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# Beam elements in ABAQUS

Beam elements in ABAQUS make me a little confused, especially about the shear stiffness and elements for open sections. In this post, I want to make a summary of the elements in ABAQUS and give an example about the settings of beam elements.

## Beam element library

Beam elements in a plane only have active degrees of freedom 1, 2, 6. Beam elements in space have active degrees of freedom 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. Open section beams in space B31OS, B31OSH, B32OS, B32OSH have active degrees of freedom 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. The beam elements in ABAQUS Standard and Explicit (v6.14) are summarized below.

Beam elements in ABAQUS Standard

 B21 2-node linear beam in a plane   (Section 29.3.8) B21H 2-node linear beam in a plane, hybrid formulation   (Section 29.3.8) B22 3-node quadratic beam in a plane   (Section 29.3.8) B22H 3-node quadratic beam in a plane, hybrid formulation   (Section 29.3.8) B23 2-node cubic beam in a plane   (Section 29.3.8) B23H 2-node cubic beam in a plane, hybrid formulation   (Section 29.3.8) B31 2-node linear beam in space   (Section 29.3.8) B31H 2-node linear beam in space, hybrid formulation   (Section 29.3.8) B31OS 2-node linear open-section beam in space   (Section 29.3.8) B31OSH 2-node linear open-section beam in space, hybrid formulation   (Section 29.3.8) B32 3-node quadratic beam in space   (Section 29.3.8) B32H 3-node quadratic beam in space, hybrid formulation   (Section 29.3.8) B32OS 3-node quadratic open-section beam in space   (Section 29.3.8) B32OSH 3-node quadratic open-section beam in space, hybrid formulation   (Section 29.3.8) B33 2-node cubic beam in space   (Section 29.3.8) B33H 2-node cubic beam in space, hybrid formulation   (Section 29.3.8) PIPE21 2-node linear pipe in a plane   (Section 29.3.8) PIPE21H 2-node linear pipe in a plane, hybrid formulation   (Section 29.3.8) PIPE22 3-node quadratic pipe in a plane   (Section 29.3.8) PIPE22H 3-node quadratic pipe in a plane, hybrid formulation   (Section 29.3.8) PIPE31 2-node linear pipe in space   (Section 29.3.8) PIPE31H 2-node linear pipe in space, hybrid formulation   (Section 29.3.8) PIPE32 3-node quadratic pipe in space   (Section 29.3.8) PIPE32H 3-node quadratic pipe in space, hybrid formulation   (Section 29.3.8)

Beam elements in ABAQUS Explicit

 B21 2-node linear beam in a plane   (Section 29.3.8) B22 3-node quadratic beam in a plane   (Section 29.3.8) B31 2-node linear beam in space   (Section 29.3.8) B32 3-node quadratic beam in space   (Section 29.3.8) PIPE21 2-node linear pipe in a plane   (Section 29.3.8) PIPE31 2-node linear pipe in space   (Section 29.3.8)

Euler-Bernoulli (slender) beams

Euler-Bernoulli beams (B23, B23H, B33, and B33H) are available only in Abaqus/Standard. These elements do not allow for transverse shear deformation; plane sections initially normal to the beam’s axis remain plane (if there is no warping) and normal to the beam axis. They should be used only to model slender beams: the beam’s cross-sectional dimensions should be small compared to typical distances along its axis (such as the distance between support points or the wavelength of the highest mode that participates in a dynamic response). For beams made of uniform material, typical dimensions in the cross-section should be less than about 1/15 of typical axial distances for transverse shear flexibility to be negligible.

Timoshenko (shear flexible) beams

Timoshenko beams (B21, B22, B31, B31OS, B32, B32OS, PIPE21, PIPE22, PIPE31, PIPE32, and their “hybrid” equivalents) allow for transverse shear deformation. They can be used for thick (“stout”) as well as slender beams. For beams made from uniform material, shear flexible beam theory can provide useful results for cross-sectional dimensions up to 1/8 of typical axial distances or the wavelength of the highest natural mode that contributes significantly to the response. Beyond this ratio the approximations that allow the member’s behavior to be described solely as a function of axial position no longer provide adequate accuracy.

Abaqus assumes that the transverse shear behavior of Timoshenko beams is linear elastic with a fixed modulus and, thus, independent of the response of the beam section to axial stretch and bending.

For most beam sections, Abaqus will calculate the transverse shear stiffness values required in the element formulation. You can override these default values as described below in “Defining the transverse shear stiffness and the slenderness compensation factor.” The default shear stiffness values are not calculated in some cases if estimates of shear moduli are unavailable during the preprocessing stage of input; for example, when the material behavior is defined by user subroutine UMATUHYPELUHYPER, or VUMAT. In such cases you must define the transverse shear stiffness.

The Timoshenko beams can be subjected to large axial strains. The axial strains due to torsion are assumed to be small. In combined axial-torsion loading, torsional shear strains are calculated accurately only when the axial strain is not large.

Node ordering on elements

For beams in space an additional node may be given after a beam element’s connectivity (in the element definition—see Element definition,” Section 2.2.1) to define the approximate direction of the first cross-section axis, n1. See Beam element cross-section orientation,” Section 29.3.4, for details.

Numbering of integration points for output

Choosing the beam elements

• In the simulation with contacts, the first-order beam element including shear effects B21 and B31 are preferred.
• When the transverse shear effects are not ignorable, the Timoshenko beam elements should be used.
• When the structure has either very large or very small stiffness, the hybrid beam elements (B31H, B32H etc.) should be adopted in the analysis with geometrical nonlinearity.
• The third-order Euler-Bernoulli beam elements (B23, B33) have high precision for the simulation of beams with distributed loads, such as the dynamic vibration analysis.

Stress and other tensors (including strain tensors) are available for elements with displacement degrees of freedom. All tensors, except for meshed sections, have the same components. For example, the stress components are as follows:

 S11 Axial stress. S22 Hoop stress (available only for pipe elements). S33 Radial stress (available only for thick-walled pipe elements). S12 Shear stress caused by torsion (available only for beam-type elements in space). This component is not available when thin-walled, open sections are employed (I-section, L-section, and arbitrary open section).

Stress and strain for section points for meshed sections

 S11 Axial stress. S12 Shear stress along the second cross-section axis caused by shear force and, for beam elements in space, torsion. S13 Shear stress along the first cross-section axis caused by shear force and torsion (available only for beams in space).

Section forces, moments, and transverse shear forces

 SF1 Axial force. SF2 Transverse shear force in the local 2-direction (not available for B23, B23H, B33, B33H). SF3 Transverse shear force in the local 1-direction (available only for beams in space, not available for B33, B33H). SM1 Bending moment about the local 1-axis. SM2 Bending moment about the local 2-axis (available only for beams in space). SM3 Twisting moment about the beam axis (available only for beams in space). BIMOM Bimoment due to warping (available only for open-section beams in space). ESF1 Effective axial force for beams subjected to pressure loading (available for all Abaqus/Standard stress/displacement analysis types except response spectrum and random response).

Section strains, curvatures, and transverse shear strains

 SE1 Axial strain. SE2 Transverse shear strain in the local 2-direction (not available for B23, B23H, B33, and B33H). SE3 Transverse shear strain in the local 1-direction (available only for beams in space, not available for B33 and B33H). SK1 Curvature change about the local 1-axis. SK2 Curvature change about the local 2-axis (available only for beams in space). SK3 Twist of the beam (available only for beams in space). BICURV Bicurvature due to warping (available only for open-section beams in space).

## Beam cross section library

The Abaqus beam cross-section library contains solid sections (circular, rectangular, and trapezoidal), closed thin-walled sections (box, hexagonal, and pipe), open thin-walled sections (I-shaped, T-shaped, or L-shaped), and a thick-walled pipe section. Abaqus also provides an arbitrary thin-walled section definition; Abaqus will treat this section type as a closed or open section, depending on how the section is defined.

Trapezoidal, I, and arbitrary library sections allow you to define the location of the origin of the local coordinate system. Other section types—such as rectangular, circular, L, or pipe—have preset origins.

### Generalized cross section

You can specify “generalized” cross-sections by specifying the geometric quantities necessary to define the section. Such generalized sections can be used only with linear material behavior although the section response can be linear or nonlinear. Nonlinear generalized cross-sections are not supported in ABAQUS/CAE.

*Beam General Section, section=GENERAL
*Beam General Section, section=NONLINEAR GENERAL

A general beam section:

• is used to define beam section properties that are computed once and held constant for the entire analysis;
• can be used to define linear or nonlinear section behavior;
• for linear section behavior can be associated only with linear material behavior
• enables the use of meshed cross-sections (Meshed beam cross-sections,” Section 10.6.1);
• enables the use of tapered cross-sections (Abaqus/Standard only).

In ABAQUS/CAE, you can define a beam section with generalized shape shown as below. The section geometry properties can be defined in this dialog window. The location of the centroid and shear center, the output points as well as the transverse shear stiffness are allowed to define directly as figured below. The keywords generated in input file are listed below.

** Section: pipe Profile: Profile-2

*Beam General Section, elset=_PickedSet2, poisson = 0.2, section=GENERAL
0.00531, 2.96e-05, 0., 2.96e-05, 5.92e-05
0.,0.,-1.
2e+08, 7.69231e+07

*Shear Center
0.002, 0.001

*Centroid
0.002, 0.001

*Section Points
0.002, 0.001, 0.001, 0.

