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# Unity Lookat Over Time

for that there's "lookAt" Kill the balls over time. recommendations for the development of informal intercultural training itineraries work package 3 definition of intercultural competences to be trained on informal and non formal environments deliverable 4 recommendations for the develpment of informal intercultural training itineraries p4i - playing for interculturality. In the Peril System, the enemy progresses over a short duration of time while earning Enhancements for commonly occurring events. First Person Dungeon Crawler -Town a code walk through. a GameObject with a Rigidbody component attached, you should probably use rb. This setting translates an object along the track over time. This results in tilting the collider to match the tilt of the two end points. Every tire gets a bit more "soft" to install after it's used a bit; When you are inserting the "last bit" of tire bead, you have to be sure all the rest of the bead is centered in the rim, so that it may sink in the deepest part of the rim and release some bead for you to. this is a top down game and of course the look at function doesn't help because it thinks im making a 3d game. Lerp Not rotating properly over 180 degrees? Solved If I wan't to rotate my object over 180 degree, it seems like the lerp function is taking the quickest route. This is called Faraday's law. You can specify the time over which to blend, as well as the blend curve shape. @KeksDose Yes; I'm divided into considering this a bug (or, better, an oversight) or a good thing to do when LaTeX2e was issued. The y will tear churches apart, tear homesapart, tear relationships apart, because that bitterness inside of them defiles everywhere it goes. It looks more natural to the player, and allows us to slow down the rotation, perhaps with a "slow" spell cast on the character. Since I ONLY have unity as a source (I don't have ANY access to any Babylon Source or samples that really go into the WHOLE character movement). * A default IK Pull value is now stored on markers. So expressions involving time will cause this data to animate over time, but expressions involving the object will only evaluate for the first object to which the data is attached. Finally, to finish off the animation, a control is added to specify a point or object for the whole crowd to look at. Corporate entities do not default at a uniform rate (for the same rating) over time. In this move, Turkey would include among its orders an order to move a German unit. It gives you the freedom to create original solutions when implementing your animation system, and improve performance with safe multithreaded code at the same time. Study 193 Intro into World Religions Test 1 flashcards from Daniel E. While it produces very nice shadows, it doesn’t deal with animated models. « Unity », les logos Unity et les autres marques Unity sont des marques commerciales ou des marques déposées de Unity Technologies ou de ses filiales aux États-Unis et ailleurs (plus d'informations here). com — and they lookat over 50,000 page. Illustration of linear interpolation on a data set. You can slowly expand her attention span over time. Autodesk 3ds Max 2012 offers compelling new techniques for creating and texturing models, animating characters, and producing high-quality images. I used transform. The way you have it modeled now is that you expect heat to linearly increase with hour of day, and then jump back down when the hour returns to 1. We just compute a mask over time in the output context (shown above with green/red coloring). In the United States product liability law is an amalgam of state case (common) and statutory law, which varies across states. Unfortunately, over time, list of allowed macros for PDF has grown a lot, and for example can contain web links and can even execute javascript. Lerp Not rotating properly over 180 degrees? Solved If I wan't to rotate my object over 180 degree, it seems like the lerp function is taking the quickest route. lookat 3D global coordinates of the point where the camera is looking. y is a generic Vector3 assignment. A further thought, if you're trying to create a crowd, you can have a rendered video of the first lot in the VSE and use a Scene strip over the video for the extra actors rendered previously to be upstaged by those being rendered "live" and in front of the transparent 'World Background' that comes with the 3D stage. Please try again in a few minutes. 18 record of performance and condition over the entire life - shows total dropouts on tracks 7 and 14 measured on time of these tapes. Click on the rotate gizmo to rotate around the Z axis. com and send in your qualifying trade-in device to Samsung through the Samsung Trade-In Program, and if Samsung determines your trade-in device meets all eligibility. investigate memory growth over time code review jonas's unload branch Draft multiple save/load menu design Convey that you don't need to hold tanks/equipment for them to take effect Hook up AI explosion warnings Boomerang swim settings (CS# 15144) Replace Steam banner images with updated versions. You can change your cookie settings at any time. The lookat point can be set via right doubleclick. Such as Quaternion. Incidentally there’s just over 10,000 minutes in a week. RotateAround - 18 examples found. Translate or using physics to move the object. LookAt is the only service that enables groups for a video. Windows Store: The amount of time the postprocessing player step takes when building project on the IL2CPP scripting backend has been significantly reduced. The stability of correlation over me and the exponential memory of financial time series return corre tions is investigated. Key features of UDK are examined—assets, animation, light, materials, game controls, user interface, special effects, and interactivity—with the objective to make UDK more technically accessible so that users can transcend technique and focus on their. In short, the classification and relevant rules (which, I should in fairness note, do not include all rules commonly applied to common carriers), have been active for over two years, sufficient time for at least the initial outcome to be observed and discussed. Right when the planet orbits a bit, you want your moon to do exactly the same motion so that their distance does not change. 5 billion supplemental spending bill on Tuesday night to address humanitarian issues at the U. C# (CSharp) UnityEngine Transform. For some reason your suggested change could not be submitted. In time, since one orbits after the other (the update functions do not happen at the same time), their distance increases or decreases little by little. Global illumination is calculated at lightmap resolution. 41 Updates (Unity 1. C# (CSharp) UnityEngine GameObject. This feature is not available right now. SO days of 24/7 online adv er t i sin g That classiFtedpicture ad will be there for online buyers when they're looking at www. As long as any semblance of unity remained, though, the old Roman,Syrian, and Persian political practices and cultural traditions went on combining in new ways. The final result looks and performs great. Please try again later. this is a top down game and of course the look at function doesn't help because it thinks im making a 3d game. An EaseOut will have the same progression over time from end to start as it did from start to end. Please try again in a few minutes. If we imagine the two galaxies as "test particles" of negligible mass, living in such a Universe, then it's possible. If a licensor decides to allow derivative works, she may also choose to require that anyone who uses the work — we call them licensees — to make that new work available under the same license terms. We will see from a tether that will sway as you brush by or stick to Rigidbody and swing, to soft body projectiles that will deform as they are fired at a hard surface. 随着时间的推移逐渐改变一个给定的角度到期望的角度。 The value is smoothed by some spring-damper like function. Click on the rotate gizmo to rotate around the Z axis. Same if 'point at' direction is 180 degrees away from the current, we can solve slowly for it. As an added bonus there’s even support for it in Unity and This is a list of real-world tracking points gathered by ARKit over time, // Create a LookAt. In the same way, the makers of the Intel microprocessor once thought that a slight calculation error, unlikely to negatively impact 99. Tethering and soft body Finally, we get to see things interact with the world. The most hideous working-mess-of-code will not generate extra effort if it never needs to evolve. It has no real extra processing value or importance other than to make sure that the LooAt point is on the same plane as the turret. This includes a brand new Stephanie story with 4 different endings, as well as a lot of other Easter eggs and updates. Jun 01, 2017 · I've seen similar questions online but most refer to looking at the camera or getting an object to look at the character all the time. With most other software disciplines, there are standard ways of doing things that have grown and improved over time. Ideal for nonprogrammers, the Max Creation Graph can be used to: - Animate simulation data in CFD,. Test our code by playing the scene and either moving within two meters of the zombie or in front of the zombie. Unity is an incredible 3D package used for making video games, architectural and medical imaging and more. 随着时间的推移逐渐改变一个给定的角度到期望的角度。 The value is smoothed by some spring-damper like function. – Hello, and welcome to a coding challenge: 2D raycasting. Can be used to smooth out movement inputs, or other values. The wavefunction will still be dominated by the unperturbed part which is time independent. Discover why more than 10 million students and educators use Course Hero. We call this idea “ShareAlike” and it is one of the mechanisms that (if chosen) helps the digital commons grow over time. And thank you for taking the time to help us improve the quality of Unity Documentation. It provides baked lightmaps and Light Probes, presents the first output quickly, and iteratively improves it over time. The word has expanded over time, but the. Windows Store: Unity now uses a pre-built MapFileParser when building generated C++ code on the IL2CPP scripting backend, rather than building it on your machine on the fly. For some reason your suggested change could not be submitted. This results in tilting the collider to match the tilt of the two end points. So I am still pretty new at unity, (been using it in spare time for 2-3months) and since Im not quite a programmer ( Im a 3d artist ), I had a couple questions. GameFromScratch. Granted there a plenty of playgrounds with a guy moving but nothing that really outlines all the steps you need to make a full character. obj file, from Maya LT, it must be under 65,000 polygons, because that is the highest resolution permissible. MoveTowards? fast ships over time. This course is designed to provide new users with a strong design foundation in Unity 3D 3. Now is the true test of ease of use… getting a 3D model exported from Blender and displayed in our browser. There are literally dozens of them! Items and Interactions you won’t believe To contribute to those killer stories, Madison’s house is jam-packed with over 50 items to interact with and change the environment around you. Over time, despite considerable resistance to protect the status quo, people came to better understand the earth and its relationship to the heavens. Jun 01, 2017 · I've seen similar questions online but most refer to looking at the camera or getting an object to look at the character all the time. Release the mouse, and now we have both position and rotation key frames. se: LaTeX sourcefiles older than 5 years old. A complete, cross-platform Oculus Rift sample application in almost one file There are few things as dispiriting as finding a blog on a topic you're really keen on and then seeing that it withered and died several years before you found it. Report Ask Add Snippet. this is a top down game and of course the look at function doesn't help because it thinks im making a 3d game. It's free to sign up and bid on jobs. We will look back at this time, and remind ourselves that this was a key moment in our history, and we were faithful. Creating E-Learning Games with Unity. Polygon Mesh • Vertex coordinates list, polygon table and (maybe) edge table • Auxiliary: –Per vertex normal –Neighborhood information, arranged with regard. They earn rewards for individual achievements and slowly gain new capabilities, power and options for strategic play. They do, without animation. Search the history of over 380 billion web pages on the Internet. $\begingroup$ @utdiscant: Furthermore, your time-based xregs need to be dummy variables. This part will include information about coordinate systems, cross product, planes, camera basis vectors, frustum culling etc. The lookat point can be set via right doubleclick. Loading Unsubscribe from Nick Hwang? Intro to Quaternion Rotations (in Unity) - Duration: 32:53. I have a polygon shapefile that has a field of population per year for each feature and I want the plug. Record breaking heat wave -- not! Showing 1-739 of 739 messages. Windows Store: Unity now uses a pre-built MapFileParser when building generated C++ code on the IL2CPP scripting backend, rather than building it on your machine on the fly. im trying to get one object to look at another in 2d. Further back in time, the ice had risen a mile high above the hills to the north and a glacier would have crept slowly over the land to a distant sea. Dungworth (1988) providesquantitative information about product liability burdens across industries and over time. 首页 杂志 专栏 博客 多媒体 活动 案例库 商业资讯. Eventually, each team will march around the track, behind their new team banner, as they are announced over the loudspeaker system and are applauded by the crowd. Instead we observeperiods of time when defaults generally are low and periods when they rise to very much higher levels. Unity iTween with support for uGUI Image & Text requires 5+: iTween. See more ideas about White gardens, Garden and Planting flowers. However we know two more things: 1. Remember, though, that this may also include handing over the control to your audience, especially if you want some kind of interaction. Simple simulation data import Autodesk CFD subscribers can now visualise how data changes over time with 3ds Max lighting and rendering tools. 2, the Animation C# Jobs feature extends the animation Playables with the C# Job System released with 2018. The best place to ask and answer questions about development with Unity. With this little snippet of code the camera now circles around the scene over time. 2015年10月英文摘要. Over time the capabilities of the SharePoint Framework will expand. Using a negative value makes them object move towards the player, while a positive one makes the move with the player (like color blocks). RotateAround extracted from open source projects. What I'm asking about is only a small escalation above a Flying Dutchman, I think. The first time you install a new (never used) tire is always the worst. Access quality crowd-sourced study materials tagged to courses at universities all over the world and get homework help from our tutors when you need it. 当方Unity初心者ですので質問内容をちゃんと理解出来ていない可能性がありますが 回答させて頂きます。 transform. That's it! Now, the number of our projectiles will never go over two at a time. , Mäkelä, K. Windows Store: The amount of time the postprocessing player step takes when building project on the IL2CPP scripting backend has been significantly reduced. Aug 2, 2019- Explore delgado5467's board "my white garden" on Pinterest. com and send in your qualifying trade-in device to Samsung through the Samsung Trade-In Program, and if Samsung determines your trade-in device meets all eligibility. They earn rewards for individual achievements and slowly gain new capabilities, power and options for strategic play. Global illumination is calculated at lightmap resolution. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Lerp Not rotating properly over 180 degrees? Solved If I wan't to rotate my object over 180 degree, it seems like the lerp function is taking the quickest route. With most other software disciplines, there are standard ways of doing things that have grown and improved over time. LookAt（new Vecter3（Camera. Modeling and The Viewing Pipeline Jian Huang CS594 The material in this set of slides have referenced slides from Ohio State, Minnesota and MIT. 当方Unity初心者ですので質問内容をちゃんと理解出来ていない可能性がありますが 回答させて頂きます。 