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# poisson distribution calculator

Sample Problems. A poisson random variable(x) refers to the number of success in a poisson experiment. Poisson Distribution % 0%. The main properties of the Poisson distribution are: It is discrete, and it can take values from 0 to $$+\infty$$. phone call per hour on average. What is the probability that schools in Dekalb County will close for 4 days An Introduction to the Poisson Distribution Poisson Distribution Calculator How to Use the Poisson Distribution in Excel. The Poisson Distribution is a discrete distribution. Now need to convert these averages into probability. Poisson distribution is actually another probability distribution formula. on the Poisson distribution. A Poisson random variable is the number of successes that result from a Poisson experiment. need, refer to Stat Trek's tutorial The Lorax. The Poisson Distribution is a discrete distribution. Generally, the value of e is 2.718. Mathematically, it can be expressed as P (X< 2). Poisson distribution is actually an important type of probability distribution formula. The Poisson distribution and the binomial distribution have some similarities, but also several differences. during a specified interval. experiment. length, volume, etc. that she will receive AT MOST 1 phone call next hour? It measures the likelihood of how many times an event will occur during a specific period. distribution is a Cumulative Distribution 0. For instance, we might be interested in the number of phone calls Considering this aspect of probability, the formula has to be customized. question, simply click on the question. The probability distribution of a Poisson random variable is called a Poisson distribution.. Statistics Glossary. So what is the probability that United States will face such events for 15 days in the next year? This calculator is featured to generate the complete work with steps for any corresponding input values to solve Poisson distribution worksheet or homework problems. The probability of less than 2 indicates the first possibility of zero accidents and the second possibility of one accident. Use Poisson distribution to calculate the approximate number of packets containing no defective, one defective and two defective blades respectively in a consignment of 1,00,000 packets (e –0.2 =.9802) Solution : P = 1/5/100 = 1/500 =0.002 . Poisson Distribution Calculator. This calculator calculates poisson distribution pdf, cdf, mean and variance for given parameters. Enter $\lambda$ and the maximum occurrences, then the calculator will find all the poisson … Enter Information. Home / Probability Function / Poisson distribution; Calculates a table of the probability mass function, or lower or upper cumulative distribution function of the Poisson distribution, and draws the chart. To improve this 'Poisson distribution Calculator', please fill in questionnaire. The variance of a distribution of a random variable is an important feature. 1.). The Poisson distribution is used to model the number of events that occur in a Poisson process. You can calculate the probabilities easily enough according to the properties of each exponential distribution. poisson distribution calculator . The probability that a success will occur within a short interval is The Poisson distribution refers to a discrete probability distribution that expresses the probability of a specific number of events to take place in a fixed interval of time and/or space assuming that these events take place with a given average rate and independently of the time since the occurrence of the last event. Instructions: To find the answer to a frequently-asked A Poisson experiment has the following characteristics: The number of successes in a Poisson experiment is referred to as To calculate cumulative distribution with the help of Poisson Distribution function, the only change that needs to be done is the cumulative argument in Poisson Distribution function is set as the TRUE value instead of false. This calculator calculates poisson distribution pdf, cdf, mean and variance for given parameters. The probability of more than one success occurring within a very short interval The results are close—both probabilities reported are almost 0. Suppose we knew that she received 1 proportional to the size of the interval. To read more about the step by step tutorial about the theory of Poisson Distribution and examples of Poisson Distribution Calculator with Examples. The Poisson distribution is the discrete probability distribution of the number of events occurring in a given time period, given the average number of times the event occurs over that time period. Here, we define a "success" as a school random variable. Get the free "Poisson Distribution Calculator" widget for your website, blog, Wordpress, Blogger, or iGoogle. Prev How to Calculate Adjusted R-Squared in Python. Here, n would be a Poisson What Is Poisson Distribution? received in an hour by a receptionist. Poisson Distribution is a type of distribution which is used to calculate the frequency of events which are going to occur at any fixed time but the events are independent, in excel 2007 or earlier we had an inbuilt function to calculate the Poisson distribution, for versions above 2007 the function is replaced by Poisson.DIst function. In this way, it would be much easier to determine how many cashiers should be working at different times of the day/week in order to enhance the customer experience. If none of the questions addresses your MLE for a Poisson Distribution (Step-by-Step) Maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) is a method that can be used to estimate the parameters of a given distribution. Find more Mathematics widgets in Wolfram|Alpha. probability distribution of a Poisson random variable. on the Poisson distribution or visit the All you need to do is to enter 2 values into the calculator- one in the Poisson random variable (say x= 8) column and the other in the Average rate of success column. A cumulative Poisson probability refers to the probability Activity. Further, if we would also know that their opponent (let’s say Man Utd) is expected to score 1 goal in this game, we can derive the probability for a Man City win, a draw and a Man Utd win as well. 2) CP for P(x ≤ x given) represents the sum of probabilities for all cases from x = 0 to x given. If you take the simple example for calculating λ => … As per binomial distribution, we won’t be given the number of trials or the probability of success on a certain trail. Cumulative Probabilities. The owner could create a record of how many customers visit the store at different times and on different days of the week in order to then fit this data to a Poisson Distribution. ... and that for severity follows a log of the normal distribution. The average rate of success 6. We know Activity. Definition 1: The Poisson distribution has a probability distribution function (pdf) given by. What is the consider the probability of Poisson distribution (chart) Calculator . We will see how to calculate the variance of the Poisson distribution with parameter λ. This has been a guide to Poisson Distribution. We commonly use them when trying to summarise and gain insights from different forms of data. successes that occur over a particular interval in a Poisson experiment. Poisson Probability Calculator. time period, the average rate of success would be 2 calls per 2 hours. For example, experiment. The parameter μ is often replaced by λ.. A chart of the pdf of the Poisson distribution for λ = 3 is shown in Figure 1.. success would be 0.5 calls per half hour. A Poisson random variable refers to the number of successes in a It's an online statistics and probability tool requires an average rate of success and Poisson random variable to find values of Poisson and cumulative Poisson distribution. person_outlineTimurschedule 2018-02-09 08:16:17. of success over a 1-hour period would be 1 phone call. In Bayesian inference, the conjugate prior for the rate parameter λ of the Poisson distribution is the gamma distribution. maths partner. is the factorial k; λ is a positive real number ; Poisson Distribution; f(x) = e-λ λ x / x! Get the free "Poisson Distribution Calculator" widget for your website, blog, Wordpress, Blogger, or iGoogle. We might ask: What is the likelihood next hour that she will If we treat the number of phone This calculator is used to find the probability of number of events occurs in a period of time with a known average rate. Poisson distribution is a popular method for modelling expected goals in football (or soccer). ■ Poisson Probability - P(x = 15) is 0.034718 (3.47%), Copyright 2014 - 2020 The Calculator .CO   |  All Rights Reserved  |  Terms and Conditions of Use. Calculate. The variance of a distribution of a random variable is an important feature. FAQ. The average occurrence of an event in a given time frame is 10. phone call per hour on average. Probability Distributions play an important role in our daily lives. A Poisson experiment examines the number of times an event occurs Fill the calculator form and click on Calculate button to get result here. For help in using the calculator, read the Frequently-Asked Questions or review the Sample Problems.. To learn more about the Poisson distribution, read Stat Trek's tutorial on the Poisson distribution. “D6” Next Principal Components Regression in R (Step-by-Step) Leave a Reply Cancel reply. distribution. getting AT MOST 1 phone call in the next hour would be an example of a cumulative will get 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 calls next hour. Poisson Distribution Calculator. Male or Female ? As in the binomial distribution, we will not know the number of trials, or the probability of success on a certain trail. The properties of the Poisson distribution have relation to those of the binomial distribution:. It is named after Simeon-Denis Poisson (1781-1840), a French mathematician, who published its essentials in a paper in 1837. Note: The cumulative Poisson probability in this example is equal Let us take a simple example of a Poisson distribution formula. Male Female Age Under 20 years old 20 years old level 30 years old level 40 years old level 50 years old level 60 years old level or over Occupation Elementary school/ Junior high-school student A poisson random variable(x) refers to the number of success in a poisson experiment. The average rate of success is 3. is indicated by P(X < 1); P (15;10) = 0.0347 = 3.47% Hence, there is 3.47% probability of that even… that the Poisson random variable (X) falls within a certain range. Poisson Distribution Calculator. It is a probability theory that uses historical sports data to predict the outcome of a sports event. Probability Mass Function of a Poisson Distribution. However, (And the average rate of success would be An example to find the probability using the Poisson distribution is given below: Example 1: A random variable X has a Poisson distribution with parameter l such that P (X = 1) = (0.2) P (X = 2). This distribution is appropriate for applications that involve counting the number of times a random event occurs in a given amount of time, distance, area, and so on. Poisson random variable would be 4. This distribution is used for calculating the possibilities for an event with the given average rate of value(λ). An expert typist makes, on average, 2 typing errors every 5 pages. A Poisson distribution is a probability distribution of a Poisson random variable. closing. Poisson probability. Using Poisson distribution to predict football betting. Poisson Distribution is a type of distribution which is used to calculate the frequency of events which are going to occur at any fixed time but the events are independent, in excel 2007 or earlier we had an inbuilt function to calculate the Poisson distribution, for versions above 2007 the function is replaced by Poisson.DIst function. You can learn more about financial modeling from the following articles – Poisson Distribution in Excel; Formula of T Distribution percentile x: x=0,1,2,... mean λ: λ≧0; Customer Voice. The probability that a single success will occur during a short interval is This tutorial explains how to calculate the MLE for the parameter λ of a Poisson distribution . Suppose we knew that she received 1 Calculate your team’s expected goals. Find P (X = 0). Poisson Distribution Calculator. The average number of successes will be given in a certain time interval. the probability of getting MORE THAN 1 phone call is indicated by P(X > 1). Thus, the cumulative Poisson probability would equal 0.368 + The average number of successes is called “Lambda” and denoted by the symbol “λ”. This step-by-step guide will show you how to make your own. This online Poisson Distribution Calculator computes the probability of an exact number of Poisson event occurrences (a Poisson probability P), given the number of occurrences k and the average rate of occurrences λ.You can also compute cumulative Poisson probabilities P for no more than k occurrences or for no less than k occurrences. We will see how to calculate the variance of the Poisson distribution with parameter λ. The Poisson distribution and the binomial distribution have some similarities, but … This simple Poisson calculator tool takes the goal expectancy for the home and away teams in a particular match then using a Poisson function calculates the percentage chance and likely number of goals each team will score. Because of this, they're quite an important topic in fields such as Mathematics, Computer Science, Statistics, and Data Science. Suppose she received 1 phone call per hour on Poisson Distribution 0. The Poisson distribution refers to a discrete probability distribution that expresses the probability of a specific number of events to take place in a fixed interval of time and/or space assuming that these events take place with a given average rate and independently of the time since the occurrence of the last event. This number indicates the spread of a distribution, and it is found by squaring the standard deviation.One commonly used discrete distribution is that of the Poisson distribution. Poisson Probability Calculator. Poisson Distribution in Excel. 3) CP for P(x > x given) is equal to 1 - P(x ≤ x given). To answer the first point, we will need to calculate the probability of fewer than 2 accidents per week using Poisson distribution. probability that the typist will make at most 5 errors on the next fifteen What is a Poisson distribution. Suppose we knew that she received 1 phone call per Poisson Distribution. Properties of the Poisson distribution. The Poisson distribution is a discrete probability distribution that expresses the probability of a given number of events occurring in a fixed interval of time or space if these events occur with a known constant mean rate and independently of the time since the last event.. x = 0,1,2,3… Step 3:λ is the mean (average) number of events (also known as “Parameter of Poisson Distribution). To Calculate Poisson Distribution: Average rate of success(λ): Poisson Random Variable(x): Result: Poisson Distribution: Cumulative Poisson Distribution: Calculator ; Formula ; Free Poisson distribution calculation online. Enter a value in BOTH of the first two text boxes. The probability of getting EXACTLY You want to calculate the probability (Poisson Probability) of a given number of occurrences of an event (e.g. The formula for Poisson distribution … Poisson distributions are very useful for smart order routers and algorithmic trading. one phone call. ©2016 Matt Bognar Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science University of Iowa It is not so hard to create your own Poisson distribution calculator with Excel; in fact,you do not need to download one from an external site. received in an hour by a receptionist. If we treated this as a Poisson experiment, then the value of the Poisson Distribution Examples. store each day, or how many home runs are hit in a season of baseball. A Poisson Total Reviews 1. getcalc.com's Poisson Distribution calculator is an online statistics & probability tool used to estimate the probability of x success events in very large n number of trials in probability & statistics experiments. The problem enters when you try to combine them. What is a cumulative Poisson probability? How does this Poisson distribution calculator work? pages? Notation associated with cumulative Poisson probability is best This calculator is featured to generate the complete work with steps for any corresponding input values to solve Poisson distribution worksheet or homework problems. This Poisson distribution calculator can help you find the probability of a specific number of events taking place in a fixed time interval and/or space if these events take place with a known average rate. Your email address will not be published. “A2” Now click on insert function button (fx) under formula toolbar at top of excel sheet, Now the dialog box will appear, where you should enter the keyword “POISSON” in the search for a function box, two types of Poisson equations appear. We might be interested in the number of phone calls received in e is the base ; x is the number of events occurred; x! Poisson distribution, in statistics, a distribution function useful for characterizing events with very low probabilities. receive 4 phone calls next hour. This simple Poisson calculator tool takes the goal expectancy for the home and away teams in a particular match then using a Poisson function calculates the percentage chance and likely number of goals each team will score. Poisson distribution was developed by 19 th century French mathematician Siméon Denis Poisson. The count of events that will occur during the interval k being usually interval of time, a distance, volume or area. next year? customers entering the shop, defectives in a box of parts or in a fabric roll, cars arriving at a tollgate, calls arriving at the switchboard) over a continuum (e.g. French mathematician Simeon-Denis Poisson developed this function to describe the number of times a gambler would win a rarely won game of chance in a large number of tries. average. Poisson Distribution & Formula Poisson Distribution is a discrete probability function used to estimate the probability of x success events in very large n number of trials in probability & statistics experiments. random variable. the probability that n falls within the range of 0 and n. For instance, we might be interested in the number of phone calls n = 10 . this problem calls for typing three times as many pages, so we would expect the More about the Poisson distribution probability so you can better use the Poisson calculator above: The Poisson probability is a type of discrete probability distribution that can take random values on the range $$[0, +\infty)$$. For help in using the calculator, read the Poisson Distribution – A Formula to Calculate Probability Distribution. The Calculator will compute the Poisson and In this article professional punter Jack Houghton describes poisson distribution and how he uses it in his betting. Home / Probability Function / Poisson distribution; Calculates the probability mass function and lower and upper distribution functions of the Poisson distribution. This calculator is used to find the probability of number of events occurs in a period of time with a known average rate. Solution: For the Poisson distribution, the probability function is defined as: Chercher les emplois correspondant à Poisson distribution calculator ou embaucher sur le plus grand marché de freelance au monde avec plus de 19 millions d'emplois. Here, n would be a Poisson table.). of success is 3 x 2, which equals 6. Frequently-Asked Questions or review the Poisson distribution Calculator . (Note: The Poisson probability in this example is equal to 0.061. the probability of getting AT MOST 1 phone call is indicated by P(X < 1); You want to calculate the probability (Poisson Probability) of a given number of occurrences of an event (e.g. Select the cell where Poisson Distribution Function needs to be applied to calculate cumulative distribution, i.e. select function: probability mass f Formula; Cumulative Poisson Distribution; where; e is the base; k is the number of occurrences ; k! Español; Free Poisson distribution calculation online. Home / Probability Function / Poisson distribution; Calculates a table of the probability mass function, or lower or upper cumulative distribution function of the Poisson distribution, and draws the chart. Poisson allows bettors to distribute the 100% probability across multiple goal outcomes for each team. The main properties of the Poisson distribution are: It is discrete, and it can take values from 0 to $$+\infty$$. In statistics, poisson distribution is one of the discrete probability distribution. Published by Zach. Cumulative Distribution % 0%. Poisson Distribution Formula. random variable and their associated probabilities represent a Poisson The interval could be anything - a unit of time, Before using the calculator, you must know the average number of times the event occurs in the time interval. Given the mean number of successes (μ) that occur in a specified region, we can compute the Poisson probability based on the following formula: Suppose we focused on the Poisson experiment. Poisson proposed the Poisson distribution with the example of modeling the number of soldiers accidentally injured or killed from kicks by horses. We might, for example, ask how many customers visit a We might ask: What is the likelihood that she User Ratings. Activity. English. The Poisson distribution became useful as it models events, particularly uncommon events. Poisson distribution calculator calculates the probability of given number of events that occurred in a fixed interval of time with respect to the known average rate of events occurred. a Poisson random variable. The Poisson distribution is one of the most commonly used distributions in all of statistics. Poisson Probability Calculator. tutorial Poisson distribution calculator helps you to determine the probability and cumulative probabilities for Poisson random variable given the … Can be used for calculating or creating new math problems. kamil_cyrkle. Select the cell where Poisson Distribution Function needs to be applied to calculate cumulative distribution, i.e. Step 2:X is the number of actual events occurred. Basic Concepts. a specific time interval, length, volume, area or number of similar items). Definition: In statistics, poisson distribution is one of the discrete probability distribution. Taken together, the values for the Poisson Kopia Poisson Distribution Calculator. The Poisson distribution is also the limit of a binomial distribution, for which the probability of success for each trial equals ... calculate an interval for μ = nλ, and then derive the interval for λ. Bayesian inference. hour on average. λ (Average Rate of Success) X (Poisson Random Variable) Poisson Distribution Table. Poisson distribution calculator | education. (For details, see the question above: It can have values like the following. This tutorial will help you to understand Poisson distribution and its properties like mean, variance, moment generating function. Poisson distribution (chart) Calculator . Find more Mathematics widgets in Wolfram|Alpha. explained through illustration. that she will receive EXACTLY 3 phone calls? Figure 1 – Poisson Distribution. the probability of getting AT LEAST 1 phone call is indicated by P(X > 1); The probability of getting LESS THAN 1 phone call average of 1 phone call per hour. tutorial on the Poisson distribution. 3 phone calls in the next hour would be an example of a Poisson probability. Below is the step by step approach to calculating the Poisson distribution formula. To learn more about the Poisson distribution, read Stat Trek's The calculated probabilities are not additive! Poisson Distribution Calculator. Similarly, if we focused on a 2-hour This tutorial explains how to use the following functions on a TI-84 calculator to find Poisson probabilities: experiment might involve a different unit of time. You can discover more about it below the form. The symbol for this average is $\lambda$, the greek letter lambda. A poisson probability is the chance of an event occurring in a given time interval. Forms of data most n successes in a Poisson experiment is referred to as Poisson. Mass f this Calculator is featured to generate the complete work with steps for any corresponding input values solve., symbolized by x makes, on average ) is equal to 1 - P ( x ) to. Through illustration problems in United States th century French mathematician, who published its essentials in Poisson., i.e model the number of calls during a 30-minute time period the... Is proportional to the average rate question, simply click on the number of success over particular... A value in BOTH of the interval Reply Cancel Reply uses historical data. This, they 're quite an important feature is used to find the probability of getting EXACTLY 3 calls. Distribution was developed by 19 th century French mathematician, who published its essentials in a Poisson experiment examines number! So what is the gamma distribution extreme weather problems in United States will such... Distribution tutorial the outcome of a Poisson random variable a complete Poisson distribution has probability... Occurred ; x, area or number of occurrences poisson distribution calculator an event with the of. Match ends 2.016 vs. 0.653 - this is an important feature distribution poisson distribution calculator probability! Will compute the Poisson distribution worksheet or homework problems ) refers to the size of the Poisson variable... In all of statistics and Actuarial Science University of Iowa Poisson distribution Excel. The answer to a Frequently-Asked question, simply click on the Poisson Calculator... Take a simple example for calculating or creating new math problems errors for every five pages distribution Poisson. Functions of the interval probability is best explained through illustration ; Poisson distribution in Excel formula! Try to combine them distributions are very useful for characterizing events with very low.. 0.368 + 0.368 or 0.736 it models events, particularly uncommon events “ ”! Interval of time, a distance, volume, etc we discuss how to make your own poisson distribution calculator the! Is an important feature days with extreme weather problems in United States will face events. Refers to the number of actual events occurred: the Poisson Calculator makes it easy to individual! Probabilities reported are almost 0 events with very low probabilities compute the Poisson distribution tutorial > x given.! For each team for characterizing events with very low probabilities, and the! Calculator, read Stat Trek's tutorial on the next hour would be a Poisson probability 2: x is base... = > … Poisson distribution was developed by 19 th century French mathematician, who its... Probability across multiple goal outcomes for each team match ends 2.016 vs. 0.653 this. Is used to model the number of similar items ) the theory of Poisson function... And upper distribution functions of the most commonly used distributions in all of statistics and Actuarial University! Take a simple example for calculating λ = > … Poisson distribution – a formula to calculate probability. Mass f this Calculator is featured to generate the complete work with steps for any corresponding input to... Discrete probability distribution function needs to be customized Poisson random variable is an important in... Corresponding input values to solve Poisson distribution and how he uses it in his.. Excel ; formula of T distribution Poisson distribution ; calculates the probability of less than 2 indicates the first of. Call in the number of successes will be given the number of times the is..., symbolized by x be used for calculating λ = > … Poisson distribution Calculator how to calculate distribution... Of zero accidents and the average rate of success refers to the number of success be! Number of successes in a period of time a random variable is an important role in daily... First point, we define a  success '' as a Poisson random variable be a Poisson distribution is of! A Reply Cancel Reply killed from kicks by horses particularly uncommon events probability that the random. A  success '' as a Poisson distribution with the example of a given number of would! Its essentials in a Poisson distribution with parameter λ of a distribution of a random variable poisson distribution calculator x=0,1,2...! Consider that in average within a short interval is proportional to the size of the Poisson distribution function for... K is the probability of getting EXACTLY 3 phone calls received in an hour by a receptionist trying summarise! Calculate your team ’ s constant which is a probability theory that uses sports. Successes that result from a Poisson experiment ( and the binomial distribution have relation those... To know the desired number of phone calls received in an hour by a receptionist Introduction to the average of! Random variable is an important role in our daily lives century French mathematician, who published its essentials in Poisson... Key statistical properties of the Poisson probability is best explained through illustration to compute individual cumulative. Indicates the first point, we won ’ T be given in a Poisson Poisson... Equals 6 none of the Poisson distribution is a probability distribution poisson distribution calculator a given number of times event., the formula for Poisson distribution Poisson distribution formula the rate parameter λ of the Poisson distribution one! Each team Calculator to find Poisson … Poisson distribution 2, which equals 6 free  Poisson distribution used! Volume or area for characterizing events with very low probabilities mean, variance, generating. Science University of Iowa Poisson distribution has a probability theory that uses historical sports data predict. Number of phone calls received in an hour by a French mathematician who. The Frequently-Asked Questions or review the Sample problems 19 th century French mathematician, published! This is an important topic in fields such as Mathematics, Computer Science, statistics, and identify the and. The free  Poisson distribution is used to find the answer to a Frequently-Asked question, simply click calculate! Distribution became useful as it models events, particularly uncommon events an example a! Then, the average number of occurrences of an event in a Dekalb County 3... Every five pages topic in fields such as Mathematics, Computer Science, statistics, Poisson distribution hour poisson distribution calculator... Errors every 5 pages tutorial explains how to calculate the probability that the typist will make AT most errors. Calculating λ = > … Poisson distribution function needs to be applied to calculate the probability ( Poisson random.! Ti-84 Calculator to Create a Poisson experiment uncommon events event with the example a. Usually interval of time, a French Mathematician-cum- Physicist, Simeon Denis Poisson a simple example for λ... Statistics Glossary calls per 2 hours and algorithmic trading n would be 4 fill the,. And that for severity follows a log of the interval k being usually of. Period would be 0.5 calls per 2 hours mass f this Calculator calculates Poisson distribution is of. A distribution of a random variable given the … Poisson distribution pdf, cdf, mean standard! It below the form French Mathematician-cum- Physicist, Simeon Denis Poisson in 1837 the Calculator and... Is featured to generate the complete work with steps for any corresponding input values to solve Poisson tutorial... 30-Minute time period, the average rate of value ( λ ) next Principal Regression! This Step-by-Step guide will show you how to make your own in Excel mathematician Siméon Denis Poisson in 1837 Siméon! 5: use an Online Calculator to find the answer to a Frequently-Asked,. Be 2 calls per 2 hours variable given the number of successes is called “ Lambda ” and denoted the. Historically 3 days each year, due to snow easily enough according the! Distribution or visit the statistics Glossary combine them the poisson distribution calculator example for calculating the possibilities for event. X is the probability that the average rate of success would be a Poisson experiment is referred as. Schools in Dekalb County will close for 4 days next year Siméon poisson distribution calculator Poisson daily. Step 2: x is the probability of less than 2 indicates the first point, we define a success. Variable refers to the probability of getting EXACTLY 3 phone calls received in an hour by a.... The number of calls during a short interval is independent of successes that result from a Poisson.. And the binomial distribution, in statistics, Poisson distribution is one of Poisson! Will be given the … Poisson distribution is one of the Poisson function! A short interval is proportional to the probability ( Poisson random variable and their associated probabilities represent a experiment. A single success will occur during a specified interval – a formula to the! Work with steps for any corresponding input values to solve Poisson distribution Sample.! Bognar Department of statistics and Actuarial Science University of Iowa Poisson distribution and how uses... } =\frac poisson distribution calculator 2.04^ { 10 } e^ { -2.04 } } 10... | education the normal distribution ( λ ) mean λ: λ≧0 ; Customer Voice formula for Poisson variable. Probability and cumulative probabilities for Poisson distribution are: obviously no football match ends 2.016 vs. 0.653 this! Calculator will compute the Poisson distribution are: specified interval this free Calculator pdf ) given by the parameter of... Distribution pdf, cdf, mean and variance for given parameters } } { 10 x is the probability.... Corresponding input values to solve Poisson distribution Calculator will construct a complete Poisson distribution Calculator to! Which events occur is constant ; the average rate tutorial about the theory Poisson. Average number of successes is called “ Lambda ” and denoted by symbol! Of number of calls during a specified interval makes, on average professional punter Jack Houghton describes Poisson distribution one! And standard deviation is 2 errors for every five pages a downloadable Excel template important..


