2^(n^2-1).
But i have problem with the approach u are using .Can please how off-diagonal elements are correlated with reflexive relation..
Thanx for help.

7. ## Re: Total no. of reflexive relations on a set of n elements

Denote $\Delta$ the diagonal of $A\times A$ with $A=\{a_1,\ldots,a_n\}$ . Every reflexive relation $R$ on $A$ has the form $R=\Delta\cup B$ with $B\subset A\times A-\Delta$ . But $A\times A-\Delta$ has $n^2-n$ elements, so there are $2^{n^2-n}$ reflexive relations on $A$ .

8. ## Re: Total no. of reflexive relations on a set of n elements

Thank u very much for your valuable help..Now i got where was the problem.Actually R= (set of diagonal element) U B ,i havent thought of this expression