*Transverse Shear
6.9591e+06, 6.9591e+06, 0.2

The Section Poisson value must be between -1.0 and 0.5 with a default value set to 0.0 so that this effect is ignored. This value is only valid for the shear flexible elements providing for a possible uniform cross-sectional area change. This effect is considered only in geometrically nonlinear analysis (see Defining an analysis,” Section 6.1.2) and is provided to model the reduction or increase in the cross-sectional area for a beam subjected to large axial stretch. Setting the effective Poisson’s ratio to 0.5 implies that the overall response of the section is incompressible. This behavior is appropriate if the beam is made of rubber or if it is made of a typical metal whose overall response at large deformation is essentially incompressible (because it is dominated by plasticity). Values between 0.0 and 0.5 mean that the cross-sectional area changes proportionally between no change and incompressibility, respectively. A negative value of the effective Poisson’s ratio will result in an increase in the cross-sectional area in response to tensile axial strains. Why the cross section area increases under tensile axial strain?

If you want to get the stress and strain on integration points, you have to define the output points in “Edit Beam Section”. To locate points in the section at which output of axial strain (and, for linear section behavior, axial stress) is required, specify the local $\left( {{x_1},{x_2}} \right)$ coordinates of the point in the cross-section: Abaqus numbers the points 1, 2, … in the order that they are given.

The variation of $\varepsilon$ over the section is given by

$\varepsilon = {\varepsilon _c} + {\kappa _1}\left( {{x_2} – {x_{2c}}} \right) – {\kappa _2}\left( {{x_1} – {x_{1c}}} \right)$

where $\left( {{x_{1c}},{x_{2c}}} \right)$ are the local coordinates of the centroid of the beam section and ${\kappa _1}$ and ${\kappa _2}$ are the changes of curvature for the section.

### Meshed cross section

The response of some structures is beam-like, yet the beam cross-section geometry or multi-material makeup of the cross-section do not permit the use of a predefined library beam cross-section. In these cases a meshed cross-section can be used to model the beam cross-section and to generate beam cross-section properties appropriate for subsequent use in a Timoshenko beam analysis. The beam properties are generated assuming a thick-walled (solid) cross-section with unconstrained out-of-plane warping, so open-section beam elements cannot use the beam cross-section properties generated from the meshed section. The generated beam cross-section properties include axial, bending, torsional, and transverse shear stiffnesses; mass, rotary inertia, and damping properties; and the centroid and shear center of the cross-section. In addition, the equivalent beam cross-section properties include information on stress recovery, such as the warping function and its derivatives.

Meshed cross-sections:

• allow for the description of a beam cross-section including multiple materials and complex geometry;
• are meshed in Abaqus/Standard with two-dimensional warping elements, which have an out-of-plane warping displacement as the only degree of freedom;
• generate beam cross-section properties that can be used in a subsequent beam element analysis in either Abaqus/Standard or Abaqus/Explicit;
• allow only isotropic linear elastic material behavior or orthotropic linear elastic material behavior for warping elements;
• allow stress and strain postprocessing on the beam element model or the two-dimensional warping element model.

The procedure for analyzing and postprocessing a beam analysis using a meshed cross-section is as follows:

1. Mesh and analyze a two-dimensional Abaqus/Standard model of the beam cross-section.
2. Use the generated cross-sectional properties in an Abaqus/Standard or Abaqus/Explicit beam analysis.
3. Using the beam analysis results, postprocess from the beam model or the two-dimensional cross-section model.

The cross-section is meshed using special-purpose two-dimensional elements: WARP2D3 (3-node triangular) and WARP2D4 (4-node quadrilateral). These elements have one degree of freedom per node representing the value of the out-of-plane warping function and use a solid section definition. The way to generate and use the generated cross section properties is detailed in Abaqus Analysis User’s Guide.

### Keywords edition

The keywords in input files for general section and meshed cross section can be referred to Abaqus Keywords Reference Guide and summarized here.

*Beam General Section, elset=elset_name, section=GENERAL
A, ${I_{11}}$, ${I_{12}}$, ${I_{22}}$, J, ${\Gamma _0}$, ${\Gamma _W}$
0, 0, -1 (optional)
E, G

*Beam General Section, elset=elset_name, section=NONLINEAR GENERAL
A, ${I_{11}}$, ${I_{12}}$, ${I_{22}}$, J, ${\Gamma _0}$, ${\Gamma _W}$
0, 0, -1 (optional)
E, G
The axial and bending behaviors of the section are defined by using the *AXIAL*M1*M2*TORQUE, and *THERMAL EXPANSION options.

*Beam General Section, elset=elset_name, section=MESHED
0, 0, -1
(EA), ${\left( {EI} \right)_{11}}$, ${\left( {EI} \right)_{12}}$, ${\left( {EI} \right)_{22}}$, (GJ)
$\rho A$, ${\left( {\rho I} \right)_{11}}$, ${\left( {\rho I} \right)_{12}}$, ${\left( {\rho I} \right)_{22}}$, ${x_{1cm}}$, ${x_{2cm}}$

Notes: (1) Sectorial moment ${\Gamma _0}$ and warping constant ${\Gamma _W}$ are only needed in ABAQUS/Standard when the section is associated with open=section beam elements. (2) (0, 0, -1) are the default values for beam orientation if the first beam section axis is not defined by an additional node in the element’s connectivity. (3) If the TAPER parameter is included, two lines of properties of node A and node B are required. (4) ${x_{1cm}}$ and ${x_{2cm}}$ are the local 1-coordinate and 2-coordinate of the center of mass.

## Example of different section settings

A steel frame with pipe section is analyzed with different section settings with beam element B31. Displacement control method with a maximum vertical displacement 1m at the vertex of the frame is adopted. The pipe section has a diameter of 219.1mm and thickness of 8mm. The material possesses density of 77 and elastic module of 200GPa and the poison ratio of 0.3.

The transverse shear stiffness are specified. The keywords in input file are listed below.

*Beam Section, elset=_PickedSet2, material=pipe, section=THICK PIPE
0.10955, 0.008
0.,0.,-1.
*Transverse Shear
204059, 204059,
*Beam General Section, elset=_PickedSet2, section=GENERAL
0.00531, 2.96e-05, 0., 2.96e-05, 5.92e-05
0.,0.,-1.
2e+08, 7.69231e+07
*Transverse Shear
204059, 204059,
*Beam General Section, elset=_PickedSet2,section=MESHED
0.,0.,-1.
1.06E+06,5.92E+03,0.00E+00,5.92E+03,4.55E+03
8.18E+07 ,4.56E+05,0.00E+00,4.56E+05,0,0

*Transverse Shear
204059,204059,0
*Beam General Section, elset=_PickedSet2, section=PIPE
0.10955, 0.008
0.,0.,-1.
2e+08, 7.69231e+07

*Transverse Shear
204059, 204059,

The force-displacement curves of the vertex are illustrated in the following figure and accord well with each other.

Notes:

• The choice of section integration for generalized section beam can only be “Before analysis”.
• only thin-walled pipe section can be used in general section with keywords in input file.

### 5 comments On Beam elements in ABAQUS

• читы cs go

Thank you for another fantastic article. Where else could anybody get that type of information in such an ideal way of writing? I have a presentation next week, and I’m on the look for such information.

• Hi Dorothy,
thank you very much for this article!
Kind regards
Jannik

• Alhasan

Hello,

Thank you so much for this, But I would like you to know that some of the image links in this article are broken and are no longer active?
Could this be remedied, or the images replaced?

Thank you,
Alhasan

• Dorothy

Hi Alhasan,
Thank you so much. The images work now.
Best,
Dorothy

• Alhasan

Thank you so much. 🙂

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text:
Mathematics
OpenStudy (anonymous):

solve. logx(27)=-3/2

OpenStudy (lgbasallote):

change to exponential form

OpenStudy (anonymous):

i don't understand how to do that.

OpenStudy (anonymous):

3^3=27

OpenStudy (lgbasallote):

$\large x^{-\frac{3}{2}} = 27$

OpenStudy (lgbasallote):

raise both sides by -1

OpenStudy (lgbasallote):

to cancel the negative exponent of x

OpenStudy (anonymous):

still there?

OpenStudy (anonymous):

yes...trying to work it out and get a grasp on it.

OpenStudy (anonymous):

i don't understand. i am getting x=1/9

OpenStudy (lgbasallote):

remember... $\LARGE x^{\frac{m}{n}} = \sqrt[n]{x^m}$

OpenStudy (anonymous):

still clueless...i'm just not getting it.

OpenStudy (lgbasallote):

did you get $\Large \frac{1}{27^{\frac{3}{2}}}$

OpenStudy (anonymous):

no

OpenStudy (lgbasallote):

$\large x^{-\frac{3}{2}} = 27$ $\large (x^{-\frac{3}{2}})^{-1} = 27^{-1}$ $\large x^{\frac{3}{2}} = \frac{1}{27}$ lol sorry i got confused...is that what you got so far?

OpenStudy (phi):

to solve $x^{-\frac{3}{2}} = 27$ use the rule $(x^a)^b= x^{ab}$ raise both sides to to -2/3 power (this makes the left side just x)

OpenStudy (phi):

to make sense of $27^{-2/3}$ remember: minus means flip : $$1/27^{2/3}$$ 1/3 means take the cube root 2 means square

OpenStudy (anonymous):

im'm totally confused now

OpenStudy (phi):

start with $x^{-\frac{3}{2}}= 27$ raise both sides to -2/3 $(x^{-\frac{3}{2}})^{-\frac{2}{3}}= 27^{-\frac{2}{3}}$

OpenStudy (phi):

can you simplify the left side? You multiply the exponents. you get $x^1 = 27^{-\frac{2}{3} }$

OpenStudy (anonymous):

ok. so to solve the problem would it be x=1/9

OpenStudy (phi):

For the right side, we can write it as $(27^{\frac{1}{3}})^{-2}$ Do you see how? $27^{\frac{1}{3}}$ means take the cube root of 27. 27= 3*3*3 can you find the cube root?

OpenStudy (anonymous):

3^3

OpenStudy (phi):

yes 27= 3^3 and $(3^3)^{\frac{1}{3}}$ is ??

