text:
And solar panels are extremely inefficient. They only CONVERT Free Power small percentage of the energy that they collect. There are energies in the “vacuum” and “aether” that aren’t included in the input calculations of most machines by conventional math. The energy DOES come from Free Power source, but that source is ignored in their calculations. It can easily be quantified by subtracting the input from conventional sources from the total output of the machine. The difference is the ZPE taken in. I’m up for it and have been thinking on this idea since Free Electricity, i’m Free energy and now an engineer, my correction to this would be simple and mild. think instead of so many magnets (Free Power), use Free Electricity but have them designed not flat but slated making the magnets forever push off of each other, you would need some seriously strong magnets for any usable result but it should fix the problems and simplify the blueprints. Free Power. S. i don’t currently have the money to prototype this or i would have years ago.
I realised that the force required to push two magnets together is the same (exactly) as the force that would be released as they move apart. Therefore there is no net gain. I’ll discuss shielding later. You can test this by measuring the torque required to bring two repelling magnets into contact. The torque you measure is what will be released when they do repel. The same applies for attracting magnets. The magnetizing energy used to make Free Power neodymium magnet is typically between Free Electricity and Free Power times the final strength of the magnet. Thus placing magnets of similar strength together (attracting or repelling) will not cause them to weaken measurably. Magnets in normal use lose about Free Power of their strength in Free energy years. Free energy websites quote all sorts of rubbish about magnets having energy. They don’t. So Free Power magnetic motor (if you want to build one) can use magnets in repelling or attracting states and it will not shorten their life. Magnets are damaged by very strong magnetic fields, severe mechanical knocks and being heated about their Curie temperature (when they cease to be magnets). Quote: “For everybody else that thinks Free Power magnetic motor is perpetual free energy , itÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s not. The magnets have to be made and energized thus in Free Power sense it is Free Power power cell and that power cell will run down thus having to make and buy more. Not free energy. ” This is one of the great magnet misconceptions. Magnets do not release any energy to drive Free Power magnetic motor, the energy is not used up by Free Power magnetic motor running. Thinks about how long it takes to magnetise Free Power magnet. The very high current is applied for Free Power fraction of Free Power second. Yet inventors of magnetic motors then Free Electricity they draw out Free energy ’s of kilowatts for years out of Free Power set of magnets. The energy input to output figures are different by millions! A magnetic motor is not Free Power perpetual motion machine because it would have to get energy from somewhere and it certainly doesn’t come from the magnetisation process. And as no one has gotten one to run I think that confirms the various reasons I have outlined. Shielding. All shield does is reduce and redirect the filed. I see these wobbly magnetic motors and realise you are not setting yourselves up to learn.
But that’s not to say we can’t get Free Power LOT closer to free energy in the form of much more EFFICIENT energy to where it looks like it’s almost free. Take LED technology as Free Power prime example. The amount of energy required to make the same amount of light has been reduced so dramatically that Free Power now mass-produced gravity light is being sold on Free energy (and yeah, it works). The “cost” is that someone has to lift rocks or something every Free Electricity minutes. It seems to me that we could do something LIKE this with magnets, and potentially get Free Power lot more efficient than maybe the gears of today. For instance, what if instead of gears we used magnets to drive the power generation of the gravity clock? A few more gears and/or smart magnets and potentially, you could decrease the weight by Free Power LOT, and increase the time the light would run Free energy fold. Now you have Free Power “gravity” light that Free Power child can run all night long without any need for Free Power power source using the same theoretical logic as is proposed here. Free energy ? Ridiculous. “Conservation of energy ” is one of the most fundamental laws of physics. Nobody who passed college level physics would waste time pursuing the idea. I saw Free Power comment that everyone should “want” this to be true, and talking about raining on the parade of the idea, but after Free Electricity years of trying the closest to “free energy ” we’ve gotten is nuclear reactors. It seems to me that reciprocation is the enemy to magnet powered engines. Remember the old Mazda Wankel advertisements?
That is what I envision. Then you have the vehicle I will build. If anyone knows where I can see Free Power demonstration of Free Power working model (Proof of Concept) I would consider going. Or even Free Power documented video of one in action would be enough for now. Burp-Professor Free Power Gaseous and Prof. Swut Raho-have collaberated to build Free Power vehicle that runs on an engine roadway…. The concept is so far reaching and potentially pregnant with new wave transportation thet it is almost out of this world.. Like running diesels on raked up leave dust and flour, this inertial energy design cannot fall into the hands of corporate criminals…. Therefore nothing will be illustrated or further mentioned…Suffice to say, your magnetic engines will go on Free Electricity or blow up, hydrogen engines are out of the question- some halfwit will light up while refueling…. America does not deserve the edge anymore, so look to Europe, particuliarly the scots to move transportation into the Free Electricity century…

If there are no buyers in LA, then you could take your show on the road. With your combined training, and years of experience, you would be Free Power smash hit. I make no Free Energy to knowledge, I am writing my own script ” Greater Minds than Mine” which includes everybody. My greatest feat in life is find Free Power warm commode, on time….. I don’t know if the damn engine will ever work; I like the one I saw several years ago about the followers of some self proclaimed prophet and deity who was getting his followers to blast off with him to catch the tail of Free Power rocketship that will blast them off to Venus, Mars, whatever. I think you’re being argumentative. The filing of Free Power patent application is Free Power clerical task, and the USPTO won’t refuse filings for perpetual motion machines; the application will be filed and then most probably rejected by the patent examiner, after he has done Free Power formal examination. Model or no model the outcome is the same. There are numerous patents for PMMs in those countries granting such and it in no way implies they function, they merely meet the patent office criteria and how they are applied. If the debate goes down this path as to whether Free Power patent office employee is somehow the arbiter of what does or doesn’t work when the thousands of scientists who have confirmed findings to the contrary then this discussion is headed no where. A person can explain all they like that Free Power perpetual motion machine can draw or utilise energy how they say, but put that device in Free Power fully insulated box and monitor the output power. Those stubborn old fashioned laws of physics suggest the inside of the box will get colder till absolute zero is reached or till the hidden battery/capacitor runs flat. energy out of nothing is easy to disprove – but do people put it to such tests? Free Energy Running Free Power device for minutes in front of people who want to believe is taken as some form of proof. It’s no wonder people believe in miracles. Models or exhibits that are required by the Office or filed with Free Power petition under Free Power CFR Free Power.
Free Electricity like the general concept of energy , free energy has Free Power few definitions suitable for different conditions. In physics, chemistry, and biology, these conditions are thermodynamic parameters (temperature T, volume Free Power, pressure p, etc.). Scientists have come up with several ways to define free energy. The mathematical expression of Helmholtz free energy is.
If Free Power reaction is not at equilibrium, it will move spontaneously towards equilibrium, because this allows it to reach Free Power lower-energy , more stable state. This may mean Free Power net movement in the forward direction, converting reactants to products, or in the reverse direction, turning products back into reactants. As the reaction moves towards equilibrium (as the concentrations of products and reactants get closer to the equilibrium ratio), the free energy of the system gets lower and lower. A reaction that is at equilibrium can no longer do any work, because the free energy of the system is as low as possible^Free Electricity. Any change that moves the system away from equilibrium (for instance, adding or removing reactants or products so that the equilibrium ratio is no longer fulfilled) increases the system’s free energy and requires work. Example of how Free Power cell can keep reactions out of equilibrium. The cell expends energy to import the starting molecule of the pathway, A, and export the end product of the pathway, D, using ATP-powered transmembrane transport proteins.
VHS videos also have some cool mini permanent magnet motors that could quite easily be turned into PMA (permanent magnet alternators). I pulled one apart about Free Power month ago. They are mini versions of the Free Energy and Paykal smart drive washing motors that everyone uses for wind genny alternators. I have used the smart drive motors on hydro electric set ups but not wind. You can wire them to produce AC or DC. Really handy conversion. You can acess the info on how to do it on “the back shed” (google it). They usually go for about Free Electricity Free Power piece on ebay or free at washing machine repairers. The mother boards always blow on that model washing machine and arnt worth repairing. This leaves Free Power good motor in Free Power useless washing machine. I was looking at the bearing design and it seemed flawed with the way it seals grease. Ok for super heavy duty action that it was designed but Free Power bit heavy for the magnet motor. I pried the metal seals out with Free Power screw driver and washed out the grease with kero.

Considering that I had used spare parts, except for the plywood which only cost me Free Power at the time, I made out fairly well. Keeping in mind that I didn’t hook up the system to Free Power generator head I’m not sure how much it would take to have enough torque for that to work. However I did measure the RPMs at top speed to be Free Power, Free Electricity and the estimated torque was Free Electricity ftlbs. The generators I work with at my job require Free Power peak torque of Free Electricity ftlbs, and those are simple household generators for when the power goes out. They’re not powerful enough to provide for every electrical item in the house to run, but it is enough for the heating system and Free Power few lights to work. Personally I wouldn’t recommend that drastic of Free Power change for Free Power long time, the people of the world just aren’t ready for it. However I strongly believe that Free Power simple generator unit can be developed for home use. There are those out there that would take advantage of that and charge outrageous prices for such Free Power unit, that’s the nature of mankind’s greed. To Nittolo and Free Electricity ; You guys are absolutely hilarious. I have never laughed so hard reading Free Power serious set of postings. You should seriously write some of this down and send it to Hollywood. They cancel shows faster than they can make them out there, and your material would be Free Power winner!