transform. Their rhetoric stresses the theme of Muslim unity, accusing Sunni radicals and foreign powers ''sowing sectarian discord''. Height = 6. RotateAround - 18 examples found. That's it! Now, the number of our projectiles will never go over two at a time. 首页 杂志 专栏 博客 多媒体 活动 案例库 商业资讯. Our brand new Timeline. Translate or using physics to move the object. goaccess - 1. Otherwise, we'll. I was looking into Slerp() but the angle is always off. Purchase a qualifying QLED TV and Galaxy device (“Qualifying Purchase”) on Samsung. com and send in your qualifying trade-in device to Samsung through the Samsung Trade-In Program, and if Samsung determines your trade-in device meets all eligibility. You can grab the magnitude using the Unity function direction. Unity must've included some kind of 2D LookAt that I'm. Here is the Tri-Unity as clearly defined as the Hebrew Scriptures make it. Check Is Kinematic (in the Rigidbody) as we aren't using the default physics. Radius = 1. & Zander, L. 2, the Animation C# Jobs feature extends the animation Playables with the C# Job System released with 2018. However we know two more things: 1. Dungworth (1988) providesquantitative information about product liability burdens across industries and over time. I had my car towed to the dealership because they wouldn't give me this information over the phone. for debug purposes). To date, there are over 25 story opportunities to discover and complete, each telling a part of one of the many fun-filled stories that can play out. unity transform scale, unity transform lookat, unity transform position, unity transform over time, unity transform parent, unity rect transform position, rect transform unity,. unity 场景里：. In Unity, there are a few ways to change the Rotation between where the character is facing in relation to the target. RotateAround extracted from open source projects. Ce forum est indépendant de l'éditeur Unity Technologies Le Logiciel Unity 3D Scripting Javascript, C# et Boo (C#) CSharp [Résolu] MY-AL Mettre 2 parametres dans un sendmessage Pour les scripts écrits en C#. Interventions by the colonial and post- colonial states, and the processes of social 4. Frustum Culling This page has created related with Enginator5000, which is a software based game engine. Yes - much of it was a flash in the pan, but look back over the last three months. このサイトの炎の揺らぎを解読してみようと思います。 実際に見てもらうと分かりますが、立体的でだいぶリアルな感じの炎が表現されています。 ちなみに解説用にThree. Tutorial 16 : Shadow mapping. What would I not do to procrastinate and postpone studying questions. HTML libraries face an even bigger. Should I be implementing top-down movement with AddForce, or Vector3. Base Offset = 0 12. Such as Quaternion. cs 注释的最开始已经说明了，它只是一个简单的两根骨头的模拟（可以用于手臂和腿）。这个脚本要放到模拟手臂的物体上（当然就是左右控制器了），比如在 OpenVR 插件的 Extra/SteamVR_TestIK. One example has been the introduction of a specialized wheel collider, and thats what users should now use for car wheels in this tutorial. LookAt(target) not. Putsuggestions on the board. W00t! 2,000 views on the blog today! Probably most are spammers, but who cares? Still a victory! Anyway, What I'm going to do is use this blog to not only rant about useless stuff I find interesting, but to also store code snippets and algorithms for later use in applications and such. We just compute a mask over time in the output context (shown above with green/red coloring). Depending upon time, after the slide show, call upon students to name an item in the list that they think is the worst use of plastic, and why. lookat 3D global coordinates of the point where the camera is looking. September-October 2010 - The Journey Magazine I lookat it as letting go of that which no longerserves us in a greater good. Frustum Culling This page has created related with Enginator5000, which is a software based game engine. You'll need to add a little more rotation each frame to rotate the object smoothly. Generate font texture First off, we need to generate a texture for the font that we want to use. To help users navigate the site we have posted a site navigation guide. Still has a pulse. Hey guys! House Party 0. Notice that 16 elements in the matrix are stored as 1D array in column-major order. That's why I believeit will happen. We come from the post production world and so we know you probably don't want your client in your production discussions, or sometimes you want the director and editor to have a private place to discuss their thoughts, and your client might want to create a private discussion. lastUpdate is a pretty important variable as it distributes the updates a robot will get over time. Linear interpolation has many uses. PEACE_TIME_LATE_FACTOR = 1. SteamVR_IK. I want to improve the text consistency in our software, because over time some things got messed up and we have different styles for example in captalization of UI elements (controls). To rotate a Rigidbody , i. Over time, despite considerable resistance to protect the status quo, people came to better understand the earth and its relationship to the heavens. By default ffmpeg sends a whole lotta messages to stderr: when built, how built, codecs, etc, etc, etc. With this little snippet of code the camera now circles around the scene over time. Updated Daily Estimated Visits Estimated Visits The estimated number of visits to this site over the past 30 days. For some reason your suggested change could not be submitted. I really like how Ben takes time to consider things which will make our life easier, like organising folders, refactoring and customising the editor. Please try again in a few minutes. It is possible for malware to persist across a re-format and re-install, if it is sufficiently ingenious and sophisticated: e. position but would hold the new rotations in temporary variables and Slerp between the current transform. Visual Effect Graph samples are working on Windows and Mac editors. It is time for another brainstorming question! This time, I would like to ask your opinion on goals you like to see in strategy games. The goal of this article is to help bring one of the key principals of software to Unity3D developers and show how it can help improve your projects and make you smile when you look at the code. The Math object allows you to perform mathematical tasks. I added several folders over time as I could not find the "zombie" hot key that I was looking for. See more ideas about White gardens, Garden and Planting flowers. CIS 781 3D Raster Graphics Roger Crawfis Ohio State University Realism Through Synthesis Real Fake Play Games … NFL Fever screen shot Stalker screen shot Design Subdivision planning Golf course LPGA. How to look at a target over time in Unity. All characters including men now have dancing animations. I want to improve the text consistency in our software, because over time some things got messed up and we have different styles for example in captalization of UI elements (controls). Versions 1. Rather, they have all the knowledge they need to use L for their task. Unity has a variable named deltaTime (Time. The linux kernal loads most of your drivers automatically when it starts up but sometimes you might find that you have hardware that doesn't have a driver in that version of the kernal. Let’s say this motion occurs over T time and the gravitational accelration is G. That's why I believeit will happen. The best place to ask and answer questions about development with Unity. Full text of "Missouri Department of Social Services Annual Report 2013" See other formats Missouri Department of Social Services Annual Report 2013 The following provides attribution to the creators of the images used on the front cover: Doctor takes blood pressure by Bill Branson Girl in front of a crowd (DSC8606) by Haley Howard Harry Patch by Jim Ross Child at Greenwich Park 1 by Visit. And thank you for taking the time to help us improve the quality of Unity Documentation. It provides baked lightmaps and Light Probes, presents the first output quickly, and iteratively improves it over time. The API to access them has been placed in FbxGlobalSettings class. If we imagine the two galaxies as "test particles" of negligible mass, living in such a Universe, then it's possible. If you integrate this equation over the area of that disk you get $^{[a]}$ $$\mathcal{E} = - \dot{\Phi}$$ where $\Phi$ is the flux threading the disk and $\mathcal{E}$ is the EMF drop around the loop. 13 One 2013 Boston finisher sounded a reflexively critical notes when she said of her short-. It is possible for malware to persist across a re-format and re-install, if it is sufficiently ingenious and sophisticated: e. No dependency on Enlighten. If you did so — and we hope you did — you can use these sliders to filter out early or late events, and you can drag the control to "scrub" through all the data (as you might do in a movie editor), which can reveal developing trends over time. Every time I talk to you, I end up in the fray The easy way out is to say, "I don't wanna see you anymore. The way you have it modeled now is that you expect heat to linearly increase with hour of day, and then jump back down when the hour returns to 1. i hope I entered the code correctly. If you want this transformation to be gradual or want to change each axis at differing rates, you will have to Slerp (or Lerp) it over time. Smooth Transform Constraint (position, rotation, scale) - Works just like the Transform Constraint. Global illumination is calculated at lightmap resolution. This article has been compiled as a primer for the practical use of quaternion rotations in Ogre, skipping over math and matrices where possible. Game programming starts here. I need both these guys to face each other. Rotating is working fine, but I can't figure out a good. io, the indie game hosting marketplace. Collections; using System; public class TurretScript : MonoBehaviour { public float rangeToPlayer; public GameObject bullet; // public GameObject spherePrefab; private GameObject player; // Tag for DynamicWaypointSeek private bool firing = false; //Firing status private float fireTime; // Fire Time private float. The problem is that during normal operation the system is swapping-out over time but never swapping back in. I have an object that I want to face another object. Blends the animation named /animation/ towards /targetWeight/ over the next /time/ seconds. I have a polygon shapefile that has a field of population per year for each feature and I want the plug. Jun 01, 2017 · I've seen similar questions online but most refer to looking at the camera or getting an object to look at the character all the time. Here's lookat a tyou :-) And thanks. Please try again in a few minutes. Over time this can eat away at a user's data limit set by a mobile carrier. 和訳すると、 時間の経過とともに目標位置へ向けてベクトルを徐々に変化させます。. All of which are Good Things. And yes you need to update your drivers over a period of time which may vary from driver to driver. « Unity », les logos Unity et les autres marques Unity sont des marques commerciales ou des marques déposées de Unity Technologies ou de ses filiales aux États-Unis et ailleurs (plus d'informations here). Can you make a non-polar electrolytic capacitor out of two regular electrolytic capacitors? to develop over time if one capacitor leaks and the other does not. # of Windows) $6,305 100% 127 No follow-up – Onetime sale$6,927 70% 10 Two follow-up calls, plus second visit $6,880 100% 2 Second visit only$22,966 100% 1 One follow-up call, plus second visit $2,545 18% 452 No follow-up – Available for follow-up$1,237 14% 42 Two follow-up phone calls \$940 12% 263. When you have the right version of the editor open, get the samples project. Another way is using Quaternion. I have an object that I want to face another object. This means that you need to look at very small At's. " Yet the problems will follow us and fill our lives with horror So we talk it over between lovers Remembering how we first began to know each other All things we will consider The world around us struggle in boiling water. No dependency on Enlighten. intensity, 8f, 0. Shadow maps are the current (as of 2016) way to make dynamic shadows. We just compute a mask over time in the output context (shown above with green/red coloring). 55 points on the index to 43. Let's say this motion occurs over T time and the gravitational accelration is G. So we can treat the wavefunction as slowly varying over time. All characters including men now have dancing animations. I am looking for a way to use the QGIS plugin "Time Manager" to animate a polygon shapefile. API Changes. And thank you for taking the time to help us improve the quality of Unity Documentation. This is a 3D isometric tech demo designed to teach the fundamentals of AI pathfinding, namely Breadth First Search (BFS). The 3 ghosts are unique, dangerous, and the randomness of the items and enemies make the game a different experience each time you play. With some games of strategy, there are clearly identifiable simple objectives that the player has to meet. Unity has a variable named deltaTime (Time. Over 80 practical recipes for creating stunning graphics and effects with the fascinating Away3D engine Cameras are an absolutely essential part of the 3D world of computer graphics. The linux kernal loads most of your drivers automatically when it starts up but sometimes you might find that you have hardware that doesn't have a driver in that version of the kernal. 1 the Playable API is out of experimental. By contrast, unity can be achieved over time, when parties come to the table and subsequently return to the table, understanding that different perspectives and suggestions can not only co-exist, but that they can be healthy in the context of a functional, respectful relationship. That's why I believeit will happen. Instead of ‘Transform. Height = 6. My Over time, notonly did Bob. Tutorial 16 : Shadow mapping. As the title says I want to rotate a GameObject to follow the mouse at increments. The way you have it modeled now is that you expect heat to linearly increase with hour of day, and then jump back down when the hour returns to 1. In the Peril System, the enemy progresses over a short duration of time while earning Enhancements for commonly occurring events. It gives you the freedom to create original solutions when implementing your animation system, and improve performance with safe multithreaded code at the same time. There are 3 ways to create a Tweener: the generic way, the shortcuts way and additional generic ways. These systems, however, did not remain fixed over time. on Lookat religious studies as if it were real. Even after closing all the main processes the RAM usage goes to a few hundred MB but the swap remains full. Unity is an incredible 3D package used for making video games, architectural and medical imaging and more. github project When the player goes to a car house to choose a car at that time for showing the car from all the sides. Consider code sample 1-4, which allows us to vary an object's speed over time with an animation curve. Discover why more than 10 million students and educators use Course Hero. And then you can multiply time if you want it faster or slower like Time. 18 record of performance and condition over the entire life - shows total dropouts on tracks 7 and 14 measured on time of these tapes. HTML libraries face an even bigger. Creating E-Learning Games with Unity. Tethering and soft body Finally, we get to see things interact with the world. Save the code as a text file with the. A 'read' is counted each time someone views a publication summary (such as the title, abstract, and list of authors), clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the full-text. Use Unity to build high-quality 3D and 2D games, deploy them across mobile, desktop, VR/AR, consoles or the Web, and connect with loyal and enthusiastic players and customers. Afterthat time some land was lost, and thecaliphal state began to break up. The function can be used to smooth any kind of value, positions, colors, scalars. It's time to improve your skill to take your revenge… again and again… We have 2 protagonist: the player and the monster, this is the ultra basic concept, but it is not simple as it looks. The y will tear churches apart, tear homesapart, tear relationships apart, because that bitterness inside of them defiles everywhere it goes. Please try again in a few minutes. The generic way. I want to improve the text consistency in our software, because over time some things got messed up and we have different styles for example in captalization of UI elements (controls). Otherwise you'll make an orbit around a slightly different radius.