OpenStudy (phi):

we find $27^{\frac{1}{3}} = 3$ so now we have $(27^{\frac{1}{3}})^{-2} = 3^{-2}$

OpenStudy (anonymous):

1/cube root of 3

OpenStudy (anonymous):

i am so much more confused now

OpenStudy (phi):

step by step we have $(27^{\frac{1}{3}})^{-2} = 3^{-2} = ??$

OpenStudy (anonymous):

1/9

OpenStudy (phi):

Yes. x= 1/9 If you are confused, go back and try to follow the rules we used to get to the answer.

OpenStudy (anonymous):

ok...i will. i have to remember this before my final. thanks so much for the step by step.

OpenStudy (phi):

The very first step was to know how to change logx(27)=-3/2 into $x^{-3/2} = 27$

OpenStudy (phi):

btw, it looks like you got the answer at the very beginning.

OpenStudy (anonymous):

thax

format: plain


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# Divide and Conquer - Tue, January 26

## Sorting

Given a list of numbers , output them in increasing order. The idea is to split the list into two halves, recursively sort each half, and merge the two sorted halves. This is known as merge sort.

MergeSort(a_1, ..., a_n):
if n = 1: return a_1
S_L := MergeSort(a_1, ..., a_{n/2})
S_R := MergeSort(a_{n/2 + 1}, ..., a_n)
S = merge(S_L, S_R)
return S

Here, merge(S_L, S_R) runs in time .

The running time of the algorithm is , which is a balanced case (work at each level of levels is n^d). Applying the Master Theorem gives us .

All the real work in in merging, as nothing happens until the recursion hits the base case. This naturally leads to an iterative algorithm that maintains a queue on lists:

(the bottom line here says "sorted lists of 4 elements")

Can we do better than merge sort? No and yes:

• No: merge sort is a comparison sort, as in an algorithm in which the only operation performed on the inputs are comparisons
• Yes: there are sorting algorithms that are not solely based on comparisons
• For example, if the elements are bits long, then:
• radix sort uses bit operations
• merge sort uses bit operations, as a comparison costs bit operations

Theorem: Any comparison sorting algorithm requires comparisons to sort lists of elements.

Proof: Fix an algorithm . Without loss of generality, focus on input lists , where the elements are distinct. The computation of on defines a permutation . Here, every permutation is a possible output.

Let denote the set of possible permutations at a given point in 's computation. Before the algorithm starts, . At each comparison:

• if ,
• if ,

Since , we know that or . As in, one of them has to be at least half as large as . So, a comparison divides possible permutations by at most .

Hence, the number of comparisons until is at least [ 1 ]. QED.

This theorem implies that merge sort is optimal among comparison sorts.

## Median Finding

Given , output such that half of is smaller and half of is larger than .

• We can sort the list and take the middle element, which is
• However, we don't care about the order of elements above and below the median

We can use divide and conquer to solve a harder, more general problem of selection: for an input set of numbers and index , output the th smallest element in .

• Pick and split into:
• : the elements in smaller than
• : the elements in equal to
• : the elements in larger than
• Then reverse in a straightforward way
Select(S, k):
pick a \in S and compute S_L, S_a, S_R (this step is O(n))
if k <= |S_L|: return Select(S_L, k)
if |S_L| < k <= |S_L| + |S_a|: return a
if |S_L| + |S_a| < k: return Select(S_R, k)

We go from a list of size to a list of size . But how do we select ?

• The worst case is if is always the largest or smallest element of the current set:
• The best case is if always splits roughtly in half () :

The problem? Picking a good requires... finding the median, which means we can't do it. Let's pick it at random instead!

We will say that is good if it is between the 25th and 75th percentiles of . When is good, our new set shrinks by a constant factor:

There are many good elements -- in fact, the probability that is good is , so it takes ~2 tries to get a good . Expected running time:

On any input list and integer , Select(S, k) (with chosen randomly) returns the correct answer in an number of steps.

[ 1 ] this is a worst-case lower bound (depth of deepest leaf is ), but this can be improved to an average-case lower bound (average depth of leaf is ).


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# Impulse Response Of Rc Circuit