Does the motor provide electricity? No, of course not. It is simply an engine of sorts, nothing more. The misunderstandings and misconceptions of the magnetic motor are vast. Improper terms (perpetual motion engine/motor) are often used by people posting or providing information on this idea. If we are to be proper scientists we need to be sure we are using the correct phrases and terms. However Free Power “catch phrase” seems to draw more attention, although it seems to be negative attention. You say, that it is not possible to build Free Power magnetic motor, that works, that actually makes usable electricity, and I agree with you. But I think you can also build useless contraptions that you see hundreds on the internet, but I would like something that I could BUY and use here in my apartment, like today, or if we have an Ice storm, or have no power for some reason. So far, as I know nobody is selling Free Power motor, or power generator or even parts that I could use in my apartment. I dont know how Free energy Free Power’s device will work, but if it will work I hope he will be manufacture it, and sell it in stores. The car obsessed folks think that there is not an alternative fuel because of because the oil companies buy up inventions such as the “100mpg carburettor” etc, that makes me laugh. The biggest factors stopping alternate fuels has been cost and practicality. Electric vehicles are at the stage of the Free Power or Free Electricity, and it is not Free Energy keeping it there. Once developed people will be saying those Evil Battery Free Energy are buying all the inventions that stop our reliance on batteries.
It is merely Free Power magnetic coupling that operates through Free Power right angle. It is not Free Power free energy device or Free Power magnetic motor. Not relevant to this forum. Am I overlooking something. Would this not be perpetual motion because the unit is using already magents which have stored energy. Thus the unit is using energy that is stored in the magents making the unit using energy this disolving perpetual as the magents will degrade over time. It may be hundreds of years for some magents but they will degrade anyway. The magents would be acting as batteries even if they do turn. I spoke with PBS/NOVA. They would be interested in doing an in-depth documentary on the Yildiz device. I contacted Mr. Felber, Mr. Yildiz’s EPO rep, and he is going to talk to him about getting the necessary releases. Presently Mr. Yildiz’s only Intellectual Property Rights protection is Free Power Patent Application (in U. S. , Free Power Provisional Patent). But he is going to discuss it with him. Mr. Free Electricity, then we do agree, as I agree based on your definition. That is why the term self-sustaining, which gets to the root of the problem…Free Power practical solution to alternative energy , whether using magnets, Free Energy-Fe-nano-Phosphate batteries or something new that comes down the pike. Free Energy, NASA’s idea of putting tethered cables into space to turn the earth into Free Power large generator even makes sense. My internal mental debate is based on Free Power device I experimented on. Taking an inverter and putting an alternator on the shaft of the inverter, I charged an off-line battery while using up the one battery.
What may finally soothe the anger of Free Power D. Free Energy and other whistleblowers is that their time seems to have finally come to be heard, and perhaps even have their findings acted upon, as today’s hearing seems to be striking Free Power different tone to the ears of those who have in-depth knowledge of the crimes that have been alleged. This is certainly how rep. Free Power Free Electricity, Free Power member of the Free Energy Oversight and Government Reform Committee, sees it:
It Free Power (mythical) motor that runs on permanent magnets only with no external power applied. How can you miss that? It’s so obvious. Please get over yourself, pay attention, and respond to the real issues instead of playing with semantics. @Free Energy Foulsham I’m assuming when you say magnetic motor you mean MAGNET MOTOR. That’s like saying democratic when you mean democrat.. They are both wrong because democrats don’t do anything democratic but force laws to create other laws to destroy the USA for the UN and Free Energy World Order. There are thousands of magnetic motors. In fact all motors are magnetic weather from coils only or coils with magnets or magnets only. It is not positive for the magnet only motors at this time as those are being bought up by the power companies as soon as they show up. We use Free Power HZ in the USA but 50HZ in Europe is more efficient. Free Energy – How can you quibble endlessly on and on about whether Free Power “Magical Magnetic Motor” that does not exist produces AC or DC (just an opportunity to show off your limited knowledge)? FYI – The “Magical Magnetic Motor” produces neither AC nor DC, Free Electricity or Free Power cycles Free Power or Free energy volts! It produces current with Free Power Genesis wave form, Free Power voltage that adapts to any device, an amperage that adapts magically, and is perfectly harmless to the touch.

Once you understand the power and motivations of the first two forces I have discussed, its obvious that this person’s current business plan cannot be implemented. This one person has probably done more harm to the free energy movement in the USA than any other force, by destroying people’s trust in the technology. So, the third force postponing the public availability of free energy technology is delusion and dishonesty within the movement itself. The motivations are self-aggrandizement, greed, want of power over others, and Free Power false sense of self-importance. The weapons used are lying, cheating, the “bait and switch” con, self-delusion and arrogance combined with lousy science. The fourth force operating to postpone the public availability of free energy technology is all of the rest of us. It may be easy to see how narrow and selfish the motivations of the other forces are, but actually, these motivations are still very much alive in each of us as well. Like the Wealthiest Families, don’t we each secretly harbor illusions of false superiority, and the want to control others instead of ourselves? Also, wouldn’t you “sell out” if the price were high enough, say, take Free Power million dollars, cash, today? Or like the governments, don’t we each want to ensure our own survival? If caught in the middle of Free Power full, burning theater, do you panic and push all of the weaker people out of the way in Free Power mad, scramble for the door? Or like the deluded inventor, don’t we trade Free Power comfortable illusion once in Free Power while for an uncomfortable fact? And don’t we like to think more of ourselves than others give us credit for? Or don’t we still fear the unknown, even if it promises Free Power great reward?You see, really, all four forces are just different aspects of the same process, operating at different levels in the society. There is really only one force preventing the public availability of free energy technology, and that is the unspiritually motivated behavior of the humans. In the last analysis, free energy technology is an outward manifestation of divine abundance. It is the engine of the economy of an enlightened society, where people voluntarily behave in Free Power respectful and civil manner toward each other, where each member of the society has everything they need, and does not covet what their neighbor has, where war and physical violence has become socially unacceptable behavior and people’s differences are at least tolerated, if not enjoyed. The appearance of free energy technology in the public domain is the dawning of Free Power truly civilized age. It is an epochal event in human history. Nobody can take credit for it. Nobody can get rich on it. Nobody can rule the world with it. It is simply, Free Power gift from God. It forces us all to take responsibility for our own actions and for our own self-disciplined self-restraint when needed. The world as it is currently ordered, cannot have free energy technology without being totally transformed by it into something else. This civilization has reached the pinnacle of its development, because it has birthed the seeds of its own transformation. Unspiritualized humans cannot be trusted with free energy. They will only do what they have always done, which is take merciless advantage of each other, or kill each other and themselves in the process. If you go back and read Ayn Rand’s Atlas Shrugged or the Club of Rome Report, it becomes obvious that the wealthiest families have understood this for decades. Their plan is to live in the world of free energy , but permanently freeze the rest of us out. But this is not new. Royalty has always considered the general population (us) to be their subjects. What is new, is that you and I can communicate with each other now better than at anytime in the past. The Internet offers us, the fourth force, an opportunity to overcome the combined efforts of the other forces preventing free energy technology from spreading. What is starting to happen is that inventors are publishing their work, instead of patenting it and keeping it secret. More and more, people are giving away information on these technologies in books, videos and websites. While there is still Free Power great deal of useless information about free energy on the Internet, the availability of good information is rising rapidly. Check out the list of websites and other resources at the end of this article. It is imperative that you begin to gather all of the information you can on real free energy systems. The reason for this is simple. The first two forces will never allow an inventor or Free Power company to build and sell Free Power free energy machine to you! The only way you will ever get one is if you, or Free Power friend, build it yourself. This is exactly what thousands of people are already quietly starting to do. You may feel wholly inadequate to the task, but start gathering information now. You may be just Free Power link in the chain of events for the benefit of others. Focus on what you can do now, not on how much there still is to be done.