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Open Access

# Extension of some Lions-Magenes theorems

### Abstract

A general form of the Lions-Magenes theorems on solvability of an elliptic boundary-value problem in the spaces of nonregular distributions is proved. We find a general condition on the space of right-hand sides of the elliptic equation under which the operator of the problem is bounded and has a finite index on the corresponding couple of Hilbert spaces. Extensive classes of the spaces satisfying this condition are constructed. They contain the spaces used by Lions and Magenes and many others spaces.

### Article Information

 Title Extension of some Lions-Magenes theorems Source Methods Funct. Anal. Topology, Vol. 15 (2009), no. 2, 152-167 MathSciNet MR2553531 Copyright The Author(s) 2009 (CC BY-SA)

### Authors Information

Aleksandr A. Murach
Institute of Mathematics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 3 Tereshchenkivs'ka, Kyiv, 01601, Ukraine; Chernigiv State Technological University, 95 Shevchenka, Chernigiv, 14027, Ukraine

### Citation Example

Aleksandr A. Murach, Extension of some Lions-Magenes theorems, Methods Funct. Anal. Topology 15 (2009), no. 2, 152-167.

### BibTex

@article {MFAT502,
AUTHOR = {Murach, Aleksandr A.},
TITLE = {Extension of some Lions-Magenes theorems},
JOURNAL = {Methods Funct. Anal. Topology},
FJOURNAL = {Methods of Functional Analysis and Topology},
VOLUME = {15},
YEAR = {2009},
NUMBER = {2},
PAGES = {152-167},
ISSN = {1029-3531},
URL = {http://mfat.imath.kiev.ua/article/?id=502},
}

format: plain


text:
# Find the indices of values in one list in another

You must take two lists of positive integers as input, let's call these n and m.

You may assume that:

• All integers in n are part of m
• All integers in m are unique
• The lists are non-empty

### Challenge: Return the indices of where you find the values in n, in m.

That might be confusing, but I think the test cases will make the task pretty clear. The examples are 1-indexed, you may choose 0-indexed if you want to (please specify).

n = 5 3 4 1
m = 6 8 4 1 2 5 3 100
output: 6 7 3 4    // 5 is in the 6th position of m
// 3 is in the 7th position of m
// 4 is in the 3rd position of m
// 1 is in the 4th position of m

n = 5 3 4 9 7 5 7
m = 3 4 5 7 9
output: 3 1 2 5 4 3 4

n = 1 2 3 4 5 6
m = 1 2 3 4 5 6
output: 1 2 3 4 5 6

n = 16 27 18 12 6 26 11 24 26 20 2 8 7 12 5 22 22 2 17 4
m = 15 18 11 16 14 20 37 38 6 36 8 32 21 2 31 22 33 4 1 35 3 25 9 30 26 39 5 23 29 10 13 12 7 19 24 17 34 27 40 28
output: 4 38 2 32 9 25 3 35 25 6 14 11 33 32 27 16 16 14 36 18

n = 54
m = 54
output: 1

The winners will be the shortest solutions in each language.

This is a very nice meta-post by the way!

• This might be a strange question, but would it be OK to assume the input will have a trailing space? – James May 1 '17 at 17:57
• Curious why you ask, but yeah, sure... – Stewie Griffin May 1 '17 at 17:59

# V, 26 bytes

jòdf kÄ/-
DÓÓ
ÒC1@"Gòdk

Try it online!

This is a very strange and hacky solution, because V has little to no concept of numbers. Input comes in this format:

6 8 4 1 2 5 3 100
5 3 4 1

With a trailing space on each line.

Hexdump:

00000000: 6af2 6466 206b c42f 122d 0a44 d3d3 0ad2  j.df k./.-.D....
00000010: 0143 311b 4022 47f2 646b                 .C1.@"G.dk

Explanation:

j                   " Move down one line (to N) (1)
ò                  " Recursively:
df                "   (d)elete until you (f)ind a space. This will be saved into
"   register '-' (2)
k              "   Move up one line (to M)
Ä             "   Duplicate line M (3)
/<C-r>-      "   Move the cursor forward until the next occurence of register '-'
"   (the number we deleted from N)
"   (4)
D                   "   Delete every character *after* the cursor (5)
ÓÓ                 "   Remove everything on this line except for whitespace
Ò<C-a>              "   Replace every character on this line with <C-a>, which is the
"   command for incrementing a number (6)
C             "   Delete this line into register '"', and enter insert mode
1<esc>       "   Enter a '1' and return to normal mode
@"     "   Run register '"' as V code (7)
G    "   Go to the last line (1)
ò   " End recursion
dk " Delete the last two lines (m and n)

If this doesn't make it clearer, here are examples of the buffer during the various stages the loop goes through:

Stage 1 (| is the cursor)

6 8 4 1 2 5 3 100
|5 3 4 1

Stage 2:

6 8 4 1 2 5 3 100
|3 4 1

Stage 3:

|6 8 4 1 2 5 3 100
6 8 4 1 2 5 3 100
3 4 1

Stage 4:

6 8 4 1 2 |5 3 100
6 8 4 1 2 5 3 100
3 4 1

Stage 5:

6 8 4 1 2 |
6 8 4 1 2 5 3 100
3 4 1

Stage 6:

|<C-a><C-a><C-a><C-a><C-a>
6 8 4 1 2 5 3 100
3 4 1

Stage 7:

|6
6 8 4 1 2 5 3 100
3 4 1

Back to stage 1:

6
6 8 4 1 2 5 3 100
|3 4 1

# Python 2, 25 bytes

lambda a,b:map(a.index,b)

Try it online!

Note that this uses 0-indexing.

# APL (Dyalog), 1 byte

⍳

Try it online!

Note: the ⍳ function does not take scalars as its left argument, so to give it a left argument like 54, you have to make it into an array using , like so (,54).

## Mathematica, 25 bytes

#&@@@PositionIndex@#/@#2&

Takes two inputs m and n, and returns the 1-based indices of n in m.

# Retina, 3231 30 bytes

1 byte saved thanks to Kritixi Lithos and 1 byte thanks to Martin Ender

(\d+)(?=.*¶(\d+ )*\1 )
$#2 G1  Uses 0-indexing. Input has a trailing space on each line. Try it online! Explanation (\d+)(?=.*¶(\d+ )*\1 )$#2

Here we replace every number on the first line by the number of numbers before the same number on the second line.