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")!(t) t Cu (Lecture 3) ELE 301: Signals and Systems Fall 2011-12 3 / 55 Note: Be aware of potential. — Since the system is linear and time invariant, the system response to x(t) is the sum of its responses to all the impulse components. Impulse Response Functions. Built-in temperature sensor can do temperature compensation; and it has digital output and analog voltage output. • The general solution of RC circuits is a powerful tool that we can apply to a great range of problems and so it deserves some special attention. Frequency Response. The impulse capacitors Cs (12 capacitors of 750 nF) are charged in parallel through the charging resistors Rc (45 kΩ) (highest permissible charging voltage 200 kV). impulse is a generic client-side console command that is used to send commands to the server without modifying the usercmd. The transfer function of the circuit is E2(s) c H(s) • ^ r+Rx ^Y 1 N X. Next, define. Today I am going to make a brief description of the step response of a RLC series circuit. 1: 0 / 20: 12. The product RC is the time constant. Let us consider following code The forecast error variance decomposition is based upon the orthogonalised impulse response coefficient matrices Ψh and allow the user to analyse the contribution of variable j to the h-step forecast error. Pavel Máša, XE31EO2, lecture 9 page 7 Example: We have RC integrating circuit, excited by voltage source u10(t) =Ue-at. Vincent MATHIEU. Impulse Response. I am trying to visualize an impulse response function in R. This is an electronic circuit simulator. Solution: The step represented a switch that turns on a constant voltage source at time t=0. 3 Analog Filters: Natural Response Natural response of an RC circuit in parallel. More generally, an impulse response is the reaction of any dynamic system in response to some external change. Download for free this massive library of high-definition impulse responses for the Waves IR-series reverb plugins, for optimal sonic depth and dimension. 1, confirms that the gain of the combination is 1. A resistor-capacitor circuit ( RC circuit ), or RC filter or RC network , is an electric circuit composed of resistors and capacitors. This is the schematic made with LTspice. Integrating Circuit Consider the circuit in Fig. Several approaches have been proposed for the accurate and efficient estimation of the on-chip interconnect delay and slew metrics. The battery represents the sodium-potassium pump that acts to hold the electrical potential of the inside of the cell below that of the. Step response of an RL Circuit. impulse response. 4-5 The Transfer Function and Natural Response. The Series RLC Circuit. Determine the response of the circuit to v i(t) using convolution. EE 301 - Spring 2014. These frequencies produce the. Transient Response of RC Transmission Lines. If C = 10 microfarads, we’ll plot the output voltage, v 0 (t), for a resistance R equal to 5k ohms, and 20k ohms. This Impulse current flows results in sudden damping of 1/RC of charge on the capacitor plates changing the capacitor voltage from 0 at t=0- to 1/RC V at t=0+. You definitely have seen this term, if you used some computer software to If you want to measure the frequency response of a speaker, you first have to make an impulse response measurement. (3) as: $$h(t) = h_0(t)' = \left( e^{-t/RC} u(t) \right)'$$ $$\boxed{ h(t) = \delta(t) - \frac{1}{RC} e^{-t/RC} u(t) } \tag{6}$$ From electrical circuit theory point of view, this is the output voltage $y(t)$ when the input $x(t)$ voltage is an impulse $x(t) = \delta(t)$. In this lab you will examine a circuit's response to a unit impulse input. The behavior of circuits containing resistors (R) and capacitors (C) is explained using calculus. Parallel Rlc Circuit Differential Equation. Applications. This page is a web application that design a RC low-pass filter. EE -311 - Spring 2015. circuit Forced response Electronic ignition system Piezoelectric effect Clock frequency Clock signal Positive feedback constant of the decay envelope Undamped resonant frequency Step response Impulse response Damping ratio Natural 7. Transient Response in Second Order System passive circuits measure step and impulse response of RLC series and parallel circuits using Frequency Response of first order passive circuits measure amplitude and phase response and plot bode diagrams for RL, RC and RLC circuits relate. This is in contrast to finite impulse response (FIR) filters, which have fixed-duration impulse responses. It can tell you for example that the cutoff. Star-Hspice Manual, Release 1998. This can be written as h ˝= H( ˝) Care is required in interpreting this expression! H 0 t! h(t,0) h(t,!)!(t! ")!(t) t Cu (Lecture 3) ELE 301: Signals and Systems Fall 2011-12 3 / 55 Note: Be aware of potential. It was distributed by Prof. Using G and E Elements. In addition to several normal Impulse responses, we have also released a series of "Mixpulses" that are combinations of several microphones (12!) into just We made updates to to our library so it would be easier to upload your own Impulse responses to the library. Several approaches have been proposed for the accurate and efficient estimation of the on-chip interconnect delay and slew metrics. Introduction The impulse response of a system is the circuit's output when the input is a unit impulse or Dirac Delta function. Impulse Response Utility allows you to encode all supported surround impulse response formats in B-Format. When the applet starts up you will see an animated schematic of a simple LRC circuit. The speaker impulse response is something a little bit more complicated than it looks on the surface. tutorialspoint. I am finding it difficult to understand the steps to derive the impulse response of a series RC filter where the output voltage is taken across the capacitor, the equation to derive is: h (t)= (1/RC) e^ (-t/RC). htm In this video, i have covered Impulse Response of the system in Z Transform with following Why dont you try these Playlists. The (14) can be rewritten in respect to D m and w m. Let's say that we have the following block diagram: h[n] is known as the 'Impulse Response of the digital system. Soundwoofer - Impulse Response Library. Firstly, note that the impulse response is in fact the transfer function for the circuit. The impulse response for the capacitor voltage is. The importance of Impulse Response h(t). Since y R (t) = x(t) y C (t), Plot the magnitude responses of both systems on a linear scale and in dB, and characterize the filtering properties of the systems. For a RC filter, the cut off frequency (fc) = 1/ (2 RC) Introduction Basically, an electrical filter is a circuit that can be designed to modify, reshape or reject all unwanted frequencies of an electrical signal and accept or pass only those signals wanted by the circuits designer. When the input is an impulse , the output is the impulse response of this system,. Determining how various frequencies affect the output. This circuit consists of resistor, inductor and capacitor. As you can see the components used are a resistor, an inductor and a capacitor connected in series. Dive into the world of Logic Circuits for free! From simple gates to complex sequential circuits, plot timing diagrams, automatic circuit generation, explore standard ICs. Impulse Response Recording: Transients Method. The Transient Response (also known as the Natural Response) is the way the circuit responds to energies stored in storage elements, such as capacitors and inductors. Circuits with higher ˝ take longer to get close to the new steady state. Select the answer using the following codes:, Options are ⇒ (A) 1. incomplete-discharge. Was completely correct 2. Was completely incorrect. Com Two two-port networks are connected in cascade. A continuous system has the following transfer function H(s) S+5 (5+3)(s+2) d) Find the impulse response of the RC network initially at rest using Laplace transform method, where x(t) is a voltage source and y(t) is the voltage across the capacitor. The figure is showing the frequency versus attenuation response curve of the high pass filter. 20 Impulse Response of a 2-Wire RC Line for Voltage. See current divider. , ) and the capacitor discharges exponentially (with a time constant of RC) back through the resistor. When the input is an impulse , the output is the impulse response of this system,. It may be driven by a voltage or current source and these will The impulse response for each voltage is the inverse Laplace transform of the corresponding transfer function. RC the impulse response for the case where y R (t) is the output is given by 1 tRC ht t e ut R RC. Was completely incorrect. Response of the level goes to zero Responses of the di¤erences sum to zero. Rf Meter Circuit. The product RC is the time constant. circuit shown in Figure 4. Source(s): https://shorte. Can you think of a way to determine v o(t) directly from the step. These circuit nodes are connected by tunable coupling inductors l Aand l B. The impulse response files above were recorded in the big recording room at STUDIO NORD BREMEN. 1 Resistor Combinations and Source Transformations. So to plot the impulse response, just substitute in the appropriate values of the components and your time vector in the ‘hf’ anonymous function, and plot the results. Therefore the response of an impulse of strength A is. Integrating Circuit Consider the circuit in Fig. Hint: You may or may not ﬁnd it useful to know that if the impulse response of a BIBO stable continuous-time LTI system is e tu(t);then its frequency response is i!+ ; where and are, in general, complex scalars, with the value of consistent with BIBO stability. However, analysis gives a deeper understanding of the circuit operation. consider a circuit with linear elements, zero initial conditions for inductors and capacitors, • one independent e−t/RC. • The natural response of a circuit refers to the behavior (in terms of voltages and currents) of the circuit itself, with no external sources of excitation. Watch the recorded. This transient response time T, is measured in terms of τ = R x C, in seconds, where R is the value of the resistor in ohms and C is the value of the capacitor in Farads. The form of the source voltage Vs is shown on Figure 2. Second-Order Impulse Response Tutorial: PDF. 5 Using he Impulse Response If we have a sysem inpu composed of impulses, f() 3δ( 1) + 4δ( 2) we can find he corresponding sysem oupu using superposiion. Since y R (t) = x(t) y C (t), Plot the magnitude responses of both systems on a linear scale and in dB, and characterize the filtering properties of the systems. If you move the mouse over any component of the circuit, you will see a short description of that component and its current state in the lower right corner of the window. Numerical verification results for coupled RC lines confirmed rapid convergence. Consider the RC circuit shown in Figure1. Impulse-Response function Analysis: An application to macroeconomic data of China. Today I am going to make a brief description of the step response of a RLC series circuit. The impulse response of the RC circuit system is derived in Example 1. Basically, any voltage or current that spikes in magnitude for a relatively short period of time may be viewed as an impulse signal. 7 The Transfer Function and the Steady-State Sinusoidal Response. This Impulse current flows results in sudden damping of 1/RC of charge on the capacitor plates changing the capacitor voltage from 0 at t=0- to 1/RC V at t=0+. Any help on this problem would be greatly appreciated. The response curve is increasing and is shown in figure 2. When a function is integrated with the impulse function, we obtain the value of the function at the point where the The steady-state response is the behavior of the circuit after a long period of 3 excitation. RC the impulse response for the case where y R (t) is the output is given by 1 tRC ht t e ut R RC. The Compound Element scattering data. Impulse Response of Basic LTI Systems. If certain deviation occurs between encoder's max. Detector Response to Poisson Pulses It is common for a physical de-tector to have internal resis-tance and capacitance. With our easy to use simulator interface, you will be building circuits in no time. Test Score. Consider the RC. Sketch v i(t) and v o(t) d. Transient response of parallel RLC circuit to sinusoid input Figure 39. It applies the impulse response and convolution in time domain to system analysis, transitioning into Heaviside operators to solve the associated differential equations. Circuits with elements that support ‘Electrical Node’ ports should be built as a sub-circuit using a Compound Element. response voltage, are possible because the voltage is a monotonic function of time (a fact proven in [I]). RC Circuit Impulse Response Cuthbert Nyack. RC Charging Circuit. CHAPTER 7 * FIRST- AND SECOND-ORDER CIRCUITS. During the Prelab this week you will examine an RC and an RLC network. You can follow me on twitter. Impulse Response of 2nd Order System: Complex Numbers, Real Poles, Underdamped and Over-damped. The time constant is commonly used to characterize the response of an RLC circuit. Time domain response of narrow band filters Figure 37. 15 17 25 45 min Analog circuit-3: Op-amp circuits: Amplifiers, summers, differentiators, integrators, active filters, Schmitt triggers and oscillator. The primary focus will be on the response of an RL circuit to a step voltage and a voltage square wave. 1 The Natural Response of an RC Circuit The solution of a linear circuit, called dynamic response, can be decomposed into Natural Response + Forced Response. The circuit of multiplexed impulse generator or commonly called as Marx circuit can be seen in the below image. Impulse-Response function Analysis: An application to macroeconomic data of China. 