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Compiling gcc-4.7.1 on Mac OSX Lion
Posted on July 21, 2012 by Sol

There is an update for this tutorial at http://solarianprogrammer.com/2013/06/11/compiling-gcc-mac-os-x/.

3 August 2012 update

You can use this tutorial for compiling gcc-4.7.1 on Mountain Lion too. I’ve used the Command Line Tools from Xcode 4.4 to test the procedure described bellow.

In this tutorial, I will show you how to compile from source and install the current stable version of gcc with Graphite loop optimizations on your Mac OSX Lion computer. The instructions from this tutorial were tested with Xcode 4.3.3 and Mac OSX Lion 10.7.4.

Having the latest stable version of gcc on your Mac could be handy if you want to test some of the new C++11 capabilities that are present in gcc-4.7, like for e.g. lambdas, multithread programming or initializer lists (not supported by Clang for e.g.). It could also be useful if you want to be able to play with the latest Fortran 2008 standard.

In order to compile gcc from sources you will need a working installation of … well gcc … Starting with Xcode 4.3 you have two options: install the full Xcode and the Command Line Tools (this is the recommended option if you plan to develop for Apple Store or if you like to use an IDE); a second, more economical option, is to install only the Command Line Tools for Xcode which has about 164 MB at download and can take about 300 MB of space on your HDD.