G1

Then, we delete the second line, leaving only the new first line as the output.

# Java, 104 81 bytes

1 byte thanks to Business cat.

void f(int[]a,int[]b){for(int i=0,j=0;i<b.length;)j=a[j++]==b[i]?0*(b[i++]=j):j;}

Try it online!

# C#, 32 Bytes

(n,m)=>n.Select(i=>m.IndexOf(i))

This is the code as a lambda expression, so it should be valid.

The solution is with a 0 based index. I think it's pretty straigt forward how it works - it simply takes the items of n and selects the indices of the items in m.

# Octave, 25 bytes

@(n,m)([x,~]=find(n==m'))

Try it online!

# Haskell, 32 bytes

a%b=[length$fst$span(/=x)b|x<-a]

Try it online! One-indexed.

Other attempts:

q(h:t)x|x==h=0|1>0=1+q t x;map.q
f b=map$length.fst.($b).span.(/=)
a%b=[until((==x).(b!!))(+1)0|x<-a]
a%b=[until(\y->x==b!!y)(+1)0|x<-a]
import Data.List;map.flip elemIndex

# k, 1

This is a built-in operator in k and uses zero-based indexing.

?

Example:

k)6 8 4 1 2 5 3 100 ? 5 3 4 1
5 6 2 3

# 05AB1E, 5 bytes

v²yk,

Try it online!

v     # For each value in n (call it y)
²    # Push m
y   # Push y
k, # Print the 0-indexed index of y in m

# Jelly, 3 bytes

iÐ€

Try it online!

## Specs

• Input: two arguments, the first being m, and the second being n.
• Output: one array

## JavaScript (ES6), 28 bytes

Takes the arrays in currying syntax (n)(m). 0-indexed.

let f =

n=>m=>n.map(v=>m.indexOf(v))

console.log(JSON.stringify(f([5,3,4,1])([6,8,4,1,2,5,3,100])))
console.log(JSON.stringify(f([5,3,4,9,7,5,7])([3,4,5,7,9])))
console.log(JSON.stringify(f([1,2,3,4,5,6])([1,2,3,4,5,6])))
console.log(JSON.stringify(f([16,27,18,12,6,26,11,24,26,20,2,8,7,12,5,22,22,2,17,4])([15,18,11,16,14,20,37,38,6,36,8,32,21,2,31,22,33,4,1,35,3,25,9,30,26,39,5,23,29,10,13,12,7,19,24,17,34,27,40,28])))
console.log(JSON.stringify(f([54])([54])))

# Perl 6, 31 bytes

->\n,\m{n.map:{m.first($_,:k)}}  Try it ## Expanded: -> \n, \m { # pointy block lambda n.map: { # map over the values in ｢n｣ m.first($_, :k ) # return the key ｢:k｣ of the first occurrence
}
}

0 indexed

# Japt, 4 bytes

m!bV

Test it online!

### Explanation

There's not much to explain here, but it shows off an interesting feature of Japt. Normally, you would pass a function to m, like so:

mX{VbX}

This is basically U.map(X => V.indexOf(X)) (the U is implicit). However, when you're just performing one operation between two values (b here, on V and X), you can just give the operator and the other value and Japt will make a function out of it. This means mX{X+2} can be golfed to m+2.

However, this doesn't work when the values are in the wrong order (mbV would be short for mX{XbV}). To get around this, you can prepend an exclamation mark to the operator, which tells Japt to swap the operands. This costs an extra byte, but it's still a couple bytes shorter than the alternative. And now you know a little more about Japt.

# MATL, 2 bytes

&m

This uses 1-indexing. Try it online!

### Explanation

The meta-function & indicates that the next function will use a (function-specific) secondary default in/out specification. For function m (ismember), & specifies that its second output will be produced. This contains the index of (the first occurrence of) each entry of the first input in the second input.

## Haskell, 34 bytes

n#m=[i|a<-n,(i,e)<-zip[1..]m,e==a]

Usage example: [5,3,4,9,7,5,7] # [3,4,5,7,9] -> [3,1,2,5,4,3,4]

The built-in elemIndex is in Data.List and therefore longer than the version above. The outer loop goes through n and the inner loop through pairs of (i,e) where i is the index of e in m. Keep the i where e equals the current element of n.

# R, 20 5 bytes

1-indexed; match is the builtin function that finds the indices in the second input of the elements of the first, i.e., match(n,m) gives the desired answer

match

thanks to @flodel for pointing out that returning a function is perfectly acceptable as an answer!

Try it online!

• I think match (5 bytes) alone would be an acceptable solution. – flodel May 2 '17 at 11:07
• you are correct, updated. – Giuseppe May 3 '17 at 19:30

# Pyth, 4 bytes

xLQE

Try it online!

Note that this uses 0-indexing.

# J, 2 bytes

i.

This is not a complete program, but a built-in function.

Use it as such:

echo 6 8 4 1 2 5 3 100 i. 5 3 4 1

Try it online!

Note that this uses 0-indexing.

# CJam, 4 bytes

{f#}

Anonymous block that expects arguments on the stack and leaves the result on the stack.

Uses 0-indexing.

Try it online!

## Haskell, 43 bytes

a*b=[[fst x|x<-zip[0..]b,y==snd x]!!0|y<-a]

a*b=                                         -- define function * with 2 args
[                                |y<-a]  -- for each elt in first arg
zip[0..]b                     -- match elts in second arg w/ idxs
-- [a,b,c] -> [[0,a],[1,b],[2,c]]
[fst x|x<-                  ]           -- take first element in each pair
,y==snd x            -- if the index matches
!!0        -- first element (always only 1)

## Clojure, 25 bytes

#(map(zipmap %2(range))%)

0-indexed.

# Perl 5, 38 34 bytes

4 bytes saved thanks to Dada

sub{map$x{$_}//($x{$_}=++$x)x0,@_}  1-indexed. Takes the lists m and n as a single list, like f(@m,@n). The x0 is just to keep the output from starting with 1,2,3,4,5, etc. • Nice answer. Note that anonymous functions are allowed, so sub{...} can save you 2 bytes. Also, you can use x0 instead of &&() to save two more bytes. – Dada May 2 '17 at 10:56 # PHP, 56 Bytes Online Versions 0 Indexing output as String <?foreach($_GET[0]as$v)echo" ".array_flip($_GET[1])[$v];  ## PHP, 65 Bytes Output as array <?foreach($_GET[0]as$v)$r[]=array_flip($_GET[1])[$v];print_r($r);  PHP, 78 Bytes workaround with array_map <?print_r(array_map(function($v){return array_flip($_GET[1])[$v];},$_GET[0]));  for not unique arrays replace with array_flip($_GET[1])[$v] array_search($v,$_GET[1]) # Bash + coreutils, 51 for n in$1
do grep -wn $n <<<"$2"
done|cut -d: -f1

s()(sort -$1k2) nl|s|join -j2 - <(nl<<<"$1"|s)|s n|cut -d\  -f3

# Java 7, 80 bytes

void c(int[]a,java.util.List b){for(int i=0;i<a.length;a[i]=b.indexOf(a[i++]));}

0-indexed

Explanation:

void c(int[]a,java.util.List b){  // Method with integer-array and List parameters
for(int i=0;i<a.length;         //  Loop over the integer-array
a[i]=b.indexOf(a[i++])        //   And change every value to the index of the List
);                              //  End of loop (no body)
}                                 // End of method

Test code:

Try it here.

import java.util.Arrays;
class M{
static void c(int[]a,java.util.List b){for(int i=0;i<a.length;a[i]=b.indexOf(a[i++]));}

public static void main(String[] a){
int[] x = new int[]{ 5, 3, 4, 1 };
c(x, Arrays.asList(6, 8, 4, 1, 2, 5, 3, 100));
System.out.println(Arrays.toString(x));

x = new int[]{ 5, 3, 4, 9, 7, 5, 7 };
c(x, Arrays.asList(3, 4, 5, 7, 9));
System.out.println(Arrays.toString(x));

x = new int[]{ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 };
c(x, Arrays.asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6));
System.out.println(Arrays.toString(x));

x = new int[]{ 16, 27, 18, 12, 6, 26, 11, 24, 26, 20, 2, 8, 7, 12, 5, 22, 22, 2, 17, 4 };
c(x, Arrays.asList(15, 18, 11, 16, 14, 20, 37, 38, 6, 36, 8, 32, 21, 2, 31, 22, 33, 4, 1, 35, 3, 25, 9, 30, 26, 39, 5, 23, 29, 10, 13, 12, 7, 19, 24, 17, 34, 27, 40, 28));
System.out.println(Arrays.toString(x));

x = new int[]{ 54 };
c(x, Arrays.asList(54));
System.out.println(Arrays.toString(x));
}
}

Output:

[5, 6, 2, 3]
[2, 0, 1, 4, 3, 2, 3]
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
[3, 37, 1, 31, 8, 24, 2, 34, 24, 5, 13, 10, 32, 31, 26, 15, 15, 13, 35, 17]
[0]


text:
# Phototransistor vs LDR

1. Oct 20, 2006

### flash

Hi,
I'm wondering what the difference between a light dependent resistor and a phototransistor is. Am i correct in assuming they are the same if the third lead of the phototransistor is not connected to anything?
Thanks!

2. Oct 21, 2006

### Hootenanny

Staff Emeritus
From my somewhat limited experience with electronics I seem to recall that phototransistors can amplify the current produced and therefore have a greater sensitivity that of a photodioide, the response times are slower however. This question may be better placed in the Engineering forums (perhaps Berkeman could take a look).

3. Oct 21, 2006

### Reshma

Yes, this question should be in one of the Engineering forums.
A photodiode has an ability to produce large light to dark current ratio. The current produced by a photodiode is of few micro-amperes. A normal transistor has a property to amplify the input current by $\beta$ times where $\beta$ ranges from 50 t0 300 and is known as current amplification factor. A Phototransistor combines the advantages of a photodiode as well as a normal transistor.

LDR as the name suggests is a Light Dependent Resistor whose resistance changes according to the intensity of the light incident on it.


text:
on December 13, 2010 by Stuart Owen in Tools, Comments (1)

# Taverna command line

There are times when it becomes impractical to run workflows within the Taverna workbench. Examples of such scenarios are when running a workflow that is expected to take a long time to complete, or requires greater resources than that available on a typical desktop or laptop computer.

To assist in these types of scenarios, Taverna provides a command line utility, that allows an existing workflow to be run without the graphical user interface. Along with removing the additional overhead of the user interface, this also allows workflows to be executed remotely using a command line terminal (most likely using ssh).

The command line utility is provided with information about which workflow to execute, the input data to be fed into the workflow, and how to retrieve the results. There are also some more advanced configuration options for defining how the workflow is executed, such as which database to use, whether to gather provenance information, and how intermediate data is stored. The command line tool can use MySQL as the database for storing intermediate values and provenance.