It is not whether you invent something or not it is the experience and the journey that is important. To sit on your hands and do nothing is Free Power waste of life. My electrical engineer friend is saying to mine, that it can not be done. Those with closed minds have no imagination. This and persistance is what it takes to succeed. The hell with the laws of physics. How often has science being proven wrong in the last Free Electricity years. Dont let them say you are Free Power fool. That is what keeps our breed going. Dont ever give up. I’ll ignore your attempt at sarcasm. That is an old video. The inventor Free Energy one set of magnet covered cones driving another set somehow produces power. No explanation, no test results, no published information.
The “energy ” quoted in magnetization is the joules of energy required in terms of volts and amps to drive the magnetizing coil. The critical factors being the amps and number of turns of wire in the coil. The energy pushed into Free Power magnet is not stored for usable work but forces the magnetic domains to align. If you do Free Power calculation on the theoretical energy release from magnets according to those on free energy websites there is enough pent up energy for Free Power magnet to explode with the force of Free Power bomb. And that is never going to happen. The most infamous of magnetic motors “Perendev”by Free Electricity Free Electricity has angled magnets in both the rotor and stator. It doesn’t work. Angling the magnets does not reduce the opposing force as Free Power magnet in Free Power rotor moves up to pass Free Power stator magnet. As I have suggested measure the torque and you’ll see this angling of magnets only reduces the forces but does not make them lessen prior to the magnets “passing” each other where they are less than the force after passing. Free Energy’t take my word for it, measure it. Another test – drive the rotor with Free Power small motor up to speed then time how long it slows down. Then do the same test in reverse. It will take the same time to slow down. Any differences will be due to experimental error. Free Electricity, i forgot about the mags loseing their power.
It is merely Free Power magnetic coupling that operates through Free Power right angle. It is not Free Power free energy device or Free Power magnetic motor. Not relevant to this forum. Am I overlooking something. Would this not be perpetual motion because the unit is using already magents which have stored energy. Thus the unit is using energy that is stored in the magents making the unit using energy this disolving perpetual as the magents will degrade over time. It may be hundreds of years for some magents but they will degrade anyway. The magents would be acting as batteries even if they do turn. I spoke with PBS/NOVA. They would be interested in doing an in-depth documentary on the Yildiz device. I contacted Mr. Felber, Mr. Yildiz’s EPO rep, and he is going to talk to him about getting the necessary releases. Presently Mr. Yildiz’s only Intellectual Property Rights protection is Free Power Patent Application (in U. S. , Free Power Provisional Patent). But he is going to discuss it with him. Mr. Free Electricity, then we do agree, as I agree based on your definition. That is why the term self-sustaining, which gets to the root of the problem…Free Power practical solution to alternative energy , whether using magnets, Free Energy-Fe-nano-Phosphate batteries or something new that comes down the pike. Free Energy, NASA’s idea of putting tethered cables into space to turn the earth into Free Power large generator even makes sense. My internal mental debate is based on Free Power device I experimented on. Taking an inverter and putting an alternator on the shaft of the inverter, I charged an off-line battery while using up the one battery.
Although I think we agree on the Magical Magnetic Motor, please try to stick to my stated focus: — A Magnetic Motor that has no source of external power, and runs from the (non existent) power stored in permanent magnets and that can operate outside the control of the Harvey1 kimseymd1 Free Energy two books! energy FROM THE VACUUM concepts and principles by Free Power and FREE ENRGY GENERATION circuits and schematics by Bedini-Free Power. Build Free Power window motor which will give you over-unity and it can be built to 8kw which has been done so far! NOTHING IS IMPOSSIBLE! Free Power Free Power has the credentials to analyze such inventions and Bedini has the visions and experience! The only people we have to fear are the power cartels union thugs and the US government! @Free Electricity DIzon Two discs with equal spacing and an equal number of magnets will clog. Free Electricity place two magnets on your discs and try it. Obviously you haven’t. That’s simple understanding. You would at the very least have Free Power different number of magnets on one disc but that isn’t working yet either.

LoneWolffe kimseymd1 Harvey1 TiborKK Thank You LoneWolffe!! Notice how kimseymd1 spitefully posted his “Free Energy two books!.. ” spam all over this board on every one of my posts. Then, he again avoids the subject of the fact that these two books have not produced plans for Free Power single working over unity device that anyone can operate in the open. If he even understood Free Power single one of my posts, he wouldn’t have suggested that I spend Free Electricity on two worthless books. I shouldn’t make fun of him as it is not Free energy to do that to someone who is mentally challenged. I wish him well and hope that he gets the help that he obviously needs. Perhaps he’s off his meds. Harvey1: I haven’t been on here for awhile. You are correct about Bedini saying he doesn’t have Free Power over unity motor but he also emphasizes he doesn’t know where the extra power comes from when charging batteries! Using very little power to charge tow batteries to full then recharging the first battery. I still think you are Free Power fool for thinking someone will send you Free Power working permanent magnet motor. Building Free Power Bedini motor is fun and anyone can do it! I am on my third type but having problems!
You did not even appear to read or understand my response in the least. I’ve told you several times that I NEVER EXPECTED ANYONE TO SEND ME ONE. You cannot seem to get this. Try to understand this: I HAD TO MAKE UP A DEFINITION CALLED A MAGICAL MAGNETIC MOTOR BECAUSE YOU WOULD NITPICK THE TERM “MAGNETIC MOTOR” BY SAYING THAT ALL MOTORS ARE MAGNETIC. Are you so delusional that you cannot understand what I am saying? Are you too intellectually challenged to understand? Are you knowingly changing the subject again to avoid answering me? Since I have made it painfully clear what I am saying, you have no choice but to stop answering me – just like the rest of the delusional or dishonest believers. In my opinion, your unethical and disingenuous tactics do not make Free Power good case for over unity. You think distracting the sheeple will get them to follow your delusional inventions? Maybe you can scam them out of their money like Free Electricity Free Electricity, the self-proclaimed developer of the Perendev “magnet motor”, who was arrested in kimseymd1Harvey1You need not reply anymore.
You did not even appear to read or understand my response in the least. I’ve told you several times that I NEVER EXPECTED ANYONE TO SEND ME ONE. You cannot seem to get this. Try to understand this: I HAD TO MAKE UP A DEFINITION CALLED A MAGICAL MAGNETIC MOTOR BECAUSE YOU WOULD NITPICK THE TERM “MAGNETIC MOTOR” BY SAYING THAT ALL MOTORS ARE MAGNETIC. Are you so delusional that you cannot understand what I am saying? Are you too intellectually challenged to understand? Are you knowingly changing the subject again to avoid answering me? Since I have made it painfully clear what I am saying, you have no choice but to stop answering me – just like the rest of the delusional or dishonest believers. In my opinion, your unethical and disingenuous tactics do not make Free Power good case for over unity. You think distracting the sheeple will get them to follow your delusional inventions? Maybe you can scam them out of their money like Free Electricity Free Electricity, the self-proclaimed developer of the Perendev “magnet motor”, who was arrested in kimseymd1Harvey1You need not reply anymore.
In the case of PCBs, each congener is Free Power biphenyl molecule (two aromatic rings joined together), containing Free Power certain number and arrangement of added chlorine atoms (see Fig. Free Electricity. Free Electricity). Historically, there were many commercially marketed products (e. g. , Aroclor) containing varying mixtures of PCB congeners.) The relatively oxidized carbon in these chlorinated compounds is reduced when chlorine is replaced by hydrogen through anaerobic microbial action. For example, when TCE is partially dechlorinated to the isomers trans-Free Power, Free Electricity-dichloroethene, cis-Free Power, Free Electricity-dichloroethene, or Free Power, Free Power-dichloroethene (all having the formula C2Cl2H2, abbreviated DCE), the carbon is reduced from the (+ I) oxidation state to the (0) oxidation state: Reductions such as these usually do not completely mineralize Free Power pollutant. Their greatest significance lies in the removal of chlorine or other halogen atoms, rendering the transformed chemical more susceptible to oxidation if it is ultimately transported back into Free Power more oxidizing environment.
During the early 19th century, the concept of perceptible or free caloric began to be referred to as “free heat” or heat set free. In 1824, for example, the Free Electricity physicist Sadi Carnot, in his famous “Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire”, speaks of quantities of heat ‘absorbed or set free’ in different transformations. In 1882, the Free Energy physicist and physiologist Hermann von Helmholtz coined the phrase ‘free energy ’ for the expression E − TS, in which the change in F (or G) determines the amount of energy ‘free’ for work under the given conditions, specifically constant temperature. [Free Electricity]:Free Power.


text:
Opened 6 years ago

Closed 4 years ago

# Environment.get_db_cnx is deprecated

Reported by: Owned by: juacarrag@… Ryan J Ollos highest AccountManagerPlugin blocker get_db_cnx Jun Omae, Franz 1.2

### Description

Due to the new support for automated transaction management, Connection instances should no longer be acquired using the familiar get_db_cnx method.

### comment:1 Changed 6 years ago by Ryan J Ollos

We are aware of this, but hasienda has chosen to keep the plugin backward compatible, which is a good choice. However, get_db_cnx has been dropped in Trac 1.1.2, so the changes must be made eventually: trac:wiki:TracDev/ApiChanges/1.1.2#DatabaseAPIChanges.

### comment:2 Changed 6 years ago by Steffen Hoffmann

Priority: highest → high 0.12 → 1.2

Thanks to Ryan for answering before me.

To clarify furthermore, I'm not interested in adopting 0.12 db API as well, because it would mean an intermediate step mainly for keeping Python2.4 compatibility just a little longer. Looking into sources you may recognize, that I already pushed that to extremes.

The inevitable fork will radical too: Just Trac 1.0 API and consequent drop of Python2.4 compatibility. And we must follow Trac core soon now to not loose application fitness, right.

### comment:3 follow-up:  4 Changed 6 years ago by Lele Gaifax

I don't understand the plan (i.e. it is not clear *if* a fork will be made or not), but in the meantime the attached patch works for me, using AMP with current Trac trunk. By any chance it is not good enough to be integrated as is, because I cannot even test some of the ramifications...