2-3 Circuit Analysis in the s Domain. The response curve is increasing and is shown in figure 2. The pulsed response of this circuit using an infrared LED optical pulse source of 30ns duration shows how increasing the feedback capacitance Cf dampens the response (lowers Q): The 90-10% falltime for the 2. Lightning arresters, Fuses, TVS diodes, different types of surge protectors, etc are tested using the. Numerical verification results for coupled RC lines confirmed rapid convergence. In the previous RC Charging and Discharging tutorials, we saw how a capacitor has the ability to both charge and discharges itself through a series connected. 4 Example: A typical RC circuit is described by the di®erential equation RCy_(t)+y(t)=x(t) EEE303 K. It represents the response of the circuit to an input voltage consisting of an impulse or Dirac delta function. The Compound Element scattering data. Impulse Response The impulse response of a linear system h ˝(t) is the output of the system at time t to an impulse at time ˝. Such a response will grow until limited by some inherent circuit nonlinearity, such as op amp saturation. They are usually only set in response to actions made by you which amount to a request for services, such as setting your privacy preferences, logging in or filling in forms. The behavior of circuits containing resistors (R) and capacitors (C) is explained using calculus. Whenever you have a circuit with two energy sources, like two batteries, or an input source plus some internal energy, the possibility of using. The circuit board provides two of the topologies below for two channels of equalization or for a more elaborate single channel response correction. RC-11 GLOSSARY The following ASIC application-specific integrated circuit ASP ATM switch processor ATA Advanced Technology Attachment FIR Finite Impulse Response. I leave that to you. Find the impulse response of the following circuit, using Laplace transform techniques. EE 301 - Spring 2014. This then forms the basis of an RC charging circuit were 5T can also be thought of as “5 x RC”. Hint: since (t) = u0(t), h(t) = s0(t). In fact, the output according to the convolution integral gives. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits. Simplier to analyze. If you know the impulse response of a system, then the response of that system to any input can be determined using convolution, as we shall now show. Note that as the value of α increases, the RLC circuit is driven towards an overdamped response. Impulse Response Functions. Impulse response. This decaying function is plotted in figure 2. Circuit for the realization of the 2-pole, 1-zero matched filter approximation. I am trying to visualize an impulse response function in R. Considering f(t)=K⋅e−atu(t) with u(t) being the unit step function: F(s)=Ke−ate−stu(t)dt=Ke−(s+a)tdt=−K e−(s+a)t s+a o ∞ 0 ∞ ∫ −∞ ∞ ∫. Had many errors 4. Chapter 0 Analog Signals and Systems- The Scope and Study Plan 1 Chapter 1 Circuit Fundamentals 6 1. The discussion is also applicable to. The importance of Impulse Response h(t). Sketch v i(t) and v o(t) d. 6 Time Amplitude Figure 3 Impulse response function We now show how an. You can change the simulation circuit values and determine their effect on the frequency and phase response. across the equivalent capacitor. Set up the differential operator corresponding to the left-hand side of the ODE. This filter has an exponential impulse response characterized by an RC time constant. 25 Series RC circuit with impulse input … - Selection from Signals and Systems [Book]. The function generator has an internal resistance of 50 Ω which you must take into account in the analysis. a) Find the frequency response H(j!) of the RC circuit below, which is governed by the di erential equation RC dy(t) dt + y(t) = x(t): Note that it is not necessary to nd the impulse. It consists of a resistor and an inductor, either in series driven by a voltage source or in parallel driven by a current source. Figure 5 – Series RC circuit response to a “zero-centered” periodic step voltage input. what is the unit step response of a high pass RC filter ? I want to calculate using transfer function approach. (3) as: $$h(t) = h_0(t)' = \left( e^{-t/RC} u(t) \right)'$$ $$\boxed{ h(t) = \delta(t) - \frac{1}{RC} e^{-t/RC} u(t) } \tag{6}$$ From electrical circuit theory point of view, this is the output voltage $y(t)$ when the input $x(t)$ voltage is an impulse $x(t) = \delta(t)$. We saw the correct response of the RC and RL circuits that we built on the breadboards. model the entire system by an RC circuit. The general response is given by: () 1 0 t vc t Vp eRC t tp ⎛⎞− = ⎜⎟−≤ ⎝⎠ ≤ (1. The circuit is excited by an impulse function. Although this may not present problems in some applications, it will certainly do so in others. 4-5 The Transfer Function and Natural Response. Signal V out retains unattenuated only frequencies below the cut-off frequency of the filter set by its RC time constant. It may be driven by a voltage or current source and these will The impulse response for each voltage is the inverse Laplace transform of the corresponding transfer function. I leave that to you. across the equivalent capacitor. vi What specific effect did the second convolution with impulse function ht. The overall impulse response of two cascaded blocks. A continuous system has the following transfer function H(s) S+5 (5+3)(s+2) d) Find the impulse response of the RC network initially at rest using Laplace transform method, where x(t) is a voltage source and y(t) is the voltage across the capacitor. 3 Ideal Circuit Elements and Simple Circuit Analysis Examples 17 1. JD Capacitors, Inductors, Natural Response of First-Order Circuits Sound understanding of the physical principles of capacitors and inductors. The input to the circuit is the current source is, and the response is the output voltage v. It represents the response of the circuit to. If you know the impulse response of a system, then the response of that system to any input can be determined using convolution, as we shall now show. minor errors 3. Wideband Circuit Design starts at a foundational level and proceeds at a carefully gauged pace to advanced topics, providing a self-sufficient text for specialization in wideband analog circuit design for the fields of telecommunications and related areas. We have created a stochastic impulse-response (IR) momentextraction algorithm for RC circuit networks. The solution of (14) (see Figures 6 and 7) for the unknowns L m and C m, can by find with optimization method. Module-II. (3) as: $$h(t) = h_0(t)' = \left( e^{-t/RC} u(t) \right)'$$ $$\boxed{ h(t) = \delta(t) - \frac{1}{RC} e^{-t/RC} u(t) } \tag{6}$$ From electrical circuit theory point of view, this is the output voltage $y(t)$ when the input $x(t)$ voltage is an impulse $x(t) = \delta(t)$. The current can be computed by solving a linear first-order differential equation. !esrevinu eht pu-wercs nac lasrever emit -noituaC. Impulse response function of the RC ﬁlter Transfer function of RC ﬁlter: 1 1+sτ General type: K s+a with K=1/τ and a=1/τ. If you move the mouse over any component of the circuit, you will see a short description of that component and its current state in the lower right corner of the window. of the corresponding transfer function. 7 - 4 First order Circuit - Sinusoid Reponse. To be able to compute the natural response of RC and LC circuits. t needs to be read out of the impulse response. Use this utility to calculate the Transfer Function for filters at a given frequency or values of R and C. The Unit Impulse, Initial and final conditions, Step and Impulse Response, Response of Source Free Circuits, Forced Response, Phasor and Steady State Responses of Circuits to Sinusoidal Functions, Resonance in AC Circuits. You can set your browser to block or alert you about these cookies, but some parts of the site will not then work. The primary focus will be on the response of an RL circuit to a step voltage and a voltage square wave. delta function. Quick-access build box lets you draw basic circuit primitives quickly, while allowing access to a wide assortment of non-linear elements, feedback elements, digital. Transient Analysis of an RC Circuit 8:30. Electronics is a branch of physics, electrical engineering, and technology concerned with the design and use of electrical circuits containing active electrical components (diodes, transistors, and integrated. Miss Geico ProBoat Impulse Hobby King Genesis Princess Snap - RC Boating at "RC Dynamic Impulse" 10. An impulse response, or an IR, is an audio file containing a recording of a short audio signal being played through a certain piece of equipment or in a certain But, load that same file in an impulse response loader and you will hear a faithful sonic recreation of the space in which the IR was recorded. You've just watched JoVE's introduction to the time dependent behavior of circuits using resistors, capacitors and inductors. ● Connection example totem pole output type and IC circuit. to nd H: write circuit equations in frequency domain. The impulse response for the capacitor voltage is h C ( t ) = 1 R C e − t R C u ( t ) = 1 τ e − t τ u ( t ) , {\displaystyle h_{C}(t)={\frac {1}{RC}}e^{-{\frac {t}{RC}}}u(t)={\frac {1}{\tau }}e^{-{\frac {t}{\tau }}}u(t)\,,}. We will talk about impulse responses here in this chapter. 5 degree steps, for 24 loudspeakers in the standard positions. Solution: The step represented a switch that turns on a constant voltage source at time t=0. The filter circuit, shown in Figure 3, consists of a resistor and a capacitor in series with the function generator. The Compound Element scattering data. Ambient-Clean Black Metal Blues Rock Death Metal Djent Drop Tune Metal Rock Bass 1 Reactions - Andreas Sjöstedt - Bass Reactions - Tom Ohlsson - Guitar. Fessler, November 8, 1999, 13:15 RC. RC Circuit impulse response example. Find the impulse response of the following circuit, using Laplace transform techniques. Most common input signals are sinusoids. How to solve a RC circuit, including piecewise and periodic functions in time domain? Hi All, I have a circuit like this, where I want the components value R1,C1,R2,C3 and R3 as the user inputs. Fundamentals of circuits and network theory, circuit elements, linear circuits, terminals and port presentation, nodal and mesh analysis, time-domain analysis of circuits and systems, sinusoidal response, introductory frequency domain analysis, transfer functions, poles and zeros, time and. The $\text{RC}$ step response is the most popular article at Spinning Numbers. RLC resonance. It employs a newly discovered Feynman Sum-over-Paths Postulate. The transient part occurs in the response of an electrical circuit or network due to the presence of energy storing elements such as inductor and capacitor. The microphones were placed on axis The following impulse responses were recorded at several places by GREGOR HENNIG. Its uses in circuit analysis and how it is helping us in Area= t solving circuits. A continuous system has the following transfer function H(s) S+5 (5+3)(s+2) d) Find the impulse response of the RC network initially at rest using Laplace transform method, where x(t) is a voltage source and y(t) is the voltage across the capacitor. Star-Hspice Manual, Release 1998. A convenient circuit for realizing this transfer function is shown in Fig. A change in momentum is caused by an impulse. Next, define. Impulse Response of Second Order System The impulse response of the second order system can be obtained by using any one of these two methods. — Since the system is linear and time invariant, the system response to x(t) is the sum of its responses to all the impulse components. A se-ries RC circuit has impulse re-sponse h(t)= 1 RC e−t/RCstep(t) The autocorrelation function of the detector output is Ryy(t 1,t 2)= ∞ −∞ Rxx(t − α,t − β)h(α)h(β)dαdβ = 1 (RC)2 ∞ 0 λδ(τ + α− β)+λ2 e−(α+β)/RCdαdβ = λ (RC)2 ∞ 0. Simplier to analyze. Example 2 - Charging / discharging RC circuit In the same charging circuit above, the input voltage is now a rectangular pulse with an amplitude of 10 volts and a width of 0. The $\text{RC}$ step response is the most popular article at Spinning Numbers. Electronic oscillator - Linear circuit - Electrical network - Amplifier - Frequency - Electronic filter - RC circuit - Resistor - Capacitor - Transistor - Vacuum tube - Operational amplifier - Positive feedback - Audio frequency - Signal generator - Radio frequency - Inductor - Crystal oscillator - Barkhausen stability criterion - Feedback - Loop gain - Sine wave - Gain (electronics) - Zeros. voltage response of RCcircuit is exponential decay of the initial voltage. Elmore delay is a simple approximation to the delay through an RC network in an electronic system. Hi I do realize that I'm kinda jumping back and forth over many different but related topics in this thread, and I understand that it makes IT very difficult for you to handle my queries. htm In this video, i have covered Impulse Response of the system in Z Transform with following Why dont you try these Playlists. Any help on this problem would be greatly appreciated. Step and Impulse Responses in RC Circuits Thread starter circuits83; Start date Sep 27, 2009; Sep 27, 2009 #1 circuits83. • A source-free RC circuit occurs when its dc source is suddenly disconnected. Find the impulse response for a circuit that is composed of a resistor and an inductor , and is driven by a time-dependent voltage. The circuit board provides two of the topologies below for two channels of equalization or for a more elaborate single channel response correction. 