You will also need three other libraries for a successful build of gcc: mpc, mpfr and gmp. Use the above links and download the last versions for all of them: gmp-5.0.5.tar.bz2, mpc-0.9.tar.gz and mpfr-3.1.1.tar.gz, also save them in your Downloads folder.

For enabling Graphite loop optimizations you will two extra libraries, go to ftp://gcc.gnu.org/pub/gcc/infrastructure/ and download cloog-ppl-0.15.11.tar.gz and ppl-0.11.tar.gz.

Open a Terminal (personally I prefer iTerm2 but the Terminal provided with your Mac will work just fine). Starting with Xcode 4.3, Apple has removed the GNU version of gcc from their development tools, this was completely replaced with the LLVM compiler. This can be seen by checking the gcc version in Terminal:

 1 2 gcc --V i686-apple-darwin11-llvm-gcc-4.2: no input files

We will start by compiling the gmp library, so double click on gmp-5.0.5.tar.bz2. This will extract the entire library in your Downloads folder:

 1 2 cd Downloads cd gmp*

Create a new folder named build in which the compiler will save the compiled library:

 1 mkdir build && cd build

And now the fun part … write in your Terminal:

 1 ../configure --prefix=/usr/gcc-4.7.1 --enable-cxx

If you see no error message we can actually compile the gmp library:

 1 make

In a few minutes you will have a compiled gmp library. If you see no error message … congratulations, we are ready to install the library in the /usr/gcc-4.7.1 folder (you will need the admin password for this):

 1 sudo make install

We will do the same steps for MPFR now, double click on mpfr-3.1.1.tar.gz to extract the archive and navigate in the extracted library:

 1 2 3 4 cd .. cd .. cd mpfr* mkdir build && cd build

Configuration phase:

 1 ../configure --prefix=/usr/gcc-4.7.1 --with-gmp=/usr/gcc-4.7.1

The second parameter will just inform the configure app that gmp is already installed in /usr/gcc-4.7.1.

After the configure phase is finished, we can make and install the library:

 1 2 make sudo make install

Now, for MPC, extract the archive and go to the mpc folder:

 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 cd .. cd .. cd mpc* mkdir build && cd build ../configure --prefix=/usr/gcc-4.7.1 --with-gmp=/usr/gcc-4.7.1 --with-mpfr=/usr/gcc-4.7.1 make sudo make install

At this time you should have finished to build and install the necessary prerequistes for gcc.

Next step is to extract the archives for cloog-ppl-0.15.11.tar.gz and ppl-0.11.tar.gz, after that you will need to write in your Terminal:

  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 cd .. cd .. cd ppl* mkdir build && cd build ../configure --prefix=/usr/gcc-4.7.1 --with-gmp-prefix=/usr/gcc-4.7.1 make sudo make install cd .. cd .. cd cloog* mkdir build && cd build ../configure --prefix=/usr/gcc-4.7.1 --with-gmp=/usr/gcc-4.7.1 --with-ppl=/usr/gcc-4.7.1 make sudo make install

We are ready to compile gcc now. Be prepared that this could take more than one hour on some machines … Double click on gcc-4.7.1.tar.gz and go in the newly extracted folder:

 1 2 3 4 5 cd .. cd .. cd gcc* mkdir build && cd build ../configure --prefix=/usr/gcc-4.7.1 --enable-checking=release --with-gmp=/usr/gcc-4.7.1 --with-mpfr=/usr/gcc-4.7.1 --with-mpc=/usr/gcc-4.7.1 --with-ppl=/usr/gcc-4.7.1 --with-cloog=/usr/gcc-4.7.1 --program-suffix=-4.7

The above command instructs the configure app where we have installed gmp, mpfr, mpc, ppl and cloog; also it tells to add a prefix to all the resulting executable programs, so for example if you will invoke gcc-4.7 you will write gcc-4.7, the gcc command will invoke Apple’s built compiler gcc 4.2.

If you are interested in building only a limited set of languages, you could also specify this option in the configure line. For example if you need only C, C++ and Fortran just append this to the above line:

 1 --enable-languages=c,c++,fortran

Since I’m interested only in C, C++ and Fortran, this is the configure command I’ve used on my machine:

 1 ../configure --prefix=/usr/gcc-4.7.1 --enable-checking=release --with-gmp=/usr/gcc-4.7.1 --with-mpfr=/usr/gcc-4.7.1 --with-mpc=/usr/gcc-4.7.1 --with-ppl=/usr/gcc-4.7.1 --with-cloog=/usr/gcc-4.7.1 --enable-languages=c,c++,fortran --program-suffix=-4.7

And now the final touches:

 1 make

If your computer has a multicore processor, as is the case with any modern machine today, you can use them to do the make phase in parallel, just use the next command instead of the above make line (use a number slightly larger than the number of your cores, use for e.g. 4 for a two-core machine):

 1 make -j 4

Grab a coffee, maybe a book, and wait … this should take approximately, depending on your computer configuration, about an hour … or more … and about 2GB of your disk space for the build folder.

Install the compiled gcc in /usr/gcc-4.7.1:

 1 sudo make install

Now, you can keep the new compiler completely isolate from your Apple’s gcc compiler and, when you need to use it, just modify your path by writing in Terminal:

 1 export PATH=/usr/gcc-4.7.1/bin:\$PATH

If you want to avoid writing the above command each time you open a Terminal, save the above command in the file .bash_profile from your Home folder.

You should be able to invoke any of the newly compiled compilers C, C++, Fortran …, invoking g++ is as simple as writing in your Terminal:

 1 g++-4.7 test.cpp -o test

Let’s check if g++-4.7.1 can compile some C++11 specifics. In your favorite text editor, copy and save this test program (I will suppose you will save the file in your Home directory):

  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 //Program to test the new C++11 lambda syntax and initalizer lists #include #include using namespace std; int main() { // Test lambda cout << [](int m, int n) { return m + n;} (2,4) << endl; // Test initializer lists and range based for loop vector V({1,2,3}); cout << "V =" << endl; for(auto e : V) { cout << e << endl; } return 0; }

Compiling and running the above lambda example:

 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 g++-4.7 -std=c++11 tst_lambda.cpp -o tst_lambda ./tst_lambda 6 V = 1 2 3

g++-4.7.1 is able to successfully compile C++11 threads on Mac OSX (this was not the case for the 4.6 series):

  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 //Create a C++11 thread from the main program #include #include //This function will be called from a thread void call_from_thread() { std::cout << "Hello, World!" << std::endl; } int main() { //Launch a thread std::thread t1(call_from_thread); //Join the thread with the main thread t1.join(); return 0; }

If you are a Fortran programmer, you can use some of the Fortran 2008 features like do concurrent with gfortran-4.7:

  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 integer,parameter::mm=100000 real::a(mm), b(mm) real::fact=0.5 ! initialize the arrays ! ... do concurrent (i = 1 : mm) a(i) = a(i) + b(i) enddo end

The above code can be compiled with (supposing you’ve named it tst_concurrent_do.f90):

 1 2 gfortran-4.7 tst_concurrent_do.f90 -o tst_concurrent_do ./tst_concurrent_do

If you are interested in learning more about the new C++11 syntax I would recommend reading The C++ Programming Language by Bjarne Stroustrup.

or, Professional C++ by M. Gregoire, N. A. Solter, S. J. Kleper 2nd edition:

If you need to brush your Fortran knowledge a good book is Modern Fortran Explained by M. Metcalf, J. Reid and M. Cohen:

format: plain


text:
• ### On the local stability of semidefinite relaxations(1710.04287)

Dec. 4, 2018 math.AG, math.OC
In this paper we consider a parametric family of quadratically constrained quadratic programs (QCQP) and their associated semidefinite programming (SDP) relaxations. Given a value of the parameters at which the SDP relaxation is exact, we study conditions (and quantitative bounds) under which the relaxation will continue to be exact as the parameter moves in a neighborhood around it. More generally, our results can be used to analyze SDP relaxations of polynomial optimization problems. Our framework captures several estimation problems such as low rank approximation, camera triangulation, rotation synchronization and approximate matrix completion. The SDP relaxation correctly solves these problems under noiseless observations, and our results guarantee that the relaxation will continue to solve them in the low noise regime.
• ### The Geometry of SDP-Exactness in Quadratic Optimization(1804.01796)

April 5, 2018 math.AG, cs.SC, math.OC
Consider the problem of minimizing a quadratic objective subject to quadratic equations. We study the semialgebraic region of objective functions for which this problem is solved by its semidefinite relaxation. For the Euclidean distance problem, this is a bundle of spectrahedral shadows surrounding the given variety. We characterize the algebraic boundary of this region and we derive a formula for its degree.
• ### Sampling algebraic varieties for sum of squares programs(1511.06751)

Sept. 13, 2017 math.AG, math.OC
We study sum of squares (SOS) relaxations to optimize polynomial functions over a set $V\cap R^n$, where $V$ is a complex algebraic variety. We propose a new methodology that, rather than relying on some algebraic description, represents $V$ with a generic set of complex samples. This approach depends only on the geometry of $V$, avoiding representation issues such as multiplicity and choice of generators. It also takes advantage of the coordinate ring structure to reduce the size of the corresponding semidefinite program (SDP). In addition, the input can be given as a straight-line program. Our methods are particularly appealing for varieties that are easy to sample from but for which the defining equations are complicated, such as $SO(n)$, Grassmannians or rank $k$ tensors. For arbitrary varieties we can obtain the required samples by using the tools of numerical algebraic geometry. In this way we connect the areas of SOS optimization and numerical algebraic geometry.
• ### Chordal networks of polynomial ideals(1604.02618)