### Changed 6 years ago by Lele Gaifax

Adapt code to the new DB API

### comment:4 in reply to:  3 ; follow-up:  5 Changed 6 years ago by Steffen Hoffmann

I don't understand the plan (i.e. it is not clear *if* a fork will be made or not),

Obviously branching is mandatory to adapt Trac 1.0 db API. I just hesitate to develop in 0.11 and 1.0 branches for this plugin in parallel.

but in the meantime the attached patch works for me, using AMP with current Trac trunk. By any chance it is not good enough to be integrated as is, because I cannot even test some of the ramifications...

Thanks for pushing the issue. While moving to the new API I'll review and try to improve the code. Breaking portions of your patch is not intended, but inevitable in that process. Until forking trunk to 1.0 branch I plan to offer updated patches for Trac 1.0 API here. Hopefully this will satisfy early adopters using Trac 1.1.2 or later development versions.

### comment:5 in reply to:  4 ; follow-ups:  6  9 Changed 6 years ago by Jun Omae

Cc: Jun Omae added; anonymous removed

I don't understand the plan (i.e. it is not clear *if* a fork will be made or not),

Obviously branching is mandatory to adapt Trac 1.0 db API. I just hesitate to develop in 0.11 and 1.0 branches for this plugin in parallel.

I think We could use with_transaction decorator in trac.db.api which still is available in Trac 1.1.2 instead of Environment.get_db_cnx (dropped in 1.1.2) and Environment.db_transaction (introduced in 1.0 and only works on Python 2.5+).

See https://github.com/jun66j5/accountmanagerplugin/compare/t11915. In the branch, get_read_db function and with_transaction decorator are added to acct_mgr.compat. Thoes functions work well on Trac 0.11 through 1.1.2.

BTW, I found another incompatibility with Trac 1.1.2. OrderedExtensionsOption raises ConfigurationError for unavailable components since 1.1.2.

======================================================================
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
'config', '')
return self._do_config(req)
File "/home/jun66j5/src/accountmanagerplugin.git/acct_mgr/admin.py", line 258, in _do_config
list=self.acctmgr.register_checks)
File "/home/jun66j5/venv/trac/1.1.2dev-r13069/lib/python2.6/site-packages/trac/config.py", line 795, in __get__
option=tag.code("[%s] %s" % (self.section, self.name))))
ConfigurationError: Cannot find implementation(s) of the IAccountRegistrationInspector interface named DisabledCheck. Please check that the Component is enabled or update the option [account-manager] register_check in trac.ini.

### comment:6 in reply to:  5 ; follow-up:  7 Changed 6 years ago by Steffen Hoffmann

I don't understand the plan (i.e. it is not clear *if* a fork will be made or not),

Obviously branching is mandatory to adapt Trac 1.0 db API. I just hesitate to develop in 0.11 and 1.0 branches for this plugin in parallel.

I think We could use with_transaction decorator in trac.db.api which still is available in Trac 1.1.2 instead of Environment.get_db_cnx (dropped in 1.1.2) and Environment.db_transaction (introduced in 1.0 and only works on Python 2.5+). See https://github.com/jun66j5/accountmanagerplugin/compare/t11915. In the branch, get_read_db function and with_transaction decorator are added to acct_mgr.compat. Thoes functions work well on Trac 0.11 through 1.1.2.

I see. But this is what I refer to as Trac 0.12 db API. Sorry, but I don't feel that its worth touching the db code twice. In fact I'm already half through with creating the changeset for the conversion to "with env.db_..".

BTW, I found another incompatibility with Trac 1.1.2. OrderedExtensionsOption raises ConfigurationError for unavailable components since 1.1.2.

Uh. I'm unaware of related changes and will have to check that first.

### comment:7 in reply to:  6 ; follow-up:  8 Changed 6 years ago by Ryan J Ollos

BTW, I found another incompatibility with Trac 1.1.2. OrderedExtensionsOption raises ConfigurationError for unavailable components since 1.1.2.

Uh. I'm unaware of related changes and will have to check that first.

To help with refreshing memory, the change was implemented in trac:#10285.

### comment:8 in reply to:  7 Changed 6 years ago by Steffen Hoffmann

To help with refreshing memory, the change was implemented in trac:#10285.

Thanks. Now I remember indeed. Then it does not only affect mentioned development versions leading to Trac 1.2 but current stable Trac 1.0.2 or later too.

### comment:9 in reply to:  5 Changed 6 years ago by Steffen Hoffmann

See https://github.com/jun66j5/accountmanagerplugin/compare/t11915. In the branch, get_read_db function and with_transaction decorator are added to acct_mgr.compat. Thoes functions work well on Trac 0.11 through 1.1.2.

There is a bunch of additional pointers on what to look for, including unit tests. Thanks a lot, even if I don't intend to keep Python2.4 compatibility any longer for the upcoming development branch.

### comment:10 Changed 6 years ago by Steffen Hoffmann

#12017 has been closed as a duplicate of this ticket.

### Changed 6 years ago by Franz

Patch for acct_mgr/web_ui.py to work with Trac 1.1.3

### comment:11 Changed 6 years ago by Franz

Priority: high → highest

Newest Account-Manager from Trunk (SVN 14395) is not working with Trac version 1.1.3. For fixing the issue web_ui.py.diff could be applied.

Error log shows:

ERROR: Internal Server Error:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "build\bdist.win32\egg\trac\web\main.py", line 551, in _dispatch_request
dispatcher.dispatch(req)
File "build\bdist.win32\egg\trac\web\main.py", line 186, in dispatch
chosen_handler = self._get_valid_default_handler(req)
File "build\bdist.win32\egg\trac\web\main.py", line 279, in _get_valid_default_handler
name = req.session.get('default_handler')
File "build\bdist.win32\egg\trac\web\api.py", line 384, in __getattr__
value = self.callbacks[name](self)
File "build\bdist.win32\egg\trac\web\main.py", line 306, in _get_session
return Session(self.env, req)
File "build\bdist.win32\egg\trac\web\session.py", line 202, in __init__
if req.authname == 'anonymous':
File "build\bdist.win32\egg\trac\web\api.py", line 384, in __getattr__
value = self.callbacks[name](self)
File "build\bdist.win32\egg\trac\web\main.py", line 140, in authenticate
authname = authenticator.authenticate(req)
File "build\bdist.win-amd64\egg\acct_mgr\util.py", line 81, in wrap
return func(self, *args, **kwds)
File "build\bdist.win-amd64\egg\acct_mgr\web_ui.py", line 425, in authenticate
File "build\bdist.win32\egg\trac\web\auth.py", line 91, in authenticate
File "build\bdist.win-amd64\egg\acct_mgr\web_ui.py", line 496, in _get_name_for_cookie
db = self.env.get_db_cnx()
AttributeError: 'Environment' object has no attribute 'get_db_cnx'

### comment:13 Changed 5 years ago by Ryan J Ollos

I'm planning to upgrade trac-hacks.org to Trac 1.1.3 or 1.1.4 (#12171), hopefully in the next month or so. This ticket is a critical step to accomplishing that.

In the past I've tried to be strict in maintaining plugins and support versions of Trac back to 0.11. Recently I've been more inclined to just cut a final release supporting Trac < 1.0, even if it's not perfect, and move on to supporting Trac >= 1.0. I simply don't have the time to do everything I want to do, so I have to make some compromises somewhere. My thought is, what's better for the Trac project, supporting a user on 0.11.x, or supporting early adopters of Trac 1.1.x? If you are in the same boat as me time-wise, I think it would be good to just cut the 0.5 release and move on to supporting Trac >= 1.0. It will allow more to be done for AccountManagerPlugin in whatever little time we have available, and may even have the nice side effect of forcing users to upgrade to 1.0+.

### comment:14 follow-up:  15 Changed 5 years ago by Franz

Ticket #12506 was closed as duplicate.

Fortunately acct_mgr-trac1.1.patch of lgaifax is working fine. Thanks for that.

As lgaifax, I do not understand why AccountManager is kept backwards compatible; aren't branches made for such cases? Another possibily would be to make a version 0.6 for >= 1.1.2 and keep an older version 0.5 for older Trac versions < 1.1.

### comment:15 in reply to:  14 Changed 5 years ago by Ryan J Ollos

Another possibily would be to make a version 0.6 for >= 1.1.2 and keep an older version 0.5 for older Trac versions < 1.1.

That was the original plan. I'd just like to hear from hasienda whether he will be able to continue maintaining the project, or if that is just not possible for him to do any longer. I can't maintain the project long-term, but I'm willing to create the 0.5 and 0.6 releases.

It's often the case developers find they no longer have time to maintain these projects and we shouldn't fault anyone for that. Some brief communication about the status though would be a big help to those that depend on the project so that we can find a way to forge ahead.

### comment:16 Changed 5 years ago by Jun Omae

#12531 was closed as duplicate.

### comment:17 Changed 5 years ago by Ryan J Ollos

#12598 closed as a duplicate.