25 Series RC circuit with impulse input The circuit Eq. To extract chip and package electrical circuit parameters, we assume a circuit equivalent to the loop from the chip to the package decoupling capacitor as the RL-RC parallel circuit and convert it into an RLC parallel circuit. The microphones were placed on axis The following impulse responses were recorded at several places by GREGOR HENNIG. Mics were usually placed on axis at a distance of less than one. I leave that to you. The motivation for developing LiveSPICE is to help prototype guitar effects and amplifiers, without requiring constructing a physical circuit or waiting for an offline simulation to run to try it out. impulse response is δ(t − T ); transfer function is e−sT. Response of the level goes to zero Responses of the di¤erences sum to zero. 1 RC Circuits. Impulse-Response function Analysis: An application to macroeconomic data of China. 7 - 1 RC and RL Circuits. It includes: Impulse, Response, RL, Circuit, Laplace, Transform, Technique, RC, Errors. The impulse response for each voltage is the inverse Laplace transform of the corresponding transfer function. Powerful online circuit simulator and schematic editor. Determine the impulse response h(t) from the step response of the circuit. Impulse Response Utility allows you to encode all supported surround impulse response formats in B-Format. University of Amsterdam. Introduction The impulse response of a system is the circuit's output when the input is a unit impulse or Dirac Delta function. Source(s): https://shorte. , ) and the capacitor discharges exponentially (with a time constant of RC) back through the resistor. This is one reason why the Fourier transform and its relatives work so well with linear time-invariant systems, tying the impulse response to the frequency The system function for an RC circuit is easy to find either in the time domain (solving an ODE) or in the frequency domain (using the impedances. Introductory Circuits and Systems, Professor Ali Hajimiri California Institute of Technology (Caltech) http://chic. You can follow me on twitter. first three circuit moments of the impulse response has been. It was distributed by Prof. Hint: since (t) = u0(t), h(t) = s0(t). How to solve a RC circuit, including piecewise and periodic functions in time domain? Hi All, I have a circuit like this, where I want the components value R1,C1,R2,C3 and R3 as the user inputs. Figure 1: Series RC circuit. As v c = 1 / C ∫ i c (t) d t = 1 / C ∫ δ (t) / R d t = 1 / R C ∫ δ (t) d t, after the impulse disappears in t = 0 +, the capacitor will have a voltage equal to 1/RC (remember that the integral of the impulse is 1). can be written as The Laplace transform of Eq. A resistor-capacitor circuit (RC circuit), or RC filter or RC network, is an electric circuit composed of resistors and capacitors driven by a voltage or The impulse response for each voltage is the inverse Laplace transform of the corresponding transfer function. This is the schematic made with LTspice. 2 Impulse responses, step responses and transfer functions. Watch the recorded. The solution of (14) (see Figures 6 and 7) for the unknowns L m and C m, can by find with optimization method. The general response is given by: () 1 0 t vc t Vp eRC t tp ⎛⎞− = ⎜⎟−≤ ⎝⎠ ≤ (1. Integrating Circuit Consider the circuit in Fig. Hi I do realize that I'm kinda jumping back and forth over many different but related topics in this thread, and I understand that it makes IT very difficult for you to handle my queries. Com Two two-port networks are connected in cascade. The IRF describes how a variable responds to a shock in another variable, in the periods following the shock. So to plot the impulse response, just substitute in the appropriate values of the components and your time vector in the ‘hf’ anonymous function, and plot the results. The impulse response sounds colored, and seems to emphasize a single frequency and its harmonics. Normalization of variables, and removal of offsets. Now we also saw that after one RC time constant, the voltage reaches about 63%. The impulse capacitors Cs (12 capacitors of 750 nF) are charged in parallel through the charging resistors Rc (45 kΩ) (highest permissible charging voltage 200 kV). The current in an inductor increasing in a series RL circuit. The circuit board provides two of the topologies below for two channels of equalization or for a more elaborate single channel response correction. You have already completed the quiz before. Circuit for the realization of the 2-pole, 1-zero matched filter approximation. 7 - 8 Other Second-order Circuits. Voltage transfer function of a simple RC integrato The impulse response of an R-L circuit is a; A water boiler of home is switched on to the AC ma In a series RLC high Q circuit, the current peaks A passive 2-port network is in a steady-state. The simplest analog IIR filter is an RC filter made up of a single resistor (R) feeding into a node shared with a single capacitor (C). A change in momentum is caused by an impulse. In this lab you will examine a circuit's response to a unit impulse input. the RC circuit, as is shown in Fig. See full list on allaboutcircuits. Semi-Infinite RC Transmission Line. The overall impulse response of two cascaded blocks. 1 Step response of first-order RC circuits Use the component values in section 7. , infinite loss/ attenuation at stop-band and Zero attenuation at passband frequency, but practically due to ohmic losses and lossy components, practical HPF has finite attenuation at stopband and few dB of loss at passband. CHAPTER 7 * FIRST- AND SECOND-ORDER CIRCUITS. Non-Homogeneous ODEs --- explicit input signals present. This is an electronic circuit simulator. all internal system variables are zero. a) Find the frequency response H(j!) of the RC circuit below, which is governed by the di erential equation RC dy(t) dt + y(t) = x(t): Note that it is not necessary to nd the impulse. 03 read kcl as kvl. The dwell angle control circuit calculates the con-duction time D for the output transistor in relation to the speed of rotation, to the supply voltage and to the characteristics of the coil. The pulsed response of this circuit using an infrared LED optical pulse source of 30ns duration shows how increasing the feedback capacitance Cf dampens the response (lowers Q): The 90-10% falltime for the 2. RC Circuit Impulse Response Cuthbert Nyack. RC circuit t Vp 0 tp Vs Figure 2. ● Connection example totem pole output type and IC circuit. Now, given the RC circuit (a differentiator with R to ground) with zero initial conditions, I would like to derive its differential equation by any means possible such $u(t)$ function is used to indicate that the output is causal; i. The following signal is passed through two dierent D/A circuits The "impulse response" of a system, h[n], is the output that it produces in response to an impulse input. During the switch-on period of the transistor When a voltage level is reached thats derived from the regulating voltage at pin 1, the output impulse at pin 5 is terminated. The current flowing through the resistor and the capacitor is given by: I VV out in R 1 R Cj (9). Dive into the world of Logic Circuits for free! From simple gates to complex sequential circuits, plot timing diagrams, automatic circuit generation, explore standard ICs. The impulse response for the capacitor voltage is h C ( t ) = 1 R C e − t R C u ( t ) = 1 τ e − t τ u ( t ) , {\displaystyle h_{C}(t)={\frac {1}{RC}}e^{-{\frac {t}{RC}}}u(t)={\frac {1}{\tau }}e^{-{\frac {t}{\tau }}}u(t)\,,}. The simplest analog IIR filter is an RC filter made up of a single resistor (R) feeding into a node shared with a single capacitor (C). y() 3g( 1) + 4g( 2) 3 e ( 1) e 12( 1) e ( 2) e 12( 2) 11 More General Inpu Suppose our Chapter 7. An RC circuit with input across both and in series and output taken across can be related to input by When the input is an impulse , the output is the impulse response of this system, and the differential equation becomes: which can be solved by the Laplace transform approach to be. The capacitor cannot absorb the impulse voltage. 1 The Natural Response of an RC Circuit Resistive Circuit => RC Circuit algebraic equations => differential equations Same Solution Methods (a) Nodal Analysis (b) Mesh Analysis C. 1 Voltage, Current, and Power 7 1. The presentation is organized into these four articles A step input is a common way to give a circuit a little "kick" to see what it does. Area within the impulse response in finite. I leave that to you. Time domain response of narrow band filters Figure 37. Niknejad Universityof California,Berkeley EE 100 /42 Lecture 13 p. You can change the simulation circuit values and determine their effect on the frequency and phase response. Compensation circuit and EA limit bandwidth for transient response. This is displayed with the equation x(t) = X0 * e^-(1/Tau)t The Step respons is when you have a RL or RC circuit and there is a suddenly change in voltage or electricity. Proportional-plus-Derivative Feedback Control. 5 Laplace transforms, properties, pole zero diagrams and inverse Laplace transform 3. Then the overall impulse response of Eq. I now want to reconstruct the impulse response of this signal using the IFFT function. The response of the filter is displayed on graphs, showing Bode diagram, Nyquist diagram, Impulse response and Step response. Superheterodyne AM Radio 5. Using the Laplace transform as part of your circuit analysis provides you with a prediction of circuit response. Recalling the form of the RC circuit's step response, we can anticipate how the circuit will respond to a square wave input of varying frequencies. Circuit Response. Hi I do realize that I'm kinda jumping back and forth over many different but related topics in this thread, and I understand that it makes IT very difficult for you to handle my queries. Transient response of parallel RLC circuit to sinusoid input Figure 39. For internal combustion engine experiments (see section 7), the amplifier outputs are normally filtered using a 13 kHz low-pass RC filter, but for the impulse response experiments, this filter was removed on one channel giving the amplifier a measured rise time (10–90%) of 3. Loop and node variable analysis, Waveform Synthesis-The Shifted Unit Step, Ramp and Impulse Function, Waveform Synthesis, The Initial and Final Value Theorems, The Convolution Integral. Time Constant of an RC Circuit. Just sign up for the Kemper Introductory Circuits and Systems, Professor Ali Hajimiri California Institute of Technology. It employs a Feynman sum-over-paths postulate. What has happened is that certain frequencies have been delayed a tremendous amount by the allpass filter. 5 Initial and Final Conditions, Series and Parallel RLC, General solution of second-order circuits 2. The schematic to the right shows an ideal series circuit containing inductance and capacitance but no resistance. i (2) With the information aboutR. More generally, an impulse response is the reaction of any dynamic system in response to some external change. This thesis presents an application of the analysis of the n-wire exponential line to the case of the 3-wire RC exponential line terminated in its characteristic impedance, and to the 2-wire. How can we achieve Impulse Response in circuits. consider a circuit with linear elements, zero initial conditions for inductors and capacitors, • one independent e−t/RC. It cannot absorb even a finite voltage change without infinite current flow, let alone impulse voltage. Open the Overlays window in REW Go to Impulse tab Change dbFS to %FS Zoom in on the Graph at 0 Once you see the scale at 0 - 2m that should be Plug that number into your Calculator in Windows Follow the Blue line to the right until it intersects the Impulse response for the Reference Midbass. The microphones were placed on axis The following impulse responses were recorded at several places by GREGOR HENNIG. Solution: The step represented a switch that turns on a constant voltage source at time t=0. The output is now in the standard form and we may identify the impulse response of the system as h¹(t;¿)=U(t ¡¿)e¡(t2¡¿2)=2U(¿ ¡t 0) 55 2. Now we also saw that after one RC time constant, the voltage reaches about 63%. The IoSR listening room multichannel BRIR dataset contains binaural room impulse responses measured at head angles of 0 to 360 degrees in 2. With over 1000 perfectly captured impulse responses, Quad Cortex ships with one of the most extensive IR collections on the planet - and it is the only of its kind equipped with virtual microphones that can be positioned around the speaker like in a real studio. Wideband Circuit Design starts at a foundational level and proceeds at a carefully gauged pace to advanced topics, providing a self-sufficient text for specialization in wideband analog circuit design for the fields of telecommunications and related areas. Use this utility to calculate the Transfer Function for filters at a given frequency or values of R and C. Impulse Response of the System and relationship of impulse Response with transfer function. impulse response is exponential increasing with respect to time. This decaying function is plotted in figure 2. Frequency Response - Continuous-Time. It employs a Feynman sum-over-paths postulate. Join Yahoo Answers. Impulse Response. RC COUT GND. 1 where the input is. Rc - Charging resistor. Therefore, the impulse response is ℎ(�)=𝛿(�)−�−��(�) Next, we employ convolution to solve for the zero-state response for the input �(�) (i. Impulse Response & Transfer Function of a System Watch more videos at www. Electronic oscillator - Linear circuit - Electrical network - Amplifier - Frequency - Electronic filter - RC circuit - Resistor - Capacitor - Transistor - Vacuum tube - Operational amplifier - Positive feedback - Audio frequency - Signal generator - Radio frequency - Inductor - Crystal oscillator - Barkhausen stability criterion - Feedback - Loop gain - Sine wave - Gain (electronics) - Zeros. This first order differential equation has a solution in the form of an exponential: q(t) = qo e(- t / τ). (Skew > 0) if and only if (mode > < >>: 0 V for 1 0. 