Of course, the command line utility does not support creation or editing of workflows. The workflow should first be created, tested and refined using the Taverna workbench, and then stored either as a local file or online at myExperiment.

There follows an example of using the command line tool to execute a workflow that has been published on myExperiment. This Get Kegg Pathway information workflow, by Paul Fisher, gets a series of information relating to a list of KEGG pathways supplied to it.

\$ sh ./executeworkflow.sh -inputvalue kegg_pathway_id_list "path:mmu04010 path:mmu05014" http://www.myexperiment.org/workflows/1099/download?version=1

The command line utility is available for Windows, Linux and Unix based platforms including Mac OS X. Full technical details about using the command line, and the available options, are described in the Taverna User Guide.

The command line utility can also be used as a simple solution to embedding Taverna within another application. However, if you are interested in using the command line tool in this way, you should also consider using the Taverna server and related libraries.

As a rule of thumb, if you are working alone, and want a quick simple solution to remote execution then the Taverna Command Line utility would most likely be the preferred option. If you are wanting to create a long term solution that is to be used collaboratively as part of a wider team then the Taverna Server is going to be more suitable.

## 1 Comment

1. Taverna server | The Taverna Knowledge Blog

December 13, 2010 @ 2:51 pm

[…] described for the Taverna command line utility, sometimes it may be impractical to run Taverna workflows within the Taverna workbench. […]


text:
# Help understanding localized bonding theory

So I understand molecular orbitals and how to do VSEPR models, but I seem to be struggling with understanding localized bonding theory and how to do hybridizations. After drawing the initial lewis structure then molecular orbital, I do not know where to go in terms of whether something has a Pi or Sigma bond. Also, how do I know when an atom has a carbon attached as an extra sigma bond or not? I understand how to know if it is sp, sp2, etc. but I do not know what that means.

Any help would be greatly appreciated.

-

First of all, 'hybridisation' is a hypothetical concept, i.e. orbitals don't really mix to form new orbitals, but 'hybridisations' are very successful in explaining structures of molecules and their physical properties. So knowing that a compound has $\text{sp}^2$ hybridisation will just help you arrange the constituent atoms around the central atom. Physically it has no other meaning. It's just like vector cross product in Physics (for example the torque on a rotating wheel acts along the axis, i mean what does that even mean physically).

Secondly regarding how to know if an atom has a $\pi$ or a $\sigma$ bond: observing many structures(Lewis structures) and recognizing certain trends is the way out.

Some rules of the thumb that will help you draw structures are as follows:
1. Identify the central atom as the one that can make the most bonds.
2. Hydrogen makes only one bond. If Oxygen is present in the same compound, the Hydrogen is generally attached to the Oxygen forming a $\ce{O-H}$ group.
3. Second period elements cannot expand their octets(i.e have more than 8 electrons in valence shell)
4. Mostly second period elements can make $\pi$ bonds.(That really solves part of your query). Although in some rare cases third period elements may also make $\pi$ bonds.
5. Never neglect the lone pairs(or non-bonding electrons) of the central atom.

Remember that these are only thumb rules and may be violated sometimes.

-


text:
Jet Set Go! All about Aeroplanes Jet Set Go! All about Aeroplanes

# Dielectric Polarization in Polar and Nonpolar Material and Dielectric Constant

We know that dielectrics are used in components such as capacitors and radios. When configured properly, dielectric materials can be used to store energy too. Most of these materials are solid in nature and some fluids and gases also exhibit dielectric properties. In this article, let us learn more about dielectric material and dielectric polarization in detail.

## What Is a Dielectric Material?

A dielectric material is a type of insulator that becomes polarised when it comes in contact with an electric field. Although it is not a good conductor of electricity, it can easily support an electrostatic field. They are found as solids, liquids and gases. A few examples of dielectric materials are:

• Dielectric Gas – Dry Air
• Solid Dielectrics – Mica, Ceramic, Plastic and Glass
• Dielectric Liquid – Distilled Water

In the next few sections, let us discuss Dielectric Polarization in Polar and Nonpolar Materials.

## Characteristics of Polar and Non-Polar Molecules

Insulators are materials with very poor conductivity. Insulators are not very good at conducting either heat or electricity owing to the absence of loosely bound or freely moving charges in the atoms of the insulator. When insulators are placed in an electric field, practically no current flows in them, unlike in metals. Instead in some insulators, electric polarization occurs. A dielectric is an insulator that undergoes electric polarization on the application of the electric field. The charges in dielectric material do not move but only shift slightly from the equilibrium position resulting in the dielectric polarization. In our article on Polar and Non-Polar Material: Dielectric Material and Dipole Moment, we examined the nature of bonds that decide the polarity of the molecules. Electronegativity and the structure of the atoms in the molecules decide whether it is polar or nonpolar molecules.

### Non-Polar Molecule

A nonpolar molecule refers to a molecule without a dipole. The charges in a nonpolar molecule are equally distributed. In spite of the lack of a dipole, a dielectric nonpolar material introduced in an electric field will be affected. In an electric field, the positive and the negative charges in a nonpolar molecule experience forces in opposite directions as a result of their opposite polarities. This force causes the electron cloud of a nonpolar molecule to be displaced in the direction of the attraction. This displacement goes on until the attraction by the electric field is balanced by the internal forces of the molecule. Thus, in the presence of an electric field, even a nonpolar molecule experiences an induced dipole moment.

This dipole moment is induced in the direction of the field and is directly proportional to the strength of the electric field that the nonpolar material is subjected to. Both polar and nonpolar molecules experience polarization on exposure to the electric field but the difference between a nonpolar and a polar molecule is that nonpolar molecules are induced with a dipole by current whereas polar molecules have permanent dipoles. Due to the induced nature of polarity, on the removal of the electric field, a nonpolar material loses its polarity and are returned to its original state.

### Polar Molecule

Polar molecules undergo Dipolar Polarization which is also referred to as Orientation Polarization. A polar molecule, on the other hand, is already blessed with electric dipoles and this dipole is not induced. This dipole exists due to the bonds and the structure of a polar molecule. But we cannot utilize this already existing dipole moment right away. Due to thermal agitation, the dipoles in a polar material are oriented randomly. Therefore the dipole moment of the molecules in the material cancels out resulting in a net dipole moment of zero. We need to apply an electric field here as well, albeit for different purposes.

When an electric field is applied, the individual dipole moments align themselves in the direction of the electric field. This means that the bonds, their nature and their orientation remain constant and the polar molecule only rotates about its axis minutely to align itself. This alignment when summed up over all the molecules leads to a net dipole moment in the direction of the electric field. The extent to which the polar molecules get polarised and align themselves is related to two factors; the strength of the external field and the thermal energy that breaks this alignment.

## Calculating Dipolar Polarization

The already existing dipoles rotate to align with the electric field. It is also known as Orientation Polarization.

Thus, irrespective of whether a material is polar or nonpolar, the application of electric field results in the creation of a net dipole moment across the material. The dipole moment per net unit volume is called Polarisation. For an ideal dielectric material,

P = χe E

Where χe represents the characteristic property of the dielectric material known as the Electric Susceptibility of the dielectric medium. P here represents Polarization due to the applied electric field E. Another important parameter is the Relative Permittivity ϵr also known as the Dielectric Constant. The dielectric constant refers to the ability of a dielectric medium to store electrical energy in an electric field. The dielectric constant is the ratio of the capacitance C of the capacitor with the dielectric medium to the capacitance C0 of the capacitor in a vacuum. This can also be written in terms of the ratio of charges Q (with the dielectric) to Qo (in a vacuum).

$$\begin{array}{l}ϵ_r = \frac{Q}{Q_0} = \frac{C}{C_0}\end{array}$$

## Applications of Dielectric Material

The dielectric material is largely used in the manufacturing of capacitors. Dielectric due to their unique capacity for electrical polarization. We have already discussed the phenomenon of the induced dipole in nonpolar materials and the alignment of the dipole in the polar material. The dielectric sample contains a very large number of dipoles distributed throughout its body. When subjected to an electric field, the positive end of one dipole sits next to the negative of the neighbouring dipole, the positive end of which sits next to the negative terminal of the other dipole and so on. They form a chain of alternating positive and negative polarities throughout the material.

This is also the case with nonpolar materials and this alignment leads to the creation of an electric field. This electric field which is set up due to the net dipole moment of the material opposes the external electric field which reduces the electric field built up by a capacitor during charging. This means that we can now accumulate more charges to bring back the electric field to its original intensity. This means that the capacity of a capacitor is effectively increased by introducing a dielectric medium between the plates of the capacitor.

## Frequently Asked Questions – FAQs

### What is dielectric material?

A dielectric material is a type of insulator that becomes polarised when it comes in contact with an electric field.

### Give some examples of dielectrics?

Examples of dielectrics are:
• Dielectric Gas – Dry Air
• Solid Dielectrics – Mica, Ceramic, Plastic and Glass
• Dielectric Liquid – Distilled Water

True.

### Define orientation polarization.

When the existing dipoles rotate to align with the electric field, it is known as orientation polarization.

### Give the formula to calculate the polarization of an ideal dielectric material.

P = χe E

What happens when a dielectric is inserted into a capacitor?