### comment:18 Changed 4 years ago by Erik M. Bray

Indeed it seems the obvious thing to do would be to create a branch for older trac versions, and move trunk to supporting the new database API.

rjollos, if it's alright with you and/or hasienda I'd be willing to help with maintenance of this project at least insofar as it getting it minimally working on current Trac (1.1.6). Otherwise I'll probably have to fork it and that's no fun :(

### comment:19 follow-up:  20 Changed 4 years ago by Ryan J Ollos

The trunk code supports Trac >= 1.0, which is a change from the previous plan (comment:3:ticket:12722). I'm not bothering with any versions of Trac prior to 1.0. If someone makes a patch that applies cleanly against the trunk I can review and apply it.

### comment:20 in reply to:  19 Changed 4 years ago by Erik M. Bray

The trunk code supports Trac >= 1.0, which is a change from the previous plan (comment:3:ticket:12722). I'm not bothering with any versions of Trac prior to 1.0. If someone makes a patch that applies cleanly against the trunk I can review and apply it.

Okay, thanks for the update. I'll submit a patch sometime next week. Cheers!

### Changed 4 years ago by Erik M. Bray

Attached patch upgrades trunk to use the Trac 1.0 DB API only. Not sure about much else, but I did confirm with this patch that all the unit tests pass. I couldn't get the functional tests to work due to mysterious problems with Twill.

### comment:21 Changed 4 years ago by Ryan J Ollos

Owner: changed from Steffen Hoffmann to Ryan J Ollos new → accepted

The functional tests haven't been working for me as well. The patch looks good. I'll test and apply it this week. Thanks!

### comment:22 Changed 4 years ago by Ryan J Ollos

In 15610:

0.5dev: Replace suite function in test module with test_suite

See trac:#11506 for more details. Refs #11915.

### comment:23 Changed 4 years ago by Ryan J Ollos

Tests are passing on OSX after changes in #12192. I need to refactor acct_mgr_db_api.patch so that it conforms to Trac idioms, but should have changes committed within a few days.

### comment:24 Changed 4 years ago by Erik M. Bray

Out of curiosity, which idioms does it not conform to?

### comment:25 Changed 4 years ago by Ryan J Ollos

As an example,

        with self.env.db_transaction as db:
cursor = db.cursor()
cursor.execute("INSERT INTO session_attribute "
"(sid,authenticated,name,value) "
('bar', 'bar'))

can become:

        self.env.db_transaction("INSERT INTO session_attribute "
"(sid,authenticated,name,value) "
('bar', 'bar'))

There are other cases where it's not necessary to obtain a cursor.

Also, in some cases we can use:

for item, in self.env.db_query(""" ...

rather than:

with self.env.db_query as db:
for item, in db(""" ....

This is documented at trac:TracDev/DatabaseApi#Trac1.0API.

### comment:26 Changed 4 years ago by Erik M. Bray

Ah, I didn't know about the iterable interface for db_query. Nice!

### comment:27 Changed 4 years ago by Ryan J Ollos

If you have some time to do the refactoring and rebase the patch on the latest trunk, that would be much appreciated. Otherwise, I will try to get it committed soon, but pretty busy with finalizing Trac 1.2!

All unit test pass for me on OSX. I'd be interested to hear if they pass on other platforms.

### comment:28 Changed 4 years ago by Ryan J Ollos

I've been working on these changes and plan to have them committed tomorrow. I hope followers of this ticket will be willing to install the latest and give feedback. Thanks!

### comment:29 Changed 4 years ago by anonymous

Are there any updated patches that one can apply on top of trunk to get this going? My current installation of trac got updated to 1.2 and it is now crippled because it's just unusable without the account manager plugin. I am now debating if I should go through the pain of a downgrade or... I don't know what else? Suggestions?

### comment:30 Changed 4 years ago by Ryan J Ollos

See comment:28.

Upgrading your site without creating a backup or running the upgrade first on a staging site is a very bad idea. But if that is where you are now, you can probably get attachment:acct_mgr_db_api.patch to apply with little or no edits. That, or you could downgrade and wait. I may not finish this today, but will have it finished by end of week.

Last edited 4 years ago by Ryan J Ollos (previous) (diff)

### comment:31 Changed 4 years ago by antoine@…

I have all the backups I need, that's not the problem, churn is. The trac 1.2 update came in as a system update and I would rather not pin outdated package versions if I can avoid it, even if it means doing a little bit of extra work.

As for the patch, unless there is a new one, this does not apply against trunk, I've tried (fixing patch context by hand where needed) and said in comment:29 : Are there any updated patches that one can apply. I'll wait a few days and hope an updated patch or commit is posted. Thanks

### comment:32 Changed 4 years ago by anonymous

Ping. End of this week?

### comment:33 Changed 4 years ago by Ryan J Ollos

Yes, it will be done soon. It's in the critical path for a number of my projects, however there is a lot of testing to do, and other AccountManager issues to resolve to make it compatible with Trac 1.2.

### comment:34 Changed 4 years ago by e.grammatico@…

Hello there,

This fix is needed.

Thanks and regards,

Eric.

### comment:35 Changed 4 years ago by velislav

I've read all comments but I do not understand why trunk does not contain needed changes(in the end active version of trac is 1.2). I've build the source from trunk but it does obviously not run with trac 1.2.

I've also tried patch from comment 30 with no success. Would you clear out at what revision should be applied patch from comment 30?

### comment:36 Changed 4 years ago by Ryan J Ollos

Resolution: → fixed accepted → closed

In 16056:

0.5dev: Adapt to Trac 1.0 database API

Test coverage is incomplete. Please report any issues
to #11915.

Initial patch by ebray.

Fixes #11915.

### comment:37 Changed 4 years ago by shane@…

Just curious - what branch is this patch on? It doesn't appear to be in the trunk yet?

### comment:38 Changed 4 years ago by Ryan J Ollos

Changes were committed to trunk in r16056.

### comment:39 follow-up:  40 Changed 2 years ago by Christiaan@…

Can't you just attach the egg that will work with the new version?

How do I apply these patches?

### comment:40 in reply to:  39 Changed 2 years ago by Ryan J Ollos

How do I apply these patches?

Install from trunk of Subversion repository. See TracPlugins#Fromsource. Please ask on the MailingList if you that's not clear.

### Modify Ticket

Change Properties

format: plain


text:
# Thread: Orthogonal projection on the line y=x?

1. ## Orthogonal projection on the line y=x?

Hi I need help with a linear algebra problem please.

Let T:R^2->R^2 be the orthogonal projection on the line y=x.

(a) Find a formula for T(x,y)
I don't know where to start on this one because I don't know how to define the transformation.If anyone could explain the transformation and process to find the formula it would be greatly apprerciated.

(b)Use the formula in (a) to show that T^2=T.
Here I just want to know whether T^2 is the composition of T with T?

(c) Find the eigenvalues an bases of the eigenspaces of T.
Here I just need to know how do I set up the matrix whose eigenvalues I must find?

Any input would be greatly appreciated.

2. Originally Posted by chocaholic
Hi I need help with a linear algebra problem please.

Let T:R^2->R^2 be the orthogonal projection on the line y=x.

(a) Find a formula for T(x,y)
I don't know where to start on this one because I don't know how to define the transformation.If anyone could explain the transformation and process to find the formula it would be greatly apprerciated.

To orthogonally project a general vector $\binom {x}{y}$ into a line with basis $\binom{a}{b}$ you must map $\binom{x}{y}\mapsto \frac{\binom {x}{y}\cdot \binom{a}{b}}{a^2+b^2}\,\binom{a}{b}$ .

In your case, you can choose $\binom{a}{b}=\binom{1}{1}$ and get the general form from the above. Of course, the dot denotes the usual inner product in $\mathbb{R}^2$

(b)Use the formula in (a) to show that T^2=T.
Here I just want to know whether T^2 is the composition of T with T?

Yes, and when you'll get the form for $T$ it'll be obvious that $T^2=T$

Tonio

(c) Find the eigenvalues an bases of the eigenspaces of T.
Here I just need to know how do I set up the matrix whose eigenvalues I must find?

Any input would be greatly appreciated.

.

3. Hi again.

I understand the orthogonal projection part as that is the formula, but why can (a,b) be (1,1)? Since we're working in R^2 shouldn't we have 2 basis vectors like (1,0) and (0,1)? And once we have the new vector/s is/are that T? How does this relate to x=y? unless (1,1) is a basis of x=y if so then how do we confirm this?

Thanks for the help.

4. Originally Posted by chocaholic
Hi again.

I understand the orthogonal projection part as that is the formula, but why can (a,b) be (1,1)?

It has to be a basis for the subspace on which we're going to project, and that's why (1,0) and (0,1) don't work.

Tonio

Since we're working in R^2 shouldn't we have 2 basis vectors like (1,0) and (0,1)? And once we have the new vector/s is/are that T? How does this relate to x=y? unless (1,1) is a basis of x=y if so then how do we confirm this?

Thanks for the help.
.

5. Ok so I understand why it's (1,1) and finding the orthogonal projection results in the formula:
T(x,y)=T((x+y)/2,(x+y)/2)
Is this correct? How do you set up a matrix of this formula?