020 40 60-0. Impulse response of series RC Circuit, impulse response of series RL network. How to solve a RC circuit, including piecewise and periodic functions in time domain? Hi All, I have a circuit like this, where I want the components value R1,C1,R2,C3 and R3 as the user inputs. We saw the correct response of the RC and RL circuits that we built on the breadboards. edu/hajimiri/. -A source-free RC circuit occurs when a DC source is suddenly disconnected from a circuit. The simplest analog IIR filter is an RC filter made up of a single resistor (R) feeding into a node shared with a single capacitor (C). 1 Finding Impulse Response of a CTLTI system Determine the impulse response of the ﬁrst-order RC circuit. The necessary and sufficient condition on a time function to be the impulse response of a nonuniform RC line is obtained. You can change the simulation circuit values and determine their effect on the frequency and phase response. Let h(t) is the time domain impulse response of the RC. Example 2 - Charging / discharging RC circuit In the same charging circuit above, the input voltage is now a rectangular pulse with an amplitude of 10 volts and a width of 0. 020 40 60-0. † For Each Impulse, Find the Response of the System † Sum the System Responses at a Point in Time (t = 0) † Need to Use the First Impulse First, the Second next, etc. Use this utility to calculate the Transfer Function for filters at a given frequency or values of R and C. Filtering with RC Circuits Tutorial Download. These circuit nodes are connected by tunable coupling inductors l Aand l B. 6 The Transfer Function and the Convolution Integral. The impulse response for the capacitor voltage is h C ( t ) = 1 R C e − t R C u ( t ) = 1 τ e − t τ u ( t ) , {\displaystyle h_{C}(t)={\frac {1}{RC}}e^{-{\frac {t}{RC}}}u(t)={\frac {1}{\tau }}e^{-{\frac {t}{\tau }}}u(t)\,,}. Hello very body. 3 Analog Filters: Natural Response Natural response of an RC circuit in parallel. From Kirchhoff's laws, it can be shown that the charging voltage VC (t) across the capacitor is given by where, V is the applied source voltage to the circuit at time t = 0. Was completely incorrect. Find the RC product that would give a rise time of 10^-6 seconds. Using superposition, the total response of a circuit is the sum of the natural response (response due to initial conditions) and forced response (response due to external forces). Impulse Response of Basic LTI Systems. The Impulse graph shows the impulse response for the current measurement. Now, given the RC circuit (a differentiator with R to ground) with zero initial conditions, I would like to derive its differential equation by any means possible such $u(t)$ function is used to indicate that the output is causal; i. 0 System transfer function scaling, impulse response, step. I now want to reconstruct the impulse response of this signal using the IFFT function. The IoSR listening room multichannel BRIR dataset contains binaural room impulse responses measured at head angles of 0 to 360 degrees in 2. We only care about the magnitudes in this problem, so we won't bother with a negative sign. Using G and E Elements. 020 40 60-0. Set up the differential operator corresponding to the left-hand side of the ODE. The impulse response of the RC circuit example is. Module-II. It includes: Impulse, Response, RL, Circuit, Laplace, Transform, Technique, RC, Errors. Dive into the world of Logic Circuits for free! From simple gates to complex sequential circuits, plot timing diagrams, automatic circuit generation, explore standard ICs. i (2) With the information aboutR. The (14) can be rewritten in respect to D m and w m. model the entire system by an RC circuit. We can see from the results above, that as the frequency applied to the RC network increases from 100Hz to 10kHz, the voltage dropped across the capacitor and therefore the output voltage ( V OUT ) from the circuit decreases from 9. When the switch is in position 1, the voltage source supplies a current to the resistor and the capacitor. 25 Series RC circuit with impulse input … - Selection from Signals and Systems [Book]. Standalone impulses Once you are. Powerful online circuit simulator and schematic editor. Using KCL, the circuit equation can be written as % @ R â : P ; @ P E. 7 - 4 First order Circuit - Sinusoid Reponse. It represents the response of the circuit to. The RC step response is a fundamental behavior of all digital circuits. Mesh Analysis, Circuit Theorem and Operational Amplifiers Watch the recorded lectures and attempt Tutorial 2 3. Soundwoofer - Impulse Response Library. The necessary and sufficient condition on a time function to be the impulse response of a nonuniform RC line is obtained. 1) The impulse response of a system is What will be the transfer function of the system? 5) Find the transfer function of the following network. What is an Impulse Response (IR)? Lancaster Audio is proud to present the Official Warehouse Guitar Speaker (WGS) Impulse Responses! We went all out with the development and creation of these IR's in collaboration with WGS to insure that we not only faithfully. 244 C H A P T E R 4: Frequency Analysis: The Fourier Series. 4 Properties of Continuous-Time LTI Systems Memoryless Systems Invertibility Causality Stability Unit Step Response 3. Star-Hspice Manual, Release 1998. Goldman MD, Nazeran H, Ramos C, Toon E, Oates K, Bilton D, Meraz E, Hafezi N, Diong B. This shows that the voltage response of the RC circuit is an exponential decay of the initial voltage. Mics were usually placed on axis at a distance of less than one. 7 - 5 The Series RLC Circuit. 7 - 6 The Parallel RLC Circuit. From Kirchhoff's laws, it can be shown that the charging voltage VC (t) across the capacitor is given by where, V is the applied source voltage to the circuit at time t = 0. Some names are crystal clear, some others you'll have to guess. , ) and the capacitor discharges exponentially (with a time constant of RC) back through the resistor. 1 where the input is. CHAPTER 7 * FIRST- AND SECOND-ORDER CIRCUITS. • A source-free RC circuit occurs when its dc source is suddenly disconnected. The RC step response is an exponential curve. Just sign up for the Kemper Introductory Circuits and Systems, Professor Ali Hajimiri California Institute of Technology. This paper proposes a method for modeling chip-package resonance using impulse response. We can see from the results above, that as the frequency applied to the RC network increases from 100Hz to 10kHz, the voltage dropped across the capacitor and therefore the output voltage ( V OUT ) from the circuit decreases from 9. Question 2: the impulse response (a) Describe the main properties of the theoretical impulse function. It is shown that the impulse response is a "totally positive" density function. 1, confirms that the gain of the combination is 1. Find impulse response. Follow the procedure involved while deriving step response by considering the value of R(s) as 1 instead of 1/s. Where τ = RC. A continuous system has the following transfer function H(s) S+5 (5+3)(s+2) d) Find the impulse response of the RC network initially at rest using Laplace transform method, where x(t) is a voltage source and y(t) is the voltage across the capacitor. Full parallelism has been preserved. Janardan Balasubramanium at Birla Institute of Technology and Science. Applications of these techniques will be discussed using examples from circuits, signal processing, communication and control. Introductory Circuits and Systems, Professor Ali Hajimiri California Institute of Technology (Caltech) http://chic. error in writing kcl In this video we will learn about Transient Response Of Series RC Circuit. Obviously, if the data-collection duration is shorter than or comparable to the impulse response of the narrow-band filter, then the transient effects of starting up the experiment will not have time to die out. 1 Finding Impulse Response of a CTLTI system Determine the impulse response of the ﬁrst-order RC circuit. EE 44: Circuits and Systems. 1 Resistor Combinations and Source Transformations. impulse response is δ(t − T ); transfer function is e−sT. A continuous system has the following transfer function H(s) S+5 (5+3)(s+2) d) Find the impulse response of the RC network initially at rest using Laplace transform method, where x(t) is a voltage source and y(t) is the voltage across the capacitor. University of Southern California. Introduction The impulse response of a system is the circuit's output when the input is a unit impulse or Dirac Delta function. Rc Resonant Frequency Calculator. The impulse response for the capacitor voltage is h C ( t ) = 1 R C e − t R C u ( t ) = 1 τ e − t τ u ( t ) , {\displaystyle h_{C}(t)={\frac {1}{RC}}e^{-{\frac {t}{RC}}}u(t)={\frac {1}{\tau }}e^{-{\frac {t}{\tau }}}u(t)\,,}. Elmore delay is a simple approximation to the delay through an RC network in an electronic system. The (14) can be rewritten in respect to D m and w m. Can have impulse response and step responses. 8 The Impulse Function in Circuit Analysis. Directly write down the. These circuit nodes are connected by tunable coupling inductors l Aand l B. Hence the impulse response of this system is:. The impulse response function H(t) for the system shown in figure 1 is known to be 0 if t < 6 3(1– 1 5) t–6 5 + 0 if t < 15 –8(1– 1 12) t–15 12 + < 25 6(1–9)t–25 9 Figure 3 shows the impulse response function H(t) for this system. This circuit consists of resistor, inductor and capacitor. Impulse Response of RL Circuit. Use this utility to calculate the Transfer Function for filters at a given frequency or values of R and C. When the applet starts up you will see an animated schematic of a simple LRC circuit. Download these Impulse Responses for FREE at the bottom of our website. The normalization parameters are often the design parameters. b) Calculate and sketch the frequency response H(ej!). This interval is considered to be the transient response of the RC circuit. Circuits with higher ˝ take longer to get close to the new steady state. a) Determine the impulse response. 7 - 4 First order Circuit - Sinusoid Reponse. The time constant is commonly used to characterize the response of an RLC circuit. It is often used in applications such as logic synthesis, delay calculation, static timing analysis, placement and routing, since it is simple to compute (especially in tree structured networks, which are the vast majority of signal nets within ICs) and is reasonably accurate. Superheterodyne AM Radio 5. Filtering with RC Circuits Tutorial Download. Step response of an RL Circuit. JD Capacitors, Inductors, Natural Response of First-Order Circuits Sound understanding of the physical principles of capacitors and inductors. More generally, an impulse response is the reaction of any dynamic system in response to some external change. Source(s): https://shorte. Laplace transform. Soundwoofer - Impulse Response Library. Follow the procedure involved while deriving step response by considering the value of R(s) as 1 instead of 1/s. A summary of the response is given below. It can tell you for example that the cutoff. An RC circuit has a resistor and a capacitor and when connected to a DC voltage source, and the capacitor is charged exponentially in time. output signal voltage (Vout) and max. The following signal is passed through two dierent D/A circuits The "impulse response" of a system, h[n], is the output that it produces in response to an impulse input. What is the maximum value attained by the impulse response of two cascaded blocks of G as shown in figure (b)? (a) (b) (A) 2 3 (B) 3 4 (C) 4 5 (D) 1 Ans. 20 Impulse Response of a 2-Wire RC Line for Voltage. — Zero‐state response assumes that the system is in "rest" state, i. 1 & 2 i have a basic understanding of however, 3 & 4 are confusing me. Watch the recorded. It represents the response of the circuit to an input voltage consisting of an impulse or. The output is now in the standard form and we may identify the impulse response of the system as h¹(t;¿)=U(t ¡¿)e¡(t2¡¿2)=2U(¿ ¡t 0) 55 2. 1 The impulse response g(t) of a system G, is as shown in figure (a). Lab Five laboratories during the term: 1. vi What specific effect did the second convolution with impulse function ht. I can't start a new thread for every topic being discussed here at this stage. 4 Properties of Continuous-Time LTI Systems Memoryless Systems Invertibility Causality Stability Unit Step Response 3. + + - y(t). It represents the response of the circuit to. 7 - 1 RC and RL Circuits. The following signal is passed through two dierent D/A circuits The "impulse response" of a system, h[n], is the output that it produces in response to an impulse input. It may be driven by a voltage or current source and these will The impulse response for each voltage is the inverse Laplace transform of the corresponding transfer function. We can see from the results above, that as the frequency applied to the RC network increases from 100Hz to 10kHz, the voltage dropped across the capacitor and therefore the output voltage ( V OUT ) from the circuit decreases from 9. You have already completed the quiz before. Given : The impulse response g(t) of system G. a) Find the frequency response H(j!) of the RC circuit below, which is governed by the di erential equation RC dy(t) dt + y(t) = x(t): Note that it is not necessary to nd the impulse. The function generator has an internal resistance of 50 Ω which you must take into account in the analysis. The solution of (14) (see Figures 6 and 7) for the unknowns L m and C m, can by find with optimization method. In circuits, this would just be the response of the circuit to external voltage and current source forcing function. A continuous system has the following transfer function H(s) S+5 (5+3)(s+2) d) Find the impulse response of the RC network initially at rest using Laplace transform method, where x(t) is a voltage source and y(t) is the voltage across the capacitor. During the Prelab this week you will examine an RC and an RLC network. adampanagos. We will talk about impulse responses here in this chapter. The basic circuit is shown opposite.