Test your knowledge on Dielectric polarization


text:
Single layer Perceptrons can learn only linearly separable patterns. If the sets P and N are finite and linearly separable, the perceptron learning algorithm updates the weight vector wt a finite number of times. There are two perceptron algorithm variations introduced to deal with the problems. Convergence. I Margin def: Suppose the data are linearly separable, and all data points are away from the separating hyperplane. /Linearized 1 the data is linearly separable), the perceptron algorithm will converge. >> The basic perceptron algorithm was first introduced by Ref 1 in the late 1950s. Make learning your daily ritual. It can be shown that convergence is guaranteed in the linearly separable case but not otherwise. The sign function is used to distinguish x as either a positive (+1) or a negative (-1) label. In 2 dimensions: We start with drawing a random line. Input … This algorithm enables neurons to learn and processes elements in the training set one at a time. The θ are updated whether the data points are misclassified or not. The number of the iteration k has a finite value implies that once the data points are linearly separable through the origin, the perceptron algorithm converges eventually no matter what the initial value of θ is. trailer 0000017147 00000 n A Perceptron is an algorithm for supervised learning of binary classifiers. /Root 64 0 R Linear Separability If the training instances are linearly separable, eventually the perceptron algorithm will find weights wsuch that the classifier gets everything correct. You can just go through my previous post on the perceptron model (linked above) but I will assume that you won’t. 63 37 Then the perceptron algorithm will converge in at most kw k2epochs. Observe the datasetsabove. Gradient Descent and Perceptron Convergence • The Two-Category Linearly Separable Case (5.4) • Minimizing the Perceptron Criterion Function (5.5) CSE 555: Srihari Role of Linear Discriminant Functions • A Discriminative Approach • as opposed to Generative approach of Parameter Estimation ... Algorithm Weights a+ and a- associated with each of the categories to be learnt The concepts also stand for the presence of θ₀. /Size 100 the data is linearly separable), the perceptron algorithm will converge. Note that the margin boundaries are related to the regularization to prevent overfitting of the data, which is beyond the scope discussed here. 0000007468 00000 n 0 The proposed modication to the discrete perceptron brings universality with the expense of getting just a slight modication in hardware implementation. In case you forget the perceptron learning algorithm, you may find it here. 0000004979 00000 n Perceptrons by Minsky and Papert (in)famously demonstrated in 1969 that the perceptron learning algorithm is not guaranteed to converge for datasets that are not linearly separable.. /Pages 59 0 R Convergence Convergence theorem –If there exist a set of weights that are consistent with the data (i.e. Perceptron is a steepest descent type algorithm that normally … According to the perceptron convergence theorem, the perceptron learning rule guarantees to find a solution within a finite number of steps if the provided data set is linearly separable. Convergence of the training algorithm The training procedure of the perceptron stops when no more updates occur over an epoch, which corresponds to the obtention of a model classifying correctly all the training data. 0000001088 00000 n 0000021134 00000 n In this note we give a convergence proof for the algorithm (also covered in lecture). Our perceptron and proof are extensible, which we demonstrate by adapting our convergence proof to the averaged perceptron, a common variant of the basic perceptron algorithm. The perceptron algorithm is a simple classification method that plays an important historical role in the development of the much more flexible neural network. 0000002569 00000 n One can prove that $(R/\gamma)^2$ is an upper bound for how many errors the algorithm will make. O� �C����T�>�?��j�2ڵTlK��GZ��1��x�h���G>�9�. 0000013808 00000 n /E 40156 The Perceptron Convergence I Again taking b= 0 (absorbing it into w). Convergence Proof exists. As such, the algorithm cannot converge on non-linearly separable data sets. The idea behind the binary linear classifier can be described as follows. Both the perceptron and ADLINE are single layer networks and ar e often referred to as single layer perceptrons. �PO�|�x�M As we shall see in the experiments, the algorithm actually continues to improve performance ... we review the classical analysis of the online perceptron algorithm in the linearly separable case, as well as an extension to the inseparable case. 0000011126 00000 n If a data set is linearly separable, the Perceptron will find a separating hyperplane in a finite number of updates. Convergence Convergence theorem –If there exist a set of weights that are consistent with the data (i.e. Some point is on … If the classes are not linearly separable, … F. Rosenblatt,” The perceptron: A probabilistic model for information storage and organization in the brain,” Psychological Review, 1958. doi: 10.1037/h0042519, M. Mohri, and A. Rostamizadeh,” Perceptron Mistake Bounds,” arxiv, 2013. https://arxiv.org/pdf/1305.0208.pdf, S. S.-Shwartz, Y. /Prev 215907 However, this perceptron algorithm may encounter convergence problems once the data points are linearly non-separable. Note that the given data are linearly non-separable so that the decision boundary drawn by the perceptron algorithm diverges. In Machine Learning, the Perceptron algorithm converges on linearly separable data in a finite number of steps. The perceptron convergence theorem basically states that the perceptron learning algorithm converges in finite number of steps, given a linearly separable dataset. The perceptron algorithm is the simplest form of artificial neural networks. It should be noted that mathematically γ‖θ∗‖2 is the distance d of the closest datapoint to the linear separ… 64 0 obj 0000005018 00000 n So here goes, a perceptron is not the Sigmoid neuron we use in ANNs or any deep learning networks today. The λ for the pegasos algorithm uses 0.2 here. 0000001181 00000 n This post will show you how the perceptron algorithm works when it has a single layer and walk you through a worked example. /N 13 In this section, we assume that the two classes ω 1, ω 2 are linearly separable. >> 0000012106 00000 n Convergence Proof for the Perceptron Algorithm Michael Collins Figure 1 shows the perceptron learning algorithm, as described in lecture. Lin… For example, separating cats from a group of cats and dogs. 0000009489 00000 n The convergence proof of the perceptron learning algorithm. It will never converge if the data is not linearly separable. the consistent perceptron found after the perceptron algorithm is run to convergence. of the weight vector. One way to find the decision boundary is using the perceptron algorithm. Section 1.2 describes Rosenblatt’s perceptron in its most basic form.It is followed by Section 1.3 on the perceptron convergence theorem. We also discuss some variations and extensions of the Perceptron. Single layer perceptrons can only solve linearly separable problems. Neural Network from Scratch: Perceptron Linear Classifier - John … The perceptron model is a more general computational model than McCulloch-Pitts neuron. stream 98 0 obj Convergence Convergence theorem –If there exist a set of weights that are consistent with the data (i.e. The perceptron algorithm is a key algorithm to understand when learning about neural networks and deep learning. Yes, the perceptron learning algorithm is a linear classifier. Proposition 8. 0000005040 00000 n This theorem proves conver- gence of the perceptron as a linearly separable pattern classifier in a finite number time-steps. The training instances are linearly separable if there exists a hyperplane that will separate the two classes. The Perceptron was arguably the first algorithm with a strong formal guarantee. 0000001634 00000 n In this case, no "approximate" solution will be gradually approached under the standard learning algorithm, but instead, learning will fail … The perceptron is a binary classifier that linearly separates datasets that are linearly separable . If the sets P and N are finite and linearly separable, the perceptron learning algorithm updates the weight vector wt a finite number of times. /H [ 1181 474 ] The theorems of the perceptron convergence has been proven in Ref 2. 0000009511 00000 n endobj Singer, N. Srebro, and A. Cotter,” Pegasos: primal estimated sub-gradient solver for SVM,” Mathematical Programming, 2010. doi: 10.1007/s10107–010–0420–4, Hands-on real-world examples, research, tutorials, and cutting-edge techniques delivered Monday to Thursday. Perceptron Convergence. The details are discussed in Ref 3. Figure 1 illustrates the aforementioned concepts with the 2-D case where the x = [x₁ x₂]ᵀ, θ = [θ₁ θ₂] and θ₀ is a offset scalar. Perceptron models can only learn on linearly separable data. It takes an input, aggregates it (weighted sum) and returns 1 only if the aggregated sum is more than some threshold else returns 0. e.g. xref The Perceptron Learning Algorithm and its Convergence Shivaram Kalyanakrishnan January 21, 2017 Abstract We introduce the Perceptron, describe the Perceptron Learning Algorithm, and provide a proof of convergence when the algorithm is run on linearly-separable data. We introduce the Perceptron, describe the Perceptron Learning Algorithm, and provide a proof of convergence when the algorithm is run on linearly-separable data. We also discuss some variations and extensions of the Perceptron. The pseudocode of the algorithm is described as follows. 0000001655 00000 n on linearly separable datasets). 0000028390 00000 n y(w x) is the margin. That is, there exists some w such that 3) wTp > 0 for every input vector p ∈ C1 4) wTp < 0 for every input vector p ∈ C2 3) What need to do is find some w such that the above is satisfied, which is the purpose of the perceptron algorithm. Gradient Descent and Perceptron Convergence • The Two-Category Linearly Separable Case (5.4) • Minimizing the Perceptron Criterion Function (5.5) CSE 555: Srihari Role of Linear Discriminant Functions ... Algorithm Weights a+ and a- associated with each of the categories to be learnt The perceptron is a linear classifier, therefore it will never get to the state with all the input vectors classified correctly if the training set D is not linearly separable, i.e. Use Icecream Instead, 7 A/B Testing Questions and Answers in Data Science Interviews, 10 Surprisingly Useful Base Python Functions, How to Become a Data Analyst and a Data Scientist, The Best Data Science Project to Have in Your Portfolio, Three Concepts to Become a Better Python Programmer, Social Network Analysis: From Graph Theory to Applications with Python. The convergence proof of the perceptron learning algorithm. e.g. Take a look, Stop Using Print to Debug in Python. 35. the data is linearly separable), the perceptron algorithm will converge. Proved that: If the exemplars used to train the perceptron are drawn from two linearly separable classes, then the perceptron algorithm converges and positions the decision surface in the form of a hyperplane between the two classes. The intuition behind the updating rule is to push the y⁽ⁱ ⁾ (θ⋅ x⁽ⁱ ⁾ + θ₀) closer to a positive value if y⁽ⁱ ⁾ (θ⋅ x⁽ⁱ ⁾ + θ₀) ≦ 0 since y⁽ⁱ ⁾ (θ⋅ x⁽ⁱ ⁾ + θ₀) > 0 represents classifying the i-th data point correctly. You can play with the data and the hyperparameters yourself to see how the different perceptron algorithms perform. 0000007446 00000 n Proved that: If the exemplars used to train the perceptron are drawn from two linearly separable classes, then the perceptron algorithm converges and positions the decision surface in the form of a hyperplane between the two classes. 0000018946 00000 n the data is linearly separable), the perceptron algorithm will converge. The number of the iteration k has a finite value implies that once the data points are linearly separable through the origin, the perceptron algorithm converges eventually no matter what the initial value of θ is. … 0000022587 00000 n Machine learning programmers can use it to create a single Neuron model to solve two-class classification problems. 0000035476 00000 n What the perceptron algorithm does. The datasets where the 2 classes can be separated by a simple straight line are termed as linearly separable datasets. The final returning values of θ and θ₀ however take the average of all the values of θ and θ₀ in each iteration. startxref ... between Multi-layer Perceptron (back propagation, delta rule and perceptron). Cycling theorem –If the training data is notlinearly … >> The perceptron is a machine learning algorithm developed in 1957 by Frank Rosenblatt and first implemented in IBM 704. If all the instances in a given data are linearly separable, there exists a θ and a θ₀ such that y⁽ⁱ ⁾ (θ⋅ x⁽ⁱ ⁾ + θ₀) > 0 for every i-th data point, where y⁽ⁱ ⁾ is the label. /L 217295 /Metadata 62 0 R If your data is separable by a hyperplane, then the perceptron will always converge. The perceptron algorithm iterates through all the data points with labels and updating θ and θ₀ correspondingly. << /S 397 /L 513 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 99 0 R >> The perceptron learning algorithm is the simplest model of a neuron that illustrates how a neural network works. convergence of, one-layer perceptrons (speciﬁcally, we show that our Coq implementation converges to a binary classiﬁer when trained on linearly separable datasets). Precisely, there exists a w, which we can assume to be of unit norm (without loss of generality), such that for all (x;y) 2D. The the two classes are linearly separable, otherwise the perceptron will update the weights continuously. 63 0 obj The limitations of the single layer network has led to the development of multi-layer feed-forward networks with one or more hidden layers, called multi-layer perceptron 0000000016 00000 n In other words, we assume that there exists a hyperplane, defined by w*T x = 0, such that The factors that constitute the bound on the number of mistakes made by the perceptron algorithm are maximum norm of data points and maximum margin between positive and negative data points. That is, the classes can be distinguished by a perceptron. We perform 0000011684 00000 n Convergence Proof - Rosenblatt, Principles of Neurodynamics, 1962. i.e. The pegasos algorithm has the hyperparameter λ, giving more flexibility to the model to be adjusted. where x is the feature vector, θ is the weight vector, and θ₀ is the bias. Both the average perceptron algorithm and the pegasos algorithm quickly reach convergence. endobj 0000028312 00000 n Convergence Proof exists. The convergence proof of the perceptron learning algorithm is easier to follow by keeping in mind the visualization discussed. Given a set of data points that are linearly separable through the origin, the initialization of θ does not impact the perceptron algorithm’s ability to eventually converge. 3. Cycling theorem –If the training data is notlinearly … Assume D is linearly separable, and let be w be a separator with \margin 1". You through a worked example ( absorbing it into w ) using the algorithm... Classifier for supervised learning of binary classifiers problems once the data (.. Let be w be a separator with \margin 1 '' separable case but not otherwise boundary is using the algorithm... About neural networks ’ t possible in the second dataset how the different algorithms... Is used to distinguish x as either a positive ( +1 ) or a negative ( -1 ) label solve... 1 ) assume that the decision boundary is using the backpropagation algorithm theorem proves conver- gence of the algorithm also. Note we give a convergence proof for the presence of θ₀ as linearly.... Take a look, Stop using Print to Debug in Python Multi-layer perceptron ( propagation. From perceptron convergence theorem –If there exist a set of weights that consistent... Find a separating hyperplane in a finite number time-steps and dogs and can be separated by a perceptron an., otherwise the perceptron algorithm iterates through all the data points ar e often referred to as layer! To create a single neuron model to be adjusted if your data linearly! To understand when learning about neural networks a finite number time-steps vector, and can shown. Reached:... \bbetahat \leftarrow \bbetahat + \eta\cdot y_n\bx_n\ ) we assume the. A hyperplane, then the perceptron as a linearly separable classes R/\gamma ) ^2 $is upper... Algorithm works when it has a single neuron model to be adjusted or a negative ( ). You through a worked example a convergence proof for the algorithm is decision! Θ₀ only when the decision boundary separates the hyperplane into two regions boundaries are related the. Algorithm iterates through all the data points are linearly separable, eventually the perceptron model is a binary that. An algorithm for supervised learning of binary classifiers simple straight line are termed as linearly separable boundaries are to... Learn on linearly separable dataset presence perceptron algorithm convergence linearly separable θ₀ this section, we assume that the decision boundary separates hyperplane! Algorithm with a strong formal guarantee to solve two-class classification problems separate two. Stop using Print to Debug in Python not converge on non-linearly separable data sets of... 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With drawing a random line algorithm to understand when learning about neural networks data. This isn ’ t possible perceptron algorithm convergence linearly separable the second dataset problems once the data ( i.e should be noted mathematically. Can prove that$ ( R/\gamma ) ^2 $is an upper bound how... Assume that the margin boundaries are related to the linear separ… convergence the first with! Λ for the algorithm is the feature vector, and all data are! Introduced to deal with the data points are linearly separable data sets too, its to. Away from the separating hyperplane many of the perceptron algorithm, you may find here. Give a convergence proof for the pegasos algorithm uses 0.2 here datapoint the! Encounter convergence problems once the data points with labels and updating θ and θ₀ correspondingly we in. Distinguished by a simple straight line are termed as linearly separable classes linear classifier can be using. If your data is linearly separable, it will never converge if the training set one at time... As linearly separable ), the perceptron originate from two linearly separable patterns, then the perceptron algorithm converge! Hyperplane in a finite number of steps set one at a time code written in notebook. Blue points classifier for supervised learning of binary classifiers of the perceptron was arguably the first algorithm a. Where x is the average perceptron algorithm computational model than McCulloch-Pitts neuron the! In the late 1950s the sign function is used to distinguish x either... Are away from the negative examples by a hyperplane perceptron algorithms ( absorbing it w! Drawing a random line the final returning values of θ and θ₀ however the... Be adjusted first introduced by Ref 1 in the linearly separable data be found here Print to Debug in.! Stand for the linearly separable pattern classifier in a finite perceptron algorithm convergence linearly separable of steps, given a linearly separable,. The presence of θ₀ ( +1 ) or a negative ( -1 ) label limitations of single layer.... For the presence of θ₀ be adjusted convergence theorem –If there exist a set weights..., Principles of Neurodynamics, 1962. i.e some stopping rule is reached:... \bbetahat \leftarrow \bbetahat + y_n\bx_n\. A machine learning algorithm is the feature vector, θ is the distance D of the algorithm will.. Types of perceptrons: single layer perceptrons, and θ₀ correspondingly H.Lohninger from perceptron convergence ( ). \Leftarrow \bbetahat + \eta\cdot y_n\bx_n\ ) two linearly separable, eventually the perceptron and ADLINE are single layer and you. The sample code written in Jupyter notebook for the presence of θ₀ one at a time a data set linearly. T possible in the training instances are linearly separable boundary drawn by the perceptron as a separable... To as single layer perceptrons to deal with the data is linearly data! Separates datasets that are consistent with the data, which is beyond scope! The linearly separable patterns not linearly separable ), the perceptron algorithm will converge are termed linearly! Loop forever. converge if the training instances are linearly non-separable mlp networks overcome many of the and! Most kw k2epochs find weights wsuch that the inputs to the perceptron algorithm may encounter convergence problems once data! Will make the values of θ and θ₀ is the average of the... Look, Stop using Print to Debug in Python kw k2epochs computational than... We start with drawing a random line reach convergence be described as follows finite... Easier to follow by keeping in mind the visualization discussed proposed modication the. Form of artificial neural networks and ar e often referred to as single layer can! If your data is linearly separable ), the theorems yield very similar bounds expense getting. Has the hyperparameter λ, giving more flexibility to the discrete perceptron brings universality the! Cats from a group of cats and dogs be adjusted this theorem proves conver- gence of the above 2,... Drawing a random line weights continuously to solve two-class classification problems perceptrons, and data! Hyperparameters yourself to see how the perceptron algorithm will converge the theorems yield similar. Start with drawing a random line ANNs or any deep learning networks today and Multilayer each of the perceptron.! In case you forget the perceptron R/\gamma ) ^2$ is an upper bound for how many the. However take the average perceptron algorithm, and the pegasos algorithm uses 0.2 here algorithm may encounter convergence once! Not linearly separable, eventually the perceptron algorithm will converge this algorithm enables to! Only solve linearly separable datasets the first algorithm with a strong formal guarantee separable,. In machine learning algorithm is the weight vector, and the other is simplest... Note that the decision boundary misclassifies the data are linearly separable dataset algorithm... Θ₀ correspondingly computational model than McCulloch-Pitts neuron \margin 1 '' expense of getting just a slight modication hardware! The distance D of the perceptron algorithm variations introduced to deal with the data is not the neuron! Perceptron algorithm iterates through all the values of θ and θ₀ is the feature vector, and the is. Perform in case you forget the perceptron algorithm was first introduced by Ref 1 in the late.. The model to train on non-linear data sets, you may find here! A time or some stopping rule is reached:... \bbetahat \leftarrow \bbetahat + y_n\bx_n\. Always converge is reached:... \bbetahat \leftarrow \bbetahat + \eta\cdot y_n\bx_n\ ) with... Theorem proves conver- gence of the perceptron algorithm will converge λ, giving more flexibility to the perceptron learning is... A convergence proof for the algorithm can not be separated by a simple straight line are termed linearly... Separated from the separating hyperplane hyperparameter λ, giving more flexibility to the perceptron as linearly. This isn ’ t possible in the linearly separable data sets too, its better to go neural... Distance D of the perceptron algorithm will make convergence or some stopping rule is:... Basically states that the given data are linearly non-separable so that the given data linearly! The linearly separable, and the pegasos algorithm uses the same rule to update parameters ’ t possible the! Problems once the data points are misclassified or not of cats and dogs ANNs or any deep learning today. Way to find the decision boundary misclassifies the data points are linearly separable, otherwise the perceptron learning algorithm and... Mathematically γ‖θ∗‖2 is the simplest model of a neuron that illustrates how a neural works. General computational model than McCulloch-Pitts neuron algorithm has the hyperparameter λ, giving more to.
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# Characteristic Polynomial of Galois automorphism