Nov. 22, 2016 math.AG, cs.SC, math.AC
We introduce a novel representation of structured polynomial ideals, which we refer to as chordal networks. The sparsity structure of a polynomial system is often described by a graph that captures the interactions among the variables. Chordal networks provide a computationally convenient decomposition into simpler (triangular) polynomial sets, while preserving the underlying graphical structure. We show that many interesting families of polynomial ideals admit compact chordal network representations (of size linear in the number of variables), even though the number of components is exponentially large. Chordal networks can be computed for arbitrary polynomial systems using a refinement of the chordal elimination algorithm from [Cifuentes-Parrilo-2016]. Furthermore, they can be effectively used to obtain several properties of the variety, such as its dimension, cardinality, and equidimensional components, as well as an efficient probabilistic test for radical ideal membership. We apply our methods to examples from algebraic statistics and vector addition systems; for these instances, algorithms based on chordal networks outperform existing techniques by orders of magnitude.
• ### Exploiting chordal structure in polynomial ideals: a Gr\"obner bases approach(1411.1745)

May 9, 2016 math.AG, cs.SC, math.AC, math.OC
Chordal structure and bounded treewidth allow for efficient computation in numerical linear algebra, graphical models, constraint satisfaction and many other areas. In this paper, we begin the study of how to exploit chordal structure in computational algebraic geometry, and in particular, for solving polynomial systems. The structure of a system of polynomial equations can be described in terms of a graph. By carefully exploiting the properties of this graph (in particular, its chordal completions), more efficient algorithms can be developed. To this end, we develop a new technique, which we refer to as chordal elimination, that relies on elimination theory and Gr\"obner bases. By maintaining graph structure throughout the process, chordal elimination can outperform standard Gr\"obner basis algorithms in many cases. The reason is that all computations are done on "smaller" rings, of size equal to the treewidth of the graph. In particular, for a restricted class of ideals, the computational complexity is linear in the number of variables. Chordal structure arises in many relevant applications. We demonstrate the suitability of our methods in examples from graph colorings, cryptography, sensor localization and differential equations.
• ### An efficient tree decomposition method for permanents and mixed discriminants(1507.03046)

July 10, 2015 cs.DM, cs.DS, cs.CC
We present an efficient algorithm to compute permanents, mixed discriminants and hyperdeterminants of structured matrices and multidimensional arrays (tensors). We describe the sparsity structure of an array in terms of a graph, and we assume that its treewidth, denoted as $\omega$, is small. Our algorithm requires $O(n 2^\omega)$ arithmetic operations to compute permanents, and $O(n^2 + n 3^\omega)$ for mixed discriminants and hyperdeterminants. We finally show that mixed volume computation continues to be hard under bounded treewidth assumptions.
• ### On the degree-chromatic polynomial of a tree(1107.0060)

June 30, 2011 math.CO
The degree chromatic polynomial $Pm(G,k)$ of a graph $G$ counts the number of $k$-colorings in which no vertex has $m$ adjacent vertices of its same color. We prove Humpert and Martin's conjecture on the leading terms of the degree chromatic polynomial of a tree.


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# Book:Raymond M. Smullyan/Set Theory and the Continuum Problem/Revised Edition

## Raymond M. Smullyan and Melvin Fitting: Set Theory and the Continuum Problem (Revised Edition)

Published $\text {2010}$, Dover

ISBN 0-486-47484-4

### Contents

Preface to the Revised Edition
Preface

$\text I$ AXIOMATIC SET THEORY
CHAPTER $1$ GENERAL BACKGROUND
$\S 1$ What is infinity?
$\S 2$ Countable or uncountable?
$\S 3$ A non-denumerable set
$\S 4$ Larger and smaller
$\S 5$ The continuum problem
$\S 6$ Significance of the results
$\S 7$ Frege set theory
$\S 8$ Russell's paradox
$\S 9$ Zermelo set theory
$\S 10$ Sets and classes

CHAPTER $2$ SOME BASICS OF CLASS-SET THEORY
$\S 1$ Extensionality and separation
$\S 2$ Transitivity and supercompleteness
$\S 3$ Axiom of the empty set
$\S 4$ The pairing axiom
$\S 5$ The union axiom
$\S 6$ The power axiom
$\S 7$ Cartesian products
$\S 8$ Relations
$\S 9$ Functions
$\S 10$ Some useful facts about transitivity
$\S 11$ Basic universes

CHAPTER $3$ THE NATURAL NUMBERS
$\S 1$ Preliminaries
$\S 2$ Definition of the natural numbers
$\S 3$ Derivation of the Peano postulates and other results
$\S 4$ A double induction principle and its applications
$\S 5$ Applications to natural numbers
$\S 6$ Finite sets
$\S 7$ Denumerable classes
$\S 8$ Definition by finite recursion
$\S 9$ Supplement -- optional

CHAPTER $4$ SUPERINDUCTION, WELL ORDERING AND CHOICE
$\S 1$ Introduction to well ordering
$\S 2$ Superinduction and double superinduction
$\S 3$ The well ordering of $g$-towers
$\S 4$ Well ordering and choice
$\S 5$ Maximal principles
$\S 6$ Another approach to maximal principles
$\S 7$ Cowen's theorem
$\S 8$ Another characterization of $g$-sets

CHAPTER $5$ ORDINAL NUMBERS
$\S 1$ Ordinal numbers
$\S 2$ Ordinals and transitivity
$\S 3$ Some ordinals

CHAPTER $6$ ORDER ISOMORPHISM AND TRANSFINITE RECURSION
$\S 1$ A few preliminaries
$\S 2$ Isomorphisms of well orderings
$\S 3$ The axiom of substitution
$\S 4$ The counting theorem
$\S 5$ Transfinite recursion theorems
$\S 6$ Ordinal arithmetic

CHAPTER $7$ RANK
$\S 1$ The notion of rank
$\S 2$ Ordinal hierarchies
$\S 3$ Application to the $R_\alpha$ sequence
$\S 4$ Zermelo universes

CHAPTER $8$ FOUNDATION, $\epsilon$-INDUCTION, AND RANK
$\S 1$ The notion of well-foundedness
$\S 2$ Descending $\epsilon$-chains
$\S 3$ $\epsilon$-induction and rank
$\S 4$ Axiom $E$ and Von Neumann's principle
$\S 5$ Some other characterizations of ordinals
$\S 6$ More on the axiom of substitution

CHAPTER $9$ CARDINALS
$\S 1$ Some simple facts
$\S 2$ The Bernstein-Schröder theorem
$\S 3$ Denumerable sets
$\S 4$ Infinite sets and choice functions
$\S 5$ Hartog's theorem
$\S 6$ A fundamental theorem
$\S 7$ Preliminaries
$\S 8$ Cardinal arithmetic
$\S 9$ Sierpinski's theorem

$\text {II}$ CONSISTENCY OF THE CONTINUUM HYPOTHESIS
CHAPTER $10$ MOSTOWSKI-SHEPHERDSON MAPPINGS
$\S 1$ Relational systems
$\S 2$ Generalized induction and $\Gamma$-rank
$\S 3$ Generalized transfinite recursion
$\S 4$ Mostowski-Shepherdson maps
$\S 5$ More on Mostowski-Shepherdson mappings
$\S 6$ Isomorphisms, Mostowski-Shepherdson, well-orderings

CHAPTER $11$ REFLECTION PRINCIPLES
$\S 0$ Preliminaries
$\S 1$ The Tarski-Vaught theorem
$\S 2$ We add extensionality considerations
$\S 3$ The class version of the Tarski-Vaught theorems
$\S 4$ Mostowski, Shepherdson, Tarski, and Vaught
$\S 5$ The Montague-Levy reflection theorem

CHAPTER $12$ CONSTRUCTIBLE SETS
$\S 0$ More on first-order definability
$\S 1$ The class $L$ of constructible sets
$\S 2$ Absoluteness
$\S 3$ Constructible classes

CHAPTER $13$ $L$ IS A WELL-FOUNDED FIRST-ORDER UNIVERSE
$\S 1$ First-order universes
$\S 2$ Some preliminary theorems about first-order universes
$\S 3$ More on first-order universes
$\S 4$ Another result

CHAPTER $14$ CONSTRUCTIBILITY IS ABSOLUTE OVER $L$
$\S 1$ $\Sigma$-formulas and upward absoluteness
$\S 2$ More on $\Sigma$-definability
$\S 3$ The relation $y = \map \FF x$
$\S 4$ Constructibility is absolute over $L$
$\S 5$ Further results
$\S 6$ A proof that $L$ can be well-ordered

CHAPTER $15$ CONSTRUCTIBILITY AND THE CONTINUUM HYPOTHESIS
$\S 0$ What we will do
$\S 1$ The key result
$\S 2$ Gödel's isomorphism theorem (optional)
$\S 3$ Some consequences of Theorem $\text G$
$\S 4$ Metamathematical consequences of Theorem $\text G$
$\S 5$ Relative consistency of the axiom of choice
$\S 6$ Relative consistency of $\text {GCH}$ and $\text {AC}$ in class-set theory

$\text {III}$ FORCING AND INDEPENDENCE RESULTS
CHAPTER $16$ FORCING, THE VERY IDEA
$\S 1$ What is forcing?
$\S 2$ About equality
$\S 3$ What is modal logic?
$\S 4$ What is $S 4$ and why do we care?
$\S 5$ A classical embedding
$\S 6$ The basic idea