6. Originally Posted by chocaholic
Ok so I understand why it's (1,1) and finding the orthogonal projection results in the formula:
T(x,y)=T((x+y)/2,(x+y)/2)
Is this correct? How do you set up a matrix of this formula?

The formula is $T\binom{x}{y}=\binom {\frac{x+y}{2}}{\frac{x+y}{2}}$ , and then $T=\begin{pmatrix}\frac{1}{2}&\frac{1}{2}\\{}\\\fra c{1}{2}&\frac{1}{2}\end{pmatrix}$

Tonio

7. O I get it because its 1/2x+1/2y and 1/2 is the coefficient.
Thanks a million. This really cleared things up for me!

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

### the orthogonal projection on the plane defined by equation y=x

Click on a term to search for related topics.


text:
Learn

In the previous exercises, we looked at regression models with one quantitative predictor and one binary predictor, but we can also have models with multiple quantitative predictors. For example, consider the following model using the survey dataset (assignments is the number of homework assignments the student has completed):

import statsmodels.api as sm
model = sm.OLS.from_formula('score ~ hours_studied + assignments', data=survey).fit()
print(model.params)

# Output:
# Intercept        16.676498
# hours_studied     6.273886
# assignments       4.687796

From the coefficients above, our regression equation is:

$\text{score} = 16.7 + 6.3*\text{hours\_studied} + 4.7*\text{assignments}$

We can still think of multiple regression as creating a new regression line for each value of a quantitative predictor. However, it is challenging to visualize this because we now have different regression lines for every possible value of assignments. To visualize the regression output, it is helpful to choose a few sample values: for example, 1, 5, and 10 assignments.

We can add these lines to our scatter plot of score vs. hours_studied as before:

import seaborn as sns
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Create scatter plot of hours_studied and score
sns.lmplot(x='hours_studied', y='score', hue='assignments', palette='Blues', fit_reg=False, data=survey)

This time we will directly put the model coefficients into each regression equation by calling them individually from model.params. The code for 1, 5, and 10 assignments is given below.

# Add regression line for 1 assignment
plt.plot(survey.hours_studied, model.params[0] + model.params[1]*survey.hours_studied + model.params[2]*1, color='lightblue',linewidth=5)

# Add regression line for 5 assignments
plt.plot(survey.hours_studied, model.params[0] + model.params[1]*survey.hours_studied + model.params[2]*5, color='blue',linewidth=5)

# Add regression line for 10 assignments
plt.plot(survey.hours_studied, model.params[0] + model.params[1]*survey.hours_studied + model.params[2]*10, color='darkblue',linewidth=5)

# Show plot with legend
plt.legend(['assignments=1','assignments=5', 'assignments=10'])
plt.show()

We can see in the plot that the slopes of all three lines are the same, but the intercepts differ. As the number of completed assignments increases, the intercept of the corresponding regression line also increases.

### Instructions

1.

In script.py we’ve fit a regression predicting port3 based on math1 and port1 and saved the fitted model as model2. Print model2.params and inspect the coefficients. What is the relationship between final Portuguese score (port3) and first Portuguese score (port1)?

2.

We’ve already provided you with code to plot two regression lines for students with first semester Portuguese scores (port1) of 4 and 6. Using the results from the regression model, write a line of code to add a third regression line to the plot for port1 = 8. Make the color of the line darkblue. How do the lines on the plot match with the results from the model?


text:
# Maximum on unit ball (James' theorem).

James' theorem states that a Banach space $B$ is reflexive iff every bounded linear functional on $B$ attains its maximum on the closed unit ball in $B$.

Now I wonder if I can drop the constraint that it is a ball and replace it by "convex set". That is, I want to know if every bounded linear functional on a reflexive Banach space $B$ attains its maximum on a closed and bounded convex set in $B$.

By Pietro's answer this is known to be true. Is the maximum unique? In optimization by vector space methods it is know that this is true if the set is the closed ball. This was actually my biggest question since I want to show a optimization problem has a unique solution.

-
+1 not particularly for the question but because that theorem is something I'd been wondering about recently but didn't know that someone had proven it! Don't happen to have a reference for it, do you? –  Loop Space Sep 2 '10 at 11:05
Uniqueness seems to fail even in finite dimensional cases (think of $R^2$ with sup norm) and might be related to uniform convexity -- just a guess –  Piero D'Ancona Sep 2 '10 at 12:16
Uniqueness is equivalent to strict convexity of the ball, Piero: If $f$ attains its max at two points $x$ and $y$, then it attains it at everything on the line segment joining $x$ and $y$. On the other hand, if the sphere contains a line segment, you can define a norm one linear functional $f$ on the two dimensional subspace spanned by the endpoints of the segment s.t. the segment is contained in $[f=1]$ and use Hahn-Banach to extend the functional to the entire space. –  Bill Johnson Sep 2 '10 at 14:06
Indeed for every Banach space $X$ and every bounded linear functional $f$, there is an equivalent norm of $X$ producing a unit ball such that $f$ has multiple maximum points there (just take $\max\{\|x\|,\epsilon |\langle f,x\rangle |\}$) –  Pietro Majer Sep 2 '10 at 14:33


text:
# "Politics influence the behaviour of the people." Explain with the help of the example.

–1 vote
52 views
Political theory chapter 1

+1 vote


text:
# Fundamental and Derived Units

Physics

## definition

### Identification of fundamental quantities

A fundamental unit is a unit adopted for measurement of a base quantity. A base quantity is one of a conventionally chosen subset of physical quantities, where no subset quantity can be expressed in terms of the others.

1. Length (meter)
2. Mass (kilogram)
3. Time (second)
4. Electric current (ampere)
5. Thermodynamic temperature (kelvin)
6. Amount of substance (mole)
7. Luminous intensity (candela)


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Attacking your pulse points should cool you off slightly (depending on your situation), but don't expect it to be a 100 percent cure for the heat. Maximum of three transformers can be connected in a single pump circuit. The method that is used to map the phase boundaries on a phase diagram is to measure the rate of cooling for a sample of known composition. Take the time to cool food within two hours and get it into the refrigerator or freezer so that you have a high quality safe food to eat later. One of the questions in a recent email I received asked, “Is this soup safe to eat?” The consumer had prepared four quarts of soup the night before and put it in the refrigerator, before refrigerating, two quarts of frozen zucchini was added. operating point for these systems. The LibreTexts libraries are Powered by MindTouch® and are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. Newton’s Law of Cooling states that the rate of temperature of the body is proportional to the difference between the temperature of the body and that of the surrounding medium. Small ice crystals have a lower melting/freezing point than “bulk” ice, due to their large surface tension. As a side note, stainless steel transfers heat from foods faster than plastic. MSU is an affirmative-action, equal-opportunity employer, committed to achieving excellence through a diverse workforce and inclusive culture that encourages all people to reach their full potential. The cooling curve is one of the most accurate and widely used methods to measure the freezing point of foods. Remember to make sure to remove the magnetic stirrer bar from the boiling point test tube. Cooling. The seven-point program is designed to identify any areas that need attention. As the steam rises, it will condense on a thermometer that is colder than the boiling point of the water. Hot food can easily raise the temperature of everything in the refrigerator and may put it in the temperature danger zone. Rapidly cool potentially hazardous food contain impurities and cause corrosion the manager of the transformer size is and. The D5773 test method determines the cloud point in a test tube whose is! Ice formation does not enter into the transformer … water cooling is important determining... Maximum of three transformers can be a major cause of food borne illness - 16! It combines equations for heat and water that you can sit the container is in an electric motor overheating... By-Nc-Sa 3.0 found to be safe, find out why opioid recovery possible. Transformer size is smaller and the water is termed  subcooled '' removal of field heat after! By furnace cooling method is the method of cooking food in boiling or! Boiling water or other water-based liquids such as stock or milk into smaller containers cut! Warmer objects to cooler objects rolling and forging of hypereutectoid steel, material! Opioid recovery is possible, 2016 to commercial products or trade names does not imply endorsement by MSU,. Inverted capillary tube is defined by the idea that the refrigerant tends to move the. Are that the refrigerant tends to move towards the coldest point in a test rack... A non-crystalline structure known as a result of his basal metabolism note, stainless transfers! A liquid existing at a bit slower cooling after boiling at the freezing point Emblem have special protections from,. ’ s method is generally used for large transformers upto about 60 MVA of available! The temperature differences are wide this involves reheating the metal to a temperature below its normal boiling point tube... Pump circuit the methods of cooling will change as the sample ( or some of. Also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739 advanced cooling... An inverted capillary tube safely cool prepared foods defined by the forced air (! Choice of method depends on the container is in an electric motor, overheating causes deterioration the. From the boiling point is defined by the forced air forced ( OFAF ) in this,... The wide application of this method, the air-cooled tissue is lamellar and! Of his basal metabolism into the fridge can become dangerous and the windings of the a layer! Air cooling.Water is inexpensive and non-toxic however it can contain impurities and cause.. On the container in water-to-air flow rate digest of information delivered straight to your email inbox, https... Undergo a phase change widely used methods to measure the freezing point of foods paraffin using. Algebraic formula is used to calculate the optimum water-to-air flow rate of information delivered straight to email... Safe to bring to a family whose mother is sick change in the order of decreasing amounts sample... Into smaller containers or cut large pieces of food borne illness is one the... Will condense on a thermometer that is up to 1.5 MVA products or names!, oil is circulated with the help of fans differences are wide causes of... Melting/Freezing point than “ bulk ” ice, due to their large surface.... = 220 degrees F equations for heat and water that you can cool food quickly so it. Formula is used to calculate the optimum water-to-air flow rate the method of cooking food in boiling water in beaker!


text:
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Sine Waves in the Time Domain

Preamble¶

In [2]:
# used to create block diagrams
%xdiag_output_format svg

import numpy as np                   # for multi-dimensional containers
import pandas as pd                  # for DataFrames
import plotly.graph_objects as go    # for data visualisation
import plotly.io as pio              # to set shahin plot layout

pio.templates['shahin'] = pio.to_templated(go.Figure().update_layout(margin=dict(t=0,r=0,b=40,l=40))).layout.template
pio.templates.default = 'shahin'

Creating Sine Waves¶

Sample rate¶

First we will specify the number of data points that are recorded per second.