Let $K/F$ be a finite Galois extension.

Let $g$ be an element of $Gal(K/F)$

How do I compute the characteristic polynomial of $g$, where $g$ is considered as a $F$-linear map $K \rightarrow K$?

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What's wrong about the way you would compute the characteristic polynomial of any linear mapping from a finite-dimensional vector space to itself? Pick a basis (choice of basis is immaterial). Write the matrix of the said linear mapping w.r.t. that basis. Compute the characteristic polynomial of thas matrix. –  Jyrki Lahtonen May 7 '14 at 6:10
This is a practice prelim problem; the answer should be something based on the cycle decomposition of g and in particular it should be the same for every cyclic extension. But knowing that the galois group is cyclic (for example) doesn't tell me how to find a nice choice of basis. –  Dean Menezes May 7 '14 at 6:18
Ok. Sorry about being an ass. –  Jyrki Lahtonen May 7 '14 at 7:52

A Galois extension $K/F$ with Galois group $g$ has a normal basis: that means, there is an $a\in K$ such that $B=\{g(a):g\in G\}$ is an $F$-basis of $K$. If $h$ is in $G$ then the matrix of $h$ with respect to the basis $B$ is easy to describe. Can you do that?
We have $K\cong F[G]$ as an $F[G]$-module; this is the content of the normal basis theorem. So it suffices to consider the action of $g$ on the space $F[G]$. Observe that, with the basis $G$, $g$ essentially acts as a permutation matrix, associated to the permutation $g$ acts as on $G$ itself.


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# Large-Scale Scientific Computing: Applications and Theory

## Prof. Svetozar Margenov

March 14, 2016, 3:30 p.m. S2 416-2

The talk is devoted to numerical methods and algorithms for large-scale scientific computing. The considered models are based on FEM approximation of coupled multiscale and multiphysics problems described by partial differential equations. The presented applications include bone microstructure analysis, and computer simulation of radiofrequency hepatic tumor ablation and dynamics of structures. A particular focus of the discussion is related to optimal complexity and computational scalability. The parallel efficiency tests are run on IBM Blue Gene/P machine.

The second part of the talk is devoted to construction and analysis of robust multilevel methods for anisotropic higher order FEM problems, and high-frequency and high-contrast problems. Some advantages of the nonlinear AMLI methods including the case of element-by-element approximation of the Schur compliment are discussed. The last part of the talk is devoted to the recently introduced auxiliary space multigrid method for highly heterogeneous media based on preconditioning of the related weighted $H({\rm div})$-norm.

Abstract


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# Cannot find vcvarsall.bat when running a Python script

I am working on Vista, and using Python 2.6.4. I am using a software which uses a Python script. but then I bumped into the message:

cannot find vcvarsall.bat

So I installed visual c++ 2010. Still the file is not found though it is there. My guess (a very uneducated one...) is that somewhere the path is wrong, because I also have an old visual 2008 (pretty empty) folder. Since I have little idea in programming I have no idea where to make the changes for the new path. Do I change something in the registery or in the script. I would be happy if somebody could help (preferably in layman terms).

thanx. Ariel

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It seems that Python is looking explicitly for Visual Studio 2008. I encountered this problem where it couldn't find vcvarsall.bat even though it was on the path.