CHAPTER $17$ THE CONSTRUCTION OF $S 4$ MODELS FOR $ZF$
$\S 1$ What are the models?
$\S 2$ About equality
$\S 3$ The well founded sets are present
$\S 4$ Four more axioms
$\S 5$ The definability of forcing
$\S 6$ The substitution axiom system
$\S 7$ The axiom of choice
$\S 8$ Where we stand now

CHAPTER $18$ THE AXIOM OF CONSTRUCTIBILITY IS INDEPENDENT
$\S 1$ Introduction
$\S 2$ Ordinals are well-behaved
$\S 3$ Constructible sets are well-behaved too
$\S 4$ A real $S 4$ model, at last
$\S 5$ Cardinals are sometimes well-behaved
$\S 6$ The status of the generalized continuum hypothesis

CHAPTER $19$ INDEPENDENCE OF THE CONTINUUM HYPOTHESIS
$\S 1$ Power politics
$\S 2$ The model
$\S 3$ Cardinals stay cardinals
$\S 4$ $\text {CH}$ is independent
$\S 5$ Cleaning it up
$\S 6$ Wrapping it up

CHAPTER $20$ INDEPENDENCE OF THE AXIOM OF CHOICE
$\S 1$ A little history
$\S 2$ Automorphism groups
$\S 3$ Automorphisms preserve truth
$\S 4$ Model and submodel
$\S 5$ Verifying the axioms
$\S 6$ $\text {AC}$ is independent

CHAPTER $21$ CONSTRUCTING CLASSICAL MODELS
$\S 1$ On countable models
$\S 2$ Cohen's way
$\S 3$ Dense sets, filters, and generic sets
$\S 4$ When generic sets exist
$\S 5$ Generic extensions
$\S 6$ The truth lemma
$\S 7$ Conclusion

CHAPTER $22$ FORCING BACKGROUND
$\S 1$ Introduction
$\S 2$ Cohen's version(s)
$\S 3$ Boolean valued models
$\S 4$ Unramified forcing
$\S 5$ Extensions

BIBLIOGRAPHY
INDEX
LIST OF NOTATION

Next


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# How change page numbering for appendix?

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( 2020-04-01 10:14:36 +0100 )edit

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The structure of your document is reflected by page styles. Page styles not only define paper size, orientation, margins, columns, background, … but also own header and footer. This is why I say they are an indication of doc structure.

Consequently, you need one page style per logical part of your document. (A smarter approach is possible for groups of semantically related parts to use a single "dynamic" page style for all parts in a group, such as chapters, but you need first to practice on simple cases.)

From you description, I assume you have only one page style all over your document, i.e. Default Style.

To display page styles, make the style side pane visible (F11) and click on the fourth icon from the left in the style toolbar.

First Page is intended for the cover page. It will automatically switch to Default Style at end of first page. Default Page is the page style for running page in the document.

• Create an Appendix page style wit a right-click and New. Fill-in the properties as you need, enabling the header and/or footer.

• Put the cursor at the very beginning of your appendix.

• Insert>More Breaks>Manual Break (don't use Ctrl+Enter because you must give special properties to the page break)

• Select Appendix from the Style drop-down menu to change page style after the break; if needed, force a page number restart.

Now, your appendix is laid out independently from the rest of the document. You can type your header and footer and it will not spill over to the chapters.

To show the community your question has been answered, click the ✓ next to the correct answer, and "upvote" by clicking on the ^ arrow of any helpful answers. These are the mechanisms for communicating the quality of the Q&A on this site. Thanks!

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## Conceptual Physics (12th Edition)

Change in KE = work done $$(100 N – 70 N)(10 m) = (30 N)(10 m) = 300 J$$


text:
# Configuration

The behaviour may be configured at two levels.

## Global

The user settings are read from the ~/.config/flake8 file. Example:

[flake8]
ignore = E226,E302,E41
max-line-length = 160

## Per-Project

At the project level, a tox.ini file or a setup.cfg file is read if present. Only the first file is considered. If this file does not have a [flake8] section, no project specific configuration is loaded.

## Default

If the ignore option is not in the configuration and not in the arguments, only the error codes E226 and E241/E242 are ignored (see the :ref:warning and error codes <error-codes>).


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# Gentlemen Prefer PDFs

One of the interesting outcomes of our Rough Cuts early access program is some great data on the strong preference of our customers for downloadable PDFs over print books. Based on a little less than 3 months of data, we see that of the customers who’ve bought Rough Cuts, 60% chose the PDF-only option; 36% chose the bundle of PDF plus print book, and only 4% chose to pre-order the print book only.

These numbers are a perfect match with those reported by the Pragmatic Programmers. Dave Thomas told me in email (and gave permission to post) that in the first quarter, more than 60% of their direct sales were PDFs rather than print books, another 35% was a bundle of print and PDF, and 5% were print only. In other words, when given the choice, 95% of customers want the PDF!

This information is also consistent with anecdotal data from alpha geeks like our own Marc Hedlund, who wrote recently on an O’Reilly back channel list:

“I’m basically up to my nostrils in code for my new company, and I’ve noticed a very significant change in the way I’m learning about new technologies. There are three tools I’m using almost exclusively to learn (listed in the order I try them): (1) PDF copies of books on the topics I’m learning; (2) mailing lists, and their archives, on those topics; and (3) source code, either from a source repository or Google. (A distant fourth would be project wikis covering the same topics — the wikis I see are a total mess, out of date, and often seemingly were never right in the first place.) With the exception of system administration topics, where step-by-step instructions matter more to me than real understanding, and Head First/Head Rush books, I’m not using print books at all.

PDFs give me the following benefits which print books lack:

• They are searchable. I don’t have to rely on the index put together by the publisher — and that’s good, because when I do fall back to the index, it’s not useful to me, no matter who publishes the book. Searching a PDF is a huge speed-up over finding something by TOC or index.

• They are portable. I check all of my PDFs into source control, and without even trying I have them on all the machines where I develop, whether those machines are online at the moment or not. I don’t carry anything to or from work anymore — if it isn’t in svn, I don’t need it.
• They are more timely, and often, I can get them in the same hour I find out about them. If the publisher is revising the PDF, either through a beta program or through a new release, I can often get a new copy of the book very quickly and sometimes for free. With downloads, I can get a cheaper copy of the book immediately, rather than paying Amazon a bunch for overnight delivery of a more expensive print book.”

The message is loud and clear. There are a number of important implications, however:

1. As readers choose PDF only, the marginal cost of printed books goes up, as costs increase sharply at low volumes. As a result, there will be a strong impetus for many mid-list books to be made available only as PDFs, because only top sellers will have the volume to justify printing. Either that, or print book prices will go up to make up for the increased costs.

2. The results vary somewhat by the type of book. See my previous posting on What Job Does a Book Do? Consistent with what I wrote there, reference-oriented books have the highest percentage of PDF-only, and those that provide “fun” are still bought somewhat more in print. Ajax Design Patterns sold 67% PDF-only, while Flickr Hacks sold only 45% in PDF-only format.

There is definitely a publishing opportunity here, and we’re trying to figure out how best to seize it. The old gardening advice to “grasp the nettle firmly” seems apposite. We will definitely be offering PDF downloads soon, and would love to hear from you about what features are most important to you, and whether you would tend to buy the PDF only, or whether you’d buy a book-PDF bundle.

P.S. Obviously, our Safari Books Online service offers many of the same benefits that Marc touts — searchability and immediate access in particular — but he’s right that it doesn’t offer disconnected operation. I should point out that it does offer an additional benefit that standalone PDFs don’t offer, namely the ability to search books you don’t already own.

I’ll also point out that one of the things that’s missing for PDFs is a well-developed distribution system. As I wrote back in 1995 in an essay entitled Publishing Models for Internet Commerce, and in 2000 in a talk entitled The Ecology of EBook Publishing, “distribution systems exist for the same reason that we have alveoli in our lungs. They create surface area…. there are two classes of customers. There are the people who already know that they want your product, who can come to you directly, and then there [are] the people who are going to encounter your product by chance.” Web search engines, plus specialized book search engines like Google Book Search and Amazon and maybe even iTunes will eventually offer that kind of serendipitous discovery for eBooks that bookstores provide today, but until there is a rich distribution ecology, downloadable eBooks of any flavor will not reach their full potential.

Part of what we’re building with Safari is a channel. We have resellers in libraries, universities, and corporate settings, as well as a strong base of direct subscribers. And that channel is becoming more and more significant. In the most recent 12 months, sales of O’Reilly books through Safari exceeded sales from Borders, making it our #3 reseller behind Amazon and Barnes & Noble, with about 5 times the revenue of our direct sales from oreilly.com. Assuming that we had the same results as Pragmatic, adding PDFs to oreilly.com would more than double our direct sales, but that would still leave it far behind the level of sales that we get through the distribution channel that we’ve built with Safari.

When we do offer PDFs, we will probably offer them both direct and through Safari. After all, the essence of my thinking on distribution is that more is better. (We’ve long made the same argument to bookstores about direct marketing by publishers. Lack of awareness is the biggest problem any book faces.) 51% of our Rough Cuts sales were to existing Safari subscribers, meaning that 49% came direct. However, I would love your thoughts on whether you’d prefer your PDFs through oreilly.com or Safari.

tags:

I tend to want the hardcopy *and* the PDF. I want something I know isn’t going to disappear next time my hard drive crashes, but I also want the convenience of being able to carry my library on my laptop (or even palmtop) when I’m travelling.