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# Multiplication of ideals using Arndt's composition algorithm

How can Arndt's composition algorithm for the composition of quadratic forms be used to multiply ideals in a quadratic field $\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{d})$ with discriminant $\Delta_F$?

Can someone give a proof please?

-


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# How do you use a calculator to evaluate the expression log2.3 to four decimal places?

Oct 13, 2016

It will depend upon your calculator and its built-in functions.
(see below for two examples)

$\log 2.3 \approx 0.3617$

#### Explanation:

First Calculator from my desk drawer: Sharp EL-5400
I notice that this calculator has a "log" key,
so I punch in: $2.3$
and then the "log" key.
Display shows $0.361727836$
which I round/truncate to $0.3617$ to meet the four decimal place requirement.

Second Calculator from my desk drawer: TI BA II Plus*
I don't see a "log" button, but I do have a "ln" button
so I will need to use the change of base formula:
$\textcolor{w h i t e}{\text{XXX}} {\log}_{10} 2.3 = \frac{{\log}_{e} 2.3}{{\log}_{e} 10}$
(remember default base for $\log$ is $10$ and $\ln = {\log}_{e}$)

To evaluate ${\log}_{e} 10$:
$\textcolor{w h i t e}{\text{XXX}}$I punched in: $10$
$\textcolor{w h i t e}{\text{XXX}}$then "ln"
$\textcolor{w h i t e}{\text{XXXXXX}}$Display showed $2.30259$
$\textcolor{w h i t e}{\text{XXX}}$I hit "STO# to store this value.

To evaluate ${\log}_{E} 2.3$
$\textcolor{w h i t e}{\text{XXX}}$I punched in: $2.3$
$\textcolor{w h i t e}{\text{XXX}}$then "ln"
$\textcolor{w h i t e}{\text{XXXXXXX}}$Display showed $083291$

To find ${\log}_{10} 2.3$
$\textcolor{w h i t e}{\text{XXX}}$I punched $\div$
$\textcolor{w h i t e}{\text{XXX}}$then "RCL"
$\textcolor{w h i t e}{\text{XXX}}$then $=$
$\textcolor{w h i t e}{\text{XXXXXXX}}$Display showed $0.36173$


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73KiB, 398x572, csss.jpg
No.11953395
daytime /a/ is so lame.
Lets try and talk about something actually important, for example, do you think Sasuke and Sakura will get married at the end of Naruto?
I think they will. They're obviously meant to be.


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# Linear Regression with a Dependent Variable that is a Ratio

I'm doing linear regressions where the dependent variable is a ratio that can range from 0.01 to 100.

Is it ok to take the log of the dependent variable and the regression on that? I'm matching the results of a study and that is what they did.

What is the difference of taking the log versus using the ratio as-is?

• I am looking an assessment of house prices. My independent variable is Assessed House Price divided by Sales Price. My dependent variables are several race categories (percent black, white, hispanic, and asian) and median household income. I'm finding that census tracts with a larger percent of blacks have a higher assessment to sales price ratio than other areas. May 15, 2013 at 20:57
• Why don't you use logistic regression? You can define the ratio as your dependent variable is many statistical packages. Jun 11, 2014 at 23:54
• Logistic regression is typically for binary values, or proportions (between 0 and 1). It's not applicable here since the ratio can exceed 1. Sep 7, 2017 at 22:11

When you take the log of the ratio, keep in mind what what that is: $log({a \over b}) = log(a) - log(b)$
Does using this value as a dependent variable make sense in your problem?

Now, as to using the raw ratio - this can be problematic. Kronmal 1993 makes the argument that a regression with a ratio as the dependent variable:
${Y \over Z} = \alpha_0 + \alpha_XX + \epsilon$
which can be described as
$Y = Z1_n\alpha_0 + ZX\alpha_X + Z^{-1}\epsilon$
is a submodel of
$Y = \beta_0 + \beta_XX + Z1_n\alpha_0 + ZX\alpha_X + Z^{-1}\epsilon$

aka...

• Regress numerator by original independent variables, denominator, and denominator times the original variables
• Weight regression by (inverse) denominator

Only in the case where $\beta_0$ and $\beta_X$ were zero would the original regression model be valid.

Caveat - I'm not convinced I have a complete understanding of ratios either.

• Are you assuming a fixed Z? I've got 27,000 cases (aka properties) and the Y (assessment price) and Z (sales price) differ for each one. May 15, 2013 at 21:03
• No, Z is a nxn diagonal matrix, with the diagonals being your sales price. My notation in the first equation might be confusing since it isn't using matrix notation. $Z^{-1}Y = \alpha_0 + \alpha_XX + \epsilon$ would be in line with the rest. May 16, 2013 at 3:36
• Ok. I looked at the suggested approaches in your linked question and they make sense. I do not know enough about this to actually recommend them one way or the other, but if someone confirms your suggestions than I could try them out. May 16, 2013 at 15:46


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10th International Workshop on Charm Physics (CHARM 2020)

from 31 May 2021 to 4 June 2021
Mexico/General timezone
Thanks for your contribution to the success of this workshop!!
Home > Timetable > Contribution details

Radiative three-body $D$-meson decays in and beyond the standard model

Speakers

We compute radiative three-body decays of charmed mesons $D \to P P \gamma$ , $P=\pi, K$, in leading order QCDF, HH$\chi$PT and the soft photon approximation. We work out decay distributions and asymmetries in the standard model and with new physics in the electromagnetic dipole operators. The forward-backward asymmetry is suitable to probe the QCD frameworks, in particular the $s$-channel dependent weak annihilation contributions in QCDF against the markedly different resonance structure in HH$\chi$PT. These studies can be performed with Cabibbo-favored modes with ${\cal{O}}(10^{-4}-10^{-3})$-level branching ratio, which are standard model-like and induced by different hadronic dynamics. Understanding of the latter can therefore be improved in a data-driven way and sharpens the interpretation of standard model tests. Singly Cabibbo-suppressed modes such as with branching ratios within $\sim 10^{-5}-10^{-4}$ are sensitive to new physics that can be signalled in the forward-backward asymmetry and in the CP-asymmetry of the rate, ideally in the Dalitz region but also in single differential distributions.