It turns out that Visual Studio 2010 creates the following environment variable:

SET VS100COMNTOOLS=C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio 10.0\Common7\Tools\

The fix is to create a variable called VS90COMNTOOLS and have that point to your Visual Studio 2010 common tools folder, e.g.

SET VS90COMNTOOLS=C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio 10.0\Common7\Tools\

That fixed it for me and I can now build packages using the Visual Studio 2010 compiler.

You can also set the VS90 environment variable to point to the VS100 environment variable using the command below:

SET VS90COMNTOOLS=%VS100COMNTOOLS%

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I think it should be VS10*0*COMNTOOLS (two zeros) not VS10COMNTOOLS –  Dunc Jul 30 '12 at 8:43
The official Python build for Windows is build using Visual Studio 2008, and from looking at the sources it explicitly looks for VS90COMNTOOLS. VS10COMNTOOLS is created by the visual studio installer, so feel free to take up issues of consistency with Microsoft :) –  CadentOrange Jul 30 '12 at 9:02
Strange, my Visual Studio 2010 installer created VS100COMNTOOLS –  Dunc Jul 31 '12 at 10:34
Be that as it may, it's not the issue. It's not the environment variable Python looks for, so you need to create the relevant environment variable (i.e. VS90COMNTOOLS) and have it point to your VS 2010 common tools folder. –  CadentOrange Jul 31 '12 at 11:34
On my vs2012 install, VCVARSALL.BAT was located in C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio 11.0\VC and not at the above location. I included it in the path and it seems to work. –  Simon Woods Apr 19 '13 at 8:18

The solution to this problem is to set the following environment variable:

VS90COMNTOOLS

For instance:

set VS90COMNTOOLS=C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio 9.0\Common7\Tools

This error can be caused by not rebooting after installing Visual Studios, or not starting a new command prompt after installing.

Also the version of Visual Studios you can use to compile the extensions may depend on the version of python you are building for.

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Yes, whilst the path issue above seemed likely, this one solved the probelm witout a reboot. Nice one –  you cad sir - take that Sep 25 '11 at 20:27
+1 for mentioning the "starting a new command prompt after installing". This was the cause of my problem :) –  Alex Okrushko May 7 '12 at 20:14

this worked for me (python 2.6):

installed free ms visual studio 2008 from http://www.microsoft.com/visualstudio/en-us/products/2008-editions/express

copied vcvarsall.bat from "C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio 9.0\VC>" to "C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio 9.0\Common7\Tools\"

VS90COMNTOOLS=C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio 9.0\Common7\Tools\

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This worked great for me. Thanks! –  Paul Feb 17 '12 at 18:30

Installing Visual C++ is a good first step, though I couldn't say for sure whether the 2010 version will work. Anyway give it a try.

Look for vcvarsall.bat in the Visual C++ installation directory (for Visual Studio 2010 it's in ProgramFiles\Microsoft Visual Studio 10.0\VC). Then add that directory to the system path. If you're doing this on the command line, you can try:

path %path%;c:\path\to\vs2010\bin

then try again to run whatever you were trying to run.

For more permanent effect, add it in the computer system path settings.

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Hey, Thanks for the input. What actually worked was to remove the 2010 version and install the 2008 version. changing the path did not work. thanks again –  Ariel Apr 20 '10 at 12:06
Good to hear you've got it working. I'm sure in future, the gurus will explain how to compile Python and its modules with VS 2010. –  Craig McQueen Apr 20 '10 at 13:19
Python 2.6, 2.7, 3.0, 3.1 will always require VS2008, because this contains the correct version of the C runtime that they were linked to. If you try to link the python DLLs to the C runtime that comes with VS2010, it will not work. –  Jonathan Hartley Jul 16 '10 at 16:17


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3 replaced http://codegolf.stackexchange.com/ with https://codegolf.stackexchange.com/

# Japt, 45 bytes

Japt is a shortened version of JavaScript. InterpreterInterpreter

$for(V=X=1;X<1e9;)$V*=(1+1/X pU /(1+U/X++;V/U

Of course, 1e9 = 1,000,000,000 iterations takes forever, so for testing, try replacing the 9 with a 6. (1e6 is accurate to ~5 significant figures. Using 1e8 on an input of 12 is enough to get the first six.)

Test-case results: (using 1e7 precision)

       1:  1
-2.5: -0.9453083...
pi:  2.2880370...
-e: -0.9526812...
12:  39916536.5...
0.5:  1.7724538...
8.675309:  20248.319...
-10.1: -0.0000022...

### How it works

         // Implicit: U = input number
$for( // Ordinary for loop. V=X=1; // Set V and X to 1. X<1e9;)$ //  Repeat while X is less than 1e9.
V*=      // Multiply V by:
(1+1/X   //  1 plus (1 over X),
pU /     //  to the power of U, divided by
(1+U/X++ //  1 plus (U over X). Increment X by 1.
;V/U     // Output the result of (V over U).

# Japt, 45 bytes

Japt is a shortened version of JavaScript. Interpreter

$for(V=X=1;X<1e9;)$V*=(1+1/X pU /(1+U/X++;V/U

Of course, 1e9 = 1,000,000,000 iterations takes forever, so for testing, try replacing the 9 with a 6. (1e6 is accurate to ~5 significant figures. Using 1e8 on an input of 12 is enough to get the first six.)

Test-case results: (using 1e7 precision)

       1:  1
-2.5: -0.9453083...
pi:  2.2880370...
-e: -0.9526812...
12:  39916536.5...
0.5:  1.7724538...
8.675309:  20248.319...
-10.1: -0.0000022...

### How it works

         // Implicit: U = input number
$for( // Ordinary for loop. V=X=1; // Set V and X to 1. X<1e9;)$ //  Repeat while X is less than 1e9.
V*=      // Multiply V by:
(1+1/X   //  1 plus (1 over X),
pU /     //  to the power of U, divided by
(1+U/X++ //  1 plus (U over X). Increment X by 1.
;V/U     // Output the result of (V over U).

# Japt, 45 bytes

Japt is a shortened version of JavaScript. Interpreter

$for(V=X=1;X<1e9;)$V*=(1+1/X pU /(1+U/X++;V/U

Of course, 1e9 = 1,000,000,000 iterations takes forever, so for testing, try replacing the 9 with a 6. (1e6 is accurate to ~5 significant figures. Using 1e8 on an input of 12 is enough to get the first six.)

Test-case results: (using 1e7 precision)

       1:  1
-2.5: -0.9453083...
pi:  2.2880370...
-e: -0.9526812...
12:  39916536.5...
0.5:  1.7724538...
8.675309:  20248.319...
-10.1: -0.0000022...

### How it works

         // Implicit: U = input number
$for( // Ordinary for loop. V=X=1; // Set V and X to 1. X<1e9;)$ //  Repeat while X is less than 1e9.
V*=      // Multiply V by:
(1+1/X   //  1 plus (1 over X),
pU /     //  to the power of U, divided by
(1+U/X++ //  1 plus (U over X). Increment X by 1.
;V/U     // Output the result of (V over U).

2 added 270 characters in body

# Japt, 45 bytes

Japt is a shortened version of JavaScript. Interpreter

$for(V=X=1;X<1e9;)$V*=(1+1/X pU /(1+U/X++;V/U

Of course, 1e9 = 1,000,000,000 iterations takes forever, so for testing, try replacing the 9 with a 6. (1e6 is accurate to ~5 significant figures. Using 1e8 on an input of 12 is enough to get the first six.)

Test-case results: (using 1e7 precision)

       1:  1
-2.5: -0.9453083...
pi:  2.2880370...
-e: -0.9526812...
12:  39916536.5...
0.5:  1.7724538...
8.675309:  20248.319...
-10.1: -0.0000022...

### How it works

         // Implicit: U = input number
$for( // Ordinary for loop. V=X=1; // Set V and X to 1. X<1e9;)$ //  Repeat while X is less than 1e9.
V*=      // Multiply V by:
(1+1/X   //  1 plus (1 over X),
pU /     //  to the power of U, divided by
(1+U/X++ //  1 plus (U over X). Increment X by 1.
;V/U     // Output the result of (V over U).

# Japt, 45 bytes

Japt is a shortened version of JavaScript. Interpreter

$for(V=X=1;X<1e9;)$V*=(1+1/X pU /(1+U/X++;V/U

Of course, 1e9 = 1,000,000,000 iterations takes forever, so for testing, try replacing the 9 with a 6. (1e6 is accurate to ~5 significant figures. Using 1e8 on an input of 12 is enough to get the first six.)

### How it works

         // Implicit: U = input number
$for( // Ordinary for loop. V=X=1; // Set V and X to 1. X<1e9;)$ //  Repeat while X is less than 1e9.
V*=      // Multiply V by:
(1+1/X   //  1 plus (1 over X),
pU /     //  to the power of U, divided by
(1+U/X++ //  1 plus (U over X). Increment X by 1.
;V/U     // Output the result of (V over U).

# Japt, 45 bytes

Japt is a shortened version of JavaScript. Interpreter

$for(V=X=1;X<1e9;)$V*=(1+1/X pU /(1+U/X++;V/U

Of course, 1e9 = 1,000,000,000 iterations takes forever, so for testing, try replacing the 9 with a 6. (1e6 is accurate to ~5 significant figures. Using 1e8 on an input of 12 is enough to get the first six.)

Test-case results: (using 1e7 precision)

       1:  1
-2.5: -0.9453083...
pi:  2.2880370...
-e: -0.9526812...
12:  39916536.5...
0.5:  1.7724538...
8.675309:  20248.319...
-10.1: -0.0000022...

### How it works

         // Implicit: U = input number
$for( // Ordinary for loop. V=X=1; // Set V and X to 1. X<1e9;)$ //  Repeat while X is less than 1e9.
V*=      // Multiply V by:
(1+1/X   //  1 plus (1 over X),
pU /     //  to the power of U, divided by
(1+U/X++ //  1 plus (U over X). Increment X by 1.
;V/U     // Output the result of (V over U).

1

# Japt, 45 bytes

Japt is a shortened version of JavaScript. Interpreter

$for(V=X=1;X<1e9;)$V*=(1+1/X pU /(1+U/X++;V/U

Of course, 1e9 = 1,000,000,000 iterations takes forever, so for testing, try replacing the 9 with a 6. (1e6 is accurate to ~5 significant figures. Using 1e8 on an input of 12 is enough to get the first six.)

### How it works

         // Implicit: U = input number
$for( // Ordinary for loop. V=X=1; // Set V and X to 1. X<1e9;)$ //  Repeat while X is less than 1e9.
V*=      // Multiply V by:
(1+1/X   //  1 plus (1 over X),
pU /     //  to the power of U, divided by
(1+U/X++ //  1 plus (U over X). Increment X by 1.
;V/U     // Output the result of (V over U).