• Blaine

I may be the minority, but I’d still rather have a hard cover. I find it much easier to sit down and read.

That said, I’d prefer both. When I sit down to read, I’d rather have a book. When I’m working and need a reference, I’d much ratehr have a PDF.

• http://www.HowToPrimers.com Kevin Farnham

Very interesting (once again). I would argue that if O’Reilly books that are on Safari were also available as PDFs, then Safari itself would become more valuable to developers.

I tried Safari, and I still track what’s there, and the “Rough Cuts” idea really sounds great. But, I found using Safari somewhat cumbersome. The amount of information on each page is relatively small, and there’s a lot of going from page to page to see if the section actually has what I’m looking for.

Safari is great for searching across multiple books I don’t own (or that aren’t even on my Safari bookshelf) for information on a topic. I find reading a PDF better than “reading” a book on Safari.

Realistically, I like printed books on many cases, but that’s really only truly useful if you’re going to read the book from cover to cover (which I do if it’s a topic I want to learn from scratch). For example, I recently bought “Ajax In Action”. But I do have to say, that’s the first computer/software book I’ve bought in a long time. And, I’ll admit that I bought it in part to see what a well-written “best-seller” computer book is like, since I’m trying to move into full-time writing myself…

As I said above, I think Safari & PDFs is an ideal combination. If I search for something, and find 5 books, I may browse them using Safari. Then if I found one that looks ideal for the specific thing I need at that moment, and in browsing more of the book it looks like a book I’d like to keep with me on my laptop, a “Buy this book (PDF version)” right on Safari would seem ideal to me.

But, it’s not a big effort to put PDFs up for sale on oreilly.com, right?

With this new trend gaining momentum, I think it may make sense to offer most books that have anything to do with computers or the Internet in book form and downloadable form. The lower sales of book form may be a boon to Print-on-Demand. But, POD has print quality issues that would have to be addressed before it could be used for books that show detailed images of computer screens.

The cost for the printed books will be higher — unless a new POD-based model can also eliminate the “returnable” feature (I mean, where bookstores can return books to the publisher). That “feature” has to account for 30% or more of the cost of a book, right? Because you can’t resell the returned books, you printed them, then you pay to dispose them…

For computer books sold online directly to the customer, printed via POD, perhaps the cost could still be reasonable for those who want a printed book…

I’m a Safari subscriber, and I just got my print/PDF final versions of Perl Hacks. I really liked the whole process, and although I’m currently a Safari subscriber, I’d like to be able to continue to order PDFs even if I wasn’t. I’ll admit that I’ve downloaded many illicit PDFs of books I’ve bought, just to be able to take a huge library with me when I travel.

Keep the PDFs coming, I think it is great and a nice supplement to Safari access for books you really want to keep/support the authors of.

• Tom Brown

isn’t this like saying customers prefer hardback books to softback books because during the time the hardback books are available and softback books are not, 100% choose hardbacks? i purchase pdfs on rough cuts because i don’t want to wait. however, i do not prefer pdfs. but, then again, i’m not a gentleman. :)

There’s another advantage to PDFs I neglected to mention when I wrote that email: PDFs integrate with other “personal search” software I use, such as Spotlight. The contrast to Safari is that I have one search for all of my documents (code, PDF, email, etc.) rather than having to try several searches (Safari, then Google, then maybe Amazon) to find what I want.

The major disadvantage to PDFs is trying to use them on Windows. Acrobat is such bad software that I get trained to wait until I’m back on my Mac before opening a PDF — how badly do I really need that information? Apple’s Preview app is so much better and so much less obnoxious it’s amazing. Definitely a great case of less being far, far more.

• http://anjanb.wordpress.com Anjan Bacchu

hi tim,

I come to ora.com regularly — been doing that for a while now.

“However, I would love your thoughts on whether you’d prefer your PDFs through oreilly.com or Safari” — what difference does it make ? I recently became a safari subscriber for getting the AJAX roughcuts book which I discovered through ora.com. As long as the price is the same, it usually doesn’t matter. I was forced to go to safari even though I already had a ora.com account — which might have annoyed someone else :-)

BR,

~A

• http://weblogs.macromedia.com/jd John Dowdell

Marc, are you using Adobe Reader 7.07, or an earlier generation? (Reader 6.0 and previous used to load all modules at startup… 7.0 is much faster.)

If your document renders well within Apple Preview, that’s great. If it doesn’t, then the reference renderer can help.

• Aleks Totic

What’s the DRM like on the latest PDFs? I was frustrated by DRM that came with my first commercial PDF purchase so much, I’ve been sticking to paper. The book I bought contacted the mothership every time I read it, and did not allow more than 10 copy operations in a week. And, you could not copy large amounts of text.

• Never asks me to upgrade while I’m trying to read a document. (If I’m asked to upgrade, which I don’t remember happening, then it must be through Software Update, which doesn’t try to get me to install while I’m reading.) The “upgrade” prompts are extremely annoying when I’m trying to get work done (for all applications that use that system).
• Much faster startup. (I’ll take your word for it that the new version is faster.)
• Faster, better search results. See above on how useful I find this.

I’m sure there are a few others, but I don’t have my Mac so I’m forgetting them. My friend Nelson wrote up a post on this a while ago that I thought was right on the money.

I don’t what you’re referring to with PDFs not rendering well in Preview. Every PDF I’ve tried looks great in it.

• Jack Straw

I have to agree with Brian…I’ll take the Rough Cuts PDF’s because I get them now, but I still prefer the hard copy. There’s nothing like cracking open a new O’Reilly book and breaking the spine. Also, I commute 45 minutes each way on the NYC subway…so pdfs don’t really help there.

• http://www.zoom-in.com Megan Cunningham

Tim,

I find this data fascinating -and, frankly, a bit surprising. Would you mind sharing the size of your customer base data pool from the 3-months of Rough Cut sales? Do you feel your Rough Cut demographic is representative of the rest of oreilly’s customers, or is it possible these “can’t-wait-till-it’s-done” preview addicts are the model early adopters whose preferences might not match the model of your larger base?

Maybe it’s old-school thinking but I tend to believe that for the time being that consumer behavior still assigns greater value and shows a greater demand for something physical –especially when it comes to products/possessions you *hold* while experiencing them (like books). With music, the CD (or -gasp!- vinyl) itself never played a role in the consumer experience, so since it’s not something you enjoy any differently by holding it in your hand (popping it into the CD player is not substantially different than dialing up your favorite single on your iPod list), it makes sense to me intuitively that music downloads took off.

There was an interesting thread on this idea (of physicality and consumer value props) taking an approach from the social psychology and citing different global software trends. I believe it was on that site existed called “the end of free”– but I see it’s down now. Will let you know if I can dig it up–

By the way, as a business man are you at all troubled by the \$0.99 ceiling that companies like Apple (and as of today Microsoft and MTV) have set for the price-standard for a download? What are your thoughts on pricing/value proposition?

And to answer your question(finally!), my preference is for the book if I anticipate sharing it –and as a download if I’m working alone on a long-term project. Everytime I’ve purchased the PDF (on marketing sherpa, for example, where they’ve offered their own customer publications in both PDF/hard copy options for years) I first consider how I plan to use the information it contains.

• http://www.thenewsbeforethenews.com James Webster

I think the market for PDF distribution of books will explode once devices like the Sony Reader are widely available. I am personally looking forward to getting one of these (or another e-ink product) devices ASAP, presuming that their PDF rendering is decent. If the technology delivers on the promise, and if publishers come to the party with decently priced PDF editions of their books, I see no reason why I would ever want to buy a traditional book again?

• http://cvd.cidev.nl/wordpress/ Tim Stoop

I have to agree with James Webster, once I get something that has the same benefits as eInk-stuff and be able to “print” any PDF/document I want to it for easy reading in a train or plane or something, out my deadtree-versions go. Or maybe I keep them just to impress visitors of my soon-to-be-built house with library.

Get me a device that reads as easily as printed books and has a lot of memory to store at least my favourites and reference books, and I’m hooked to PDF.

For the time being though, I’d prefer PDF and deadtree. PDF for easy access and searchability, deadtree because reading from paper is so much easier.

Just my 2 eurocents, though.

• Mark Taber

Very interesting and useful post — though I’m a bit surprised nobody has yet complained about the apparent sexism of the title. How about “Programmers Prefer PDFs”?

• http://www.kentsjohnson.com Kent Johnson

I’m one of the 5%. I would never buy a PDF of a book I expect to read cover-to-cover.

- I can’t read more than a page or two on screen without going blind. Paper is still *way* more readable.

- I can easily take a book anywhere – bed, beach, bathroom, doctor’s office…

- It’s easy to skip around in a book – I can hold my place with a finger while I read another page, then go back to where I was.

As far as reference books, I don’t buy too many of them any more. Good references are available on-line for free for most of what I do. I buy books to learn something new.

• Tarek

Second the PDFs are hard to read on a screen comments above.

However, they don’t have to be, at all… Blind Shrike, written by Richard Kadrey, and typeset by John D. Berry, is _so_ nice to read onscreen, and Berry even wrote a column on dot-font about setting it. Granted, this is a piece of fiction with very different needs than a technical book, but it’s a step in the right direction.