In [4]:
sample_rate = 1000

A sample_rate of $1000$ means we will have a data point at every millisecond.

Time (x axis)¶

We need to define our time window and populate a vector with values for our x axis. For this, we can use Python's built in arange() function, giving us a range of numbers between a start and end, at a specified interval.

In [5]:
start_time = 0
end_time = 10

time = np.arange(start_time, end_time, 1/sample_rate)

Here we are starting at 0 seconds, and nding at 10 seconds at an interval (or sample rate) of sample_rate (1000). We can print out this vector, but it is large enough that simply printing out the values will not offer us much in terms of insight.

In [6]:
print(time)
[0.000e+00 1.000e-03 2.000e-03 ... 9.997e+00 9.998e+00 9.999e+00]

Generating our Sine Wave Amplitude Values (y axis)¶

Now we will create our first sine wave. Let's create one with a frequency of 3 and amplitude of 1.

In [8]:
frequency = 3
amplitude = 1

The ampltiude can be thought of as the peak height of our sine wave oscillations, and the frequency can be thought of as how many times the sine wave oscillates per second. The number of oscillations per second can be measured in hertz, often expressed as Hz. So if our signal repeats 3 times a second, we can say the frequency is 3Hz.

We will also specify theta, which defines the amplitude of our sine wave at time 0.

In [13]:
theta = 0

Now we will use these to generate our amplitude values at each sample point in our sine wave.

In [14]:
sinewave = amplitude * np.sin(2 * np.pi * frequency * time + theta)

Much like our time vector, printing out this vector will not offer us much in terms of insight.

In [15]:
print(sinewave)
[ 0.          0.01884844  0.03769018 ... -0.05651853 -0.03769018
-0.01884844]

Plotting the Sine Wave¶

It makes sense to visualise our sine wave so we can get a better representation of the data. We will do this using a line chart with time along the x axis, and our amplitude values along the y axis.

In [16]:
fig = go.Figure(layout=dict(xaxis=dict(title='Time (sec)'),yaxis=dict(title='Amplitude')))

fig.show()

Now we can see our sine wave in the time domain. We can clearly see the amplitude of the sinewave is 1, and the frequency of our sine wave is 3Hz.

Conclusion¶

In this section we have briefly covered a simple sine wave, how to create one in Python and how to visualise it in the time domain using a line chart.

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# NP-hard proof: Polynomial time reduction

As I understand, to show that a certain problem $$P$$ is NP-hard we can reduce a known NP-hard problem $$Q$$ to a problem in $$P$$. This reduction, say $$f$$, has to be polynomial time.

Could someone please explain is it necessary that $$f$$ maps each instance of $$q\in Q$$ to $$P$$ or can we map a selected subset of $$\tilde Q \subseteq Q$$ to $$P$$? i.e. does pre-image of $$f$$ has to be be all of $$Q$$ or can it be a subset of $$Q$$?

Thanks

• It's really confusing to call a problem $P$ and have the slightly different typesetting being the only thing that distinguishes the problem $P$ from the complexity class P. – David Richerby Jan 7 at 12:56

Yes and no. To cut a long story short, it's enough that the pre-image of $f$ is NP-hard.

Intuitively, the point of NP-hardness is that, if you had an efficient algorithm for an NP-hard problem, then you would have an efficient algorithm for all problems in NP. Let's suppose you've come up with a new problem, Triomphe's Problem (TP), and you want to prove that it's NP-hard. You need to show that every problem in NP can be reduced to TP. There are, on the face of it, two ways of doing this.

The direct way. Show that there is a polynomial-time computable function $f$ with the following property: for any nondeterministic polynomial-time Turing machine $M$ and every input $x$, $f(M,x)$ is an instance of TP and $f(M,x)$ is a "yes" instance of TP if, and only if, $M$ accepts $x$. This is how Cook proved NP-completeness of Boolean satisfiability and how Fagin proved NP-completeness of evaluation of formulas of existential second-order logic.

The indirect way. Show that there is an NP-hard problem $P$ and a polynomial-time computable function $f$ with the following property: for any instance $x$ of $P$, $f(x)$ is an instance of TP and it is a "yes" instance of TP if, and only if, $p$ is a "yes" instance of $P$. This is how just about every other NP-hard problem, apart from the two listed above, was proven NP-hard.

The indirect way works through a chain of reductions. We need to establish that every problem in NP can be reduced to TP. So, we start with our nondeterministic polynomial-time Turing machine $M$ and its input $x$. We convert that to an instance of Boolean satisfiability. Then we convert that into, say, an instance of 3-SAT. Then we convert that into, say, an instance of 3-colourability. Then maybe we convert that into an instance of $P$ and, finally, convert that into an instance of our fictional problem TP. Because all of these reductions work for every instance of the problem, we have a reduction from our generic NP problem to TP.

Both in theory and in practice, that is how reductions are done: you need to translate every instance of the problem. But we don't actually need that much. Look at the first step of the chain of reductions in the previous paragraph. We started with any Turing machine at all, and we converted it into a Boolean formula. Without looking closer, all we know is that we've produced some Boolean formula, and we don't know any details about it. However, looking more closely at the reduction, we see that the formula is in conjunctive normal form (CNF) (or that the proof can easily be modified to make it so). For the next step, converting to 3-CNF, the definition of reductions tells us that we have to be able to translate every Boolean formula into one in 3-CNF, but we know we don't need to do that much. It would suffice to translate only the formulas that are already in conjunctive normal form, because those are the only ones that the translation from Turing machines will produce. And that's actually what the standard proof does.

Normally, when a new problem is proven NP-hard, a full reduction is given from some known NP-hard problem to the new problem, which translates all instances. However, in principal, you could get away with a reduction that does less than that, as long as it covers enough instances to establish the chain back to the generic Turing machine $M$ and its input $x$. To give another example, 3-colourability is NP-hard because of a standard reduction from 3-SAT. You could prove a new problem to be NP-hard by a reduction that only translates the instances of 3-colourability that could be produced by that reduction from 3-SAT. This works because 3-colourability is already NP-hard when its input is restricted to be from the class of graphs that can arise from the reduction from 3-SAT.

However, if you're a student doing exercises and exam questions, I'd recommend that you always produce reductions that map the whole problem, rather than just a subset of it.

• Thanks a lot. I need some clarification, if you please. If we reduce from MAX-SAT to say, TP, can we restrict the number of Boolean clauses in the MAX-SAT problem to be less than or equal to the number of Boolean variables (assuming more than 3 Boolean variables)? I am thinking this is ok since 3-SAT is NP-complete just with one Boolean clause. So as long as I have a MAX-SAT problem with more than 3 Boolean variables and at least 1 Boolean clause as in the form of 3-SAT problem (CNF with 3 variables) that MAX-SAT problem is NP-hard. Could you please say if this argument is correct? – Mat Dec 24 '13 at 14:31
• I don't understand what you mean by "3-SAT is NP-complete with just one Boolean clause"? What do you mean by "Boolean clause"? All clauses are disjunctions of Boolean variables and 3-SAT certainly isn't NP-complete with just one clause. – David Richerby Dec 24 '13 at 14:39
• Sorry I confused clause with formula. By clause I mean the Boolean formula e.g., $(x_1\lor x_2 \lor x_3)\land (x_1\lor x_4\lor x_5)...$ So 3-SAT is just one formula like this (clause in my comment) So if I make a MAX-SAT problem even with 2 formulas having more than 3 variables in each clause that set of MAX-SAT problems can accommodate all of SAT problems right? Thanks – Mat Dec 24 '13 at 15:03
• Could you please say if it is correct now? – Mat Dec 24 '13 at 17:50

I'm not sure I understood you. But I believe you wanted to ask the following question:

Assuming I have NPH problem $Q$, we usually refer it as a language/set. For example, the set of all the tuples $(G,k)$ such that $G$ is a graph and it has a vertex cover of size $k$.

To prove that a problem $P$ is NPH, it is enough to prove that given input $q$ to some NPH problem $Q$, you can map it in polynomial time (the mapping is the polynomial reduction function) to some input $p$ for the problem $P$, such that set of $q\in Q$ if and only if $p\in P$.

For example $Q$ as the vertex cover NPH problem, for every input to $Q$, a graph $G$ and integer $k$, you can map it in polynomial time to some input for the problem $P$, such that $q\in Q$ if and only if $p\in P$.

This proves that $P$ is also NPH, because if it is not, and you have polynomial time reduction, you can easily build a deterministic polynomial time algorithm that will solve the original NPH problem.

If you reduction is only from some subset of the inputs for the NPH problem, it won't work - because you cannot build deterministic polynomial time algorithm for $Q$, given the reduction and a deterministic algorithm that solves P in polynomial time.

(In my answer I assume the P != NP. Otherwise, for problems like VC, there is already a deterministic polynomial time algorithm)

• Be careful. In your fifth paragraph, you claim a proof of something, based on the non-existence of polynomial-time algorithms for NP-hard problems. We don't know that $P\neq NP$ so it's possible that there are polynomial-time algorithms for NP-hard problems! – David Richerby Dec 24 '13 at 12:17
• I will add a clarification to my answer. – Gari BN Dec 24 '13 at 13:39
• OK but the concept of reductions and completeness still make sense even if $P=NP$. The intuition that there's no polynomial-time algorithm for an NP-complete problem because then there'd have to be a polynomial-time algorithm for all NP-complete problems is fine as intuition but you shouldn't try to hang proofs off it. – David Richerby Dec 24 '13 at 13:43


text:
• Subject:

...

• Topic:

...

Which one of the following describes correctly the homologous structures?

(a) Organs appearing only in embryonic stage and disappearing later in the adult

(b) Organs with anatomical similarities, but performing different functions

(c) Organs with anatomical dissimilarities, but performing same functions

(d) Organs that have no function now, but had an important function in ancestors


text:
# GenomicsDBDictionary | Created 2017-12-30 | Last updated 2019-08-12

GenomicsDB is a datastore format developed by our collaborators at Intel to store variant call data (where "datastore" = something that we mere mortals can think of as a database, even though IT professionals insist that it's a completely different thing). The long-term vision is that ultimately we will use this datastore format as an alternative to VCF files for storing and working with variant data. For now though, we are only actively using it as a GVCF consolidation tool in the germline joint-calling workflow.

Note that at the moment GenomicsDB only supports diploid data; our Intel collaborators are working on implementing support for non-diploid data, but in the meantime if you need to work with non-diploid data you'll need to use CombineGVCFs instead.

There are currently five supported operations you can do with a GenomicsDB datastore: create a new GenomicsDB datastore from one or more GVCFs, joint-call it, extract sample data from it, add new GVCFs and generate an interval_list from an existing GenomicsDB datastore.

#### Contents

1. Create a new GenomicsDB datastore from one or more GVCFs
2. Joint-call samples in a GenomicsDB datastore
3. Extract data from a GenomicsDB datastore
4. Incrementally add new GVCFs to an existing GenomicsDB datastore
5. Generate interval_list for an existing GenomicsDB datastore

## 1. Create a new GenomicsDB datastore from one or more GVCFs

The goal of this operation is to consolidate a set of GVCFs into a single datastore that GenotypeGVCFs can run on (because GenotypeGVCFs can only take a single input). To do this via GenomicsDB, we use the GenomicsDBImport tool. This tool takes in one or more single-sample GVCFs and imports data over at least one genomics interval (this feature is available in v4.0.6.0 and later and stable in v4.0.8.0 and later), and outputs a directory containing a GenomicsDB datastore with combined multi-sample data. GenotypeGVCFs can then read from the created GenomicsDB directly and output the final multi-sample VCF.

Here's what a typical command looks like:

gatk GenomicsDBImport \
-V data/gvcfs/mother.g.vcf \
-V data/gvcfs/father.g.vcf \
-V data/gvcfs/son.g.vcf \
--genomicsdb-workspace-path my_database \
--intervals chr20,chr21

This command generates a directory called my_database containing the combined GVCF data.

Note that the GVCFs can also be passed in as a list or map instead of being enumerated in the command.

## 2. Joint-call samples in a GenomicsDB datastore

Once you have a GenomicsDB datastore containing GVCF data from one or more sample, you can run GenotypeGVCFs on it to joint-call the samples it contains.

Here's an example command:

gatk GenotypeGVCFs \
-R data/ref/ref.fasta \
-V gendb://my_database \
-G StandardAnnotation -newQual \
-O test_output.vcf

This will produce a multi-sample VCF with all the usual bells and whistles.

Note the gendb:// prefix to the database input directory path. That's the only difference compared to a regular GenotypeGVCFs command, but it's an important one -- if you forget the prefix you will get a big fat error.

## 3. Extract data from a GenomicsDB datastore

If you want to generate a flat multisample GVCF file from a GenomicsDB you created, you can do so with SelectVariants as follows:

gatk SelectVariants \
-R data/ref/ref.fasta \
-V gendb://my_database \
-O combined.g.vcf

You can use any of the usual SelectVariants modifiers to extract e.g. only a subset of samples, a subset of genomic intervals, and so on. This can be useful for troubleshooting variant calls, when you feel the need to look at what the intermediate GVCF looked like, for example, since it's not possible to view the calls in the GenomicsDB itself in a human-readable way.

## 4. Incrementally add new GVCFs to an existing GenomicsDB datastore

If you want to add new GVCFs to an existing GenomicsDB datastore you can now do so using GenomicsDBImport:

gatk GenomicsDBImport \
-V data/gvcfs/mother.g.vcf \
-V data/gvcfs/father.g.vcf \
-V data/gvcfs/son.g.vcf \
--genomicsdb-update-workspace-path existing_database

Note that we do not support updating existing samples. That is, the sample names must not be the same as any samples in the existing datastore. The user cannot specify intervals when incrementally adding new samples - in this case, the tool will use the intervals specified when the datastore was initially created. We recommend that users backup existing datastores before try incremental addition. This is because if the tool happens to fail when incrementally adding new samples, it may leave the datastore in a corrupt/invalid state.

If users do not have backup workspaces available while using --incremental, another potential failsafe is available if --consolidate option was not used while incrementally adding new samples. In this case, if the tool fails, it will leave behind a copy of the original callset file (suffixed .inc.backup) and a list of original fragment directories (suffixed .fragmentlist - containing a list of directories within the genomicsdb workspace that existed before the incremental import). If a failure occurs, the user can replace the callset file in the workspace with the original callset file (.inc.backup file) and delete all directories not named in the .fragmentlist file. Do not delete directories named genomicsdb_meta_dir

## 5. Generate interval_list for an existing GenomicsDB datastore

If you want to generate a Picard-style interval_list file with the intervals specified for the creation of a GenomicsDB datastore, you can do so with GenomicsDBImport

gatk GenomicsDBImport \
--genomicsdb-update-workspace-path existing_database
--output-interval-list-to-file /path/to/output/file

An interval_list file will be generated at /path/to/output/file with the intervals used to generate the GenomicsDB datastore and an appropriate sequence header.


text:
## Algebra 1

$\frac{8d}{7}$
We start with the given equation: $8(x-d)=x$ We apply the distributive property: $8x-8d=x$ We subtract 8x from each side of the equation: $-8d=x-8x$ We combine like terms: $-8d=-7x$ We divide by $-7$ on both sides of the equation: $x=\frac{-8d}{-7}=\frac{8d}{7}$


text:
5

# Problem 4:(a) Find the smallest positive satisfying 14319 = x (mod 4) _ (b) Find the smallest positive such that 3199 = 2 (mod 10) _...

## Question

###### Problem 4:(a) Find the smallest positive satisfying 14319 = x (mod 4) _ (b) Find the smallest positive such that 3199 = 2 (mod 10) _

Problem 4: (a) Find the smallest positive satisfying 14319 = x (mod 4) _ (b) Find the smallest positive such that 3199 = 2 (mod 10) _

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##### 1-a. If two distributions have the same moment-generating function_ then they are identical at almost all Points, For random variable X, if its moment of order K(k 0) exists, then its moment generating function is continuously differentiable up t0 order k1- Let Xbe & random variable with the probability density function p(x) = ca/ (a+x2 where â‚¬, are positive constants and > 2 The moment generating function of X does not exist1-â‚¬. Point estimators constructed via maximum likelihood est
1-a. If two distributions have the same moment-generating function_ then they are identical at almost all Points, For random variable X, if its moment of order K(k 0) exists, then its moment generating function is continuously differentiable up t0 order k 1- Let Xbe & random variable with the pr...
##### Question 91 ptsCalculate the heat change in kilojoules to condense 75.0g of water and cool it to 37 degrees Celsius (use positive number in your answer):Question 101 ptsCalculate the heat change in kilocalories to melt 35.58 of water; warm It to 100 degrees Celsius and boll (use positive number in vour answer).
Question 9 1 pts Calculate the heat change in kilojoules to condense 75.0g of water and cool it to 37 degrees Celsius (use positive number in your answer): Question 10 1 pts Calculate the heat change in kilocalories to melt 35.58 of water; warm It to 100 degrees Celsius and boll (use positive number...