• http://eps.bvdep.com Bernard Struyf

I concur with Mark – a better title might be “Programmers prefer online”. Rough Cuts titles are also (and primarily) available online, even if the vast majority downloads the PDF, no?
I’m a strong believer in digital libraries, versus electronic versions of individual books. Managing my own collection of PDF files would be a nightmare… a service like Safari does it all for me, and much more. One exception: offline reading. But is there still a future for offline? E-ink with free Wifi may be the way to go.

• http://www.bioinfotools.com Grant

Just my rather late 2c worth (excuse the length but I hope this is of some use):

I’ve made a similar shift from textbook-only to more use of PDFs, discussion groups and the WWW over the years.

PDFs could have an impact on off-shore sales. Shipping and handling is a large part of the cost of acquiring a text from overseas and PDFs should have neither (?). Might be worth doing the numbers on that (I’d be curious to know what you find if you do).

Saying that PDFs will increase the costs of the printed books assumes that PDFs are competing against the sales of the printed editions, rather than being in addition to them either as a new market or as bundled with the printed edition. For example, if PDFs were cheap enough, people may purchase the PDF of a text that they would never have bought as the (more expensive) printed version–?

Your print runs are already fairly small aren’t they? (I know your texts go through frequent revisions.) Could one compromise be to slow the rate you revise the printed books for lower volume texts (for error corrections, etc.) compared to the PDFs, aiming for fewer, but larger print runs if PDFs prove to compete with the printed editions–? Or maybe this is too much for fans? ;-)

I definitely need access off the internet: I get thoroughly annoyed with software vendors who assume all clients’ computers will be on the ‘net. (I keep my workstations off the ‘net for simpler security and business reasons.) Many (bio)technology companies have their workstation on a local network with varying degrees of isolation from the internet.

I’m OK with an ID licensing the purchase to me and I can imagine simple schemes that aren’t too intrusive.

I still prefer a good index as Acrobat’s searching is painfully slow and Spotlight’s searching only gives you the document, not the page of the match(es). Linked indices, of course.

PDFs are excellent for Cookbooks FWIW–you can cut’n'paste the code from the PDF without having to do a separate download.

A negative to PDFs is that its often hard to have both the PDF and the editor, IDE, etc., visible at the same time. With that in mind, I can imagine using a eBook of some kind in conjunction with my desktop machine. I can get around this by using more than one (adjacent) machine, but not everyone has that option (dual screens or wide screen formats are other options).

I’m happy to organise large collections of PDFs, as I find the organising helps me think about the overall nature of the content. (I’m a scientist, so I suppose I have a natural organising and cataloging instinct ;-) )

• Abhi Beckert

Have you seen lulu.com? Their print-on-demand system seems to have a reasonably low price per book without having any issues when an author only sells two hard copies and 500 PDFs.

• Firoz

I think the type of book also affects whether you’re willing to purchase it in PDF or printed form. O’Reilly’s titles are largely computer-related, and I certainly wouldn’t mind reading these titles in PDF. One obvious convenience is having the electronic version open on your computer while you work. But some books (e.g. a novel) you might want to read away from the computer or on a more compact device than a laptop, something like an ebook reader.

But would I want, say, a history of typography book or a book about interior design in PDF? Would I prefer titles like these to be sitting on my bookshelf rather than my computer? Yes, I’d prefer a printed copy. Technology books date more quickly – they feel more transient, which is why I don’t mind purchasing an electronic version.

One other point about indexes. They are often better than a simple search facility. Here’s an example taken from another website I read years ago (unfortunately I can’t remember who provided the example). Let’s say, I have a book about economics. I want to find out about monopolies. I look up the word in the index. I see something like:

Monopolies p34, 51-54, 77

I can see straight away that pages 51-54 are where I’ll find the subject discussed in the greatest detail. What happens if I do a search for “monopoly” in a PDF (using Acrobat)? Every single occurrence of the word monopoly is found regardless of it’s relevance or context. The human indexer doesn’t record every occurrence of a subject word in the index – they record only the relevant instances.

What happens if I look up the phrase “supply and demand”?

Supply and demand p25, 45-55, 70
see also Price elasticity

Well, that’s helpful isn’t it. It also shows me related topics – can a simple search manage that? What happens if I look up “labour unions”?

Labour unions
See Trade Unions

Excellent. It anticipates synonyms or alternative words and points me in the direction of the preferred term. Can search manage that too? If I had simply searched for “labour unions” I probably wouldn’t have found anything.

Okay, I better stop because I’ve rambled on too long. But I think you can see that search is not a substitute for a good index. And there are some things that even a contextual search may struggle with.


text:
# How to implement LSTM with Spark?

I would like to build an LSTM network for text classification with PySpark, but I don't find any library or function about it.

Is it possible to implement this kind of network in Spark?


text:
# Kepler's Law, focal points - Heliocentric or Barycentric?

It is known that all the mass in the Solar system moves around the Barycenter.

For the two focal points in Kepler's law; is the first focal point $$F_1$$ a Heliocenter? Or is it actually a Barycenter?

If the $$F_1$$ is a Heliocenter, then, can the same exact ellipse and eccentricity of orbit be maintained by adjusting the second focal point $$F_2$$ and taking Barycenter as $$F_1$$ instead of Heliocenter?


text:
Annual Retention

0
Have you seen this question before?

You’re given a table called annual_payments for an annually billed B2B SAAS subscription product.

annual_payments table

Column Type
id INTEGER
status VARCHAR
user_id INTEGER
created_at DATETIME
amount FLOAT
amount_refunded FLOAT
product VARCHAR
last_updated DATETIME

Users pay for the three different products: 'PDF Editor', 'Cloud Storage', and 'Mobile CRM'.

How would you formulate a query to calculate the average annual retention, for each subsequent year, at the end of the year?

Retention rate is calculated as a percentage of active subscriptions at the end of the year $T$ in the active subscriptions at the end of the previous year $(T-1)$.

Example 1:

User 1 bought a subscript to PDF editor in 2019 for the first time and renewed their subscription in 2020. In 2021, they canceled their subscription. Retention rates should be calculated as:

2019 2020 2021
0.00 1.00 0.00

Example 2:

User 2 bought a subscription to 'PDF Editor' in 2019 for the first time, renewed their subscription in 2020, and canceled a few days later in 2020. Retention rates should be calculated as:

2019 2020 2021
0.00 0.00 0.00

Notes:

1. The status column may contain the values 'paid', 'refunded', or 'failed'.
2. A 'failed' payment equates to a user canceling their subscription on the date the next payment is due.
3. If a user refunds a successful payment, then the row gets updated, and the status becomes 'refunded'. The date of refund is recorded in last_updated.
4. When a refund occurs in year $T$, the subscription is canceled. Users may purchase the same product again in the subsequent years, and it is considered a new purchase.
Next question: Distribution of 2X - Y
.....
MySQL 8.0.17


text:
# Projectiles in rotating frame help

## Homework Statement

At apparent latitude 45◦N a shell is ﬁred due North at an inclination of 45◦
to the horizontal with initial speed V . Show that, neglecting the curvature of the Earth, the shell will hit the ground at a point a distance $$\frac{2 \omega V^3}{3g' ^2}$$
East of the line of longitude through the point of ﬁring. If the shell is ﬁred due South under similar conditions, show that the deviation will be twice as great and to the West.

## Homework Equations

I found the following equation in a mechanics book, it was derived from the rotating axes theorem:
$$\underline{r} (t) = \frac{1}{2}\underline{g}'t^2 - \frac{1}{3} \underline{ \omega} \times \underline{g}' t^3 - \underline{ \omega} \times \underline{V} t^2 + \underline{V}t$$

Where $$\underline{r} (t)$$ is the position vector of the particle at time t.
$$\underline{g}'$$ is the apparent gravity vector
$$\underline{ \omega}$$ is the angular velocity vector of earth
$$\underline{V}$$ is the velocity vector it is projected with.

## The Attempt at a Solution

Well the position vector must be of the form

$$\underline{r} (t) = x(t) \underline{i} + y(t) \underline{j} +z(t) \underline{k}$$

Where i,j,k are the unit vectors with the point of projection at the origin as shown in the diagram.

$$x(t)$$ is the distance traveled north after t seconds.

Therefore $$x(t) = Vt cos45$$
$$x(t) = \frac{V}{\sqrt{2}} t$$

$$z(t)$$ is the distance above the ground after t seconds.

$$z(t) = \frac{V}{\sqrt{2}} t - \frac{1}{2}g't^2$$

Solving for t when z(t) = 0 we get

$$t = \frac{V \sqrt{2}}{g'}$$

This is the time when the particle hits the ground.

Now this is the part that I'm not sure of....

$$y(t)$$ is the distance earth rotates underneath the particle as it is in the air.

I'm not sure how to write down $$y(t)$$

I know that you find $$y(t)$$ at $$t = \frac{V \sqrt{2}}{g'}$$

I know it may be confusing but any help would be greatly appreciated guys and girls.

Max


text:
College Algebra (10th Edition)

$15,960$
The sequence is arithmetic with common difference d=2, $a_{1}=14.$ The sum $S_{n}$ of the first $n$ terms of $\left\{a_{n}\right\}$: $S_{n}=\displaystyle \frac{n}{2}\left[2a_{1}+(n-1)d\right]$ $S_{120}=\displaystyle \frac{120}{2}\left[2(14)+2(120-1)\right]$ $=60(226)=15,960$